FOCARS-94_Goa.pdf

1FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scenario of Indian agriculture

Indian agriculture has an extensive background which dates back to 10

thousand years. Although Agriculture is considered as the back bone of Indian

economy, it contributes only about 14% of Indias GDP (2011-12). In the new

millennium, the challenges in Indian agricultural sector are quite different from

those met in the previous decades. The enormous pressure to produce more food

from less land with shrinking natural resources is a tough task for the farmers as

well as agricultural research scientists. To keep up the momentum of growth, a

careful economic evaluation of inputs like seeds, fertilizers, irrigation sources etc.

are of considerable importance.

A country of huge size and population like India, agriculture is and will

continue to be the main stay in the years to come. No country can sustain its huge

population solely depending on other countries for food. If it happens it will be a

disaster for the nation. Hence, agriculture cant be ignored. It is necessary to

enhance our agricultural output to sustain our needs and to achieve the national

Goals. The way to achieve this Goal is to provide technologies that can be used by

the farming community to increase their income.

1.2. Agriculture in Goa

The State of Goa stretches over an area of 3,702 sq. km and with the Arabian

Sea on the west of its 100 km coastline. Goa is Indias smallest state by area, 4th

smallest by population but is richest with a GDP per capita 2.5 times that of the

state. Three of the leading sectors in Goa are namely tourism, mining and

agriculture. These have large economic implications for the state. Tourism is a

major income earner in the state and therefore tourism promotion has been a

priority of the Government of Goa. It is viewed as a major foreign exchange earner,

provider of employment and contributor to the creation of other industries. Mining

activity is often referred to as the backbone of the Goan economy as it provides

employment, generates income and contributes to foreign exchange income. Goa

is blessed with a unique climate of 18-350c, 2500-4000 mm annual rainfall with


77% humidity, is best suited for integrated farming system including Agriculture,

Horticulture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries. However due to the lucrative

tourism and mining industry, increased labour costs made agriculture and allied

activities into tertiary and quaternary fields.

Agriculture represents thus the third important activity in Goa providing

livelihood to 16% of the population. Goa faces problems for enough cultivable land

to feed its own population. The coastal areas are exposed to salinity and do not

qualify as good agriculture areas while inland areas are also not productive

enough. For daily requirement of agriculture produce like vegetables, Goa is

depending on neighboring states like Karnataka and Maharashtra. Paddy is the

principal crop in kharif season and other important crops apart from paddy are ragi,

maize, jowar, bajra and pulses. Kharif season is mainly dependent on South west

monsoon and the main sources of irrigation for winter crops are rivers, streams,

tanks, wells, canals.

Horticulture crops like coconut, cashew nut, areca nut, mango, jack fruit,

banana, and pineapple are also grown in abundance. Cashew is an important crop

in Goa and provides income through processed cashew nuts and the traditional

fenny for which Goa has got the geographical indication right. A variety of mangoes

are also grown in Goa and the very popular variety is Mankurad with excellent

taste and lack fiber content. Vegetables form an important component of

agriculture in Goa and mainly include brinjal, okra, raddish, cucumber, pumpkin,

bread fruit and different varieties of gourd. Sweet potato, chillies, onions are also

available. In Goa, there is an increasing emphasis on mixed farming where

watershed management is gaining importance. More than 80% holdings is less

than 1ha. About 18000 ha of Khajan land and 2000ha of mangroves need to be

preserved for ecological reasons as well as food production. The critical areas that

need to be addressed include development of integrated farming system models

for effective utilization of available homestead resources and holistic watershed

development, diversification through development of agro-ecotourism, effective


utilization of fallow land for profitable production of field and horticultural crops,

livestock rearing and strengthening of secondary agriculture in Goa.

1.3. Role of ICAR-Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) established the ICAR

Research Complex for Goa in April, 1976. The Complex started functioning in the

present place namely Ela, Old Goa, since 1982. To intensify the transfer of farm

technology and to impart grass root level vocational training to the farmers and

unemployed youth, a Krishi Vigyan Kendra was established in this complex during

the year 1983.

The research complex is mandated with the applied and strategic research

with some amount of basic research specific to this region, in field crops,

horticulture, livestock, and fisheries.

1. To conduct strategic and applied research on potential agricultural and

horticultural crops, livestock and fisheries for improving productivity and post


harvest management.

2. To disseminate improved technology developed.

3. To act as centre for training in updated technologies.

4. To collaborate with national and international institutes/agencies in developing

and transferring new technologies.

5. To generate nucleus planting materials.

6. To provide consultancy services.

7. To act as repository of information on Western Ghats agricultural system.

1.4. Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), North Goa

KVK, established in 1983, is the grass root level vocational training center

in the State of Goa. The KVK is the light house of knowledge to the farming

community of the state. KVK is the extension wing of ICAR mandated to take up)

On- Farm Testing (OFT)- to identify the location specificity of agricultural

technologies under various farming systems ii) Front Line Demonstrations (FLD) to

establish its production potentials on farmers fields iii) Training of farmers to update


their knowledge and skills in modern agricultural technologies iv) Training of

extension personnel to orient them in the frontline areas of technology

development and v) work as resource and knowledge centre of agricultural

technology for supporting initiatives of public, private and voluntary sectors for

improving the agricultural economy.

The KVK is having well-experienced faculty (Program coordinator and

Subject Matter Specialist (SMS) specialized in the discipline of soil science,

agronomy, plant protection, home science, horticulture and agriculture extension.

In addition, the resource person/experts in various agricultural and allied sectors

fields are being invited from ICAR, Agri. Universities and development

departments, organization, etc. Services provided by KVK include: Training

Programmes, Front Line Demonstration, On Farm Testing, Technology information

Spread, Soil, Plant and Animal Health, Extension Activities, and Interactive

Programmes.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE FIELD EXPERIENCE TRAINING (FET)

The specific objectives of the FET are:

1. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists for interaction with the

farming community and to get an insight into their ways of living, needs,

resources, priorities, problems and prospects.

2. To enable the trainee scientists to understand the adoption profile of farming

community.

3. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the

technology adoption and diffusion process and the factors associated with

adoption and related concepts.

4. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the extension

system and transfer of technology (TOT) operating in the village.

5. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to gain an insight and

appreciation about indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) of farmers and to

generate appropriate technologies if scientifically valid.


6. To inculcate the culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective among

scientist-trainees.

7. To study socio-economic implications and consequences of technologies,

products and processes.

8. To generate a detailed account of technology related products and processes

used by producers with respect to production scenario, problems,

opportunities, and futuristic approaches.

9. To provide comprehensive insight into the role of private industry and other

stakeholders in value chain system.

3. PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) TOOLS

PRA is a systematic, semi structured activity conducted on site, by a

multidisciplinary team. It is basically a bottom to top approach of learning rural life

forms with and by rural people. It is a good technique to help the community

members, make an appraisal of their livelihoods and issues related to it. In this

connection PRA is an important tool to find location specific problems and

researchable issues to come up with possible solutions for short and long-term

benefits. It is a good exposure for the trainee scientists to understand the problems

of the farmers. It allows them to think individually in his/her area of interest for

necessary intervention. This also provides an opportunity to the farmers to analyze

their livelihood issues with the help of scientists. This research technique was

developed in early 1980s as an alternative and complement to conventional

sample survey. It is a way of learning from and with farmers to investigate, analyse

and to evaluate constraints and opportunities and to formulate research plan to

address the problems. The complexities of the problem involved in agriculture can

be understood through this technique and hence, it is a system approach for

systematic and rapid collection of information.

Diverse information is collected through different PRA techniques and this

information is verified by triangulation among various Key Informants (KIs) in


addition to on-site observation by the team members. The various techniques used

by the FET team to collect information are as follows:

1. Direct observation, collection and verification of primary data.

2. Collection of secondary data from panchayat members and officials of the State

Department of Agriculture

3. Semi structured interview by raising some general issues to motivate villagers'

participation in different aspects of the village.

4. Collection of detailed views by approaching some representative key informants.

5. Use of snowball technique to know more about some specific issues.

6. Participatory mapping for rapport building, easy interaction and spontaneous

involvement

7. Seasonal analyses to understand different time bound farm activities, problems

and opportunities throughout the year.

8. Problem identification and preference ranking to identify the top most problems

and preparing solution plan accordingly.

PRA is an exercise that deals with temporal and spatial issues in agricultural

activities. Spatial information supplies the database about soil type, water

resources, land use, land pattern etc. Temporal data helps in seasonal analysis,

adoption and awareness about the new technologies and human dimensions helps

in knowing the facts about participation, gender issues, disaggregation, cultural

values and ethics of the people of that locality. This FET report has been prepared

by multidisciplinary team of eight members from different disciplines namely

Agricultural Extension, Plant Breeding, Agronomy, Dairy microbiology, Textile

engineering, plant biochemistry, Plant Pathology and Agricultural Entomology. The

information collected though different PRA tools for the selected Amona village of

Bicholim Taluk in North Goa district is presented in different sections of this report.


4. FET METHODOLOGY

The FET is a learning process, firmly anchored on the principles of seeing

by believing and learning by doing. FET has three phases. In the first phase, the

village for PRA work was selected in consultation with the FET co-ordinators, Dr. A.

R. Desai (Senior Scientist, Horticulture) and Dr. E.B. Chakurkar (Senior Scientist,

Animal Reproduction) and KVK, Old Goa.

PRA tools were conducted during the second phase of our FET programme.

We selected the village Amona in Bicholim Taluk of North Goa district located at a

distance of 16 Km from Bicholim Taluk, 20 Km from ICAR-Research complex and

29 Km from Panaji. KVK, North Goa has adopted Amona village in 2011 and

several technical interventions like introduction of Naveen paddy variety in the

village has been done thus making it easier for our team to collect information from

the villagers. In the selected Amona village, we identified the KIs, who is

knowledgeable, have experience in agriculture. During rapport building we

interacted with the progressive farmers and collected some of the basic information

about the village.

Our team walked along with the KIs, interacted with other villagers,

performed snow ball technique and closely observed the village life, cultivation

practices and other general aspects and noted the information. For each PRA

technique different KIs were selected. Interaction with KIs was initiated from the

semi-structured questionnaires and then branched as per the checklists given. The

information given by one KI was triangulated (verification) with other KIs, on the

spot analysis as well as with KVK staffs. The principles and methods of PRA were

applied for gathering information on 25 topics.

In the second phase of FET, we visited and interacted with various

stakeholders like the scientists from ICAR Research complex, KVK, SESA Goa

(Pig iron industry), Zonal agricultural officer, Agricultural Development Officer

(block), Goa Bagayatdar Sangh, Goa state co-operative milk producers union

limited and various progressive farmers. The interaction with the government

officials also helped to understand the agricultural problems and prospects in the


village and to prioritize the research problems for action. We shared our

experience with the villagers, discussed their problems and suggested some

solutions along with the technical support of ICAR and KVK by organizing village

seminar on 26-11-2011. The institute seminar was on 28-11-2011 for discussing

the conducted FET and to interact with the eminent scientists specialised in the

particular fields. We received feedback from the farmers as well as the scientists

on each and every topic of discussion and in light of which, action plan was

formulated.

5. PRA TECHNIQUES USED IN THE VILLAGE AMONA

1. Basic information about the village

2. Transect walk

3. Agro-ecological map

4. Social map

5. Resource map

6. Seasonal calendar and analysis (activities and problems)

7. Gender disaggregated activities

8. Time line

9. Time trend

10. Technology table

11. Matrix ranking

12. Consequences diagram

13. Bio-resource flow

14. Wealth ranking

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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS

15. Livelihood analysis

16. Venn diagram

17. Mobility map

18. Indigenous technical knowledge

19. Problem identification technique

20. Problem tree and solution tree

21. Proposed Research Projects

22. Action plan

6. FINDINGS

6.1. Basic InformationKIs: Mr. Ulhas Parab (Farmers club president), Mr. Dnyaneshwar Sirani(farmer), Mr. Sadanand Parab (Veterinary officer)

Name of the Village : Amona

Village Panchayat : Amona

Taluka : Bicholim

District : North Goa

State : Goa

Climatological Data

Mean Annual Rainfall : 3000 mm/year

Max. Annual Temperature : 330C

Min. Annual Temperature : 200C

Relative Humidity : 77 %

Geographical Coordinates

Latitude : 1532'02.3"NLongitude : 07358'56.2"EAltitude : 15 Meters

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Geographical Area

Total Area : 734 Hectares

Gross Cropped Area : 376 Hectares

Net Sown Area : 369 Hectares

Irrigated Area : 7 Hectares

Unirrigated Area : 362 Hectares

Cultivate waste : 71 Hectares

Not cultivated : 294 Hectares

Residential Area : 146 Hectares

Cropping Intensity : 102 %

Fig: 1 Satellite image of Amona Village

Demographic Pattern (2001 Census)

Total no. of households : 731

Total population : 3452

No of Males : 1992

No of Females : 1530

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Literacy % : 90 (Male: 94 %; Female: 85 %)

Community Categorisation

No of Hindu Families : 700 households

Among Hindu families caste wise categorization are

Maratha (General) : 2284

Harijan (SC) : 48

Kharavi (OBC) : 344

Bhandari (OBC) : 420

Charvi (OBC) : 256

Main Occupation : Service Sector

Source of income : Mining industry, Government jobs, Agriculture

Agricultural Scenario

A) Land Distribution

Type of Farmers No. of Families

Large (>5 acres) 90

Medium (2.5-5 acres) 230

Small (1-2.5 acres) 315

Marginal (

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Table 1. Basic information about animal husbandry

Animal Population Economic yield

Milk (litre/day) Purpose

Buffalo 41 06 Milk

Cow (Indigenous) 25 05 Milk

Cow (Cross bred) 20 15 Milk

Bulls 12 0 Farming

D) Water BodiesOpen well : 29Bore well : 59

E) Agricultural implements

Tractor : 1

Power Tiller : 2

Rotavator, Cultivator, Disc Harrow, Land leveller, disc plough are brought on

subsidised rent basis through government agencies.

6.2 GENERAL TRANSECT

KIs: Mr. Govind Parab (Phd in Agriculture), Ulhas Parab (Farmer), Jaywant Parab (Progressive farmer)

Transect walk was conducted through the village usually along the

boundaries or through the village in a particular direction with KIs. The main

objective of the transect is to understand and study the major land uses,

topographical pattern, water resources, natural vegetation and different ecological

zones by observing, interacting and discussing with the KIs, while conducting the

walk. The discussion parameters includes topics such as land use pattern, land

slope, soil type, soil fertility status, water resources, agro-ecological zones, crops,

weeds, trees, livestock, and other government institutions. We started our transect

walk from the road entry point for the village from highway. We have covered main

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streets, major crop fields, industrial area, hilly area and river side across all the

boundaries.

The village is surrounded by Mandovi River from three sides. The

residential area is located on the slope of the hill. The SESA GOA, a pig iron plant

is on upland area of this village. The topography of land undulated. The low land

near the river is mainly cultivated with paddy while upland is having cashew,

mango and coconut trees. Approximate number of tress of coconut, cashew nut

and mango are 500, 4000 and 300, respectively.

The residential area is divided into seven different wards. The water table at

high land is 80 feet and at low land is 10 feet. The main water source is bore well.

Most of the village houses have small cultivation of coconut trees. The house

structure is like Konkani house. Almost all the village houses are having pucca

building. The village in connected by two main tar roads. One is running from

southern part of the village to northern part. Another is from south to west,

somewhat parallel to national highway.

The irrigation practices are followed by hardy 15 farmers. The village is

having 88 wells. Out of that 29 are open wells and 59 are bore wells. The supply of

drinking water is through tabs and pipelines managed by PWD. Water tank is

situated in the southern side of the village, near SESA Goa plant. Supply point is

situated at four sides of the village and villagers used to collect drinking water once

in a day from this supply point.

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Transect walk

The type of the soil is lateritic which sandy to sandy loam is with very less

water holding capacity. Some portion of the soil in village is deficient in

micronutrients like Zinc. Eighty percent of people in the village have land for

farming. However, very few farmers depend on agriculture because of other

economic opportunities like mining, service sector etc. Mainly agriculture is for

subsistence and they grow vegetables only for their home consumption. The main

agriculture crop is paddy and horticulture crop is cashew. 20 households are

having dairy farming and supplies milk to Goa dairy and getting an average of Rs.

20/- per litre of milk. Vegetables are grown in small scale and mainly for livelihood

only. Mainly chilli, onion and cowpea are found and cultivated in rabi season.

Among the fruits trees lemon, papaya, banana, jackfruit, Ramphal, mango and

custard apple are found widely distributed in different wards. No farmer in this

village is interested about cultivation of flower. Mangroves are present in the

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coastal lines. The major weeds, pests, diseases, problems and opportunities are

described in Table.2.

Table 2. Details of Transect Walk

Sl.No. Particulars Low land Upland

1. Soil Type Laterite soil silty loam Laterite- gravel, sandy loam

2. Major Crops Paddy Cashew

3. Vegetables Chilli, Bhendi (Okra),

Cowpea and Amaranthus

Onion

4. Fruits Coconut, Papaya,

Banana

Cashew, Citrus, Jackfruit,

Mango, Guava

5. Trees Azhadiracta indica

(neem), Cassia, Aonala,

Ficus religiosa (Peepal),

Tamarindus,

Anacardium occidantale

(cashew), mango, Jackfruit,

Custard apple, Ficus

bengalensis, Anona etucala

(Ramphal), Agvain

6. Weeds Cyprus difformis, Cyprus

irea Cynodon sp.

Panicum Sp., Patherchatta

7. Water

resources

Constructed ponds, dug

ponds

Wells, municipal water supply

8. Live stock - Buffalo, Cow, Poultry

9. Insect pest BPH, Rice Leaf Roller

and Yellow Stem Borer in

Paddy

Tick infestation in cattle

Mealybug and thrips in cowpea

Tea Mosquito Bug in Cashew

10. Diseases Kresek in Paddy

Mastitis, HS and FMD in

cattle

Damping Off in Tomato

Dieback in cashew

11. Problems Acute labour shortage Spread of forest fire

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Wild boar damage

Water salinity

Logistic issues in paddy

field

Poor soil fertility

Lack of quality irrigation

water

Senile cashew plantation

Zero management practises for

cashew

No fodder cultivation

Water scarcity for Rabi season

12. Opportunities Mechanisation of

agricultural activities

Integrated farming

system

IPM introduction

Construction of water

harvesting structures

(water conservation)

Use of vermi-compost to

maintain soil fertility

Timely vaccination of

livestock

Dry fodder utilization for cattle

feed

Grass cultivation

Cashew tree rejuvenation

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Rapport building with villagers

6.3 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL MAP

KIs: Ulhas Parab (Farmer), Jaywant Parab (Progressive farmer), Suresh

Parab (Shop owner and farmer), Dnyaneshwar Sinari (SESA Goa employee),

Vishal Yelekar (Farmer).

Agro ecological map indicate the relationship between agriculture and

environment. It provides information on ecological aspects like fragmentation of

land holding, natural vegetation, flora and fauna diversity, weeds, irrigation,

drainage system, soil fertility status and water resources available in the village. It

also includes village boundaries, common land, crop land vegetation etc.

The north eastern side of the Amona village is surrounded by hillocks and

the residential area is located on the slope of the hillocks. The slope was towards

west. The cultivated land of Amona village in low land area was nearby Mandovi

River and in upland area it is on the slope of hillocks surrounding the residential

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area. Fauna includes birds like crow, eagle, sparrow, crane, duck and woodpecker

and animals like cow, buffalo, ox, bull are observed in the village. The soil quality

tests has been determined at KVK center, Goa

Table 3: The soil test result of Amona village

Sl. No. Particulars Value1 pH 4.5-52 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 0.26-0.57 dS/m3 Nitrogen content (N) 135-216 kg/ha4 Phosphorus (P) 14.52-28.24 kg/ha5 Potassium (K) 120-260 kg/ha6 Organic carbon 0.25-0.50 %

Amona village soil was of acidic nature. The electrical conductivity of soil is

normal (less than 1.5dS/m). The nitrogen content was very low as compared to

normal value of 280, which throwed light on the importance of green manuring in

this village. The phosphorus and potassium were in medium range. The organic

carbon has been found to be low which means, soil is not rich in micronutrients.

Lack of organic manuring resulted in depletion of carbon which result in C:N ratio

imbalance. Farmers are following monocropping pattern, only cultivating rice year

after year might have resulted the current situation.

Horticulture:

The main cash crop is cashew. Almost 90% area has been covered by local

cultivars and most of the trees are senile and productive life has over. The other

varieties grown in the area are Vengurla 4 and Vengurla 7. Local variety was found

more suitable for the conditions and the nut weight is high. The popular mango

variety grown was Mankurad. Horticulture area is mainly rainfed and some farmers

are adopted water harvesting and supplement irrigation to newly planted grafts.

The coconut was grown in nearby residential area and on both sides of the bands.

The Banawali coconut variety was grown and no management practices are

followed.

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Agriculture

In Kharif season the major crops cultivated is paddy. The local variety

shiddi is grown here since ages. The speciality of the variety is that it is highly

resistant to saline water. Recently, KVK has launched a new variety called Naveen.

Apart from Shiddi, karjat, Jyothi and Jaya are the other varieties grown here.

During Rabi season the entire paddy field kept fallow. Vegetables are grown in

small scale, mainly for their livelihood. It includes chilli, onion and cowpea. Alsando

is the local variety which Goans prefer as it is nutritious.

Fig 2: Agro ecology map

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6.4 SOCIAL MAP

KIs: Ms Narvekar Mangala (Manager, State cooperative bank), Mr. Govind Naik (Head Master, High School), Ms. Bharati kolvalkar (HM, Primary School), Mr. Dhananjay Ganesh (Tailor), Mr. Narayan (Male nurse), Ms Anuradha Anant Gavas (Anganwadi Teacher), Mr Parab (Farmers club president), Mr Umesh Parab (Shop owner). Sulabha Subhash Yelekar (Post master)

The social map reflects the social structure, stratification,

infrastructure, systems, social evils, habits, literacy, occupation etc. Amona village

consist of 7 different wadas Ambeshi, Ambedkar, Kalam wada, Mesta wada,

Fadtewada, Bhagat wada, Bhandar wanda, ghadiwada and Sawant wada. The

total area of the village is 734 hectares. The main occupation of the village is

service sector followed by mining and agriculture. Some of the notable social

features are given below.

6.4.1. Social structure and stratification: Amona consist of 98% Hindus. But due

to the intervention of mining industry, migrants from other communities like North

Indians were temporarily settled in this village. The different groups like general,

Other Backward Class (OBC) and Scheduled Castes (SC) are also present here.

The different wards are divided on the basis of caste stratification. Various back

ward communities are Bandaris, Karvi and charis. Karvi community is settled in

Sawant wada, chari in mesta wada and Bhandaris in bhandarwada. Maratas, Less

than 100 SC, includes Mahar and chambhar, stays in ambedkar wada. General

category includes maratas and Brahmins and they settled in Fadtewada,

Bhandarwada, and Sawant wada. Maratas are the most dominated caste, which

takes major decisions regarding this village. There is good cooperation among the

various castes and no conflicts exist. Members of various communities are very

friendly; they interact and work together in Self Help Groups (SHGs), farmers club,

mahila mandals and youth club activities. Peoples are generally very cordial and

cooperative on agriculture activities (community farming), social problems,

marriage, festivals etc. their local language is konkini and Maratti.

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6.4.2. Housing pattern and Family Structure

A vast diversity from kuchha houses to double storied are present in this

village. Most houses are bricks and tiled. About 40% double storied houses

indirectly show the economic status of the villagers. Along with basic needs,

luxurious gadgets like television, Fridge, DTH, air conditioners and computer also

present. Most of the families have their own land for cultivation. Still there are few

controversies on land owning titles. There are about 10% poor landless, 20% rich

and the rest includes middle class. The family structure is mainly of joint type. Only

13% are of nuclear type. Most families are having 6-7 members. 5 families even

have 20 members. Family possess patriarchal system. Most of the youth are not

interested in agriculture and engaged in service sectors, mining and tourism.

6.4.3. Social Norms and evils: the average age for marriage in this village is

25years. Arranged marriages are preferable to the guardians of the family but inter-

caste and inter-religious marriages are also common nowadays. These inter caste

and villagers do not support religious marriages and they expel them from their

parent community. Marriage is accompanied by dowry in the form of gold. As the

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villagers are literate they do not follow any social taboos or rituals. Some religious

rituals they follow as part of their culture. They give great importance to thulsi in

houses and celebrate tulsi ki vivah with lights and decorations in November. Major

festivals are Ganesh Chathurthi, Diwali, and Gudipadawa (New Year

Celebration).The most interesting feature is that all festivals are celebrated by all

communities, irrespective of their creed and belief. Alcoholism is the major social

evil in the village. 13 bars are there in Amona village. 55% of the old and middle

age group of male population are consuming alcohol. There is no child labour in

Amona village and people are well aware about the importance of education.

6.4.4. Social institutions:

6.4.4.1. Educational institutions:

Amona is presently having 90% literacy. Educational institutions play major

role in this without any gender or caste biasness, education is provided to all here.

About 65% are graduates and few are professionally qualified like MBBS,

Engineering etc. Mr.Govind parab is a Phd in agriculture is an eminent personality

here.

6.4.4.1.1. Anganwadis:

This village is having 5 Anganwadis, among this 3 are govt undertaken and

rest 2 are private. First one was established in 1978 in Ambeshi which later shift to

vetal wada with help of an NGO, Mineral foundation in 2009. Second, one opened

in sawant wada in 2009. In kalam wada and fadte wada there are 2 private

Anganwadis.

6.4.4.1.2. Schools: There are 3 primary schools in this village. The Govt primary

school is upto 5th standard is situated in Vetal wada. It was established in Aug,

1962 presently having a strength of 126 students among which 55 are girls and 71

are boys. Ms Bharti Kolvalkar heads this English medium school. The Govt high

school situated in fourth ward is the only facility for high school studies within this

village. It was established in 1965 and is upto 10th standard. Mr Govind Naik heads

this English medium school with a total of 203 students, with 90 boys and 113 girls.

Along with English, Hindi, Marathi and Russian languages are also taught here.

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Among the various clubs in school, the NCC eco club is very active and received

second prize for CV Raman science project competition. After SSC education

villagers depend on Junior colleges in nearby villages like Naveli, Marcel (Khandol)

and Saquelim. Farmers field school is also present here where discussion among

farmers occurs. Farmers club meeting, Training and workshops also carry out

here.

6.4.4.2. Finance institutions:

6.4.4.2.1. State Co-operative Bank: This was established in 1995. Presently they

possess more than 3000 savings accounts. Bank provides loans to SHGs of the

village. Ten times the deposited amount can be obtained as loan amount for any

SHGs for their activities. Along with branch manager is Ms Narvekar Mangala,

there are 5 other employees also.

6.4.4.2.2. Janvikas Nagari Sahakari Pat Saunstha Maryadit:

This is a private finance venture in amona village. It was established in 1995.They

provide personal, vehicle, household and gold loans. They also have a facility to

collect telephone bills, electricity bills and water bills from residences and paid

directly through their savings account. The work carried out by 4 staffs.

6.4.4.2.3. Government Welfare department: Amona village people are also

facilitated by some welfare schemes by government especially for old age people

(those above 60), about 200 are benefitted Rs.1200 per month.

6.4.4.3. Religious institution: It is a Hindu dominated village with 22 temples in

the village. Among this most important are Rudreshwar temple, Maha Lekshmi

temple, Saterri temple, Vetal temple, Dutta Mandir. Dutta Mandir is in sawant

wada. Sateri mandir in Kalam wada, Vetal mandir in vetal wada and rudreshwar

and mahalekshmi temple in Bhandar wada. Festivals of these temples are

celebrated in grand manner involving the surrounding villages including all the

castes.

6.4.4.4. Govt institutions:

25


6.4.4.4.1. Village Panchayat

Sarpanj, Ms Anushka Gauns, heads the village panchayat. Grama

panchayat is combined for seven wards, which is under the control of administrator

since panchayat term is over. Panchayat members are actually involved in many

social activities of the village right from the development work up to the family

problem solving.

6.4.4.4.2. Medical Dispensary:

This is the only medical support for the entire Amona village. Mr Narayan

Majik and Ms Sarika are the nursing assistance. They provide with various

vaccination (oral polio, BCG, Hepatitis B, DPT, leptospirosis, Japanese

Encephalitis, MMR, Pentavalent etc), Family planning assistance like tubectomy,

IUCD, CC etc. Vasectomy is not followed in this village might also reflect the male

dominancy in this village. Villagers are mostly affected by cholera and diarrhoea

during monsoon seasons. TB is another common disease. Presently there are 58

TB patients, 7 died in last 3years. There are 2 HIV patients, 2 Cancer (breast), 9

Leprosy. As this area having vast stretch of water-stacked condition, diseases

spread by mosquitoes like Dengue, Malaria, Chicken guinea are also major

problems. There is no malnutrition related infant mortality problems. Smoking and

alcoholism are major concerns. For emergency 108 vehicles, facility is available.

6.4.4.4.3. Post office: Amona branch was established on 16.12.1979. There is

one postmaster, Ms Sulabha Subhash Yelekar and 2 other staffs in this branch.

Courier service is not available in the village, which compel villagers to depend on

post office. The post office also runs an insurance scheme for villagers.

6.4.5.Social groups

6.4.5.1. SHGs: There are about 30 SHGs having 8-20 members are there in each

group. Om santhoshi maa, Nykeransh, Brahmeshwar are the few groups in this

village. NCUI representative Mr Kishore Shirodkar elects presidents and other

members of these SHGs. With help of loans they start some cottage industries to

support females like pappad, masala, textiles.

26


6.4.5.2. Mahila Mandals: Mahila mandals is a joint venture by women of this

village. They have won prizes in bhajan and various other cultural competitions

within and outside village

6.4.5.3. Farmers club: It is an association of farmers, which helps them in

community farming. Mr Parab is the president of this farmers club.

6.4.5.4. Youth club: there are 2 youth clubs they are Saibaba and Amravati. They

organize sports, cultural and religious events. This is a group of young generation

irrespective of caste or creed.

6.4.6. Service Agencies

6.4.6.1. Milk Society: This milk society is a part of Goa diary and was established

in1968. There are192 members in this village, Milk are collected both morning and

evening in chillers.110 litre is collected in the morning and 70 litre in the evening.

Steel cans of about 40 litres and vessels of 10 litres are used to collect milk and

are provided by society. Periodically every 15 days, payment is provided according

to 34 Rs/litre. Fat content and SNF test also doe here. Chairman of this venture is

Mr. Ulhas Sinari.

6.4.6.2. State horticultural agency: Subsidy based shop, which sells Goa

horticultural products. There are 2 shops in Amona village in Vetalwada and

Sawant wada. Agent have to deposit money in state horticultural department, they

provide door service facility for needed horticultural crops.

6.4.6.3. Others: This village also possesses other service sectors like ration shop,

saloon, tailoring, grocery stores, tea stalls etc. Ration shop is functioning in the

village, which supplies rice, sugar, wheat and kerosene at government rates.

6.5. Value System: The villagers are simple, honest and cooperative. They give

value to the person, their work and money. The aged people have emotional

attachment to their land, but the young generation is not much interested in

agriculture, as it is not giving immediate returns and secure money.

27


28


Fig:3: Social map of village Amona

6.5. RESOURCE MAP

Key informants: Ms. Bharati kolvalkar (HM, Primary School), Mr. Narayan

Majik (Male nurse), Ms Anuradha Anant Gavas (Anganwadi Teacher), Mr

Parab (Farmers club president).

The village resource map shows the different kind of man-made resources

such as transport, source of communication, social institutions and other facilities.

Amona village have good transport facility. All the villagers possess two-wheelers,

30% own four wheelers, and 20% own trucks and vans. Bicycle and autorickshaws

are also common here. Government public transport facility (bus) is frequently

N

29


available which increase the connectivity between adjacent villages and town. Taxi

bikes, new concept for convenient transportation is also seen here.

30


As the village is surrounded by mandovi river, boats are also used as a

transportation medium for adjacent villages. School bus facility is also available for

children studying outside Amona. The various common facilities available include

community hall, cremation ground, sulabh sauchalaya, water harvester, bore wells,

nalas, library etc. The village has good communication facility like television,

mobile phones, newspapers and DTH services. An ample chain of service

agencies are present in amona village. It includes ration shop, saloon, tailoring,

grocery stores, milk society, Goa state horticultural agency, tea stalls and so on.

Atta mill and flourmill are also present for processing rice, wheat, chilli etc.

Agriculture is mechanized to some extend but poor roads are still a limitation for it.

Power tillers, sprayers, cultivator, disc plough, country ploughs, sickle, and power

sprayer are commonly used. Tractor is not available in this village; they procure it

from outside the village with the help of farmers club or SESA Goa. Power tillers,

sprayers, cultivator, disc plough, country ploughs are used by farmers in the

village. The villagers get advice from KVK, SESA Goa, State Agriculture

departments etc. Due to presence of alternative livelihood for labour class, farmers

of Amona village presently face severe labour shortage problem, which made them

reluctant to carry out agricultural practices. Buffalo, Cow, Bull, Ox, and hen are

present in the village. All the farmers preferred cross breed animals. Artificial

insemination was carried out with the help of KVK or nearby veterinary hospitals.

During the general transect through the village, the different resources found are

listed in Table 4:

31


Table 4 . Resources available at Amona village

Particulars Articles

Transport facilities Auto rickshaw, Motor bike, Bicycle, Bus, Truck,

Van, boat, car, Taxi bikes.

Common facility Community hall, Water tank, Water harvester,

Cremation ground, Sulabh sauchalaya, open

wells, Bore well, Nalas, library,mills.

Communication facilities Television, Radio, Mobiles, DTH, Daily News

papers, computer, Internet.

Supply and service

agency

Ration shop, saloon, tailoring, grocery stores,

milk society, Goa state horticultural agency, tea

stalls, Mills.

Educational institution 5 anganwadis, 3 primary school, 1 high school

Hospital One medical dispensary

Drinking water Tap water, open wells

Post office One post office near grampanchayat

Library One

Agriculture implements Power tillers, sprayers, cultivator, disc plough,

country ploughs, sickle, and power sprayer.

Livestock Buffalo, Cow, Ox and Poultry

Bar 13, distributed in 7 wards.

Advisory facilities

information

ICAR RC for Goa, KVK, Goa Dairy, Goa

Bhagayatdar, State agricultural and Horticultural

departments, SESA Goa, NGOs.

Animal Reproduction Artificial Insemination

32


Fig 4: Resource map

6.6 Bio-Resource FlowKIs: Mr. Ulhas Parab (Farmer), Mr. Suresh Parab (Farmer), Mr Sadanand

Parab (Farmer).

Bio-resource flow diagram shows the different resources being recycled in a

typical farm house. It indicates and suggest how the households of village being

able to utilize and recycle the available bio resources in and out the farm house,

more effectively and efficiently to fulfil their house hold requirements like food, fuel,

cattle straw etc. In the village Amona, the typical representative household is

medium sized farmer. Solid black lines show the existing practices. Dashed red

lines depict proposed interventions.

N

33


Selected farmers have a small back yard poultry and dairy in his farmhouse.

The main crops are Paddy only in Kharif season and onion, cowpea (Alsando),

chilli and cucurbits in Rabi season. The milk obtained from cow and buffalo is used

for self-conception, send to diary. The cowdung is used as manure, make cakes

and use for cooking. Cashew and coconuts are the major cash crops. Cashew

apple syrups are distilled to produce fenny. Coconut leaves are used for thatching

purposes also. The vegetables like cucurbits, okra, cowpea, cluster bean were sold

to Goa Bhagayatdar society and to local markets.

Fig: 5: Bio-resource flow Map Amona Village

34


6.7 Venn Diagram

KIs: Mrs. Anushka Gauns (Sarpanj), Mrs. Narvekar Mangala (Manager, State

cooperative bank), Mrs. Anuradha Anant Gavas (Anganwadi Teacher), Mr.

Ulhas Parab (Farmers club president), Mr. Umesh Parab (Shop owner),

Sulabha Subhash Yelekar (Postmaster).

The Venn diagram is one of the analytical tool, which provides information,

regarding involvement of various institutions and individuals in the decision making

process and their contribution towards solving major problems in the village. This

shows existing institutions, organizations, groups and important individuals found in

the village as well as the villagers view of their importance in the community. Venn

diagram also indicates the level of contact and cooperation between these

organizations and groups based on the overlapping circles and the size of the

circles indicates the contribution in the ongoing activities of the village. The various

institutions involved in agriculture activities are given below:

KVK: Under ICAR, KVK supports the agriculture venture in this village. They provide technological interventions in the form of new crop varieties like Naveen

(paddy) and conduct training programs and workshops for farmers..

ICAR RC for Goa: As though the KVK is directly dealing with Amona, ICAR complex also play role in providing technical assistance, advices, transferring new

technologies, conducting seminars, workshops etc.

State cooperative bank: Provides input services in the form of loans for vehicles, agriculture implements etc

State Agriculture Department: Villagers procures major agriculture implements like tractor, power tiller, harvesters etc from the departments. Agriculture

professionals also provide necessary advice and guidance to farmers regarding

farming techniques.

Farmers club, SHGs: An association of farmers, which actively involved in farming activities. Clubs like Panlod sangh, provide support for community farming

and help to procure farm implements.

35


SESA Goa: Between the 2 factories within this village, SESA Goa supports farming activities. They are trying to help in the organic certification and branding of

agricultural produce from Amona village. They also support by providing

mechanised supports when farmers need.

Goa Bagayatdar: Provide assistance to farmers with seeds, fertilizers etc. It also procures products from farmers directly and provides a reasonable price also. They

also divide the profit among the members.

.

Amona Village

KVK

ICAR-RC for Goa

SESA GOA

State Agri &

Horticulture Dept:

Co-opbank

FC, SHGs

GoaBhagay-

atdar

Amona Village

KVK

ICAR-RC for Goa

SESA GOA

State Agri &

Horticulture Dept:

Co-opbank

FC, SHGs

GoaBhagay-

atdar

Fig: 6: Venn diagram of agricultural activities Both farm crops & horticultural crops (Farm crops and Horticulture crops) for Amona village

Similarly, with respect to milk production, the organizations / institutions /

groups in and around Amona village are listed below in order of their importance.

Goa Dairy: Amona village is one of the milk pockets of Goa diary. Villagers are getting financial and technical support from them. They provide Stainless Steel

cans and vessels. Necessary veterinary support for disease monitoring, artificial

36


insemination etc also provided. Fat content and SNF testing facility is in village

itself and hence milk procurement is done only after analyzing fat and SNF.

KVK: Provides free livestock trainings and workshops, make villagers aware about benefits of cross breeds. Special support on animal health care services is

also provided. Technical supports like artificial insemination is also provided by

veterinary professionals from KVK in support with ICAR scientists.

Cooperative Society: They provide financial support for milking machines etc and also personal loans to buy vehicles, cattles etc

Farmers club: Support in procuring modern diary practices, raise voice for being properly paid from dairy societies etc.

SHGs: Support live stock practices, helps to procure loans and other necessities.

Veterinary hospital: Though Amona doesnt possess any veterinary hospital, support is obtained from nearby villages like Marcel and Virdi.

Amona Village

Goa Diary

ICAR Goa

KVK

Co-op Bank:

VH

FC, SHGs

Amona Village

Goa Diary

ICAR Goa

KVK

Co-op Bank:

VH

FC, SHGs

Fig: 7: Venn diagram of Livestock farming Amona village

37


6.8. INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK) MAPKIs: Mr. Jnaneshwar Sinari (farmer), Mr Suresh Parab (shop owner), Mr.

Govind Parab (old farmer), Mrs. Leela Gauns (House wife), Mrs. Sulakshana

Amonkar (House wife)

ITK is the knowledge that a particular community acquired from their

personal experience, which they gain from ancestors over a long period. ITK are

the accumulated experiences that help in dealing with situations and problems in

various aspects of life with respect to culture. The farmers due to their economic

constraints use this knowledge, which is mainly based on hit and trial basis. ITK

commonly used in control of insect pest and diseases, storing seeds for future,

health aspects and certain tools made easy usage for agricultural operations. Few

Table. 5: ITKs in crop and livestock management in Amona village.

Sl.

No.

Practice Purpose

1. Cashew syrup distillation For fenny preparation

2. Applying castor oil on Buffalos To control ticks and mites

3. Applying ash to field To increase soil fertility

4. Calotropis leaves boiled with water Applied to swelling or oedematic

regions.

5. Dusting cow dung on crops For pest control

6. Colored cloth pieces in paddy farm Bird repellent

7. Keeping onion in pits for 1 week

after harvest.

For hardening onion, which

increase shelf life

ITKs were identified in this selected village such as:

Traditional Fenny preparation from cashew apple by distillation Use of castor oil to control ticks and mites in buffalo

38


Ash application to vegetable fields to improve the quality of crop Calotropis leaves boiled with water and steam applied in oedema situation in cattle and humans.

Dusting of cow dung on crops for pest control Coloured cloth bits are used as bird repellents in paddy farm For increasing shelf life of onion, it is kept in pits for 1 week and it hardens.

39


6.9. DAILY ACTIVITY AND ROUTINE

Table 6: Daily activity of men and women of Amona villageDAILY ACTIVITY PROFILE

Time Male Female5.00 am --- Wake Up6.00 am Wake Up

-----------------7.00 amMilking & Milk marketing

8.00 am

9.00 am

Farm activitiesFarm activities10.00 am

11.00 am

12.00 pm --------------------------

1.00 pm

------------------------2.00 pm --------------------------

3.00 pm

4.00 pm

Milking & Milk marketing/Farm activitiesFodder collection/Cattle rearing

5.00 pm

6.00 pm

7.00 pm -------------------------------- -----------------------------

40


8.00 pm

9.00 pm

10.00pm Going to sleep Going to sleep

Table 7: Daily routine of Men and women of Amona village

DAILY ROUTINE PROFILETime Male Female

5.00 am --- Wake Up6.00 am Wake Up

Cooking/house work7.00 am............................

8.00 am

9.00 am

............................. .....................................10.00 am

11.00 am

Cooking/lunch/house work12.00 pm

1.00 pm

Lunch, take rest/time for self2.00 pmTake rest

3.00 pm

4.00 pm

............................. ......................5.00 pm

6.00 pm

7.00 pm Time for self/meeting friends/gossiping Cooking/Household work8.00 pm

9.00 pmDinner/watching TV

Dinner/watching TV10.00pm Going to sleep Going to sleep

In Amona, household and agricultural work load of women is more than

men because men generally go for service and labour work in nearby industrial

units, women have to complete household routine work, later part of the day either

help husbands in farming or engaged in cottage industry kind of activities. During

41


Kharif season rice is grown in khajan land area and most of the manual operations

are performed by female. Agricultural field is lacking mechanization due to small

land holding and inaccessibility of field to machineries. Labour shortage in

agriculture is a major problem in Goa states because the state has better

opportunities in other sectors like mining and tourism. Women perform cattle

rearing activities in combination with household work and farm activities. Animal

husbandry activities taken up by women include, giving fodder to cattle, watering,

cleaning, feeding, dung disposal etc. Daily activity table for women includes

collection of fodder for livestock, farm activities and fuel collection which assist with

economic benefits. Farm activities includes weeding, sowing of seeds, harvesting

etc. Daily routine of women include cleaning of livestock and their sheds, cleaning

of house, cooking food, preparing children for their school, watching television,

taking part in social activities etc. Winnowing activities in rice are done mostly by

women.

Diary is a main asset of this village. Men spend majority of time in dairy

related activities like milking, cleaning, feeding, and supplying to the dairy

cooperative society. A few hours are spent on farm activities like sowing, irrigation,

fertilizer and pesticide spraying, harvesting etc. Farmers use to hire daily paid

labour for farming activities at time of weeding and harvesting activities from

neighboring states like Maharashtra and Karnataka with wage of more than Rs.

300 per day. Mainly marketing of farm produce is done by men to nearby mandies

or Goa bagayatdar. They also use to go to market for purchasing seeds, fertilizers,

pesticides etc. They spend evenings in social gatherings by taking part in SHGs,

clubs etc. They also attend village training or demonstration programme given by

KVK and other NGOs.

6.10. WEALTH RANKING

KIs: Mr. Jaywant Parab (progressive farmer), Mr. Ulhas Parab (farmers club

president), Mr. Dyaneshwar Sinari (SESA Goa employee), Mr. Suresh Parab

42


(Shop Owner), Mr. Vishal Fadte (Landless labourer), Mr. Govind Amonkar

(Landless labourer), Mr. Prabhu Majik (Farmer)

The wealth ranking is an analytical exercise carried out to categorize the

villagers by local key informants based on their own criteria such as income,

assets, employment status. Major purposes of wealth ranking are.

To investigate perceptions of wealth differences and inequalities in community To discover local indicators and criteria of wealth and well being To establish the relative position of households in a community

For wealth ranking process three key informants were asked individually to

group the households into different wealth categories based on their own criteria.

Three key informants have divided the households into three different categories

as rich, medium and poor.

This classification will create understanding about the real life situation of the

economic strata of the villagers, which ultimately will help us to develop

economically feasible new technologies, which can be adopted by majority of the

farmers. Majority of the farmers engaged in both service and agricultural activities.

Due to these reasons there is problem of labour availability, so suitable

mechanized tools can be developed keeping in view these conditions.

Table 8. Categorization by key informant

Key Informant Categories Total number of categories

1 Rich, Medium, Poor 3



43


Table 9. Wealth ranking categories

Criteria Rich Medium Poor

KI 1

Land > 5 acres 2-5 acres < 2 acres

ServiceSalary

>20,000 Rs 7000-20,000Rs

7 acres 3-7 acres 20,000 Rs. 10,000-20,000Rs

5acres 2-5acres < 2 Acres

Service Salary

>16000Rs 8000-16000 Rs

44


Fig:8: Categorization of village households- Wealth ranking of Amona village farmers

Fig: 9. Percentage of households under different wealth status

6.11. LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS

KIs: Mr.Vishnu Sinari (Farmer), Mr.Sadanand Parab (Progressive farmer),

Mr.Parshuram Parab (Landless labourer).

Using the wealth ranking method, the entire Amona village households were

divided into three categories, viz. rich, medium, and poor. The livelihood status of

45


each of the three categories was assessed by selecting a representative house

from each group. This analysis depicts the different source of income and

expenditure patterns form different heads namely, agriculture, livestock, service,

food, health, education etc. This PRA tool judges the money management ability of

rural people.

From the results of the livelihood analysis conducted for the three different

categories of wealth ranking shows that the rich and the medium farmer received

their income principally from agriculture and/or dairy farming and service (Govt

/private). The poor families mostly depend on employment in agriculture or industry

labour.

6.11.1. Livelihood analysis of rich family

INCOME EXPENDITURE

Fig: 10. Income and expenditure pattern of rich family Amona village

46


6.11.2. Livelihood analysis of Medium family

INCOME EXPENDITURE

Fig: 11. Income and expenditure pattern of medium family Amona village

6.11.3. Livelihood analysis of Poor family

INCOME EXPENDITURE

Fig: 12. Income and expenditure pattern of poor family Amona village

6.12. Mobility Map:KIs: Mr. Vithal Gauns (SESA Goa employee), Mr. Suresh Parab (Progressive

farmer), Sanjana Gauns, Mr. Dnyneshwar Sinari(Farmer), Mr. Govind Naik

(HM, high School).

47


Transportation facility is well advanced in Amona village hence mobility is

not a problem. Most frequently visited place is Marcel for a number of purposes

like market, Goa Bagayatdar society unit, Purchase of agricultural inputs,

Shopping, Veterinary Hospital etc. Mode of transportation is by bus, taxi bike or

private vehicle. Another very frequently visited place is Panaji for job and market

purpose. For revenue related works and hiring agricultural implements farmers are

visiting Bicholim Taluk. Some of the progressive farmers often visit Krishi Vigyan

Kendra and ICAR Complex, Old Goa for cultivation practices and to attend training

programs on animal husbandry, vermi-compost, rain water harvesting etc.

Sometimes villagers go to Virdi by Panchayat boat to meet their relatives. Students

of the village go to Sanquelim, Navelim and Ponda for education purpose also.

Amona village is well connected from all the nearby places through road and public

bus service is available in the village from 6 AM to 10 PM.

48


Bus/motorcycle - 5/-

Bus- 15/-

PanchayatBoat

Bike/taxi bikeBus - 5/-

BikeBus - 7/-

18 kmBus - 12/-

Bus - 12/-Bus/ Bike5/-

Bus - 18/-

Amona

Betchi 5km

Naveli 5Km

Marshel4 km

Banastali7 km

Panji28km

Old Goa 18 km

Ponda 19 km

Bicholim16Km

Virdi 3 Km

Mobility Map of AmonaVillage

Hospital, Education MLA Residence, Education

Sanquelim9 km,

Mapusa30 km

Bus- 8/-

Bus - 25/-

Sesa Goa Ltd 1 km

BikeWalking

Fig 13: Mobility Map Village Amona

Table 11: Mobility table that shows mode, location, frequency, amount and purpose

Sl.No. Place Distance (km)

Mode Frequency Amount (Rs.)

Purpose

1 Bicholim 16 Bus/Bike/ Car Sometimes 12 Taluk Work, Agril.

Implement, Administration

Work ZAO, BDO

2 Panji 28 Bus/Car Often 22 Jobs, Market, Medical

3 Virdi 3 Panchayat Boat

Sometimes - Relatives

4 Naveli 5 Bus/Bike Sometimes 5 MLA house, Education

5 Sanquelim 9 Bus Often 8 Market, Education

49


6 Mapusa 30 Bus 25 Market, agril inputs

7 Marcel 4 Bus/Bike/Taxi bike/Car

Very Often

5 Market, GoaBagaitdar society unit, Agril inputs, vet. Hospital

8 Banastali 7 Bus/ Bike Sometimes 7 Rice mill and processing

9 Old Goa 18 Bus Often 15 ICAR Research Complex, KVK, Soil

Testing Lab10 Sesa Goa

Ltd1 By walk/ Bike Daily - Mining

Industry, Labour Work

11 Ponda 19 Bus Often Education, Hospital

12 Betchi 5 Bike/ Bus Sometimes 5 Nursery, Health Centre

6.13. SEASONAL CALENDAR

KIs : Mr.Sonu Gauns (Farmer), Mr. Sivas Sinari (farmer), Mr. Viddharal Parob

(Farmer), Mrs. Sanjana Gaurakar (Farmer) and Mr.Laxman Gauns (farmer).

Seasonal calendar indicates month wise activities, specialities, threats,

problems, abundance and shortage with regard to agriculture and animal

husbandry in a diagrammatic way. This explores seasonal constraints and

opportunities, by diagramming changes month wise for a year.

The main activities, problems and opportunities of Amona village were

identified for using seasonal calendar. It depicts time to time crop related

operations being carried out in the existing farm situation. The main crop season in

the village is Kharif. Rice is the major crop grown in the village. Cashew, onion,

chilli and cowpea are the other crops cultivated here. Due to high water salinity in

low lands, especially in November-December period, Rabi rice is not taken. Rabi

50


crop is taken only in few areas where good quality irrigation is available. For the

past several decades Shiddi, a high salinity tolerant indigenous rice variety is used

for cultivation in the village. In Shiddi broadcasting is practiced whereas

transplanting is done for Jaya and Jyothi varieties which are mainly cultivated in

uplands. In paddy cultural practices involve land preparation, broadcasting,

weeding, fertilizer application and harvesting. They are not adopting any plant

protection measures or chemical spray for the crop.

Cashew is the second major crop grown mainly in the upland region of the

village. 95% of the cashew plantation is occupied by local variety and 5% occupied

by Vengurla-4 and Vengurla-7 varieties. Both cashew apple and nuts are having

good market demand; they are selling fenny for Rs 2000/40 L can and 1 Kg raw

cashew nut for Rs.83. In cashew they are not following any cultural practices. The

flowering starts from November and it extends upto January. The fruits are ready

for harvest by March and will extend upto first week of June. Fruits along with nuts

are collected only when fully matured falls down and it is not plucked from the

trees. This ensures good nut quality and fully ripen apples for fenny preparation.

For getting higher price for fenny cashew apples are subjected to double

distillation, which increase the alcohol content.

Onion is raised as a Rabi crop in the village which is mainly grown for

consumption purpose and not for sale. Land preparation and sowing is done in

November and transplanting in the first week of December. It is harvested in April,

after that the produce is kept in a pit in the field for eight days for hardening. Chilli

and cowpea is also grown for consumption purpose and taken as Rabi crop. It is

cultivated in small patches where quality irrigation water is available. The cultural

operations carried out in chilli involves land preparation, sowing, transplanting,

weeding, fertilizer application and harvesting which were done in December,

January, February and March respectively. For cowpea they are not applying any

fertilizers and local grain type is the preferred cultivar. Its land preparation, sowing,

gap filling and harvesting were carried out in November, December, January and

march respectively.

51


Table 12: Seasonal Calendar of major crops and their practices in Amona village

LP-Land Preparation, BC- Broadcasting, TP-Transplanting, WD-Weeding, F-Fertilizer, H-

Harvesting, T-Threshing, WI-Winnowing, DI-Distillation of cashew apple, GF-Gap filling

Table 13: Seasonal Calendar of major crops and their problems in Amona village.

K-Kresek, RLF-Rice Leaf Roller, BPH- Brown Plant Hopper, YSB- Yellow Stem Borer, TMB-Tea

Mosquito Bug, FD-Fruit drop, TH-Thrips, MB-Mealybug, Damping off

Labour availability is the major problem faced by the agriculture sector of the

village. In paddy kresek is the prominent disease which occurs in the early stage of

growth. Rice Leaf Roller, Brown Plant Hopper and Yellow Stem Borer are the pest

prevailing in the paddy. In cashew, Tea Mosquito Bug is the major pest which

mainly attacks the inflorescence. Immature fruit drop and heavy rain at the time of

Crops Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sep Oct

Rice T,

WI

LP

BC/

TP

WD,F WD H(TP)

H(BC)

CashewWD H H H H DI

Onion LP TP F WD - H

ChilliLP TP WD,F H

CowpeaLP S GF - H

Crops Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct

Rice L L L K,L RLF,

BPH,L

YSB,

L

L

Cashew TMB TMB FD L L L L L DB

Cowpea L L TH,L MB,L

Chilli L L DF LC L

52


flowering are other factors affecting the fruit set in cashew. In cowpea sucking

pests like thrips and mealy bug are found and in chilli damping off and leaf curl

disease. In chilli they are cultivating local variety and loss occurs if it is retained in

the field beyond April due to pest attack.

Table.14:Seasonal Calendar of livestock management practices in Amona village.

HS-Haemorrhagic Septicemia, AI-Artificial Insemination, BS-Breeding Season, NS-Natural Service,

ET-Enterotoximia, CS-Calving Season, vac-vaccination.

For livestock, they are providing vaccination for Haemorrhagic Septicemia

and Enterotoximia.

Table 15: Seasonal Calendar of livestock health problems in Amona village

M-Mastitis, HS- Haemorrhagic Septicemia, FMD- Foot and Mouth Disease, TI-Tick Infestation

In the village the livestock related problems are mastitis, Haemorrhagic

Septicemia, Foot and mouth disease and tick infestation.

6.14. Gender disaggregated activities

KIs: Mrs.Rukhmini Parob (Farmer), Mrs. Sonia Gauns (Farmer), Mr.Parashuram (farmer),Mr.Yashwanth Gauns (Farmer), Mr. Ulhas Parab(Farmer).

Livestock Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct

Cattle HS

vac

AI BS NS ET

vac

CS

Milk production

Buffalo HS

vac

NS NS ET

vac

HS

vac


Cattle M M M HS HS FMD TI

Buffalo HS FMD TI

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Table 16: Gender Disaggregated Activities of Agriculture in Amona Village

. LP-Land Preparation, BC- Broadcasting, TP-Transplanting, WD-Weeding, F-Fertilizer, H-Harvesting, T- Threshing, WI-Winnowing, DI-Distillation of cashew apple, S-Sowing, M-Men, W-Women.

According to the information generated through the KIs, men are mostly

involved in farm and animal management, Women although take part in both the

activities their mainly focus on house hold activities. Women are involved in

transplanting, weeding and harvesting type of agricultural activities. Land

preparation, broadcasting, fertilizer application, harvesting, threshing and

winnowing are done by men and women.

Table 17: Gender Disaggregated Activities of Livestock in Amona Village

Crops Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct

RiceT(M),

WI(M)FP(M)

BC(M),

TP(W)

WD,

F(M)WD(W) H(W) H(W)

Cashew WD(W) H(M) H(M) H(M) H(M) DI(M)

Onion LP(M) TP(W) F(M/W) WD(W) - H(W)

Chilli LP(M) TP(W)WD(W),

F(M)H(W)

Cowpea LP(M) S(M) GF(W) - H(W)


Cleaning WomenMilking Men/women

Fodder Collection

Men

Feeding Men/ Women

Disease Management

Men

Marketing Men/Women

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In the livestock management, both men and women take part in activities like

milking, feeding and marketing. Activity such as cleaning is done by women and

fodder collection and disease management are undertaken by men.

6.15. TIME LINEKIs: Mr Sadashiv Sadu Sinari (Farmer), Mr.Vishnu Sinari (Farmer), Mr.Sadanand Parab

(Farmer),Mr.Narayan Majik (Male nurse), Mrs. Sarika Gauns(farmer)

Time Line is a tool of PRA technique used to know the major historical

milestones in the community and their significance. It indicates the causal link

between past and present. The purpose of this tool is to obtain historical account of

changes in the demographic, socio-economic condition, communication, social

relationship and interaction, technology diffusion and adoption etc. Time line of the

Amona village was conducted with the help of elderly persons. Following are the

major events in the village in the chronological order.

Table 18: Time Line for Technology and Service

Sl. No. Events Year

1 Purvas Betal Temple 1686

2 Primary School 1962

3 Village Panchayat Office 1964

4 Bicycle 1964

5 Sewing Machine 1965

6 Bus Service 1965

7 Electricity 1965

8 Radio 1973

9 High School 1975

10 Anganwadi 1978

11 Post Office 1975

12 Landline 1981

13 Television 1988

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Table 19: Time Line for Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Sl.No. Events Year

1. Adoption of new varieties 1972

2. Fertilizer 1975

3. Rice Flour Mill 1980

4. Pesticide 1980

5. Diesel pump 1980

6. Tractor 1995

7. Tiller 2005

8. Farmers Club 2009

9. Introduction of Naveen Paddy variety 2011

Livestock

1. Milk Cooperative Society 1968

2. New breeds of cattle 2008

3. Milking machine 2009

.

14 SESA Industry 1990

15 Youth club 1992

16 Fridge 1993

17 Gas 1995

18 Pvt. Financial Institution 1995

19 State Cooperative Bank 1995

20 Self Help Group 2000

21 Dish TV 2005

56


6.16. TIME TRENDKIs: Mr. Laxman Gauns (Farmer), Mr.Sivas Sinari (farmer), Mr. Viddharal

Parob (farmer), Mr.Sadanad Parab (Farmer), Mr. Suresh Parab (shop owner).

Time trend is the PRA tool which depicts the trend of crop/animal

production, commodity prices etc in the form of a graph. It reflects the fluctuation in

price and production of various commodities specific to the village. For the purpose

of present study the data were collected for productivity and price trend over the

last ten years from 2002 - 2011 for rice, cashew and milk, which are the major

products of the village.

6.16.1. Time trend for Paddy: In paddy the productivity is showing an increasing

trend whereas the price shows an increasing trend upto 2010 thereafter there is a

fall in price from Rs 1000 to Rs 650.

6.16.2. Time trend for Cashew: Over the last ten years cashew productivity

shows a declining trend whereas the price increase from Rs 40 to Rs 83/kg of raw

cashew nut. The main reason for this decline is senile cashew trees which are

above 60 years. Also they are using local variety seedlings for planting, which are

usually low yielders. For enhancing cashew productivity they have to rejuvenate

their plantation with high yielding varieties and have to follow scientific

management practices.

6.16.3. Time trend for milk yield: Over the decades the milk yield per cow is

showing an increasing trend with the average present day yield of 15 L/day.

57


Fig. 14: Productivity trend in paddy Amona village

Fig. 15: Price trend in paddy Amona village

58


. Fig. 16: Productivity trend in Cashew Amona village

Fig 17: Price trend in Cashew Amona village

59


Fig 18: Trend in Milk yield Amona village

6.17. TECHNOLOGY MAP

KIs: Mr.Sadanand Parab (Farmer), Mr. Dnyaneshwar Sinari (SESA Goa

employee), Mr.Vasant Sinari (Farmer), Mr.Sunil Gauns (farmer), Mrs. Sanjana

Govekar (farmer)

Technology map is the pictorial representation of behavioural patterns of

respondents towards technology adoption. These may be adoption,

discontinuance, rejection, over adoption etc. Technology map comprises of the

type and frequency of adoption behaviour of respondents towards latest

technology involving various agencies related to agricultural research and

development.

60


Fig. 19: Technology Map of Amona village

Technology Diffusion Methods: Technologies developed by various agencies are

diffused to farmers fields through the simplest methods, and as far as possible in

farmer's language. The following diffusion methods in general are adopted for

diffusion of technologies.

Training camps Field demonstrations Farmers meeting Kisan Mela On-farm Training Distribution of bulletin and leaflets Radio Television

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The different technologies which have been adopted, discontinued and

rejected in the village Amona are depicted in Table 20 and 21. The farmers of the

village were found to have adopted different varieties of paddy, but for rest of the

crops like cowpea, chilli, onion and fruit crops like cashew, coconut they prefer

local varieties. The rice variety shiddi was found to be predominantly grown in the

region for certain reasons. It is tolerant to waterlogging and has good salinity

resistance compared to other varieties. It is organically cultivated variety confined

to Amona and adjoining areas. Lesser pest and disease incidence occurs. Fodder

yield is also higher as compared to other varieties.

Earlier the farmers used to grow the variety karangut, Satti, Damgo, Nermar,

Vali. Later it was discontinued for main two reasons, the first one being low yield

and the second one, high water requirement. With respect to livestock farming, a

non-discreet breed of cow is predominantly reared, because of its climatic

adaptability and low maintenance cost. Some of them started rearing HF and

jersey cross, for its higher milk yield.

KVK introduced new rice variety Naveen this year. Farmers are impressed

by its performance and high yield and egger to cultivate it in next year.

Table 20: Technology table for crops - 1

Sl. No. Crop Technology

Status

Reason

1. Rice Shiddi A Tolerant to waterlogging, lesser pest and disease incidence, salt tolerant, good cooking quality, consumer preference

Jyothi A High yield, consumer preference, good fodder quality

Karjat-4 A High yield,

62


Jaya A High yield,

Karangut D Spiny owns, susceptible to waterlogging

Satti D Low yield, high water requirement

Damgo D Low yield, high water requirement

Nermar D Low yield, high water requirement

Vali D Low yield, high water requirement

Naveen A High yield (recently introduced by KVK)

Table 21: Technology table for crops 2: A: Adopted; D: Discontinued

Sl. No.

Crop Technology Status Reason

1. cowpea (grain purpose)

Alsando A For home consumption, distinct taste, due to high demand from consumer

2. Chili Local A Home consumption

3. Cashew Local A Less management practices, low cost of cultivation, good quality of cashew apple, less water requirement

Vengurla-4 A High yield,

4. Onion Local A Home consumption, lack of awareness about new verities

5. Coconut Banawali A High yield, good quality of nuts

Calangutee A Bigger size of nuts, good quality

6. Mango Mankurad A Distinct taste, regular bearing, no spongy tissue

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Sl. No. Technology Status Reason

1. Country plough andmould board plough

Adopted Less costly and readily available

2. Tractor Adopted Time and labour saving farm operation

3. Reversible plough Adopted To plough hard field of paddy

4. Disc plough Adopted Plough paddy field

5. Cultivator Adopted Secondary tillage operation

6. Land leveler Adopted To level field

7. Bullock cart Disenchantment discontinuance

Due to availability of tractor andvehicles

8. Knapsack sprayer Adopted Uniform application of plant protection material

9. Electric motor pump Adopted To pump water from well

10. Seed drill Not adopted Not convenient to use

Agricultural Implements in Amona

Technology table for agricultural practices1.. Transplantation Not adopted in

local variety Shiddi

Not successful due to waterlogged conditions of khajan land

Adopted in other variety

Uniform planting of seedling, increases yield

2. Application of FYM Adopted Management of soil health, efficient utilization of farm by product, reducing chemical fertilizer requirement

3. Vermi-composting Not adopted Lack of awareness, knowledge, andguidance

64


4. Drip irrigation Not adopted Unavailability of good quality of water

5. Soil testing Adopted For knowledge of soil nutrient status, and pH

Table 22: Technology table for farm implements, agricultural practices and livestock

Technology table for livestock1. Local Cow breed Adopted higher climatic adaptability, low cost

of maintenance

2. HF and Jersey Disenchantment discontinuance

Highly susceptible to diseases like mastitis, FMD, HS etc., high cost of maintenance

3. HF and Jersey(cross breed)

Adopted High milk yield

4. Local buffalo breed Adopted Suitable to local climatic condition

5. Machine milking Adopted suited for large scale livestockfarming, labor saving and time saving

6. Artificial insemination

Adopted Genetic improvement of breed

7. Silage and hay making

Not adopted Lack of awareness

6.18. MATRIX RANKING

KIs: Mr. Sadanand Parab (farmer), Mr. Dnyaneshwar Sinari (SESA Goa

employee), Mr. Vasant Sinari (farmer), Mr. Sunil Gauns (farmer), Mrs. Sanjana

Govekar (Cooperative bank staff)

Matrix ranking is a PRA tool which facilitates prioritization of technologies

with respect to certain identified criteria, based upon users perception. The tool

was applied in the village Amona for getting a first-hand idea of farmers relative

preference for different varieties of rice, cowpea, chilli, onion, cashew-nut and

coconut and also different cattle breeds.

65


The results of the matrix ranking for different varieties of rice depict that the

variety Shiddi was the highest preferred one when compared to the remaining

adopted varieties, viz., Jaya, Jyothi and Karjat. It was clearly understood that the

farmers had been mainly concerned with water logging -salinity resistance, sugar

recovery and resistance to diseases and pests while ordering their preference.

Among the two adopted varieties of cashew, namely, Local and Vengurla,

the Local was given higher preference over Vengurla-4 for its good quality cashew

apple, low management cost and less water requirement. As far as the cattle

breeds are concerned, farmers give equal preference to both local and cross bred

(local with jersey, local and HF).

Table 23: Matrix ranking of rice varieties

Indicator KI Rice varieties

Shiddi Jaya Karjat Jyothi

Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score

Rank Score

1.Grain yield

KI-1 A 4 D 1 C 2 B 3

KI-2 A 4 D 1 C 2 B 3

KI-3 A 4 D 1 B 3 C 2

KI-4 A 4 C 1 B 3 C 2

Total score 16 4 10 10

2. Fodder yield

KI-1 A 4 D 1 C 2 B 3

KI-2 A 4 C 2 C 2 B 3

KI-3 A 4 C 2 C 2 B 3

KI-4 A 4 D 1 C 2 B 3


3. Fodder

KI-1 D 1 C 2 B 3 A 4KI-2 D 1 C 2 B 3 A 4

KI-3 D 1 C 2 B 3 A 4

66


Quality KI-4 D 1 C 2 B 3 A 4


4.Resistance to diseases and pests

KI-1 A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1

KI-2 A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1

KI-3 A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1

KI-4 A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1


5.Waterlogging andsalinity resistance

KI-1 A 4 B 3 B 3 B 3

KI-2 A 4 B 3 B 3 B 3

KI-3 A 4 B 3 B 3 B 3

KI-4 A 4 B 3 B 3 B 3


6. Maturity

KI-1 D 1 C 2 B 3 A 4

KI-2 D 1 C 2 B 3 A 4

KI-3 D 1 C 2 B 3 A 4

KI-4 D 1 C 2 B 3 A 4

67



7. Price

KI-1 A 4 B 3 B 3 B 3

KI-2 A 4 B 3 B 3 B 3

KI-3 A 4 B 3 B 3 B 3

KI-4 A 4 B 3 B 3 B 3


8.Cooking quality andpreference

KI-1 A 4 B 3 C 2 B 3

KI-2 A 4 B 3 C 2 B 3

KI-3 A 4 C 2 C 2 B 3

KI-4 A 4 C 2 C 2 B 3


Overall score andfinal rank

A 104 D 69 C 82 B 84

Table 24: Matrix ranking of cashew nut varieties

Indicator KI Cashew nut varieties

Local Vengurla-4

Rank Score Rank Score

68


1. Yield KI-1 B 1 A 2

KI-2 B 1 A 2

KI-3 B 1 A 2

KI-4 B 1 A 2

Total score 4 8

2. Water requirement KI-1 A 2 B 1

KI-2 A 2 B 1

KI-3 A 2 B 1

KI-4 A 2 B 1

Total score 8 4

3. Cashew apple quality KI-1 A 2

Documents

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