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Forest Fragmentation Leads to Behavioral Changes in the Bearded Saki,
Chiropotes satanas chiropotes
Sarah Boyle 1 & Wilson Spironello 2
1 Arizona State University, USA 2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Brazil
2
Amazonia forest: Largest rainforest
Deforestation: Global problem• 13 million ha/yr lost (FAO 2007)
Amazon: Largest rainforest• 2.4 million ha/yr lost in Brazilian Amazon
(Laurance et al. 2004)
3
Ric
hard
Bie
rreg
aard
, Jr.
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project
4
5
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) - Study Site
6
Forest fragments – Isolation 1980-90
7
Study Areas
8
Seasons
9
Primate behaviour and ecology research at BDFFP
Bearded Saki MonkeyL
uiz
Cla
udio
Mar
igo/
WR
PC
Arc
hive
s
• Not much known
• Defies convention:• Large home range• Large group size• Highly frugivorous
• Seeds (ripe, unripe)
10
Research Question
• How does forest fragmentation affect the behavioral ecology of the northern bearded saki monkey?
• Group size• Matrix use• Activity budget• Diet• Spatial patterns
Luiz Claudio Marigo/WRPC Archives
11
Primate Census
• 1980-2006• Rylands and Keuroghlian (1988)
• Schwarzkopf and Rylands (1989)
• Gilbert (2003)
• Boyle (2008)
• Line transects
12
Data Collection 2003-2006
• Track for 3 days/cycle
• Group scan samples• GPS location
• Group size/composition
• Behavior
• Diet
13
Present Absent
100 ha
10 ha
1 ha
Distribution 2003-2006
14
Distribution 2003-2006
Present Absent
100 ha
10 ha
1 ha
NOT ISOLATED
15
Home Range
• Continuous forest: 300-600 ha
• Permanent residents of fragments: 3% of “normal” home range
vs.430 ha 10 ha
16
Group Size
F(3,3)= 35.75, P = 0.0076
Density
F(3,3)= 43.80, P = 0.0056
17
Activity Budget
18
Diet
X Diet vs. Forest size
Seeds 83%
Fruit 17%
Continuous Forest
100-ha Fragments
10-ha Fragments
19
Diet
• 244 species
• 2% consumed in all sites
• 60% consumed at only one site
• Trees with fruit (phenological surveys)
• 36% species never consumed
20
Distance TraveledF(3,3) = 155.13, P < 0.001
F(3,3)= 431.78, P < 0.001
F(3,3)= 52.20, P = 0.0043
21
Distance
N
10-ha fragmentDistance: 3.09 km
8 ha = total area used
Continuous forestDistance: 4.07 km
96 ha = total area used22
Revisits
F(3,3)= 103.34, P = 0.001623
• Can reside in small patches • But small, high-density groups
• No births in small fragments during study
• Avoid low-growth matrix
• Diet differences • Nutritional differences?
• Spatial patterns vary• Home range, distance traveled, circular routes
Overview of Findings
24
Future Directions
• Monitor population
(movement, births)
• Analysis of use of
secondary forest
R. Bierregaard, Jr.
• Nutritional analyses of diet
• Continued examination of factors predicting vulnerability to fragmentation
25
Acknowledgements
Funding
Arizona State University Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteFulbright/IIEProviding Educational Opportunities (PEO)Margot Marsh Biodiversity FoundationOrganization for Tropical StudiesNational Science FoundationPrimate Conservation, Inc.American Society of PrimatologistsIDEA WILD
Waldete Castro LourençoLívia Rodrigues da SilvaAlaercio Marajo dos RéisOsmaildo Ferreria da SilvaLucas da Silva MergulhãoAlexandro Elias dos Santos Regina LuizãoCharles Zartman