Sedation-Analgésie pour les Procedures Interventionnelles en Pneumologie

Quoi de neuf ?

Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève

Marc LickerService d’anesthésiologie

Sedation-Analgesia in Chest Medicine

Survey of clinical practiceGuidelines

Pneumologists (UK, France)Anesthesiologists (USA)

Gastroenterologists’ experienceProposals

Indications for Sedation-AnalgesiaChest medicine

• Contraindication = myoc. infarct < 6 months

80% patients prefer to be sedated

Why ? Indications for Sedation - Analgesia

Patient comfortRepeated FB (e.g., transplant recipient)Long & painful procedure

Operating conditionsBronchoalveolar lavageStent placement, cryotherapy, brushingsIBUS, needle biopsyThoracoscopy (e.g., talc pleurodesis)

Sedation : Definition« …continuum of states ranging from minimal sedation

(anxiolysis) through general anesthesia. »

Ely EW et al. JAMA 2003; 289: 2983–91

Modified Richmond Agitation – Sedation Score

Assessment of Sedation according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists

OPTIMAL Moderate Sedation is achieved when patient …

Maintains consciousnessIndependently maintains airway controlRetains protective reflexes (swallow and gag) Responds to verbal and physical commandsIs not anxious or afraidExperiences acceptable pain control Has a minimal change in vital signsRemains cooperative during the procedureHas mild amnesia for the procedureRecovers to baseline (pre-procedure) status safelyand promptly

Rigid B Flexible B+ General Anesth + Sedation

ComplicationsAnesthesia-related 2.9% 1.5%Discomfort 4.4% 0.5% Minor 5.5% 2.9%Major 1.5% 0.5%

N= 4’595 procedures

Risk-related to bronchoscopy

Complication of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Literature Review

Metasearch criteria "flexible", "fiberoptic", "bronchoscopy" and "complications" 1974 to 200650 publications on 107’969 bronchoscopies Complications

Hypoxemia 0.2-2.1%Arrhythmia 1-10% Bleeding 0.12-7.5%Pneumothorax-Mediast 1-6%Fever 0.9-2.5%Death 0.1-0.2%

Geraci G. Ann Ital Chir. 2007;78(3):183-92

FB = SAFE procedureif basic precautions:

• Patient selection• Indications• Drug• Equipment

Guidelines on diagnostic FB

NPO for 4 hrs (solid), 2 hrs (liquid)IV line & SpO2 monitoring in all ptsSupplemental if SpO2 < 90% Sedatives should be given in incremental dosesNot routine requirement for :

ECG, BP measurementAtropine

Availability of > 2 endosc. assistants + Resuscitation equipmentSedated pts should accompanied home, advised not to drive, not to sign any document, operate machine, …Topical anesthesia : maximum 8.2 mg/kg lidocaine

• No Risk

Stratification• No minimal standards for monitoring• No Assessment

of Sedation

Level

• Qualification of Sedation

Provider ??

Sedation85% Midazolam27% Sedative + Analgesics27% No sedation

Topical anesthesia65% lidocaine gel to the nose70% spray to the throat, 84% spray « as you go"

+ 13% atropine routinely

Survey regarding compliance to BTS guidelines for flexible bronchoscopy (344 responses to 452 questionnaires)

Clinical observation 44% Respiratory Rate 8%

Drug-induced respiratory depression= Primary cause of morbidity-mortality

Preop Risk AssessmentMonitoringQualified / trained « sedationists »

5% serious adverse eventsTOO MUCH !!

Pre-procedural Risk AssessmentASA General Classification

Cardiac Risk MI, HF, arryth.

Coronary artery diseaseHeart failurePrior strokeDiabetes mellitusRenal dysfunction

Respiratory Risk hypoxemiaAirway assessmentMorbid ObesityPulmonary HypertensionSevere COPD, Heart fail.Alcohol ++Sleep apnea syndrome

Airway AssessmentPositive pressure ventilation (with tracheal intubation) may bebe necessary if respiratory compromise develops.This may be more difficult in pts with atypical airway anatomy

HistoryPrevious problem with anesthesiaStridor, snoring or sleep apneaRheumatoid arthritis; or chromosomal abnormality (trisomy)

Physical examinationSignificant obesityMALLAMPATI scoreShort neck, limited extension; hyoid-mental distance < 3cmSmall mouth opening (< 3cm), protuding incisors, loose/cappedteeth; macroglossia; tonsillar hypertrophyMicrognathia, retrognathia, trismus, …

Monitoring, equipment, trainingPatient’s response to verbal command, stimulusSpO2, HR, BP (ECG)Designated individual(s) to perform sedation &rescue therapy

Knowledge of drugsSkills to establish an IV line, a patent airway, positive pressure ventilation and advanced life support.

Emergency equipmentAntagonists agents, emergency medicationsSuction device, basic & advanced airway equipmentDefibrillator

How to administer Sedative-Analgesics?

IV sedatives/analgesics should be given in small incremental doses (up to desiredendpoint)Even if moderate sedation is intended , pts receiving propofol or methohexital shouldreceive care consistent with that required for deep sedation. Accordingly, practionersshould be qualified to rescue pts from anylevel of sedation, including generalanesthesia

ConflictAnesthesiologists

- Endoscopists

Sedation-Analgesia in Chest Medicine

Definition, Indications & PurposeSurvey of clinical practiceGuidelines

Pneumologists (UK, France)Anesthesiologists (USA)

Experience of gastroenterologistsProposals for new sedation protocols

2

Anesthesia or sedation for  gastroenterologic

endoscopies

Luginbuhl, M et al. Curr Opinion in Anaesth. 2009

• GI endoscopy = important cost driver• For sedation :- Anesthesiologists must be present in France

Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC)+ 150 – 1’500 $ /procedure

- Nurses are allowed in UK, USA (CH)Moderate Sedation

Midazolam (MDZ) vs. PROPOFOL± Opiate, anti-His, neuroleptic (DHBP)…

Sedation should be offered to EVERY patientUse ASA classification (I-V)Assess clinically the level of sedationPropofol should be preferred to Midazolamsupportive data on efficacy, recovery, and complicationsAdjustments still need to be made taking into account the individual patient situation, the nature of the intervention, and the personal, personnel, equipment, and structural requirements indicated in this guideline.The intermittent bolus method currently regarded as the standard procedure.

Assistance of an anesthesiologist ?

Personnel training & Equipment (1)

Personnel training & Equipment (2)

Advantages & Disadvantages of Propofol

Need for an anesthesiologist ?

Endoscopist-directed Administration of Propofol : a Worldwide Safety Experience REX DK et al, Gastroenterology, 2009

223’656 Propofol-sedation• 218 Mask

Ventilation

• 0 Intubation• 0 Neurological

Injuries

• 0 Deaths

28 Publications

Endoscopist-directed Administration of Propofol : a Worldwide Safety Experience

UNPUBLISHED data

422’424 Propofol-sedation• 270 Mask

Ventilation

• 11 Intubation• 0 Neurological

Injuries

• 4 Deaths

REX DK et al, Gastroenterology 2009

Sedation-Analgesia in Chest Medicine

Definition, Indications & PurposeSurvey of clinical practiceGuidelines Experience of gastroenterologistsExperience in Chest Medicine

Importance of a standardized approachWhich type of drugsProposaly

Standardized approach for transbronchial needle biopsy in transplant patients (1)

Dransfieldt MT et al. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004;23(1):110-4

• Exclude High-Risk patients(cardiac, renal disease, bleeding, PHT)

• Normal hemostasis, NPO 6 hrs• Topical anesthesia (Lido 1% max 300 mg)

• Meperidine (max 100 mg) + MDZ (max 10 mg)

• Assess vital signs, comfort

Standardized approach for transbronchial needle biopsy in transplant patients (2)

Dransfieldt MT et al. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004;23(1):110-4

6.3%

1.9%

Is it reasonable to combine BZD with opiates ?

2010;79(4):307-14

2 groups: MDZ vs. MDZ + Alfentanil (N=30)MDZ -50% in pts receiving Alfentanil 4.0 vs. 2.0 mg/kg

How comfortable is it ?

For the patient For the operator

2010;79(4):307-14

Sedation for Thoracoscopy

65 pts with lung cancer, ASA 3-4 2 groups: MDZ 0.15-0.2 mg/kg vs MDZ + RémifentanilMonitoring: BP, ECG, SpO2, TcCO2

Minerva Anesthesiol 2005;71(4):15- 65

MDZ MDZ + REMI

Using Propofol in chest medicine 6 clinical trials

Bosslet GT et al. Nurse-Administered Propofol Sedation: Feasibility and Safety in Bronchoscopy. Respiration. 2009 Dec 23 (Pub Ehead).Stolz D et al. Propofol versus combined sedation in flexible bronchoscopy: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Eur Respir J2009;34(5):1024-30 Clark G. et al. Titrated sedation with propofol or midazolam for flexible bronchoscopy. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(6):1277-83Silvestri GA et al. phase 3, randomized, double-blind study to assess the efficacy and safety of fospropofol disodium injection for moderate sedation in patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy Chest. 2009;135(1):41-7 Hassan RA et al. Sedation with propofol for flexible bronchoscopy in children Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44(4):373-8Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther.2004;39(10):597-602

N = 588 proceduresOperation Time

25 min (3-123)Propofol dosetotal 242 mg (10-1320)

3.1 mg/kg (0.1-20)

ADVERSE EVENTS11.8% (n=59)6.4% due to anesthesia

2.8% Hypoxemia1.0% Hypotension

Bosslet GT et al.. Respiration. 2009 Dec 23

Using Propofol in chest medicine

N=83, No pretreatmentPropofol titrated by BISHigher quality of sedationFaster neuropsychometric recovery

N=280, Propofol vs. MDZ + oxycodonePropofol is as effective and safe

N=252Pretreatment Fentanyl 50mcgFospropofol 2.0 vs 6.5 mg/kgSuccess 41.2% vs 91.3%No recall 55% vs 83%Hypoxemia 15.4% vs 12.6%

Bispectral Index (BIS)Bispectral Index (BIS)

A practical, processed EEG parameter that measures the direct effects of sedatives on the brain

Frontal montage

Provides objective information about an individual patient’s response to sedation

Optimizes sedation assessment and titration

Numerical scale correlates to sedation endpoints

Depth of sedationDepth of sedationBISBIS--guided titration of guided titration of PropofolPropofol

Responds to normal voice

Responds to loud commandor mild prodding / shaking

AWAKE, memory intact

Low probability of recallUnresponsive to verbal stimulus

Burst suppression

Proposal Protocol for SAFE sedationAssess the Risks

Patient : ASA, cardiac, respiratoryProcedure : difficulties ?

IV DrugsBZD vs. Propofol ± Opiates, …Doses : fixed vs. titrated

Apply standard monitoringSPO2, vital signs (HR, BP, ECG)Depth of sedation :

clinical scale, BISQualified personal

Anesthesiologistsfor high-risk patients

Nurses, physicians

Guidelines for non-anesthesiologists- administered sedation

Didactic training session (books, CD, web-based)RISK assessment patient’s selectionSedative drugs, monitoring

Airway workshophow to restore airway patency, how to do bag ventilation

Simulation training Critical events, near-misses, debriefingResuscitation skills

PreceptorshipAdopt standard protocolCollaborate with anesthesiologist

BIS: Procedural MonitoringBIS: Procedural Monitoring

Results:• Patients who recalled feeling “too awake” were less sedated as measured by the

BIS, despite receiving similar sedative doses.• Physicians usually overestimate the adequacy of sedation compared to patients.

Riker RR et al. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1997; 155: A397.

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Base Start Low 1st Dx Mean Dx End

Time during Bronchoscopy

Bis

pect

ral I

ndex

(BIS

)

Too AwakeLess Recall95% Limits

*

= p<0.05

**

*

• Sedation drugs and doses administered at discretion of bronchoscopist• Bronchoscopists blinded to BIS values

BIS Reduces Sedative Cost BIS Reduces Sedative Cost && Improves Patient ExperienceImproves Patient Experience

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

$900

Kaplan L and Bailey H. Critical Care. 2000; 4(1):S110.

SICU patients (n=57): Infusions of sedatives & paralyticsControl: Sedatives titrated to vital signs and comfortBIS: Sedatives titrated to BIS 70-80 (post-stimulation)

BIS-Guided Titration Results: • Average sedative savings of $150 per patient• Unpleasant recall reduced from 18% to 4% (p<0.05)

BIS TitratedControl

Seda

tive

Cos

t / p

atie

nt ($

) 18% Decrease

$819

$669

0%

2%

4%6%

8%

10%

12%

14%16%

18%

20%

BIS TitratedControl

Patie

nt R

ecal

l:Fr

ight

ened

/ Pa

infu

l (%

) 78% Decrease

18%

4%

In three RCTs, propofol has been shownto produce adequate sedation, which isof rapid onset and resolution. Propofol does appear to offeradvantages over other sedative agents but is expensive and requires expertise and experience in its administration.

Scoring sedation during the procedure

OAASs

Survey regarding compliance to BTS guidelines for flexible bronchoscopy (344 responses to 452 questionnaires)

• 60% Responses (n=328) • MORTALITY 0.045% (n=27)

• no relationship with sedation regimen• 3 cardiac problems, 3 sepsis• 7 advanced malignancies• 7 unknown causes

Sedation for Thoracoscopy

16 patients undergoing thoracoscopy underhydrocodone, 5 mg + boluses of IV midazolam and/or pethidine

Chhajed PN, Chest 2005;127(2):585-8

Intravenous access should be established in all patientsSedatives should be used in incremental doses to achieveadequate sedation and amnesia [B]Monitoring

Patients should be monitored by oximetry.[B] Routine ECG monitoring is not required but should beconsidered in those patients with a history of severecardiac disease and those who have hypoxia

Oxygen supplementation should be used to achieve an oxygensaturation of at least 90% [B]Total dose of lignocaine should be limited to 8.2 mg/kg in adults [B]Atropine is not required routinely before bronchoscopy. [B]

N=45 pts, 64 years (40-92), 28 pts ASA 3-4)Premedication : droperidol, 5 mg + atropine, 0.5 mgSedation : IV diazepam 3 mg 4-step local anesthesia ofthe intercostal space with 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.75 %Operating Time : 45 min (20-90)Anesthesia Time : 71 min(30-150) Complications

1 pt intraoperative bleeding8 pts hyperpyrexia2 pts atrial fibrillation

Migliore M, Chest. 2002;121(6):2032-5

Video-assisted talc pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusions

Danby CA, Chest. 1998;113(3):739-42.

N=45 pts, 63 years (36-84), 28 pts ASA 3-4)Sedation : IV propofol + fentanylIntercostal nerve bock with Lido 1% / Bupi 0.5%Operating Time : 44 min (20-90)Anesthesia Time : 71 min(30-150) Complications

1 pt intraoperative bleeding8 pts hyperpyrexia2 pts atrial fibrillation

Increased sedative drug requirements during FB

Stem cell transplant recipients and selectedHIV patients with drug abuse (MDZ)Chhadjed PN. Respiration. 2005;72(6):617-21 In lung transplant recipients with CF (MDZ and fentanyl)Chhadjed PN Transplantation 2005;80(8):1081-5

Patient-Controlled Analgesia

Complications following FB Impact of sedative agents

100 pts ASA 1-2, no cardiac diseasePropofol vs. MDZ HR and SAP lower in group P than in MDZ

Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2004;39(10):597-602

BIS TechnologyBIS Technology

BIS Monitor

BIS Modules

BIS Sensor

Risk assessment ASA classification

Grades III & IV in relation with specific patient risk factor

Modified Richmond Agitation – Sedation Score Ely EW et al. JAMA 2003; 289: 2983–91

Which drug should I use ?

TECHNIQUE

AnesthesiaBest accomplished in the operating roomMay be performed bedside in an ICU settingContinuous monitoringLight anesthesia--allows continued spontaneous breathingMay be done with conscious sedation in older individuals

TECHNIQUE

Additional proceduresBronchoalveolar lavageBrushingsBronchial biopsyTransbronchial biopsyLaserOthers: cryotherapy, stent placement, foreign body removal, needle biopsy

Procédure interventionnelle : peut-on se passer de l’anesthésiste-réanimateur ?

Paris, 11-13 Mars 2010

F Clergue

1. I….2. Quelles solutions ?

Anaesthesia & Sedation Outside the OR Example of the Mass Gen Hosp, Boston R Pino, Curr Opinion Anaesth 2007

Anaesthesia outside the OR Example of the Mass Gen Hosp, Boston R Pino, Curr Opinion Anaesth 2007

Anaesthesia outside the OR Example of the Mass Gen Hosp, Boston R Pino, Curr Opinion Anaesth 2007

Year 2005 : 25’774 cases of nonanesthesia sedation:- Moderate sedation : 25’282- Deep sedation : 492 (1.9%)

Adverse Sedation Events in Pediatrics: A Critical Incident Analysis of Contributing Factors Charles J. Cote et al; Pediatrics 2000

Adverse Sedation Events in Pediatrics: A Critical Incident Analysis of Contributing Factors Charles J. Cote et al; Pediatrics 2000

Sedation and general anaesthesia in children undergoing MRI and CT : adverse events and outcomes Malviya S et al; Br J Anaesth 2000

Copyright restrictions apply.

Cravero, J. P. et al. Anesth Analg 2009;108:795-804

Table 6. Primary Provider Types and Case Numbers (~Data on 49,805 Cases)

Copyright restrictions apply.

Cravero, J. P. et al. Anesth Analg 2009;108:795-804

Table 7. Procedure Types (~Data on 51,056 Procedures 49,836 Sedations)

Cravero, J. P. et al. Anesth Analg 2009

Adverse Events and Related Factors

Adverse Events During Pediatric Sedation/Anesthesia With Propofol for Procedures Outside the Operating Room: A Report From the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium

Cravero JP. et al. Anesth Analg 2009

Bronchoscopy

Thoracoscopy

Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery

Neuroleptoanalgesia

Prof JM Tschopp Hôpital du Valais3963 MontanaSwitzerlandMarseille november 2009

Neuroleptoanalgesia (N)

Why I don’t want to speak about NHow we did thoracoscopy under local anesthesiaSedation and flexible bronchoscopy: state of the artSpace for improvementHow we do now thoracoscopy, bronchoscopy under local anesthesia

Neuroleptics

HaloperidolThioridazineChlorpromazineOlanzapineRisperidone

Harrisson’s Principles of Internal Medicine 18th edition 2008, ch 11, Medications for the management of delirium

neuroleptoanalagesics

« modern drugs which combine propertiesof sedation, analgesia, and amnesia and are excellent adjunctive medications »

- droperidol 5 – 10 mg- nefopam 40 mg- pethidine 5 – 10 mg- midazolam 5 – 10 mg- diazepam- fentanyl 50 mcg

Boutin C  Practical

thoracoscopy

Springer 1992

1992

« Thoracoscopy has to be done under local anesthesia »

Boutin C  Practical

thoracoscopy

Springer 1992

Neuroleptoanalagesia:

Thoracoscopy without general anesthesia

Why?Kiss principleAny pulmonogist does endoscopy as a routine without general anesthesiaAre pulmonogists more afraid of the airways they regularly look into thangastroenterologists who look into the gut?

Keep

it

simple and  stupid

Sedation for thoracoscopy: a way to do it

MidazolamPethidineN2O (always 50% O2; 50% N2O)

Flexible bronchoscopy: guidelines

Sedation should be offered to patients where there is no contrindication (B)Patients who have been sedated shouldbe advised not to drive, sign legallybinding documents or operate machineryfor 24 hours after the procedure (C)

BTS guidelines on diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy Thorax 2001;56 (suppl I) 1- 21

Midazolam: benzodiazepine T1/2 : 2h

preferred to diazepamrapid onset of action10% of population prolonged T1/2(Dundee 1986)

memory disturbances

respiratory depression

cognitive impairments

Antagonist: flumazenil

a forbidden drug

Propofol: lipid emulsion

Rapid onset of sedationFaster recovery than midazolam in FB (Crawford 1993, Steinbacher 2001)Commonly and safely used by gastroenterologists (Heuss 2004, Carlsson 1995, Koshy 2000)

Sedation for FB? ( n = 344)

Midazolam: 85 %No sedation: 27%

Pickles J. ERJ 2003;22.303

Need for better evidence and improvement

RCT: titrated sedation with propofol (P) or midazolam (M)

Patient tolerance?Recovery of brain function?Safety?

Methods: conscious sedation

EEG BIS monitorStaff: blinded operator, « sedator », 2 nursesLocal anesthesia: xylocaine 1%Initiation: 40 mg P or 2 mg M per 2 min

BIS 70 – 855- grade observer assessment of alertness/sedation score (OAAS/S)

Recorded parameters

BIS values and OAAS/S valuesTime to BIS during and after the procedureCardiopulmonary parameters1 and 24 h after procedure: tolerance, key symptoms by VAS 15 and 60 min after procedure: psychometric tests (335 letters with 170 changes) reaction time

Study endpoints

Primary endopoint: time delay after the procedureSecondary endpoints: patient’stolerance, operator evaluation of patient’s tolerance, cardiopulmonaryside-effectsCognitive impairements after P or M

p < .001

p < .001

Conclusion: propofol (P) versus midazolam (M) in conscious sedation

P sedation is safe provided adequatetrainingIt can be performed by non anesthetistsIt provides better patient satisfactionIt provides shorter stay in hospital witheconomic benefitsIt should be the first drug of choice in patients undergoing bronchoscopy

Are pulmonogists more afraid of the airways they regularly look into than gastroenterologists?

Image du rebouteu (jaune)Image technologie (rose)

Intubation using FB

Le Temps Stratégique nov 1985

Fiberoptic bronchscopic intubation in children:

An new method« this technique should be reserved for welltrained physicians with adequalteequipment and experience »

Rucker RW. Chest 1979;76:56

A gastroenterologist database of NAP 1966 - 2007: n = > 450.000 - 4 deaths, 3 endotracheal intubations, mask ventilation 322 (.08%!)

Gastroenterolgy 2009;137:1239 - 37

n = 36743No death, no endotracheal intubation, no permanent injuryMask ventilation: 1/500 to 1/1000

Matched groups: n = 614 (ASA III and IV)versus n = 642 (ASA I and II)No more major complicationsMore SaO2 < 90% in group 1: 1.7% vs 3.6% (p = .03)

Sedation for endoscopy: the safe use of propofol by GP sedationists.

Audit of 28,472 procedures 1996 -2000 (colnoscopy, gastroscopy): 185 sedationrelated adverse events (AE; .65%): 107 aw or ventilation problems; 77 hypotensive episodes.No difference in all or respiratory relatedAEs between GP sedationists and anesthetistsGP encountered a low incidence of AEswith adequate management Clarke AC Med J Aust 2002;176:158

European Society of gastrointestinal endoscopy (ESGE): survey

Ladas

SD. Digestion 2006;74: 269

Gastroscopy: a European survey

Ladas

SD. Digestion 2006;74: 269

Conclusion

Sedation for thoracoscopy ca be simplifiedprovided good training of the team to getfamiliar using propofolGeneral anesthesia = conscious sedationPulmonlogists are able to control the aw of their patients if…New avenues in endoscopy

Sedation for endoscopy

n= 104

mean mg ±

SD [min-max]

FB with EBUS 29 393 ±

194 [160-980]

FB without EBUS 31 157 ±

100 [50-500]

MT for diagnostic pleural effusion 9 144 ±

65 [20-220]

MT with talc pleurodesis in case of MPE 22 138 ±

60 [50-310]

MT for talc pleurodesis in recurrent pneumothorax 13 154 ±

74 [50-300]

Total dosage of propofol in each procedure.

FB = flexible bronchoscopy, EBUS = endobronchial ultrasonography, MT = medical thoracoscopy, MPE = malignant pleural effusion, SD = standard deviation

Thank you for your attention

TECHNIQUE

AnesthesiaBest accomplished in the operating roomMay be performed bedside in an ICU settingContinuous monitoringLight anesthesia--allows continued spontaneous breathingMay be done with conscious sedation in older individuals