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12th Conference of the
OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East
23-26 September 2013, Amman, Jordan
Foot And Mouth Disease (FMD) and Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
control programmes in the Middle East and North Africa regions
Joseph Domenech, OIE
Foot and mouth disease distribution by
serotype and zones affected in 2012 and
early 2013
In Karim Ben Jebara Report to the OIE General Assemby, 2013
Intermediate, sporadic
Endemic
Free
Free. Virus present in game parks
Free with vaccination
Countries with multiples zones:
FMD-free, free with vaccination or not free
FMD Situation in 2013
In Gideon Bruckner, OIE General Assembly
May 2013
O 40%
A 23%
SAT1 2%
SAT2 19%
Asia 1 16%
From > 650 samples in 2012 from 25 countries
40% were serotype O
WRLFMD® Serotyping results for 2012- upto 3rd Quarter
Increased Asia 1 activity
Increased SAT 2 activity
Still No Serotype C (not reported since 2004)
In Gideon Bruckner
OIE General Assembly
May 2013
O, A
Pool 7
Pool 5 O, A, SAT 1, 2
Pool 4 A, O, SAT 1, 2, 3
Pool 1 O, A, Asia 1
Pool 2 O, A, Asia 1
Pool 3 O, A, Asia 1
Pool 6 SAT 1, 2, 3
Pool 3
O, A, Asia 1 & SAT 2
Regional Analysis- 2012
Asia 1 and SAT 2 on the move
Foot and mouth disease distribution by serotype
and zones affected in 2012 and early 2013 in Asia In Karim Ben Jebara Report to the OIE General Assembly, 2013
Foot and mouth disease distribution by serotype
and zones affected in 2012 and early 2013 in Africa In Karim Ben Jebara Report to the OIE General Assembly, 2013
FMD in North Africa
- Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia have not notified cases of FMD since 1999. In May 2012, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia were recognised by the OIE as Member Countries with endorsed official control programme for FMD - Algeria and Tunisia carry out annual vaccination campaigns. Morocco has not implemented a vaccination campaign since 2007. - Mauritania: FMD is considered endemic. No vaccination campaigns have been put into place - Libya and Egypt have reported outbreaks of FMD in 2011 and 2012, particularly related to the introduction of new strains of serotype SAT-2. Vaccination is implemented
Since the 11th OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East held in Beirut in October 2011, the global situation is still worrying: 67 countries in the world are recognised as officially free (66 without vaccination and 1 with vaccination) and 10 have officially free zones (with or without vaccination. Of the OIE’s 178 Member Countries, 101 do not have FMD-free status. In the Middle East region, Cyprus is the only country with officially recognized free status without vaccination and Turkey has an officially free zone with vaccination. 4 countries in the world have officially endorsed national control plans 3 being Northern African countries.
Countries 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Jordan
Oman
Kuwait
Lebanon
PAT
Syria
Iraq
KSA
UAE
Qatar
Yemen
Bahrain
GF TADs Fifth Steering Committee meeting April 2012 Dubai
No response
Other
Level 0
Zone National
Level 5
Level 4
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
State of play after the Bangkok global conference
Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Algeria OIE-CP
Bahrain 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
Egypt 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3
Iran 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
Iraq 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Jordan 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4
Kuwait 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
Lebanon 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
Libya 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
Morocco OIE-CP
Mauritania
Oman 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
Qatar 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
Saudi Arabia 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4
Sudan zone A 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Sudan zone B 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sudan zone C 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Syria 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5
Tunisia OIE-CP
UAE 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
Yemen 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3
FMD PCP Roadmap for NENA region, 2013
No response
Other
Level 0
Zone Nationa
l
Level 5
Level 4
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Important remark: these tables are under consideration by the OIE and FAO regional offices and by the GF TADs Working Group. They are given to show the GF TADs ongoing work but the assessments of the PCP stages are subjected to further finalization of the PCP assessment tools
Head lines of the Global FMD Control Strategy
FMD Control Strategy Component 1
FMD Control Strategy Component 2
Progressive FMD control in developing
countries will go hand in hand with
improvement of Veterinary Services
FMD Control Strategy Component 3
Improvement of VS will create better possibilities to control other major diseases of livestock
To strengthen the vital disease control supporting functions: laboratories, epidemiology (and economics), vaccines (availability, quality), emergency responses, identification of farms and animals, biosecurity, public/private partnerships
The Progressive
Control Pathway for FMD (PCP-FMD)
OIE Terrestrial Code articles
WAHIS WAHID
Laboratories Vaccines
Tools
- OIE Ad Hoc Group on FMD Status Evaluations: 2 to 3 times per year - OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (SCAD): 2 times per year 14 evaluations of country applications for OIE disease status recognition 14 and 5 for official control programs.
OIE Scientific Commission for Animal diseases (SCAD) and
Ad Hoc Group activities
Finalisation of Handbook on Animal Health Surveillance Joint OIE/FAO technical group to develop guidelines on post vaccination monitoring (PVM) for FMD Review of the OIE Terrestrial Code Chapter on FMD (Chapter 8.5) Expert missions to OIE Member countries (Kazakhstan, Mongolia) OIE/FAO FMD reference laboratory network annual report
- Near future: establishment of an OIE FMD Unit for Central Asia in Astana, Kazakhstan
Overview the procedures for official disease status recognition
Terrestrial Code Chapters 1.6 and 8.5
OIE endorsed official control programme for FMD
Article 1.6.2.
Endorsement by the OIE of an official control programme for FMD.
Members may wish to request an endorsement by the OIE of their official control programme for FMD.
When requesting endorsement by the OIE of an official control programme for FMD, the Member should submit to the OIE Scientific and Technical Department a dossier
providing the information requested in Article 1.6.7.
Article 8.5.48.
OIE endorsed official control programme for FMD
The overall objective of an OIE endorsed official control programme for FMD is for countries to progressively improve the situation and eventually attain free status for FMD.
Meets every two months:
Calendar of events related to FMD, support to and coordination of regional meetings
PCP guide update and Assessment tool preparation with EUFMD
Post Vaccination Monitoring Guidelines
Establishment and training of a group of experts
Bangkok Conference follow up and website development
The joint FAO/OIE FMD
Working Group (GF TADs)
Linkages between OIE procedures and PCP
- Terrestrial Code articles on status: countries that are already at a very advanced stage in eradicating FMD virus circulation. Not directed at infected countries, which come under PCP stages 0 to 3.
- PCP: tool to address the non-FMD-free country situations and for helping them to progress to successive stages in FMD control and ultimate eradication.
- New Articles 1.6.2, 1.6.7 and 8.5.48 on OIE endorsed FMD official control programmes: provide standards specifically addressing the stages prior to country FMD freedom.
At the end of PCP stage 3: a country can engage in a proactive policy of FMD eradication and can prepare and implement their official national programme which are submitted to OIE for endorsement
Clearly defined assessment tools for situation monitoring: PCP and PVS pathway, which consider not only specific FMD control methods but also the contexts in which Veterinary Services operate
To endorse National FMD control plans or to apply for FMD-free status recognition, countries progressing along the PCP Pathway will have to develop their VS to be able to fulfill the criteria.
Relationship between FMD PCP Stages and OIE PVS Critical competency Levels
All countries reaching PCP Stage 3 must at least have reached level 3 Compliancy for the 33 FMD relevant CCs
Post Vaccination Monitoring Guidelines
Coordination:
WG of the OIE-FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network with the GF-TAD FMD WG and expert team for FAO and OIE
Objective:
To describe methodologies to use PVM in different epidemiological situations with regard to FMD status in a country.
Other WG priorities for 2013/2014
- Guidelines for socioeconomic impact studies
- Support to national and regional control strategies
- Annual report to the Global GF TADs Steering Committee on the implementation of the Global FMD Control Strategy
East Mediterranean countries: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, 18 December 2013, Beirut
Gulf Cooperation Council countries+Yemen: Bahrain, KSA, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, UAE and Yemen, 8 April 2013, Dubai.
GF TADs seminars/sessions on National Project Proposals
e.g. during the 4th West Eurasia Annual Roadmap Meeting, April 2013, Bakou, Azerbaijan
Also during the regional meetings in Beirut
and Dubai
To develop national strategies and program proposals. Activities carried out to convince countries to step up their FMD control activities with GF TADs Working Group support
Objectives of the seminars
To push the preparation of national project proposals within the regional context:
Governments and donors advocacy for more investment in controlling FMD
To present an overview of the Logical Framework approach and discuss it as a possible model for the preparation of national project proposals
To discuss major priorities for investment: Major problems to be solved
Is a planning procedure for complete project cycle management, It is an approach which takes into account the views of all stakeholders, It agrees on the criteria for project success and lists the major assumptions The LOGFRAME MATRIX is a participatory Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation tool It is a tool for summarizing the key features of a programme and is best used to help programme designers and stakeholders
The Logical Framework
LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRIX
Narrative Summary
Objectively Verifiable Indicators (OVI)
Means of Verification (MOV)
Important Assumptions
GOAL Overall
objectives
PURPOSE Outcomes
OUTPUTS Expexted
Results
ACTIVITIES Inputs
North Africa region
• In May 2012, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia were recognised by the OIE as Member Countries with endorsed official control programme for FMD
This is a significant recognition of the
strong efforts of these countries to fight against FMD
• Algeria and Tunisia carry out annual
vaccination campaigns. Morocco has not implemented a vaccination campaign since 2007.
• Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia are committed to achieve the official status of FMD-free countries
• Libya and Mauritania have begun working for official recognition of their control plan A specific meeting to bring support to these countries is to be held in early
November 2013 at the OIE Sub Regional Representation
in Tunis.
2009 : establishment of
REseau MEditerranéen de Santé Animale
• Chiefs Veterinary Officers
• 10 countries
• Joint Cooperation Framework
• Coordination by FAO OIE Regional animal health center in Tunis
REMESA regional networks on diagnostic laboratories, epidemiology teams… A possible EuFMD support is under discussion with OIE, FAO and REMESA responsibles Technical collaboration on FMD between Libya and Italy (OIE Ref lab, IZS Brescia, Italy). FMD Regional meeting of the UMA Permanent Veterinary Committee (FMD control strategy in the Maghreb area, Rabat, July 2012)
FAO Initiatives on FMD Global Control (See FAO presentation)
- Support to member countries in response to incursion of FMD outbreaks
- FAO-Wide meeting Dec 2012
- Development of a Near East
and North Africa control strategy
- FAO IAEA research coordination meeting, Rome April 8-12, 2013 - Second regional roadmap workshop for SAARC countries, India, Oct. 2013
Pool
5
Pool
4
Pool
3
See report of the 40th General Assembly, 22-24 April 2013, Rome, Italy
Activities of EUFMD contributing to the control of FMD worldwide besides of reducing the risks from the European neighbourhood
Growth in demand for mutton from
2000 to 2030, Robinson and Pozzi (2011) [i]
• Increasingly important viral
disease of livestock
• One billion small ruminants
are at risk annually
• In developing countries:
Lowers production efficiency
Food insecurity
Poverty at the household level
Particularly on livelihood
poor farmers
Trade impact
Export
restrictions
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
Epidemiology - Natural disease affects mainly goats and sheep. Usually more severe in goats. There are the only species having a significative role in the epidemiology of PPR - Cattle: generally infected subclinically only . - Buffaloes: PPRV was isolated from an outbreak of rinderpest-like disease in India in 1995. - Camels: suspected to be involved in Ethiopia in 1995–1996 - Wildlife: no significant role But no clinical cases in Sub Saharan Africa In Middle and Near East: morbidity and mortality in semi captive desert ongulates hippotragines, caprines, gazelles, In Central Asia, wild goats in Kurdistan. In South Asia, in free ranging wildlife in Pakistan
Evolution of PPR in Africa, the Middle East and Asia between 2005
and early 2013, and vaccination strategies reported for 2011/2012
In Karim Ben Jebara Report to the OIE General Assemby, 2013
The distribution of PPR has expanded throughout the past eight years. It is now present over a large part of Africa (in 2012 more than 50% of African OIE MCs are infected) and in the Middle East and part of Asia.
Morocco 2008, Tunisia 2009 et 2012, Algeria 2012 et 2013, Egypt 2012 (serological evidence in Libya)
Evolution of the PPR in North Africa
Increasing trend in Reporting: 40% in 2005, 50% in 2007, 60% in 2011, 67% in 2012/2013 - Present for more than 8 years in Afghanistan, Iran, Oman, Palestinian Autonomous Territories, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Turkey, Yemen - Information for certain years, indicating presence: Iraq, Somalia Absent then present: Kuwait, Lebanon, Bahrain, Egypt Present then absent: UAE, Israel Absent between 2005 and 2013: Djibouti, Jordan, Syria, Qatar Never reported: Cyprus, Libya
See Karim Benjebara presentation, OIE Conf. Amman, 23-26 Sept 2013
Situation in Middle East
Evolution of peste des petits ruminants in the Middle East between 2005 and August 2013, and vaccination strategies applied in 2012
See Karim Benjebara presentation, OIE Conf. Amman, 23-26 Sept 2013
- SCAD, Code Commission and Ad Hoc Groups work - Proposed Standards sent to all OIE Delegates - Comments from all OIE Delegates - Second round of discussions - General Session May: adoption by vote of all Delegates during the World Assembly
Articles of the OIE Terrestrial Code related to PPR
Terrestrial Manual
Chapter 2 . 7 . 1 1 on PPR Summary A. Introduction B. Diagnostic Techniques C. Requirements for vaccines References
Chapter 1.6: Procedures for self declaration
and for official declaration by the OIE:
- Questionnaires for countries which applies for
recognition of status, under Chapter 14.8. of the
Terrestrial Code as a PPR free country or zone
- Questionnaire for countries which applies for the OIE
endorsement of its official control programme for PPR
under Chapter 14.8. of the Terrestrial Code
Chapters of the OIE Terrestrial Code regarding PPR adopted at the
81st General Assembly, Paris, 26-31 May 2013
Chapter 14.8. Peste des petits ruminants 34 articles including :
- 5 articles on country status - 1 9 articles on recommendations for importing commodities, 1 on inactivation of the virus - 7 articles on surveillance - 1 article on endorsed official control programme The articles on surveillance define the principles and provides a guide for the surveillance of PPR in accordance with Chapter 1.4. applicable to Member Countries seeking recognition of country or zonal freedom from PPR or seeking reestablishment of freedom following an outbreak - Introduction, general conditions and methods, surveillance strategies - Wildlife surveillance where a significant susceptible wildlife population exists
Endorsement of official control programs for PPR: a new tool to further progress
towards global PPR control
• Is not a status recognition but an endorsement of the national plan of a Member Country to progressively move towards freedom from PPR (with or without vaccination) in accordance with the requirements of the Code
• Country need not to be already free from PPR but must provide evidence that it already has a national plan in operation to move towards freedom
• Useful tools to help Member Countries to assess compliance with requirements of Article 14.8 and the information required in the Questionnaire in Chapter 1.6 of the Code are the OIE PVS Pathway and possibly the PPR-PCP (to be prepared)
• Endorsement can be suspended if non-compliance with Code requirements
• Is a voluntary decision by a Member Country
• Evidence of capacity of VS (PVS assessment)
• Plan applicable to entire country
• Evidence of disease reporting
• Information on epidemiology of disease in country
• Control measures to prevent PPR introduction
• Surveillance in accordance with the Code
• Detailed plan on future timeline and intended milestones/performance indicators
• Diagnostic access/capabilities
• Vaccination program
FAO OIE GF TADs PPR Working Group meetings
First meeting 21-22 January 2013
PPR has been included in the Regional 5 years Action Plans of Africa, the Middle
East and South Asia Preparation of a
Global PPR Control Strategy
Recommendation N°15 of the 5th Global GF
TADs Steering Committee, Paris, Oct 2012
Consultation process for the elaboration of the
PPR Global Strategy
Similar to the preparation of the FMD Global Strategy - With experts, national and regional authorities, policy-makers, development partners and private industry: Workshop to be organized - Lessons learned from regions - The Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases GF-TADs) provides the governance structure to prepare the Strategy - Peer review of the strategy
Inputs from the OIE Scientific Commission and its Ad Hoc Group
- National, regional and global levels - Risk based approaches - Progressive phased approaches: successive steps/phases to be defined, from endemic situation with no control activities to eradication of the virus
PPR Control Strategies principles
The PPR Strategy will include several components such as: 1- Improving global PPR control 2- Strengthening Veterinary Services 3- Improving the prevention and control of other major diseases of livestock (e.g. brucellosis)
Which means that the strategy will combine vertical (disease specific) and transversal
(horizontal) approaches
Evolution of brucellosis due to B. melitensis in the Middle East between 2006 and July 2013, and vaccination
strategies applied in 2012
See Karim Benjebara presentation, OIE Conf. Amman, 23-26 Sept 2013
Regional and country experiences
• Middle East and Central Asia
• Far East Asia
• South Asia: India, SAARC countries
• Africa: see AU-IBAR presentation
Northern Africa: REMESA
Eastern Africa: see FAO presentation
Southern Africa: SADC countries
Western Africa: OIE pilot project
PAN AFRICAN PROGRAM FOR PROGRESSIVE CONTROL OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) IN AFRICA
African Union
Interafrican Bureau
for Animal Resources
See AU-IBAR presentation
FAO Position paper on PPR Control, 2013
“FAO’s approach for supporting livelihoods and building resilience
through the progressive control of PPR and other small ruminant diseases”
Vaccine Standards and Pilot Approach to PPR Control
in Africa (VSPA)
Existing tools to be strengthened or new tools to be developed
- National laboratories and reg. networks
- Nat. epidemiol. teams and reg. networks
- Monitoring and assessment tools
- Post vaccination monitoring and evaluation tool
- OIE PVS Pathway tools
- Global Research and Expertise network
Monitoring tool
- Objectives: To follow the implementation of the
control strategy with a tool which describes the successive steps with the relevant activities and expected outcomes - Principles: Directly constructed from the global PPR control strategy. Several steps from no epidemiology understanding to eradication Combination of disease specific and transversal (Vet. Serv.) approaches.
Global Research and Expertise Network (OFFLU type network)
Objectives: To support the Global PPR Control Strategy implementation, to offer technical advice and veterinary expertise to Member Countries, exchange scientific data and biological materials between veterinary labs, promote development and ensure coordination of PPR research needs with close link and interactions with strategy development
Research and knowledge development to be supported (Research Group)
Socio economics, Epidemiology knowledge, Vaccine delivery systems, Vaccines and vaccination, Diagnostic tests…
Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement Dr Geneviève Libeau Montpellier, FRANCE
Institute for Animal Health Dr Michael Baron Pirbright , UNITED KINGDOM
OIE and FAO Collaborating Centers in Epidemiology: around 10 centres could work on PPR and related issues
Workshop for the formulation of a strategy for the control of PPR in the Arabian Peninsula, April 2013 Riyadh - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (See FAO presentation)
Meetings to come
- Two GF TADs Regional Meetings in the Middle East for the Control of Peste des
Petits Ruminants, 2014
International Technical meeting December 2014
Meetings
North Africa
- Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia have begun working for official recognition of their control plan - A specific meeting to bring support to these countries is to be held in OIE SRR in Tunis: OIE Workshop on PPR and FMD Tunis, November 2013
- Workshop on PPR in the SADC Region 10-12 June 2013, Dar es Salam, Tanzania
Ongoing activities on PPR
« Vaccine Standards and Pilot Approach to PPR Control in Africa (VSPA) »
An OIE project funded by the
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
61
Launching meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-12 February2013
Three components of the project: vaccine bank, Vaccine QC (PANVAC), Pilot field programme
Other regional and country PPR control programs in Africa
See FAO and AU-IBAR presentations
• VACNADA. 2011: 17,4 millions vaccination in 14 pays concernés, diagnostic and vaccine production
• LEISOM: 2,4 millions vaccination in Somalie
• AU-IBAR with ILRI, 2012 (pilot studies in two Eastern African countries)
• IAEA: support to 10 African laboratories (sequencing)
• AU-IBAR, IGAD and FAO initiative in Eastern Africa: the SHARE programme in IGAD Region
• FAO: support to countries (emergency vaccination, epidemiology surveillance, diagnostic, socio-économics, delivery systems)