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FOREIGN TRADE POLICY OF
TURKEY
Istanbul, 19th October 2009
İclal SİNCER
Foreign Trade Expert
General Directorate of Economic Research and Assessment
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
Before Republic : Customs Policies
1934 : Ministry of Economy
Head of Foreign Trade
1939 : Ministry of Trade
Head of Foreign Trade
1971 : Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations
1971 : General Secretariat For Foreign Trade
1983 : Undersecretariat For Treasury & Foreign Trade
1994 - : Undersecretariat For Foreign Trade
HISTORICAL BACKROUNDUndersecretariat for Foreign Trade
3
PROVINCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
Free Zone Directorates (20)
Local Offices (DTS, 8)
UNDERSECRETARYExporters’ Unions
Export Promotion Center (İGEME)Missions Abroad
MINISTER of STATE
General Directorate of Economic Research and Assessment
General Directorate of Standardization
General Directorate of Free Zones
General Directorate of European Union Affairs
General Directorate of Agreements
General Directorate of Import
General Directorate of Export
MAIN SERVICE UNITSControl, Advisory and
Supporting Units
Board of Foreign Trade Controllers (DTKK)
Legal Consultancy
Press and Public Relations Coordinator
Department of Security
Department of Human Resources
Department of Strategy Development
Department of Administrative and Financial Affairs
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
UFT FOREIGN MISSIONS
AMERICABUENOS AIRES LOS ANGELES NEW YORK OTTAWA SAO PAULOCHICAGOWASINGTON
EUROPEATHENS HAMBURG PRAGBELGRAD HANNOVER ROMABERLIN HELSİNKİ SARAJEVOBERN KOPENHAG SOFIABRUSSELS LAHEY STOKHOLM BUDAPEST NICOSIA TIRANEBUCHAREST LONDON SKOPJEDUBLİN MADRİD WARSAWDUSSELDORF MİLANO VIENNA
PARİS ZAGREB
AFRICAABUJA ADDİSABABA ALGERIADAKAR KHARTOUMALEXHANDRIACAIRONAIROBIPRETORIA RABAT TRABLUS TUNUSIA
ASIAABU DHABI BISHKEK KARACHI MOSKOW SHANGHAIAMMAN JAKARTA KAZAN MUSKAT TEHRANASTANA J IDDA KIEV NOVOROSSISK TASHKENTASHKHABAD DOHA CHISINAU ODESSA TEL AVİVBAGHDAD DUBAİ KUALALUMPUR BEIJ ING TBILISIBAKU DUSHANBE JERUSALEM RIYADH TOKYOBANGKOK HALAB KUWAIT SANAA ULAN BATURBATUMI HONG KONG MANAMA SEUL NEW DELHIBEIRUT ISLAMABAD MANILA SINGAPORE
KABUL MINSK DAMASCUS
AUSTRALIAMELBOURNESYDNEY
PERMANENT MISSIONSEU-BRUSSEL WTO-GENEVAOECD-PARİS
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
MAIN OBJECTIVES
Expanding foreign trade culture and consciousness throughout Turkey
Making institutional development consistent
Sustainable growth of export
Progressing import policies to support production and to prevent economy from damages and threats
Developing policies to provide supplying safe and quality products
Making up strategies for facilitation of foreign trade and progressing international contracting and
technical consultancy services
Since 1980 Turkey implements an outward oriented trade policy
Turkey starting from 1980 left import substitution policy and opened its market by gradually lowering its customs tariffs
Membership to the WTO and the Customs Union with the EU are Turkey’s two major economic involvements determining the direction of foreign trade policies
As a founding member of the WTO, Turkey acts according to the rules and disciplines of the WTO and is committed to push forward liberalisation in the multilateral arena
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
FOREIGN TRADE POLICY OF TURKEY
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
WTO
Member of the GATT (1951)
Founding member of the WTO (1995)
Developing country status in the WTO
Committed to the multilateral rules and principles
DDA; new market-opening measures synchronized with rules for the creation of a fairer and more competitive international trade system
Agriculture; elimination of all trade distorting measures, gradual tariff liberalization and S&D flexibilities
NAMA; real market access opportunities & improvement in South-South trade
Trade facilitation; fair, competitive, predictable and transparent trading environment
Trade in services; progressively higher level of liberalization with appropriate flexibility for individual developing countries
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
TURKISH STANCE AT THE WTO
Being a party to the Customs Union, Turkey’s trade policies are in line with the Common Commercial Policy of the EU
Decision No. 1/95 of the Turkey-EC Association Council: Free movement of goods and Commercial Policy (Article 2-23)
Free circulation and elimination of customs duties (Article 4)
Elimination of quantitative restrictions (Articles 5-11) Commercial Policy (Article 12) Common Customs Tariff (Articles 13-15) Preferential Tariff Policy (Article 16)
Preferential Agreements with third countries (Article 16/1) Autonomous regimes (Article 16/1) Identical rules of origin (Article 16/2)
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
EU
MAIN DUTIES
Trade Protection
Trade Promotion
Multilateral and Bilateral Trade Relations
(WTO, EU, FTAs)
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
MAIN DUTIES
To formulate and conduct sector- and country-specific policies in connection with export loans and other state aids in line with WTO rules
Sectoral Studies, State Aids for exporters, Market Access Strategies, Fairs and Promotion Activities, Free Zones , increasing production, trade and foreign
direct investment Informing Exporters, Observing, conducting researches on foreign trade of
Turkey and World, and presenting reports. e-trade.
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
TRADE PROMOTION
Protective Trade Policy Instruments
- Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures
- Safeguard Measures
Technical Regulations & Standardization For Foreign Trade
PROTECTION OF COMMERCIAL RIGHTSUndersecretariat for
Foreign Trade
Bilateral/Regional Dimension
Policy rationale for bilateral agreements
trade expansion fostering reciprocal investments building sound basis for economic, technical and commercial cooperation promoting regional development developing trade and economic relations with neighbouring and
surrounding countries
Key Turkish bilateral/regional agreements
Turkey-EEC Association Agreement Customs Union Decision with the EU Turkey-ECSC Free Trade Agreement ACD No. 1/98 on trade in agriculture Economic, commercial, industrial and
technical cooperation agreements with 46 countries Free Trade Agreements with EFTA,
Balkan states, Mediterranean countries Agreements on reciprocal promotion and protection of investments ECO, BSEC, D-8, OIC
Main objective is to create sound basis for collaboration, support development and eliminate trade barriers between the partners
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
TURKEY’ S FREE TRADE AGR EEMENTS
Agreements signed(*)
Attempts for FTA Negotiations
1. EFTA (Switzerland, L ichtenstein,
Iceland, Norway)
2. Israel
3. Macedonia
4. Croatia
5. Bosnia and Herzegovina
6. Palest ine Authority
7. Tunisia
8. Morocco
9. Syria
10. Egypt
11. Albania
12. Georgia
13. Montenegro
14. Serbia
15. Chile
1. Faroe I slands
2. Lebanon3. Jordan4. GCC5. Mercosur
6. Ukraine7. Mauritius
Ongoing Negotiations
1. Algeria 7. South Africa2. S. Korea 8. ACP Countries3. ANDEAN 9. ASEAN4. India 10. Canada5. CACM 11. Libya6. Mexico
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
TRADE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Strategy of Neighbour and Surrounding Countries (2000)
Strategy of African Countries (2003)
Strategy of Asian and Pasific Countries (2005)
Strategy of USA (2006)
Strategy of Latin American Countries (2007)
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
Change (%)
Jan-Aug Share (%) Jan-Aug Share (%) Jan-Aug
Neighbour&Surrounding Countries 39.053 42,3 27.550 42,6 -29,5
African Countries 6.221 6,7 7.047 10,9 13,3
Asian and Pasific Countries 3.938 4,3 2.845 4,4 -27,8
Latin American Countries 918 1,0 498 0,8 -45,8
Export (Million $)2008 2009
TRADE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
FOREIGN TRADE DEVELOPMENTS OF
TURKEY
17th biggest economy
GDP per capita: 10.372
US$
Trade volume: 334 billion
US$
Trade to GDP ratio: 45%
13th
biggest importer*
22nd biggest
exporter*
Ranks 16th in commercial
services exports*
Ranks 24th in commercial
services imports*
2008
(*) EU as single entity
Turkey in the World
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
World and Turkey (2008)
Share of some countries Share of some countries
Merchandise Exports Merchandise Imports
USA8%
China9%
Germany9%
Netherlands4%
Turkey1%
Japan5%
Other countries
64%
China7%
Germany7%
USA13%
France4%
Japan5%
Other countries
62%
Turkey2%
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade DevelopmentAnnual (2002-2009*)
36,1 51,6
-15,5
47,369,3
-22,1
63,2
97,5
-34,4
73,5
116,8
-43,3
85,5
139,6
-54,0
107,3
170,1
-62,8
132,0
202,0
-69,9
64,687,6
-23,0
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (1-8)
Export Import Balance
Billion $
* 2009 January-August
%30 deceleration of export
%40 deceleration of import
nearly %60 decrease of foreign trade balance
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade Development (2008*-2009*)
Jan-Aug.2008 Jan-Aug.2009 Change
Billion $ Billion $ (%)
Export (FOB) 92,4 64,6 -30,1
Import (CIF) 145,7 87,6 -39,9
Energy Import 34,0 18,9 -44,3
Foreign Trade Volume 238,1 152,2 -36,1
Foreign Trade Balance -53,3 -23,0 56,9
Balance exc. Energy -19,3 -4,1 78,8
* January-August
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
Million $ Change (%)
Jan-Aug Share (%) Jan-Aug Share (%) 09/08Europe 56.542 61,2 36.381 56,3 -36,5 EU (27) 45.548 49,3 28.723 44,4 -38,4 Other Europe 10.994 11,9 7.658 11,9 -28,2Africa 6.221 6,7 7.047 10,9 16,6 North Africa 3.898 4,2 5.045 7,8 33,6 Other Africa 2.323 2,5 2.003 3,1 -11,4America 4.189 4,5 2.961 4,6 -26,5 North America 2.998 3,2 2.240 3,5 -23,9 Other America 1.191 1,3 721 1,1 -33,6Asia 22.094 23,9 16.338 25,3 -25,1 Near and Center East 17.191 18,6 12.476 19,3 -25 Other Asia 4.903 5,3 3.862 6,0 -25,3Other 3.348 3,6 1.895 2,9 -45,6Total 92.394 100 64.622 100 -30,2
2008 2009
EXPORT BY COUNTRY GROUPS
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
IMPORT BY COUNTRY GROUPS
Million $ Change (%)
Jan-Aug Share (%) Jan-Aug Share (%) 09/08Europe 86.857 59,6 51.286 58,6 -41,0 EU (27) 54.423 37,4 34.907 39,9 -35,9 Other Europe 32.434 22,3 16.379 18,7 -49,5Africa 5.840 4,0 3.747 4,3 -35,8 North Africa 3.906 2,7 2.298 2,6 -41,2 Other Africa 1.935 1,3 1.450 1,7 -25,1America 11.795 8,1 7.765 8,9 -34,2 North America 9.113 6,3 6.051 6,9 -33,6 Other America 2.682 1,8 1.715 2,0 -36,1Asia 39.598 27,2 23.679 27,0 -40,2 Near and Center East 12.834 8,8 6.055 6,9 -52,8 Other Asia 26.764 18,4 17.624 20,1 -34,1Other 1.568 1,1 1.095 1,3 -30,1Total 145.658 100 87.574 100 -39,9
2008 2009
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
60,4
68,6
-8,2
63,4
74,8
-11,4
28,7
34,9
-6,2
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Bill
ion
$
2007 2008 2009 (Jan-Aug)
Export Import Balance
BILATERAL TRADE WITH EU(2007-2009)
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
Million $ Change (%)
Jan-Aug Share (%) Jan-Aug Share (%) 09/08Agricultural products 7.002 7,6 6.698 10,4 -4,3Food 6.436 7,0 6.327 9,8 -1,7Ag. Raw Materials 566 0,6 371 0,6 -34,5Mining products 8.682 9,4 4.143 6,4 -52,3Metalliferous ores and metal scrap 1.777 1,9 1.027 1,6 -42,2Mineral fuels, lubricants & related materials 5.359 5,8 2.298 3,6 -57,1Non-ferrous metals 1.546 1,7 817 1,3 -47,1Manufactures 73.943 80,0 49.477 76,6 -33,1Iron-Steel 12.172 13,2 6.083 9,4 -50,0Chemicals 4.199 4,5 3.304 5,1 -21,3Oth. Semi-manufacures 8.580 9,3 6.605 10,2 -23,0Machinery and Transport Equipment 28.197 30,5 17.648 27,3 -37,4Textiles 6.458 7,0 4.773 7,4 -26,1Clothing 9.700 10,5 7.498 11,6 -22,7Oth. Consumer goods 4.637 5,0 3.567 5,5 -23,1Other Products 2.767 3,0 4.304 6,7 55,6Total 92.394 100 64.622 100 -30,1
2008 2009
SECTORAL BREAKDOWN OFEXPORT
WTO Classification
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
IMPORT (BEC)
Capitalgoods Intermediate
goods Consumergoods Other goods
15,3
70,9
13,3
0,5
13,4
75,8
10,4
0,30,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
2008 Share (%) 2009 Share (%)
Annual Jan-Aug Jan-Aug Jan-AugCrude Oil 15.639 12.330 3.965 -67,8Natural Gas 15.470 9.779 6.553 -33,0
Electricity 15 8 12 50,0Others 384 1.219 1.164 -4,5
Total Energy 48.281 34.026 18.948 -44,3
Total Import 201.964 145.658 87.574 -39,9
Share (%) 23,9 23,4 21,6 -7,4
Coal, Lignite etc.
Other Oil Gas
Change (% )
Oil Concoctions
3.429 2.133 1.987 -6,8
10.995 6.923 4.262 -38,4
2.350 1.634 1.005 -38,5
2008 2008 2009Million $
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 40,0
Electricity
Others
Other Oil Gases*
Coal, Lignite etc.
Crude Oil
Oil Concoctions
Natural Gas
2009 (January-August)
Share of Energy Imports (%)
Energy Imports
BILATERAL TRADE WITH MEMBER COUNTRIES OF OIC
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
4,76,1
-1,3
7,28,2
-1,0
10,210,6
-0,4
13,114,5
-1,4
15,0
19,1
-4,1
20,321,5
-1,2
32,629,2
3,4
18,7
11,0
7,7
-5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (1-8)
Export Import Balance
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
Billion $
* 2009 January-August
Bilateral Foreign Trade DevelopmentAnnual (2002-2009*)
Million $ Change (% )
Jan-Aug Share (% ) Jan-Aug Share (% ) 09/ 08Agricultural products 2.085 9,5 2.406 12,8 15,4Food 1.960 8,9 2.305 12,3 17,6Ag. Raw Materials 125 0,6 100 0,5 -19,7Mining products 1.497 6,8 1.157 6,2 -22,7Metalliferous ores and metal scrap 81 0,4 78 0,4 -4,2Mineral fuels, lubricants & related materials 1.247 5,7 898 4,8 -28,0Non-ferrous metals 169 0,8 181 1,0 7,3Manufactures 17.909 81,8 14.674 78,3 -18,1Iron-Steel 7.614 34,8 4.106 21,9 -46,1Chemicals 1.239 5,7 1.312 7,0 5,9Oth. Semi-manufacures 2.314 10,6 2.615 14,0 13,0Machinery and Transport Equipment 3.933 18,0 3.729 19,9 -5,2Textiles 1.066 4,9 1.034 5,5 -3,1Clothing 427 1,9 489 2,6 14,6Oth. Consumer goods 1.316 6,0 1.391 7,4 5,7Other Products 413 1,9 498 2,7 20,6Total 21.904 100 18.734 100 -14,5
2008 2009
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
SECTORAL BREAKDOWN OF
EXPORT
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
SECTORAL BREAKDOWN OF
IMPORTMillion $ Change (% )
Jan-Aug Share (% ) Jan-Aug Share (% ) 09/ 08
Agricultural products 1.681 7,9 791 7,2 -52,9Food 1.259 5,9 554 5,0 -56,0Ag. Raw Materials 421 2,0 237 2,2 -43,8Mining products 15.047 70,5 6.888 62,6 -54,2Metalliferous ores and metal scrap 639 3,0 245 2,2 -61,6Mineral fuels, lubricants & related materials 12.636 59,2 5.903 53,6 -53,3Non-ferrous metals 1.772 8,3 740 6,7 -58,2Manufactures 4.403 20,6 3.028 27,5 -31,2Iron-Steel 303 1,4 119 1,1 -60,9Chemicals 1.791 8,4 1.094 9,9 -38,9Oth. Semi-manufacures 226 1,1 124 1,1 -45,0Machinery and Transport Equipment 510 2,4 309 2,8 -39,5Textiles 896 4,2 734 6,7 -18,1Clothing 471 2,2 500 4,5 6,2Oth. Consumer goods 206 1,0 148 1,3 -27,8Other Products 217 1,0 303 2,8 39,3Total 21.348 100 11.010 100 -48,4
2008 2009
Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade
THANK YOU
İclal SİNCER
Foreign Trade Expert
General Directorate of Economic Research and Assessment
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +90 312 2047987