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FOOD SYSTEM VULNERABILITYAND
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ENHANCING OPTIONS
VAISHALI DISTRICT, BIHAR (SITE-4)
7th Feb, 2009 at New Delhi
Gyaneshwar Singh
Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group, Bihar
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Website: www.geagindia.org
Profile of Vaishali DistrictGeo-Graphical:
• Locked By Mountains and Hills of the
Himalayas and Plateau of Jharkhand • Surrounded by River Ganga in South
and Gandak in West.• Topograhy- Chaur ( Low Land Area)• Annual Rainfall -1121 mm. • Drought and Flood Prone Area• Local Climate & Soil Type Favorable
for Rice, Wheat & Maize - Major Cereals
Socio-Economic
• Population: 94 % Rural and 6% Urban • 90% Population have Agriculture as Primary Income
and 64% Population have Migration as Secondary Income
• Per Capital Income = Rs. 3830 is 13% of National Average (in 2006-2007)
• 63% Population Suffering From Poverty• 80% of Population Suffering From Malnutrition
Agricultural
• 90% of Population dependent on agriculture • Small and Scattered Land (Above 90% with 0.37
hectare)• 40% agricultural land is unused • 65% area is occupied by local varieties • 67% area is irrigated• 37% area is sown more than once • 2 % Agricultural growth rate (45% of average Bihar
Ag growth rate)
FOOD SYSTEM & DETERMINANTS:
a. Food Availability Outcome Elements Determinants
Elements
Characteristics of Determinants
Production Yield Low Diversification Low
Distribution Transportation & Infrastructure
Poor and Inadequate ( Now Improving)
Storage facility Poor (Public & Private)
Exchange Market Exchange Mechanism (cash & barter)
Common
Role of Remittance High
b. Food Access Outcome
Elements Determinants of
Elements
Characteristics of Determinants
Affordability Household income Low and inadequate farm income Major share of remittance goes in
loan settlements
Price fluctuation Occurs in disastrous / food crisis period
Allocation Control over production Low (Exploitative Tenancy System) Low purchasing power to meet
domestic expenses
Govt Intervention-re-Market
In-effective Government Functioning
Preference Staple Food Trend: Rice, over wheat, over maize (Coarse to Medium Rice )
Consumption Patterns Increase of Maize Consumption because of possibility of 3 Crops
c. Food Utilization Outcome Elements Determinants of
Elements
Characteristics of Determinants
Nutrition Value
Food Diversity Low and In- Adequate- Diversified Food Consumption Pattern
Source of Primary protein ( pulses and other proteins – milk and fish)
Poor Consumption Level Improved intake during flood
(fish, snails, fauna, spinach, crabs )
Social Value
Social Bonding/Celebration
Determined by Food Availability
Food Safety
Contamination Food Spoiled From Arsenic Ground Water ( 360ppb)
51% of Food Consumed is Spoiled by Flood
Storage Condition Poor in 52% HHs. Affected by flood in 72% HHs
Climatic Variability - Water Stresses • Uncertain, Unequal and Abrupt Rainfall (e.g. onset in
2005 & 2006: Mid of Jeth; in 2007: 3rd Week of Baishakh; in 2008: Ist Week of Baishakh)
• Increase of Soil and Air Temperature in last 10 yrs (based on farmers’ perception of irrigation demand)
• Decreasing Trend of Rainfall In Last 33 Years (1974 to 2007 – Met Office stats)
• Flooding (With Water Logging) & Drought both Common • Severity Trend of Water Stresses- Initially Flood with
Water Logging- then drought- then Flood With Prolonged Water (in 2007 and 2008) (Farmer’ Perceptions)
Vulnerability Assessment of Food System
Food security determinants
GEC stress Sensitivity to water stress
Coping or adaptive capacity
Overall vulnerability
I-Food Diversity [ Nutritional Value ] Food Utilization)
Uncertainty of Rainfall (time & amount)
High Low High (Rainfall Uncertainty)
II- Sources of Primary protein [ Nutritional Value ] Food Utilization
Regular drought and uncertain flood features
High: Low (Milk and Pulses production)
Low(Consume snail, crabs, small Fishes etc)
Medium to High (High in 2007 and 2008)
I- Presence of pathogens, arsenic & fluoride [Safety ] Food Utilization
Flood un-hygienicity
High. Low-(Consume Dry processed food)
High
II- Storage Condition [Safety ] Food Utilization
Flood High. Medium-(Immediate Sale of Produces )
High
Food security determinants
GEC stress
Sensitivity to water stress
Coping or adaptive capacity Overall vulnerability
I-House hold income [ food Affordability ] Food Access
Flood, water logging and drought.
High Medium(high migration,64%), Remittance goes in Loan
High
II- Fluctuation in price [ Food Affordability ] Food Access
Flood & drought
Highly (Low production-
creates dependency on Market)
Low(Sale of assets,}
High (Black market and corruption)
I- Government intervention re- markets [Food Allocation] Food Access
Mainly Flood
HighIneffectiveness of
Government
No cope up Except- low intake of food
High
II-Control over own production[Food Allocation] Food Access
Flood and drought
Medium Low (low quality food and less diversity)
MediumIn-adequate Govt Efforts
I- Sources of preferred carbohydrate [food preference] food access
Flood and drought
Medium Medium-Rice–Wheat–Maize.
High
II- Consumption Pattern (More Protein) [food preference] food access
Flood and Drought
Medium MediumMaize
High
Food security determinants
GEC stress Sensitivity to water stress
Coping or adaptive capacity
Overall vulnerability
I- Food self-sufficiency (household) [ Production ] food availability)
Flood and Drought
HighLow crop
production
Low High37% area is sown more than once
II- Potential for Crop Diversification [Production ] food availability
Uncertain rainfall Sensitive area has potentials for crop diversification
LowLack of information
High
I- Transportation & Infrastructure [Distribution ]food availability
Flood Situation High Moderate to high Medium (Concrete road formation is going on.
II- Storage facilities [Distribution ]food availability
Flood High Medium Eat spoiled food/immediate selling
High
I-Exchange for household food consumption [ exchange] food availability
Flood and drought
Medium(neighbor/
market)
Medium Exchange of food items from markets/ sale of assets for food
High
II- Role of remittance [ Exchange] food availability
Regular trend of flood and drought
High HighHigh migration and daily wages
High
Households’ Perceptions of Their Own Food Security Vulnerability to Water Stresses
Village Highest Vul (Group-1)
Medium Vul ( Group-II)
Lowest Vul (Group-II1)
Ajampura 48% 29% 23%
Baikunthpur 34% 52% 14%
Phulpura 37% 48% 16%Panipur Siloder 36% 46% 18%
Grounds of Classification: Land Holding, Agricultural Production, Economic Status & Wealth, Affordability, Diversified Source Of Income, Remittances, Storage Facilities, Control Over Production, Food Availability, Access And Reach To Government Schemes Etc. ( Data Taken in June,07)
Urgent Demand of Farming Community Towards Adaptation
• Timely Availability of Quality Inputs • Drought & Flood Resistant High Yielding Crop Varieties• Irrigation Facilities• Information on Modern Techniques ( Crop and
Equipments )• Ease Credit Schemes• Alternate Options of Chemical and High Cost of Inputs• Additional Livelihood Options• Government Schemes ( Like NREGA, PDS)
Government Machineries
Private Sector (Ex: Market,
Civil Society Organization
Resource Manager ( Farmers)
Production ( Increase Crop Diversification, Intensification )
Production
Food Availability
Processing & Packaging
( Better Storage )
Distribution & Retail (Improve Road, Transportation )
Consumption ( Safe drinking water
facilities )
Exchange
Preferences
Affordability
Food Access
Distribution
Allocation
Food Safety
Social Value
Nutritional Value
Food Utilization
ACTORS
F.S. OUTCOMES
ACTIVITIES
Adaptation Response Priority
**Thanks**