Foraging Assemblages Volume 2

Edited by Dušan Borić,Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović

Fora

ging

Ass

embl

ages

Volume

2Foraging Assemblages is the publication of the proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, held in Belgrade in September 2015. The two volumes of these proceedings gather 121 contributions on Mesolithic research in Europe, covering almost every corner of the continent. The book presents a cross-section of recent Mesolithic research, with geographic foci ranging from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, and from Ireland to Russia and Georgia. The papers in the volumes cover diverse topics and are grouped into 11 thematic sections, each with an introduction written by prominent Mesolithic experts. The reader will learn about changes in forager lifeways and the colonization

of new territories at the end of the Ice Age and the beginning of the Holocene warming; the use of diverse landscapes and resources; climatic instabilities that influenced patterns of settlement and subsistence; the organization of settlements and dwelling spaces; the formation of regional identities expressed through various aspects of material culture and technologies of artefact production, use, and discard; aspects of social relations and mobility; symbolic, ritual, and mortuary practices; diverse ways in which Mesolithic communities of Europe were transformed into or superseded by Neolithic ways of being; and how we have researched, represented, and discussed the Mesolithic.

Volume 1Transitions – Beginnings

Colonization

Landscapes

Settlement

Regional Identities

People in Their Environment

Volume 2Technology

Social Relations, Communication, Mobility

Rites and Symbols

Transitions – Endings

Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic

Foraging Assemblages

Volume 2

Edited by Dušan Borić,

Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović

Serbian Archaeological Society The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University

Belgrade & New York

The NOMIS Foundation provided a grant in support of preparation and publication of this book

Publishers Serbian Archaeological Society, Belgrade, Republic od SerbiaThe Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, New York, USA

For PublishersAdam CrnobrnjaDavid Freedberg

Edited by© Dusan Boric, Dragana Antonovic, Bojana Mihailovic 2021

This publication is in copyright. No reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of the authors.

First published 2021

Peer-reviewed byPablo AriasNuno BichoClive BonsallDusan BoricChantal ConnellerEmanuela CristianiVesna DimitrijevicFederica FontanaOle GrønJudith GrünbergLars Larsson Dusan MihailovicNicky MillnerT. Douglas PriceRick SchultingRobert Whallon

Copy-editing and proof-readingHannah ElmerDusan Boric

DesignDusan Pavlic

Index compiled byMia Boric Dusan Boric

Desktop publishingMarko Huber

Print run 400

Printed by Publikum

ISBN 978-86-80094-15-1 978-86-80094-16-8A CIP record of this book is available from the National Library of Serbia, Belgrade

Front Cover Illustration: Sculpted sandstone boulder named ‘Progenitor’ (inv. no. 41) from Lepenski Vir (National Museum in Belgrade)Back Cover Illustration: Lepenski Vir during excavations (Photograph courtesy of of Alan McPherron)

CIP - Каталогизација у публикацијиНародна библиотека Србије, Београд

903(4)"632/633"(082)902.2(4)(082)

FORAGING Assemblages. Vol. 2 / edited by Dušan Borić, Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović. - Belgrade : Serbian Archaeological Society ; New York : The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, 2021 (Belgrade : Publikum). - VIII str., str. 353-820 : ilustr. ; 29 cm

Tekst štampan dvostubačno. - Tiraž 400. - Napomene i bibliografske reference uz tekst. - Bibliografija uz svaki rad. - Registar.

ISBN 978-86-80094-15-1 (SAS)ISBN 978-86-80094-16-8 (niz)

1. Borić, Dušan, 1973- [уредник] 2. Antonović, Dragana, 1960- [уредник] 3. Mihailović, Bojana, 1963- [уредник]

а) Археолошка налазишта, праисторијска -- Европа -- Мезолит -- Зборници б) Археолошка истраживања -- Европа -- Зборници

COBISS.SR-ID 35939593

Contents

VOLUME IList of Contributors ix

Preface xxv

The Danube Gorges Mesolithic: The first fifty years (Dušan Borić) xxvii

Transitions – Beginnings 1

1 Introduction: Transitions – Beginnings (Dušan Mihailović and Robert Whallon) 3

2 Transition and tradition: Lithic variability in the cave of Vlakno, Croatia (Dario Vujević and Mario Bodružić)

5

3 Workspace organization of a Final Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer camp (Anton A. Simonenko and Olesya I. Uspenskaya Aleksandrova)

12

4 The problem of the Palaeolithic to Mesolithic transition on the Upper and Middle Don River (central Russia) (Alexander N. Bessudnov and Alexander A. Bessudnov)

20

5 Early Holocene human adaptation and palaeoenvironment of the north-western Caucasus (Elena V. Leonova, Olesya I. Uspenskaya, Natalia V. Serdyuk, Elena A. Spiridonova, Alexey S. Tesakov, Elena V. Chernysheva, Pavel D. Frolov, and Elena V. Syromyatnikova)

29

6 Early Mesolithic of northern Bohemia: 2015 excavations (Jiří Svoboda) 36

7 The last hunter-gatherers of South Arabia: A review of the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene archaeological record (Yamandú Hieronymus Hilbert)

45

Colonization 53

8 Introduction: Colonization 55

9 First Mesolithic occupations at high altitudes in Vercors (Isère, France): The case studies of Les Coins I, Roybon, and Gerland (Alexandre Angelin and Régis Picavet)

57

10 The Mesolithic site of Borovskoye 2 in light of the Pre-Boreal habitation in Karelia (Sergey Lisitsyn, Alexey Tarasov, Nataliya Tsvetkova, and Stanislav Belsky)

64

11 The Mesolithic of Fontanella rockshelter (Vilafranca, eastern Mediterranean Iberia) and the last hunters-gatherers of northern Valencian country (Dídac Román, Inés Domingo, and Jordi Nadal)

74

Landscapes 83

12 Introduction: Landscapes (Dušan Borić) 85

13 The missing landscapes and territories of Mesolithic Portugal (Ana Cristina Araújo and Ana Maria Costa)

88

14 A comparative perspective on Mesolithic assemblages from different landscapes in Bohemia (Katarína Kapustka, Jan Eigner, and Matthew Walls)

94

15 The Early Mesolithic of the Piave River basin: Mountain tops, riverbanks, and seashores? (Federica Fontana, Davide Visentin, and Stefano Bertola)

102

16 Integrating communities and landscape: A wetland perspective from the Lower Rhine area (Luc W. S. W. Amkreutz)

110

iv Contents

17 Tracing raw materials: Procurement strategies and movements in the Early Mesolithic, a case study from Larvik, south-eastern Norway (Guro Fossum)

118

18 Local or imported? Tracking the provenance of flint raw materials of the Mesolithic habitants of Estonia and northern Latvia with the help of geochemical methods (Kristiina Johanson, Aivar Kriiska, Jaan Aruväli, Peeter Somelar, Kaarel Sikk, and Liina Sepp)

123

19 The Upper Dee Tributaries Project: Finding the Mesolithic in the mountains of Scotland (Shannon M. Fraser, Gordon Noble, Graeme Warren, Richard Tipping, Danny Paterson, Wishart Mitchell, Ann Clarke, and Caroline R. Wickham-Jones)

129

20 Surviving Doggerland (Caroline R. Wickham-Jones) 135

21 A Mesolithic moment in time: The Drumnaglea Cache (Peter Woodman† and Sarah Close) 142

22 Transient campsites, logistic campsites, and the cumulative taphonomy of Malham Tarn site A: A persistent place in the northern Pennines (William A. Lovis and Randolph E. Donahue)

148

Settlement 157

23 Introduction: Settlements, dwellings, pits, and middens – still very far from a theory of everything! (Ole Grøn and Nuno Bicho)

159

24 Of space and time: The non-midden components of the Cabeço da Amoreira Mesolithic shell mound (Muge, central Portugal) (João Cascalheira, Nuno Bicho, Célia Gonçalves, Daniel García-Rivero, and Pedro Horta)

162

25 Looking for the ‘Asturian’ dwelling areas: New data from El Alloru and Sierra Plana de la Borbolla (Asturias, Spain) (Pablo Arias, Miriam Cubas, Miguel Ángel Fano, Esteban Álvarez-Fernández, Ana Cristina Araújo, Marián Cueto, Patricia Fernández Sánchez, Eneko Iriarte, Inés L. López-Dóriga, Sara Núñez, Christoph Salzmann, Carlos Duarte, Felix Teichner, Luis C. Teira, and Paloma Uzquiano)

169

26 Habitation areas in Asturian shell middens and site formation processes: Mazaculos II cave (La Franca, Asturias, northern Iberia) and the new sites of El Total III and El Mazo (Manuel R. González Morales)

177

27 Mesolithic settlement patterns and occupation of central and eastern Cantabria (Spain) (Mercedes Pérez-Bartolomé)

184

28 Domestic life by the ocean: Beg-er-Vil, c. 6200–6000 cal BC (Grégor Marchand and Catherine Dupont) 191

29 Mesolithic pit-sites in Champagne (France): First data, key issues (Nathalie Achard-Corompt, Emmanuel Ghesquiere, Christophe Laurelut, Charlotte Leduc, Arnaud Remy, Isabelle Richard, Vincent Riquier, Luc Sanson, and Julia Wattez)

198

30 Some observations on the archaeological record of the (Late) Mesolithic in the northern Netherlands (Marcel J. L. Th. Niekus)

202

31 Life on the lake edge: Mesolithic habitation at Star Carr (Nicky Milner, Chantal Conneller, Barry Taylor, Mike Bamforth, Julian C. Carty, Shannon Croft, Ben Elliott, Becky Knight, Aimée Little, Harry K. Robson, Charlotte C. A. Rowley, and Maisie Taylor)

210

32 Late Mesolithic shallow pithouse from Sąsieczno 4 (central Poland) (Grzegorz Osipowicz) 216

33 Mesolithic complexes on the right bank of the Vyatka River (the middle Volga Basin) (Tаtyana Gusentsova)

223

34 Mesolithic hearth-pits and cooking-pits in western Sweden and south-eastern Norway: When, where, how, and a bit about why (Robert Hernek)

227

35 Mesolithic ‘ghost’ sites and related Stone Age problems with lithics (Ole Grøn and Hans Peeters) 233

36 Sømmevågen. A Late Mesolithic–Early Neolithic settlement complex in south-western Norway: Preliminary results (Trond Meling, Hilde Fyllingen, and Sean D. Denham)

240

37 Mesolithic settlement on Utsira, western Norway: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in transition as reflected by dwellings and site patterns (Arne Johan Nærøy)

246

38 Mesolithic dwellings from Motala, Sweden (Ann Westermark) 252

vContents

Regional Identities 259

39 Introduction: Regional identities (Rick Schulting) 261

40 Holocene foraging in the Dinaric Alps: Current research on the Mesolithic of Montenegro (Dušan Borić, Emanuela Cristiani, Ljiljana Đuričić, Dragana Filipović, Ethel Allué, Zvezdana Vušović-Lučić, and Nikola Borovinić)

264

41 New perspectives on the Mesolithic of the Sado Valley (southern Portugal): Preliminary results of the SADO MESO project (Pablo Arias, Mariana T. Diniz, Ana Cristina Araújo, Ángel Armendariz, and Luis C. Teira)

274

42 The ‘Asturian’ and its neighbours in the twenty-first century: Recent perspectives on the Mesolithic of northern Spain (Pablo Arias, Esteban Álvarez-Fernández, Miriam Cubas, Miguel Ángel Fano, María J. Iriarte-Chiapusso, Mercedes Pérez Bartolomé, and Jesús Tapia)

281

43 The Mesolithic in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Galicia, Spain): The state of art (Eduardo Ramil Rego, Natividad Fuertes Prieto, Carlos Fernández Rodríguez, Eduardo González Gómez de Agüero and Ana Neira Campos)

289

44 The last foragers in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula: New evidence of human occupation during the seventh/sixth millennia cal BC (Antoni Palomo, Igor Bodganovic, Raquel Piqué, Rafel Rosillo, Xavier Terradas, Marta Alcolea, Marian Berihuete, and Maria Saña)

295

45 The Late Mesolithic of the south-western coast of Portugal: The lithic industry of Vale Marim I in focus (Joaquina Soares, Niccolò Mazzucco, and Carlos Tavares da Silva)

301

46 The temporality of the Mesolithic in southern France (Thomas Perrin) 308

47 Re-evaluating the old excavation from Pinnberg, Germany (Daniel Groß, Steffen Berckhan, Nadine Hauschild, Anna-Lena Räder, and Anne Sohst)

312

48 Exploring early Ertebølle: Results of preliminary assessments at a submerged site in the Kiel Bay (Baltic Sea, Germany) and its potential (Julia Goldhammer, Annika B. Müller, Laura Brandt, Steffen Wolters, and Sönke Hartz)

318

49 Identifying regional practices in cave use during the Mesolithic in south-western Britain (Caroline Rosen)

324

50 About time for the Mesolithic near Stonehenge: New perspectives from Trench 24 at Blick Mead, Vespasian’s Camp, Amesbury (David Jacques, Tom Lyons, Barry Bishop, and Tom Phillips)

330

51 Secrets of Blue Maiden: The archaeology of a virgin island in the Baltic Sea (Kenneth Alexandersson, Anna-Karin Andersson, and Ludvig Papmehl-Dufay)

337

52 Mesolithic site locations in the river valleys of Karelia, west of Ladoga Lake, Russia (Hannu Takala, Mark. M. Shakhnovich, Aleksey Yu. Tarasov, and Anssi Malinen)

345

VOLUME II

People in Their Environment 355

53 Introduction: People in their environment (Clive Bonsall and Vesna Dimitrijević) 357

54 Late Glacial to Early Holocene environs and wood use at Lepenski Vir (Ethel Allué, Dragana Filipović, Emanuela Cristiani, and Dušan Borić)

359

55 Plant use at the Mesolithic site of Parque Darwin (Madrid, Spain) (Marian Berihuete Azorín, Marta Alcolea Gracia, Raquel Piqué i Huerta, and Javier Baena Preysler)

367

56 A tale of foxes and deer, or how people changed their eating habits during the Mesolithic at Vlakno cave (Croatia) (Siniša Radović, Victoria Pía Spry-Marqués, and Dario Vujević)

374

57 Coastal resource exploitation patterns and climatic conditions during the Early Mesolithic in the Cantabrian region (northern Iberia): Preliminary data from the shell midden site of El Mazo (Asier García-Escárzaga, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, David Cuenca-Solana, Adolfo Cobo, and Manuel R. González-Morales)

382

vi Contents

58 How ‘marine’ were coastal Mesolithic diets? (Rick J. Schulting) 389

59 The seasonality of hunting during the Mesolithic in southern Scandinavia (Ola Magnell) 398

60 Incremental growth line analysis of the European oyster (Ostrea edulis, Linnaeus, 1758) from the kitchen midden at Eskilsø, Denmark (Harry K. Robson, Søren A. Sørensen, Eva M. Laurie, and Nicky Milner)

404

61 Skellerup Enge: Evidence for a distinctive subsistence economy in western Denmark during the early Ertebølle (Kenneth Ritchie, Søren H. Andersen, and Esben Kannegaard)

410

62 Hunting beyond red deer: Exploring species patterning in Early Mesolithic faunal assemblages in Britain and north-western Europe (Nick J. Overton)

416

63 Size estimations of sturgeons (Acipenseridae) from the Mesolithic-Neolithic Danube Gorges (Ivana Živaljević, Igor V. Askeyev, Dilyara N. Shaymuratova (Galimova), Oleg V. Askeyev, Sergey P. Monakhov, Dušan Borić, and Sofija Stefanović)

422

Technology 429

64 Introduction: Technology (Federica Fontana, Emanuela Cristiani, and Dušan Mihailović) 431

65 Couteaux de Rouffignac: A new insight into an old tool (Davide Visentin, Sylvie Philibert, and Nicolas Valdeyron)

434

66 The lithic assemblage of the Mesolithic station of Alp2 (pre-alpine mountain range of Chartreuse, northern French Alps): Preliminary data (Jocelyn Robbe)

440

67 The First and Second Mesolithic of La Grande Rivoire (Vercors range, Isère, France): A diachronic perspective on lithic technology (Alexandre Angelin, Thomas Perrin, and Pierre-Yves Nicod)

444

68 Techno-functional approach to a technological breakthrough: The Second Mesolithic of Montclus rockshelter (Gard, France) (Elsa Defranould, Sylvie Philibert, and Thomas Perrin)

452

69 The late microblade complexes and the emergence of geometric microliths in north-eastern Iberia (Dídac Román, Pilar García-Argüelles, Jordi Nadal, and Josep Maria Fullola)

457

70 Mesolithic raw material management south of the Picos de Europa (northern Spain) (Diego Herrero-Alonso, Natividad Fuertes-Prieto, and Ana Neira-Campos)

464

71 New perspectives on Mesolithic technology in northern Iberia: Data from El Mazo shell midden site (Asturias, Spain) (Natividad Fuertes-Prieto, John Rissetto, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, David Cuenca-Solana, and Manuel R. González Morales)

470

72 The conical core pressure blade concept: A Mesolithic chaîne opératoire (Tuija Rankama and Jarmo Kankaanpää)

476

73 Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt change? (Svein Vatsvåg Nielsen and Torgeir Winther)

482

74 Shaori II: An obsidian workshop in Javakheti, Georgia (Dimitri Narimanishvili, Petranka Nedelcheva, and Ivan Gatsov)

490

75 Finding, shaping, hiding: Caching behaviour in the Middle Mesolithic of south-eastern Norway (Lucia Uchermann Koxvold)

495

76 Hafting flake axes: Technological and functional aspects of an assemblage from north-western Norway (John Asbjørn Havstein)

499

77 Quantifying Irish shale Mesolithic axes/adzes (Bernard Gilhooly) 505

78 Technology of osseous artefacts in the Mesolithic Danube Gorges: The evidence from Vlasac (Serbia) (Emanuela Cristiani and Dušan Borić)

512

79 Antler in material culture of the Iron Gates Mesolithic (Selena Vitezović) 520

80 Tools made from wild boar canines during the French Mesolithic: A technological and functional study of the collection from Le Cuzoul de Gramat (France) (Benjamin Marquebielle and Emmanuelle Fabre)

526

viiContents

81 Lost at the bottom of the lake. Leister prongs from the Early and Middle Mesolithic (Lars Larsson, Björn Nilsson, and Arne Sjöström)

535

82 Late Glacial and Early Holocene osseous projectile weaponry from the Polish Lowlands: The case of a point from Witów (Justyna Orłowska)

540

Social Relations, Communication, Mobility 547

83 Introduction: Social relations, communication, mobility (Chantal Conneller) 549

84 Role of personal ornaments: Vlakno cave (Croatia) (Barbara Cvitkušić and Dario Vujević) 551

85 Marine shells as grave goods at S’Omu e S’Orku (Sardinia, Italy) (Emanuela Cristiani, Rita T. Melis, and Margherita Mussi)

558

86 Visual information in Cabeço da Amoreira, Muge (Portugal): Shell adornment technology (Lino André and Nuno Bicho)

567

87 Neighbours on the other side of the sea: Late Mesolithic relations in eastern Middle Sweden (Jenny Holm)

574

88 Sedentary hunters, mobile farmers: The spread of agriculture into prehistoric Europe (T. Douglas Price, Lars Larsson, Ola Magnell, and Dušan Borić)

579

Rites and Symbols 585

89 Introduction: Rites and Symbols (Judith M. Grünberg and Lars Larsson) 587

90 A portable object in motion – Complex layers of meaning embedded in an ornamented sandstone-object from the Late Mesolithic site of Brunstad (Norway) (Almut Schülke)

590

91 Net patterns in Mesolithic art of north-western Europe (Tomasz Płonka) 595

92 Protective patterns in Mesolithic art (Peter Vang Petersen) 602

93 Mesolithic engraved bone pins: The art of fashion at Téviec (Morbihan, France) (Éva David) 610

94 Final destruction and ultimate humiliation of an enemy during the Mesolithic of southern Scandinavia (Erik Brinch Petersen)

619

95 Archaeological remains of Mesolithic funerary rites and symbols (Judith M. Grünberg) 622

96 Buried side by side: The last hunter-gatherers of the south-western Iberian Peninsula through the lens of their mortuary practices (Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna)

629

97 Depositions of human skulls and cremated bones along the River Motala Ström at Strandvägen, Motala (Fredrik Molin, Sara Gummesson, Linus Hagberg, and Jan Storå)

637

98 Human–animal symbolism within a ritual space in the Mesolithic wetland deposit at Kanaljorden, Motala (Fredrik Hallgren, Sara Gummesson, Karin Berggren, and Jan Storå)

644

99 What are grave goods? Some thoughts about finds and features in Mesolithic mortuary practice (Lars Larsson)

649

100 Mesolithic companions: The significance of animal remains within Mesolithic burials in Zvejnieki and Skateholm (Aija Macāne)

655

101 Pit or grave? ‘Emptied’ graves from the cemetery at Dudka, Masuria, north-eastern Poland (Karolina Bugajska)

660

102 Beware of dogs! Burials and loose dog bones at Dudka and Szczepanki, Masuria, north-eastern Poland (Witold Gumiński)

668

103 Shamans in the Mesolithic? Re-analysis of antler headdresses from the North European Plain (Markus Wild)

678

104 Birds in ritual practice of eastern European forest hunter-gatherers (Ekaterina Kashina and Elena Kaverzneva)

685

viii Contents

Transitions – Endings 693

105 Transitions – Endings: Introduction (T. Douglas Price) 695

106 Modelling the empty spaces: Mesolithic in the micro-region of central Serbia (Vera Bogosavljević Petrović and Andrej Starović)

699

107 How North Iberia was lost? The Early Neolithic in Cantabrian Spain (Miguel Ángel Fano and Miriam Cubas)

706

108 Debating Neolithization from a Mesolithic point of view: The Sado Valley (Portugal) experience (Mariana Diniz, Pablo Arias Cabal, Ana Cristina Araújo, and Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna)

713

109 The Caucasian route of Neolithization in the Pontic-Caspian region (Alexander Gorelik, Andrej Tsybriy, and Viktor Tsybriy)

720

110 The Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic of the Kama region, Russia: Aspects of the Neolithization process (Evgeniia Lychagina)

727

111 The Late Mesolithic in western Lesser Poland: Spectators or participants in the Neolithization? (Marek Nowak, Mirosław Zając, and Justyna Zakrzeńska)

733

112 Wetland sites in a dry land area. A survey for Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic sites in and around the Zwischenahner Meer Lake, Germany (Svea Mahlstedt)

740

113 Forager-farmer contacts in the Scheldt Basin (Flanders, Belgium) in the late sixth-early fifth millennia BC: Evidence from the site of Bazel-Sluis (Erwin Meylemans, Yves Perdaen, Joris Sergant, Jan Bastiaens, Koen Deforce, Anton Ervynck, and Philippe Crombé)

746

114 Ritual continuity between the Late Mesolithic Ertebølle and Early Neolithic Funnel Beaker cultures (Søren Anker Sørensen)

750

115 Continuity and change: hunters and farmers in the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, Östergötland, eastern middle Sweden (Tom Carlsson)

756

116 The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in South Norway: Cylindrical blade technology as an indicator of change (Dag Erik Færø Olsen)

763

Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic 771

117 Introduction: Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic (Nicky Milner) 773

118 Mesolithic movie stars: Analyzing rare film archives of the Muge excavations from the early twentieth century (Ana Abrunhosa and António H. B. Gonçalves)

776

119 Elusive, perplexing, and peculiar? Presenting the Mesolithic to twenty-first century audiences (Don Henson)

785

120 Public perceptions and engagement with the Jomon and the Mesolithic (Don Henson) 789

121 Building Mesolithic: An experimental archaeological approach to Mesolithic buildings in Ireland (Graeme Warren)

796

Index 805

Technology

73. Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt change?Svein Vatsvåg Nielsen and Torgeir Winther

The study of Mesolithic blade industries in northern Europe has contributed to gaining a deeper insight into prehistoric technological choices by applying a dynamical technological approach. In this study, the authors applied this approach to Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade industries in eastern Norway in order to study regional developments. A total of 45 pressured cores derived from seven open-air sites excavated by the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo (2010–2012) were analyzed taking into account metrical values and technological traits. The results show three distinct phases in the studied material. The earliest phase (c. 7500–7200 cal BC) was characterized by a standardized conical core concept. The second phase (c. 7200–6100 cal BC) showed both conical and single fronted cores, while in the youngest phase (c. 5400–3900 cal BC) the single fronted core concept was predominant. Based on previous experimental research, the authors argue that this reflects a slow transition from the use of V-shaped holding devices in the Middle Mesolithic to pocket devices and handheld reduction techniques in the Late Mesolithic.

Keywords: Mesolithic, Scandinavia, microblade technology, pressure blade technology

IntroductionThis article deals with the evolution of pressure blade tech-nology in Scandinavia with an emphasis on the Middle and Late Mesolithic chronozones in eastern Norway. The study of pressure debitage, its technological affinities, and evolu-tionary development has a long research history in the Old World (Crabtree 1968; Johnson et al. 1978; Inizan 2012). Yet, it is only in recent years that this discourse has gained a foothold among Scandinavian researchers (Damlien 2015, 2016; Røe 2015; Sørensen 2006a, 2006b, 2012; Sørensen et al. 2013). This ongoing research continues to investigate the consequences of a specific hypothesis: that pressure blade technology was invented once in prehistory, more specif-ically in Upper Palaeolithic Siberia (Inizan et al. 1999). According to this hypothesis, pressure blade technology continued to diffuse across vast distances for several mil-lennia: east to the Americas, south to Asia and the Middle East, and west to Russia and the Baltic region, from where it eventually entered Scandinavia at the onset of the Middle Mesolithic (c. 8200 cal BC). In the following, we will focus on local developments within this western group.

In Norway, pressure debitage is recognized as a de-fining element of the Middle Mesolithic techno-complex stretching from the northernmost to the southernmost

parts of the country. In western and central Norway, this period is often referred to as Early Microblade Tradition (c. 8000–6500 cal BC), while in eastern Norway it is tra-ditionally labelled as Phase 2, the Tørkop phase, or simply the Middle Mesolithic (c. 8250–6350 cal BC) (Bjerck 1986, 2008; Glørstad 2004; Mikkelsen 1975). In the whole of southern and central Norway, pressure debitage continues throughout the Middle and Late Mesolithic techno-com-plexes. However, research on local and semi-local develop-ments is still needed for a more detailed understanding of the evolution of this technology. In this paper, we discuss current research on the topic and present new data from experimental replicative studies, as well as recent large-scale excavations in eastern Norway.

Archaeological contexts and representativenessThe majority of excavated Mesolithic open-air sites located in coastal regions of southern Norway have been shorebound during the time of occupation. The gradual isostatic uplift of land in eastern Norway after the Weichselian enables relative dating of sites according to height above the present sea lev-el. Although radiocarbon dating still remains preferable, the accuracy of dating by sea level displacement has repeatedly

73. Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt change? 483

been proven to be accurate in these regions (Bjerck 2008; Berg-Hansen 2009; Reitan and Persson 2013; Solheim 2013). Due to changing sea levels throughout the Holocene, Meso-lithic sites are rarely mixed and thus are well suited for chron-ological studies. This situation is different in other regions of Scandinavia, which lack evidence of the isostatic uplift.

In a recent study of Mesolithic blade industries in Den-mark, Mikkel Sørensen (2012) focuses his analysis on Ul-kestrup II and Sværdborg II, when discussing techno-com-plex 3 (i.e. earliest pressure debitage in Denmark), and on Mosegården III and Orelunden IX, both from Åmosen on Zealand, when discussing techno-complex 4. From south-ern Sweden, he refers to Ageröd 1:B and 1:D in Scania (Sørensen 2012, 241, 247). Recent large-scale excavations of Early, Middle, and Late Mesolithic open-air coastal sites in eastern Norway have enabled more detailed studies of chronological issues related to eastern Norway and Scan-dinavia as a whole. These sites demonstrate the earliest in-troduction of pressure technology on conical cores c. 8000 cal BC (Damlien 2015; Solheim 2013), followed by a period characterized by a decrease in core size and the introduc-tion of microcores exhibiting various morphologies. In the following, this latter group will remain in focus.

Chronology and distribution of single fronted pressure coresStandardized microblade production on single fronted cores occurs in Siberia and in the south-eastern Trans Bai-kal area c. 17,000 BP (Hartz et al. 2010; Medvedev 1998; Tabarev 2012). Jeffrey Flenniken (1987) proposed that these cores, i.e. wedge-shaped cores, had been reduced by the use of clamp device. His experimental results were later rep-licated successfully by Andrej Tabarev (1997, 2012). This technological concept spread to what is today recognized as the Butovo culture in the Moscow region and the Vere-tye culture located south-east of the Onega Lake, where it became predominant within blade producing communi-ties (Hartz et al. 2010; Sørensen et al. 2013). In these are-as, partly also in Finland, a rising trend of single fronted microblade cores is observed in the succeeding period, c. 8600–7600 cal BC (Hertell and Tallavaara 2011, 106).

In northern Sweden, a microblade tradition based on handle cores was introduced c. 7000 cal BC (Knutsson and Knutsson 2012). Conical and one-sided microblade cores are further characteristic of the Sandarna phase in western Sweden (Andersson et al. 1988), while the handle core tra-dition is typical of the Late Mesolithic (i.e. Lihult culture) in southern Sweden (Nordqvist 2000).

The earliest sites with single fronted microblade cores (often termed keeled cores) in southern Norway are dated to c. 6500 cal BC, i.e. the late Middle Mesolithic (Carrasco et al. 2014; Jaksland 2000), but there are some notable excep-tions. One is a single keeled core in jasper from Stene Ter-rasse, an inland site in eastern Norway that could be dated to

c. 7900 cal BC. Apart from this curious exception (Arangua Gonzales 2014; Damlien 2010), the handle core tradition is normally associated with the Late Mesolithic Nøstvet cul-ture in eastern Norway (Carrasco et al. 2014; Glørstad 2011; Jaksland 2000; Reitan 2014d). Thus, the late Nøstvet culture demonstrates a strong resemblance with the Lihult culture of western Sweden (Glørstad 2004).

In Denmark, pressure debitage was introduced in the late Maglemose culture, c. 7000 cal BC, while the keeled core tra-dition is typical of the Kongemose culture from c. 6500 cal BC (Sørensen 2012). Keeled cores vanished at the onset of the Late Mesolithic Ertebølle phase, along with pressure blade technology in general (Sørensen 2012, 249). Further south, microblade technology characterizes the Late Mesolithic of central Europe c. 7000 cal BC (Hartz et al. 2010, 166).

In the experimental literature on pressure blade technol-ogy, the clamp device for single fronted cores is contrasted with the V-shaped holding device, which in turn is adapt-ed for conical cores (Flenniken 1987; Pelegrin 2012). As mentioned above, in eastern Norway the transition from conical to single fronted cores, including handle cores, is

Fig. 73.1. The location of the sites mentioned in the text. Note that the map shows the modern-day shoreline.

Svein Vatsvåg Nielsen and Torgeir Winther484

chronologically related to the Middle-Late Mesolithic tran-sition. However, detailed knowledge about this transition is lacking. Was the transition abrupt? Or do we see a slow, regional development in technological choices? In order to shed light on these questions, we analyzed a number of pressured microblade cores recovered through recent exca-vations in eastern Norway.

MethodCores were selected from a cluster of Mesolithic sites in a specific near-coastal area of eastern Norway (Fig. 73.1). The sites, located in Telemark county, were excavated by the Vestfoldbane project (2010–2013), a large-scale excavation project connected to the construction of a new railway. All excavations were undertaken by the Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo (Carrasco et al. 2014; Eggen 2014; Eigeland and Fossum 2014; Fossum 2014a,b; Melvold and Eigeland 2014; Persson 2014a,b; Reitan 2014a,b,c,d; Re-itan and Fossum 2014). A total of 45 pressure blade cores from seven different sites dated between c. 7500–4000 cal BC were subject of our analysis (Table 73.1). Cores were analyzed by taking into account metrical values (Fig. 73.2) and by applying a dynamical technological classification system (Sørensen 2006b). This system focuses on a variety of morphological and technological traits: core type, plat-form rejuvenation, blade core morphology, core front ex-ploitation, and platform front angle (Fig. 73.3).

ResultsPressured cores were not the only core types found at the analyzed sites. There were cores with multiple sides, sim-ple platform cores, irregular cores, and even bipolar cores. However, in the following we will focus on the pressured cores. As Figure 73.3 shows, the period c. 6100–5500 cal BC represents a potential gap in our data, corresponding to the early phase of the Late Mesolithic. We suggest that the site material is representative for analysis of regional developments. As expected, early-phase Middle Meso-lithic sites were characterized by conical cores while han-dle cores were present on late-phase Late Mesolithic sites (Fig. 73.3). However, the dynamical technological classifi-cation showed that certain morphological features usually associated with single fronted cores, such as flat platform, oblong core morphology, and single front exploitation, were introduced already during the early seventh millen-nium cal BC (Gunnarsrød 7, Langangen Vestgård 1). Con-versely, simple and multi-facetted platform rejuvenation, usually associated with the Middle Mesolithic, continued into the early phase of the Late Mesolithic. These are not the finds one would anticipate from an abrupt transition in technological traditions, but rather from a slow process of technological change.

The Middle-Late Mesolithic transition was also transpar-ent in the height/length ratio of pressured cores (Fig. 73.2). The period c. 7500–6600 cal BC was characterized by a

Table 73.1. List of the sites mentioned in this study. All sites were excavated by the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo (The Vestfoldbane Project 2010–2012).

Site masl Sea level dating cal BC

Radiocarbon range cal BC

Period Morphological core types Reference

Sundsaasen 1 62-66 7500–7200 Middle Mesolithic

Conical, bipolar, irregular Eggen 2014

Gunnarsrød 7 55-59 7200–6800 Middle Mesolithic

Conical, bipolar, irregular, one sided,

microbladecore, platformcore

Fossum 2014

Langangen Vestgård 1

48 6650 6800–6600 Middle Mesolithic

Conical, bipolar, irregular, microbladecore,

platformcore

Melvold and Eigeland 2014

Gunnarsrød 6 46–47 6500–6100 Middle–Late Mesolithic

Handle core, conical, bipolar, irregular, one sided, platformcore

Carrasco et al. 2014

Vallermyrene 4 36–42 5400–5300 (a), 5200–5100 (b)

5500–5300 (a), 5300–4850 (b)

Late Mesolithic Handle core, microblade core, platform core,

Irregular, bipolar

Eigeland and Fossum 2014

Prestemoen 2 34–39 4900 Late Mesolithic Handle core, bipolar, platform

Persson 2014

Langangen Vestgård 3

36 5000 4300–3900 Late Mesolithic Handle core, bipolar, one sided, multiple sides,

irregular

Eggen 2014

73. Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt change? 485

reduction in core height, while in the following period c. 6600–4000 cal BC, we see an increase in core length. Inter-estingly, the metrical values indicated a fixed height/length ratio on conically shaped cores while one-sided cores showed larger variations in length. At first, this strength-ens the impression that conical cores were indeed reduced by a technique that favoured a specific core morphology, while single fronted cores were subject to a reduction tech-nique with a broader scope. It seems like this latter tech-nique could be applied to a wide variety of forms.

Thus, a range of morphological features associated with single fronted cores occurred in our data within the time span of c. 7200–4000 cal BC. However, there are notable variations within the single fronted core group (Fig. 73.4). These can be ordered into three main groups:

(1) The first are the cores with a conical form but with only one side of the core having been exploited. Sometimes

these became ‘flat’, like one specimen from Gunnarsrød 7 (c. 7200–6800 cal BC), measuring 16 mm in width and 6 mm in length. This group was exclusive to Middle Mes-olithic sites, and cores seemed to have been reduced with the same method as conical cores, i.e. a V-shaped holding device.

(2) The second group consisted of cores with a narrow front and pointed or flat base, usually with one exploited end. Such cores were made of flakes with a platform on one side of the flake, and where microblades were subsequent-ly reduced using the width of the flake as the core height. The original bulb on the flake was often visible on either the left or right sides of cores. This group was first intro-duced at Gunnarsrød 6 (c. 6500–6100 cal BC) but contin-ued throughout the Late Mesolithic.

(3) The third group consisted of what is traditionally termed handle cores, i.e. cores made of flakes where the

Fig. 73.2. Height/length ratios of all pressured cores analyzed in this study. Measurements are given in millimetres. Round dots: Middle Mesolithic sites; squares: transitional Middle-Late Mesolithic sites; diamonds: Late Mesolithic sites. Dates refer to sites as listed in the right column.

Svein Vatsvåg Nielsen and Torgeir Winther486

ventral side is exploited as the platform, making the bulb of the flake visible on top of the platform. Platform reju-venation is rare on these cores. In our data, this group was exclusive to the Late Mesolithic.

DiscussionIn 1985, Errett Callahan published an important series of experimental replications of microblade cores. He termed the cores either ‘clamped cores’ or handle cores, depending on the length. While distinguishing the two groups, Cal-lahan made the following note: ‘The smallest cores which I could grip by hand tightly enough to allow the removal of blades was about 5 cm in length. (…) Clamped cores, on the other hand, may be used until their length is less than 1 cm’ (Callahan 1985, 33). The basic principle of the clamp device was later used by Flenniken (1987) and Tabarev (1997, 2012) when they replicated Upper Palaeolithic wedge shaped cores. Several authors have pointed out that the use of clamp devices could result in particular use-wear, and thus at Tågerup in Scania, a Kongemosian settlement site,

a use-wear analyses on keeled cores identified wood pol-ish on central arrises (Karsten and Knarrström 2003, 49). These results were later replicated in a use-wear analysis of one core from Orelunden IX (Sørensen 2012, 248). Thus, from a technological point of view, it is perfectly possible that both the second and third groups of single fronted cores from the analyzed material were reduced by the use of a clamp device.

Further, by applying the definition of handle cores as ‘cores that were held by hand’ and by making the use of Callahan’s experience from 1985, we found only one cer-tain and three potential handle cores among the 45 ana-lyzed pressured cores; these were from the Late Mesolith-ic site of Vallermyrene 4. The remaining cores measured less than 5 cm in length, and thus should be regarded as clamped cores. Though Callahan (1985) only associated the clamped core with the Late Mesolithic in Denmark, the evidence presented here suggests that this technique was introduced already during the Kongemose culture in Denmark, the Sandarna in western Sweden, and in the late

Fig. 73.3. Results from dynamical technological classification of 45 pressured cores from seven open-air Mesolithic sites in Telemark county, eastern Norway. Abbreviated site names refer to Table 73.1.

73. Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt change? 487

Middle Mesolithic of Norway (c. 6500 cal BC). In eastern Norway, this technological concept continued to be used until the Neolithic transition c. 3900 cal BC (Glørstad 2011; Reitan 2014d).

AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank Associate Professor Per Åke Persson for granting us access to the archaeological material from the Vestfoldbane project.

ReferencesAndersson, S., J. Wigforss, and S. Nancke-Krogh (eds.) (1988)

Fangstfolk för 8000 år sedan – om en grupp stenåldersboplat-ser i Göteborg. Göteborg, Göteborgs arkeologiska museum.

Arangua Gonzales, C. A. (2014) Beyond Flint. A Chaîne Opéra-toire Analysis of Jasper Finds from Mesolithic Localities in Hedmark, Norway. Unpublished MA thesis, Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo.

Berg-Hansen, I. M. (2009) Steinalderregistrering. Metodologi og forskningshistorie i Norge 1900–2000 med en feltstudie fra Lista i Vest-Agder (VARIA 75). Oslo, Kulturhistorisk Mu-seum Fornminneseksjonen.

Bjerck, H. B. (2008) Norwegian Mesolithic trends. In G. N. Bailey and P. Spikins (eds.) Mesolithic Europe, 60–106. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Bjerck, H. B. (1986) The Fosna-Nøstvet problem. A consideration of archaeological units and chronozones in the south Nor-wegian Mesolithic period. Norwegian Archaeological Review 19(2), 103–22.

Callahan, E. (1985) Experiments with Danish Mesolithic microblade technology. Journal of Danish Archaeology 4(1), 23–39.

Carrasco, L., I. Eggen, L. Eigeland, G. Fossum, S. Melvold, P. Pers-son, and G. Reitan (2014) Gunnarsrød 6. Et boplassområde fra overgangen mellommesolitikum-seinmesolitikum. In S. Melvold and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfoldbaneprosjektet. Arke-ologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind 1. Tidlig- og mellommesolittiske lokaliteter i Vestfold og Telemark, 277–308. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Crabtree, D. E. (1968) Mesoamerican polyhedral cores and pris-matic blades. American Antiquity 33(4), 446–78.

Damlien, H. (2010) Stene terrasse. En mellommesolittisk og senmesolittisk lokalitet med boligstruktur, ildsted og ko-kegroper. In K. Stene (ed.) Steinalderundersøkelser ved Rena elv. Gråfjellprosjektet Bind III (VARIA 76), 276–309. Oslo, Kulturhistorisk Museum Fornminneseksjonen.

Damlien, H. (2015) Striking a difference? The effect of knapping techniques on blade attributes. Journal of Archaeological Sci-ence 63, 122–35.

Damlien, H. (2016) Eastern pioneers in westernmost territories? Current perspectives on Mesolithic hunter–gatherer large-scale interaction and migration within northern Eurasia. Quaternary International 419, 5–16.

Eggen, I. M. (2014) Sundsaasen 1. En lokalitet fra første halvdel av mellommesolitikum med funn av trinnøks og bergartsavfall. In S. A. Melvold and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfoldbaneprosjektet. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mel-lom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind 1. Tidlig- og mellommesolit-tiske lokaliteter i Vestfold og Telemark, 159–77. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Eigeland, L. and G. Fossum (2014) Vallermyrene 4. En lokalitet fra nøstvetfasen med spesialisert økseproduksjon. In G. Re-itan and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfoldbaneprosjektet. Arkeolo-giske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Lar-vik og Porsgrunn. Bind II. Seinmesolittiske, neolitiske og yngre lokaliteter Vestfoldt og Telemark, 31–69. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Flenniken, J. J. (1987) The Paleolithic Dyuktai pressure blade technique of Siberia. Arctic Anthropology 24(2), 117–32.

Fossum, G. (2014a) Gunnarsrød 7. En mellommesolittisk lokalitet med flere opphold. In S. A. Melvold and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfoldbaneprosjektet. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind 1. Tidlig- og mellommesolittiske lokaliteter i Vestfold og Telemark, 178–201. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Fossum, G. (2014b) Gunnarsrød 8. En lokalitet fra siste halvdel av mellommesolitikum. In S. Melvold and P. Persson (eds.) Vest-foldbaneprosjektet. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind 1.

Fig. 73.4. Three variations within the single fronted core group. 1: single fronted conical core reduced by V-shaped holding device, exclusive to Middle Mesolithic sites; 2: keeled/wedge-shaped core reduced by use of pocket device, occurs on late Middle Mesolithic and Late Mesolithic sites; 3: handle core reduced either by pocket device or handheld, exclusive to Late Mesolithic sites.

Svein Vatsvåg Nielsen and Torgeir Winther488

Tidlig- og mellommesolittiske lokaliteter i Vestfold og Tele-mark, 228–38. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Glørstad, H. (2011) Hunting and housing. Technological repro-duction in the Late Mesolithic Nøstvet region of eastern Nor-way and western Sweden. In R. Barndon, A. Engevik, and I. Øue (eds.) The Archaeology of Regional Technologies. Case Studies from the Palaeolithic to the Age of the Vikings, 89–108. New York, The Edwin Mellen Press.

Glørstad, H. (ed.) (2004) Svinesundprosjektet. Bind 4. Oppsum-mering av Svinesundprosjektet (VARIA 57). Oslo, Universite-tets Kulturhistoriske Museer, Fornminneseksjonen.

Hartz, S., T. Terberger, and M. Zhilin (2010) New AMS-dates for the Upper Volga Mesolithic and the origin of microblade technology in Europe. Quartär 57, 155–69.

Hertell, E. and M. Tallavaara (2011) Hunter-gatherer mobil-ity and the organisation of core technology in Mesolithic north-eastern Europe. In T. Rankama (ed.) Mesolithic Inter-faces. Variability in Lithic Technologies in Eastern Fennoscan-dia2, 94–110. Saarijärven, Monographs of the Archaeological Society of Finland.

Inizan, M.-L. (2012) Pressure Débitage in the Old World: Fore-runners, researchers, geopolitics – handing on the baton. In P. M. Desrosiers (ed.) The Emergence of Pressure Blade Mak-ing: From Origin to Modern Experimentation, 11–42. New York, Springer.

Inizan, M.-L., M. Reduron_Ballinger, H. Roche, and J. Tixier (1999) Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone. Nan-terre, Préhistoire de la Pierre Taillée V.

Jaksland, L. (2000) Steinalderboplassen ved Nedre Kvinnesland i Tysvær kommune. In T. Løken (ed.) Åsgard - Natur- og kul-turhistoriske undersøkelser langs en gassrør-trase i Karmøy og Tysvær, Rogaland (AmS-Rapport 14), 103–34. Stavanger, Arkeologisk Museum i Stavanger.

Johnson, L., J. Behm, F. Fordes, D. Cahen, D. E. Crabtree, D. F. Dincauze, C. A. Hay, B. Hayden, T. R. Hester, P. R. Katz, R. Knudson, F. P. McManamon, S. C. Mallik, H. Müller-Beck, M. H. Newcomer, K. Paddayya, P. Price-Beggerly, A. J. Sa-nere, H. D. Shankalia, and P. D. Sheets (1978) A history of flint-knapping experimentation, 1838–976. Current Anthro-pology 19(2), 337–72.

Karsten, P. and B. Knarrström (2003) The Tågerup Excavation. Lund, National Heritage Board.

Knutsson, K. and H. Knutsson (2012) The postglacial coloniza-tion of humans, fauna and plants in northern Sweden. Arke-ologi i Norr 13, 1–28.

Medvedev, G. (1998) Upper Paleolithic sites in south-central Si-beria. In A. P. Derev’anko, D. B. Shimkin, and W. R. Powers (eds.) The Paleolithic of Siberia. New Discoveries and Interpre-tations, 122–273. Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press.

Melvold, S. A. and L. Eigeland (2014) Langangen Vestgård 1. En boplass fra siste del av mellommesolitikum med trin-nøksproduksjon og strukturer. In S. Melvold and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfoldbaneprosjektet. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind 1. Tidlig- og mellommesolittiske lokaliteter i Vestfold og Telemark, 239–76. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Mikkelsen, E. (1975) Mesolithic in south-eastern Norway. Nor-wegian Archaeological Review 8(1), 19–35.

Nordqvist, B. (2000) Coastal Adaptation in the Mesolithic. A Study of Coastal Sites with Organic Remains from the Boreal and Atlantic Periods in Western Sweden (Gotarc Series B. Gothenburg Archaeological Thesis. No. 13). Göteborg, Göte-borg University, Department of Archaeology.

Pelegrin, J. (2012) New experimental observations for the char-acterization of pressure blade production techniques. In P. Desrosiers (ed.) The Emergence of Pressure Blade Making: From Origin to Modern Experimentation, 465–500. Boston, MA, Springer.

Persson, P. (2014a) Prestemoen 1. En plats med ben från mellan-mesolitikum. In S. A. Melvold and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfold-baneprosjektet. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind 1. Tidlig- og mellommesolittiske lokaliteter i Vestfold og Telemark, 202–7. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Persson, P. (2014b) Prestemoen 2. En provundersökning av en nøstvetboplats. In G. Reitan and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfold-baneprosjektet. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind II. Seinmes-olittiske, neolitiske og yngre lokaliteter Vestfoldt og Telemark, 413–17. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arke-ologisk seksjon.

Reitan, G. (2014a) Gunnarsrød 4. En liten heller med kulturlag fra seinmesolitikum. In G. Reitan and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfold-baneprosjektet. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind II. Seinmes-olittiske, neolitiske og yngre lokaliteter Vestfoldt og Telemark, 398–412. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Reitan, G. (2014b) Gunnarsrød 5. En lokalitet i åkermark fra overgangen mellommesolitikum-seinmesolitikum, tidlig-neolitikum og seinneolitikum. In G. Reitan and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfoldbaneprosjektet. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind II. Seinmesolittiske, neolitiske og yngre lokaliteter Vest-foldt og Telemark, 221–54. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhis-torisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Reitan, G. (2014c) Langangen Vestgård 7. En lokalitet med ko-kegrop fra seinmesolitikum. In G. Reitan and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfoldbaneprosjektet. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind II. Seinmesolittiske, neolitiske og yngre lokaliteter Vest-foldt og Telemark, 388–97. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhis-torisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Reitan, G. (2014d) Vallermyrene 1. En strandbundet boplass fra overgangen Nøstvetfasen-Kjeøyfasen. In G. Reitan and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfoldbaneprosjektet. Arkeologiske un-dersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind II. Seinmesolittiske, neolitiske og yngre lokaliteter Vestfoldt og Telemark, 70–93. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Reitan, G. and G. Fossum (2014) Gunnarsrød 10. En lokalitet med spor etter øksebearbeiding i seinmesolitikum. In G. Reitan and P. Persson (eds.) Vestfoldbaneprosjektet. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mellom Larvik

73. Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt change? 489

og Porsgrunn. Bind II. Seinmesolittiske, neolitiske og yngre lokaliteter Vestfoldt og Telemark, 19–30. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Reitan, G. and P. Persson (eds.) (2013) Vestfoldbaneprosjektet. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny jernbane mel-lom Larvik og Porsgrunn. Bind 2. Seinmesolittiske, neolittiske og yngre lokaliteter i Vestfold og Telemark. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Røe, E. H. (2015) Maintaining Craftmanship. An Investigation of the Organisation of Middle Mesolithic Blade Technology at Hovland 3 in Vestfold, South-Eastern Norway. Unpublished MA thesis, Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo.

Solheim, S. (2013) Sammenfatning av resultater og trender i det arkeologiske materialet. In S. Solheim and H. Damlien (eds.) E18 Bommestad-Sky. Undersøkelser av lokaliteter fra mellom-mesolitikum, Larvik kommune, Vestfold fylke, 255–75. Oslo, Portal forlag og Kulturhistorisk Musem, Arkeologisk seksjon.

Sørensen, M. (2006a) Rethinking the lithic blade definition: To-wards a dynamic understanding. In J. Apel and K. Knutsson (eds.) Skilled Production and Social Reproduction Aspects of Traditional Stone-Tool Technologies, 277–96. Uppsala, SAU Stone Studies 2.

Sørensen, M. (2006b) Teknologiske tradisjoner i Maglemose-kulturen. En diakron analyse av Maglemoseindustriens

flækketeknologi. In B. V. Eriksen (ed.) Stenalderstudier. Tid-ligt mesolitiske jægere og samlere i Sydskandinavien, 19–76. Moesgaard, Jysk Arkeologisk Selskab.

Sørensen, M. (2012) The arrival and development of pressure blade technology in southern Scandinavia. In P. M. Des-rosiers (ed.) The Emergence of Pressure Blade Making: From Origin to Modern Experimentation, 237–59. Boston, MA, Springer.

Sørensen, M., T. Rankama, J. Kankaanpää, K. Knutsson, H. Knutsson, S. Melvold, B. V. Eriksen, and H. Glørstad (2013) The first eastern migrations of people and knowledge into Scandinavia: Evidence from studies of Mesolithic technol-ogy, 9th–8th millennium BC. Norwegian Archaeological Re-view 46(1), 19–56.

Tabarev, A. V. (2012) Blades and microblades, percussion and pressure: Towards the evolution of lithic technologies of the Stone Age period, Russian Far East. In P. M. Desrosiers (ed.) The Emergence of Pressure Blade Making: From Origin to Modern Experimentation, 320–46. Boston, MA Springer.

Tabarev, A. V. (1997) Paleolithic wedge-shaped microcores and experiments with pocket devices. Lithic Technology 22(2), 139–49.

Foraging Assemblages Volume 2

Edited by Dušan Borić,Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović

Fora

ging

Ass

embl

ages

Volume

2

Foraging Assemblages is the publication of the proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, held in Belgrade in September 2015. The two volumes of these proceedings gather 121 contributions on Mesolithic research in Europe, covering almost every corner of the continent. The book presents a cross-section of recent Mes-olithic research, with geographic foci ranging from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, and from Ireland to Russia and Georgia. The papers in the vol-umes cover diverse topics and are grouped into 11 thematic sections, each with an introduction written by prominent Mesolithic experts. The reader will learn about changes in forager lifeways and the colonization of new territories at the end of the Ice Age and the beginning of the Holocene warming; the use of diverse landscapes and resources; climatic instabili-ties that influenced patterns of settlement and subsistence; the organiza-

tion of settlements and dwelling spaces; the formation of region-al identities expressed through various aspects of material cul-ture and technologies of artefact production, use, and discard; aspects of social relations and mobility; symbolic, ritual, and mortuary practices; diverse ways in which Mesolithic communities of Europe were transformed into or superseded by Neolithic ways of being; and how we have re-searched, represented, and dis-cussed the Mesolithic.

Volume 1Transitions – Beginnings

Colonization

Landscapes

Settlement

Regional Identities

Volume 2People in Their Environment

Technology

Social Relations, Communication, Mobility

Rites and Symbols

Transitions – Endings

Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic

978

8680

0941

51