FMI 3-90.5

HEAVY BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM COMBINED ARMS BATTALIONMARCH 2005 EXPIRES MARCH 2007 HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (http://www.train.army.mil)

FMI 3-90.5Field Manual-Interim No. 3-90.5 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 15 March 2005 Expires 15 March 2007

Heavy Brigade Combat Team Combined Arms BattalionContentsPage

PREFACE ...........................................................................................................xvi INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................xvii CHAPTER 1 THE ROLE OF THE HEAVY BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM COMBINED ARMS BATTALION....................................................................................................... 1-1 Section I Heavy Combined Arms Battalion Mission-Essential Tasks...... 1-1 Battalion Mission-Essential Task Development ................................................. 1-1 Operational Environment.................................................................................... 1-2 Full Spectrum Operations................................................................................... 1-6 Section II Operational Framework ............................................................... 1-7 Area of Operations ............................................................................................. 1-7 Area of Interest ................................................................................................... 1-7 Battlespace......................................................................................................... 1-7 Battlefield Organization ...................................................................................... 1-8 Decisive Operations ........................................................................................... 1-9 Shaping Operations............................................................................................ 1-9 Sustaining Operations ........................................................................................ 1-9 Main Effort ........................................................................................................ 1-10 CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZATION AND CAPABILITIES............................................................. 2-1 Section I Organization, Capabilities, and Limitations ............................... 2-1 Organization ....................................................................................................... 2-1 Capabilities ......................................................................................................... 2-2 Limitations .......................................................................................................... 2-2 Battlefield Focus ................................................................................................. 2-3 Section II Duties and Responsibilities of Key Personnel.......................... 2-4 Battalion Commander......................................................................................... 2-4 Personal Staff Group .......................................................................................... 2-4 Coordinating Staff............................................................................................... 2-5 Special Staff ..................................................................................................... 2-12 Headquarters and Headquarters Company (Figure 2-2) ................................. 2-12 Infantry and Armor Companies (Figures 2-3 and 2-4) ..................................... 2-16

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Engineer Company (Figure 2-5) .......................................................................2-16 Forward Support Company (Figure 2-6)...........................................................2-18 CHAPTER 3 BATTLE COMMAND..........................................................................................3-1 Section I The Art of Command .....................................................................3-1 Role of the Commander......................................................................................3-1 Mission Command ..............................................................................................3-2 Location of the Commander................................................................................3-2 Combining the Art of Command and the Science of Control..............................3-3 Section II Command and Control .................................................................3-6 The Command and Control System ...................................................................3-6 Digitization and the C2 System/Good Enough Battle Command .......................3-6 Exercising Command and Control ......................................................................3-7 Distribution of Combined Arms Battalion Command and Control ......................3-8 Section III Planning for Operations ............................................................3-10 Information Systems Enhancement to Decision-Making ..................................3-10 The Military Decision-Making Process..............................................................3-12 The Role of ISR.................................................................................................3-13 Section IV The Military Decision-Making Process....................................3-14 Receipt of Mission.............................................................................................3-14 Mission Analysis ...............................................................................................3-14 Course of Action Development .........................................................................3-15 Course of Action Analysis (War Game) ............................................................3-16 Course of Action Comparison ...........................................................................3-16 Course of Action Approval ................................................................................3-16 Orders Production.............................................................................................3-16 Decision-making in a Time-Constrained Environment .....................................3-16 Section V Preparing for Operations...........................................................3-23 ISR Operations..................................................................................................3-23 Security .............................................................................................................3-23 Force Protection................................................................................................3-23 Plan Revision and Refinement..........................................................................3-24 Coordination and Liaison ..................................................................................3-24 Rehearsals ........................................................................................................3-24 Section VI Execution ...................................................................................3-25 The C2 During Execution..................................................................................3-25 Adapting to Changes ........................................................................................3-25 Assessment.......................................................................................................3-25 Decisions...........................................................................................................3-26 Directing Action .................................................................................................3-29 Training and Performance ................................................................................3-30 CHAPTER 4 INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS4-1 Section I Fundamentals of Intelligence Synchronization ..........................4-1 Intelligence Synchronization ...............................................................................4-1 Tiers of Reconnaissance ....................................................................................4-9 Reconnaissance Operations.............................................................................4-10 Reconnaissance Guidance...............................................................................4-11 Forms of Reconnaissance ................................................................................4-12 ISR Order Development....................................................................................4-13 Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance Overlay........................................4-17 Enemy Situation Template................................................................................4-17 Screen...............................................................................................................4-18 Guard ................................................................................................................4-20

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Area Security .................................................................................................... 4-24 Cover ................................................................................................................ 4-24 Section III Reconnaissance ........................................................................ 4-24 Battalion Reconnaissance and Surveillance .................................................... 4-25 Fundamentals................................................................................................... 4-25 Capabilities ....................................................................................................... 4-27 Integration of Brigade Reconnaissance Squadron and Battalion Scout Platoon.............................................................................................................. 4-28 Supporting Assets Normally Available to Battalion .......................................... 4-29 CHAPTER 5 OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS .............................................................................. 5-1 Section I Fundamentals of Offensive Operations ...................................... 5-1 Characteristics of Offensive Operations............................................................. 5-1 Contact Continuum............................................................................................. 5-3 Organization of Offensive Operations ................................................................ 5-3 Section II Forms of Maneuver ...................................................................... 5-8 Envelopment....................................................................................................... 5-8 Penetration ....................................................................................................... 5-10 Turning Movement............................................................................................ 5-11 Infiltration .......................................................................................................... 5-11 Frontal attack.................................................................................................... 5-14 Sequence of Offensive Operations .................................................................. 5-14 Movement Techniques and Formations........................................................... 5-16 Section III Types Of Offensive Operations................................................ 5-22 Movement to Contact ....................................................................................... 5-22 Approach March Technique in a Movement to Contact................................... 5-22 Integration of Supporting Elements .................................................................. 5-26 Planning............................................................................................................ 5-28 Execution .......................................................................................................... 5-34 Attacks .............................................................................................................. 5-37 Characteristics of the Attack............................................................................. 5-38 Force-oriented Attack Against a Stationary Enemy Force ............................... 5-38 Force-oriented Attack Against a Moving Enemy Force.................................... 5-46 Terrain-oriented Attacks ................................................................................... 5-53 Exploitation ....................................................................................................... 5-55 Pursuit............................................................................................................... 5-55 Special Purpose Attacks .................................................................................. 5-56 Section IV Transitions................................................................................. 5-58 Consolidation.................................................................................................... 5-58 Reorganization ................................................................................................. 5-59 Continuing Operations...................................................................................... 5-59 CHAPTER 6 DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS .............................................................................. 6-1 Section I Fundamentals of the Defense ...................................................... 6-1 Purpose of the Defense...................................................................................... 6-1 Organization of Defensive Actions ..................................................................... 6-1 Characteristics of the Defense ........................................................................... 6-3 Section II Types of Defensive Operations................................................... 6-6 Area Defense...................................................................................................... 6-6 Mobile Defense................................................................................................. 6-20 Retrograde Operations..................................................................................... 6-21 Delay................................................................................................................. 6-22 Delay Organization ........................................................................................... 6-22 Delay Planning Considerations ........................................................................ 6-23

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Delay Scheme of Maneuver..............................................................................6-24 Maximizing the Use of Terrain in a Delay .........................................................6-25 Forcing the Enemy to Deploy and Maneuver in a Delay ..................................6-25 Avoiding Decisive Engagement in a Delay .......................................................6-25 Parameters of the Delay Order .........................................................................6-26 Alternate and Subsequent Positions in a Delay ...............................................6-27 Fire Support in a Delay .....................................................................................6-28 Engineer Support in a Delay .............................................................................6-29 Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Support in a Delay .....................................6-30 Sustaining Operations in a Delay .....................................................................6-30 Delay Preparations ...........................................................................................6-31 Execution of a Delay .........................................................................................6-32 Withdrawal ........................................................................................................6-34 Withdrawal Organization...................................................................................6-34 Withdrawal Planning Considerations ................................................................6-36 Withdrawal Scheme of Maneuver.....................................................................6-37 Withdrawal Preparation.....................................................................................6-38 Withdrawal Execution .......................................................................................6-38 Concealing the Withdrawal ...............................................................................6-38 Disengagement in a Withdrawal .......................................................................6-39 Actions on Contact in a Withdrawal ..................................................................6-39 Terminating the Withdrawal ..............................................................................6-39 Retirement.........................................................................................................6-39 Section III Defensive Planning Considerations ........................................6-40 Defensive Planning ...........................................................................................6-40 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield .........................................................6-41 Reserve.............................................................................................................6-43 Section IV Sequence of the Defense..........................................................6-44 Occupation and Establishment of Security .......................................................6-44 Preparation and Continued Security Operations ..............................................6-45 Security Area Engagement ...............................................................................6-45 Main Battle Area Engagement ..........................................................................6-46 Follow-On Missions...........................................................................................6-47 Section V Defensive Techniques ...............................................................6-47 Defense of an Area of Operations ....................................................................6-47 Defense from a Battle Position .........................................................................6-51 Reverse Slope Defense ....................................................................................6-53 Defense of a Strongpoint ..................................................................................6-55 Perimeter Defense ............................................................................................6-62 Counterattack....................................................................................................6-64 Section Vi Countermobility, Mobility, and Survivability...........................6-66 Countermobility .................................................................................................6-66 Survivability .......................................................................................................6-72 CHAPTER 7 URBAN OPERATIONS, COMBINED ARMS BATTALION...............................7-1 Section I Introduction ....................................................................................7-1 General Considerations of Urban Operations ....................................................7-1 Tactical Challenges.............................................................................................7-2 Heavy Maneuver Forces in Urban Operations ...................................................7-4 Section II Mission, Enemy, Terrain and Weather, Troops and Support Available, Time Available, and Civil Considerations (METT-TC) .................7-4 Mission ................................................................................................................7-5 Enemy .................................................................................................................7-5

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Urban Mapping ................................................................................................... 7-9 Terrain and Weather ........................................................................................ 7-14 Troops .............................................................................................................. 7-16 Civil Considerations.......................................................................................... 7-18 Section III Controlling Urban Operations.................................................. 7-19 Enemy Focus.................................................................................................... 7-19 Commanders Critical Information Requirements ............................................ 7-19 Task Organization of Units to Accomplish Specific Tasks ............................... 7-20 Rehearsals ....................................................................................................... 7-20 Fires and Effects Planning ............................................................................... 7-21 Field Artillery AND Mortar Support ................................................................... 7-22 Communications............................................................................................... 7-23 Weapons Effects .............................................................................................. 7-24 Section IV Offensive Operations................................................................ 7-25 Offensive Framework ....................................................................................... 7-25 Types of Attack During Urban Offensive Operations ....................................... 7-26 Transition.......................................................................................................... 7-30 Movement to Contact (Search and Attack) ...................................................... 7-31 Attack of a Village............................................................................................. 7-31 Nodal Attack ..................................................................................................... 7-32 Section V Defensive Operations ................................................................ 7-32 Defensive Framework ...................................................................................... 7-32 Defensive Planning........................................................................................... 7-34 Integrating the Urban Area into the Defense.................................................... 7-36 Nodal Defense.................................................................................................. 7-37 Delay................................................................................................................. 7-38 CHAPTER 8 STABILITY OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS............................ 8-1 Section I Stability Operations ...................................................................... 8-1 Purpose .............................................................................................................. 8-1 Types of Stability Operations ............................................................................. 8-3 Peace Operations............................................................................................... 8-3 Foreign Internal Defense.................................................................................... 8-5 Security Assistance ............................................................................................ 8-6 Humanitarian and Civic Assistance.................................................................... 8-6 Support to Insurgency ........................................................................................ 8-6 Support to Counterinsurgency............................................................................ 8-6 Support to Counterdrug Operations ................................................................... 8-6 Combating Terrorism.......................................................................................... 8-7 Noncombatant Evacuation Operations (NEO) ................................................... 8-8 Arms Control....................................................................................................... 8-8 Show Of Force.................................................................................................... 8-8 Planning Considerations .................................................................................... 8-9 Decentralized Operations................................................................................... 8-9 Rules of Engagement (ROE).............................................................................. 8-9 Rules of Interaction (ROI)................................................................................. 8-11 Force Protection ............................................................................................... 8-11 Task Organization ............................................................................................ 8-12 Media Considerations....................................................................................... 8-13 Operations with Outside Agencies ................................................................... 8-14 Specific Considerations by Functional Areas................................................... 8-14 Intelligence ....................................................................................................... 8-15 Information Operations ..................................................................................... 8-16 Maneuver.......................................................................................................... 8-16

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Aviation Support................................................................................................8-18 Fire Support ......................................................................................................8-18 Mobility And Survivability ..................................................................................8-18 Combat Service Support...................................................................................8-19 C2 Information Systems....................................................................................8-21 Techniques........................................................................................................8-22 Presence Patrols...............................................................................................8-22 Observation Posts.............................................................................................8-23 Providing Security for Indigenous Authorities ...................................................8-24 Static Security Posts .........................................................................................8-24 Searches ...........................................................................................................8-24 Roadblocks and Other Checkpoints .................................................................8-31 React to a Civil Disturbance..............................................................................8-33 Section II Support Operations ....................................................................8-33 Types Of Support Operations ...........................................................................8-33 The Armys Role in Support Operations ...........................................................8-35 Forms of Support Operations............................................................................8-36 Planning Considerations ...................................................................................8-38 Considerations for Support Operations ............................................................8-38 Planning Process ..............................................................................................8-39 Command and Control......................................................................................8-40 Maneuver ..........................................................................................................8-41 Intelligence ........................................................................................................8-41 Intelligence, Surveillance, AND Reconnaissance.............................................8-41 Fire Support ......................................................................................................8-42 Mobility And Survivability ..................................................................................8-42 Combat Service Support...................................................................................8-42 Information Operations .....................................................................................8-43 Other planning considerations ..........................................................................8-43 Pattern of Operations........................................................................................8-44 Sequence of Operations ...................................................................................8-46 Transition to Combat.........................................................................................8-48 Mission Focus ...................................................................................................8-49 Training Considerations ....................................................................................8-49 Training for Support Operations .......................................................................8-49 Training for Domestic Support Operations and Foreign Humanitarian Assistance.........................................................................................................8-50 Additional Requirements...................................................................................8-51 CHAPTER 9 COMBAT SUPPORT OPERATIONS.................................................................9-1 section I Fires and Effects Support .............................................................9-1 Fires and Effects .................................................................................................9-1 Fire Support Organizations .................................................................................9-2 Fire Support Planning and Coordination.............................................................9-3 Essential Fires and Effects Tasks.......................................................................9-6 Scheme of Fires ..................................................................................................9-9 Quick Fire Planning.............................................................................................9-9 Observation Planning........................................................................................9-11 Top-Down Fire Planning ...................................................................................9-12 Battle Damage Assessment (BDA)...................................................................9-14 Fire Support Coordination.................................................................................9-14 Rehearsals ........................................................................................................9-15 Clearance of Fires.............................................................................................9-17 Fire Support Assets ..........................................................................................9-21 Close Air Support/Joint Fires ............................................................................9-26

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Army Aviation ................................................................................................... 9-26 FBCB2-Generated Fire Missions ..................................................................... 9-27 Section II Close Air Support....................................................................... 9-28 Missions............................................................................................................ 9-28 Planning Considerations .................................................................................. 9-30 Air Force Support ............................................................................................. 9-31 Close Air Support Planning Duties and Responsibilities.................................. 9-32 Forward Air Controller ...................................................................................... 9-32 Suppression Of Enemy Air Defense................................................................. 9-34 Weather ............................................................................................................ 9-34 Section III Engineers ................................................................................... 9-34 Battalion Planning For Maneuver Support ....................................................... 9-35 Mobility.............................................................................................................. 9-36 Countermobility................................................................................................. 9-37 Survivability ...................................................................................................... 9-37 General Engineering ........................................................................................ 9-37 Geospatial Engineering .................................................................................... 9-37 Engineer Company........................................................................................... 9-38 Combat Engineer (Sapper) Platoon ................................................................. 9-38 Obstacle Section .............................................................................................. 9-38 Engineer Assets ............................................................................................... 9-39 Section IV Air Defense Support ................................................................. 9-43 Mission ............................................................................................................. 9-44 Organizations ................................................................................................... 9-44 Air Defense Planning Considerations .............................................................. 9-45 Air and Missile Defense Officer Duties............................................................. 9-46 Offensive Considerations ................................................................................. 9-47 Defensive Considerations ................................................................................ 9-47 Air Defense Types ............................................................................................ 9-48 Air Defense Warnings and Weapons Control Status ....................................... 9-48 Air Defense Assets ........................................................................................... 9-49 CHAPTER 10 SUSTAINING OPERATIONS ............................................................................. 10-1 Section I Sustaining Operations And Organization................................. 10-1 Overview........................................................................................................... 10-1 Sustainment Responsibilities ........................................................................... 10-4 Forward Support Company .............................................................................. 10-5 Forward Support Company Organization......................................................... 10-6 Section II. Combat Service Support Operations ....................................... 10-10 Ordnance Operations (Class V) ..................................................................... 10-10 Supply Operations (Class III, Bulk) ................................................................ 10-11 Maintenance Operations ................................................................................ 10-12 Maintenance Platoon...................................................................................... 10-14 Transportation Operations.............................................................................. 10-14 Supply and Field Services Operations ........................................................... 10-14 Human Resource Operations......................................................................... 10-21 Section III Combat Service Support Planning ........................................ 10-24 Planning Overview.......................................................................................... 10-24 Logistics Estimate........................................................................................... 10-24 Supporting Offensive Operations ................................................................... 10-26 Supporting Defensive Operations .................................................................. 10-29 Echelon of the Trains...................................................................................... 10-32 Movement of the Trains.................................................................................. 10-33

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LOGPAC Operations ......................................................................................10-34 Combat Trains and FSC Security ...................................................................10-36 Command and Control....................................................................................10-37 Communications .............................................................................................10-37 Section IV Reconstitution .........................................................................10-38 Reorganization ................................................................................................10-38 Regeneration...................................................................................................10-38 CHAPTER 11 COMMAND POST OPERATIONS......................................................................11-1 Section I Battle Command And Control ....................................................11-1 Command Group/Battle Command on the Move (BCOM) ...............................11-1 Main Command Post ........................................................................................11-2 Combat Trains Command Post ........................................................................11-3 Combined arms battalion support area command post....................................11-3 Command post survivability ..............................................................................11-4 Displacement ....................................................................................................11-5 Section II Command Post Operations .......................................................11-6 Standing Operating Procedures .......................................................................11-6 Communications ...............................................................................................11-7 Maps .................................................................................................................11-7 Communications Security .................................................................................11-8 The Battle Captain ............................................................................................11-8 Operations Sergeant Major...............................................................................11-9 Section III Communication..........................................................................11-9 Means Of Communication ..............................................................................11-10 Section IV Communications Systems .....................................................11-13 Combat Net Radio ..........................................................................................11-13 The Digital Battlefiled ......................................................................................11-14 Army Battle Command System Components .................................................11-15 Force XXI Battle Command Brigade And Below ............................................11-17 Joint Network Node.........................................................................................11-17 JNN network operations in the Combined Arms Battalion..............................11-19 Section V Digital Command and Control Systems and Architecture...11-20 Signal Responsibilities ....................................................................................11-21 Integrating Digital and Analog Units ...............................................................11-21 Information Management ................................................................................11-22 Digital Standing Operating Procedure Considerations ...................................11-27 CHAPTER 12 TACTICAL ENABLING OPERATIONS..............................................................12-1 Section I Relief Operations .........................................................................12-1 Planning considerations....................................................................................12-1 Command and control.......................................................................................12-3 Section II SECURITY OPERATIONS...........................................................12-3 Screen...............................................................................................................12-3 Guard ................................................................................................................12-5 Area Security.....................................................................................................12-9 Cover.................................................................................................................12-9 Section III Battle Handover and Passage of Lines ...................................12-9 Battle Handover ................................................................................................12-9 Passage of Lines ............................................................................................12-11 Forward Passage of Lines ..............................................................................12-15 Rearward Passage of Lines............................................................................12-15 Rehearsal........................................................................................................12-16

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Section IV Linkup Operations .................................................................. 12-16 Control During Linkup Operations .................................................................. 12-16 Forms of Linkup.............................................................................................. 12-17 Section V River-Crossing Operations ..................................................... 12-21 General River-Crossing Considerations......................................................... 12-22 Assault OF THE Crossing Site ....................................................................... 12-23 Section VI Combined Arms Breaching Operations ............................... 12-25 Breach Tenets ................................................................................................ 12-25 Combined Arms Breach During Deliberate Operations ................................. 12-28 Combined Arms Breach During Hasty Operations ........................................ 12-31 Section VII Tactical Road March .............................................................. 12-35 March Elements.............................................................................................. 12-35 March Column Organization........................................................................... 12-36 Techniques ..................................................................................................... 12-37 Planning Considerations ................................................................................ 12-38 Movement Order............................................................................................. 12-38 Control Measures ........................................................................................... 12-38 Security........................................................................................................... 12-40 Section VIII Assembly Area Operations .................................................. 12-41 Assembly Areas.............................................................................................. 12-41 Organization of Assembly Areas .................................................................... 12-42 Quartering Party ............................................................................................. 12-43 Occupation ..................................................................................................... 12-46 Actions in the Assembly Area......................................................................... 12-47 Security........................................................................................................... 12-47 Departure from the Assembly Area ................................................................ 12-49 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I Appendix J Appendix K Appendix L Appendix M INTEGRATION OF HEAVY, STRYKER, AND INFANTRY MANEUVER FORCES.............................................................................................................A-1 AVIATION SUPPORT OF GROUND OPERATIONS........................................B-1 OPERATIONS IN CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR CONDITIONS .....................................................................................................C-1 RISK MANAGEMENT AND FRATRICIDE AVOIDANCE .................................D-1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS .......................................................... E-1 SNIPER EMPLOYMENT.................................................................................... F-1 FIRES INTEGRATION .......................................................................................G-1 DEPLOYMENT...................................................................................................H-1 PLANNING AND OPERATIONS CHARTS........................................................ I-1 AIR ASSAULT/MOVEMENT OPERATIONS .................................................... J-1 FIELD PROCESSING DETAINEES ..................................................................K-1 MEDIA ON THE BATTLEFIELD........................................................................ L-1 DIGITAL COMMAND AND CONTROL REHEARSAL .................................... M-1 GLOSSARY ..........................................................................................Glossary-1 REFERENCES ..................................................................................References-1

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FiguresFigure Intro-1. Todays Army .................................................................................................xviii Figure Intro-2. Restructuring Todays Army............................................................................. xx Figure Intro-3. Modularity and the Armys Need to Change ................................................... xxi Figure Intro-4. UEy and UEx.................................................................................................. xxii Figure Intro-5. From Divisions to Brigades ............................................................................xxiii Figure Intro-6. UEy Organization ........................................................................................... xxv Figure Intro-7. UEx Organization .......................................................................................... xxvi Figure Intro-8. Heavy BCT ...................................................................................................xxviii Figure Intro-9. Fires Brigade .................................................................................................. xxx Figure Intro-10. UEx Aviation Brigade .................................................................................. xxxi Figure Intro-11. Battlefield Surveillance Brigade ..................................................................xxxii Figure Intro-12. Maneuver Enhancement Brigade ..............................................................xxxiii Figure Intro-13. Sustainment Brigade..................................................................................xxxiv Figure 1-1. Information Operations ........................................................................................ 1-5 Figure 1-2. Contiguous Versus Noncontiguous..................................................................... 1-8 Figure 2-1. Combined Arms Battalion.................................................................................... 2-2 Figure 2-2. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combined Arms Battalion ........... 2-13 Figure 2-3. Mechanized Infantry Company, Combined Arms Battalion .............................. 2-16 Figure 2-4. Armor Company, Combined Arms Battalion ..................................................... 2-17 Figure 2-5. Engineer Company, Combined Arms Battalion................................................. 2-17 Figure 2-6. Forward Support Company, Combined Arms Battalion .................................... 2-19 Figure 3-1. Visualization ........................................................................................................ 3-4 Figure 3-2. The Operations Process...................................................................................... 3-7 Figure 3-3. Cognitive Hierarchy ........................................................................................... 3-11 Figure 3-4. MDMP Steps, Inputs, and Outputs.................................................................... 3-15 Figure 3-5. The Steps in the MDMP .................................................................................... 3-27 Figure 3-6. Executing an Operation ..................................................................................... 3-30 Figure 4-1. Battalion Information Requirements .................................................................... 4-2 Figure 4-2. Intelligence Synchronization Process ................................................................. 4-3 Figure 4-3. Tiers of Reconnaissance..................................................................................... 4-9 Figure 4-4. Situation Template............................................................................................. 4-19 Figure 4-5. Rear, Flank, and Advance Guard Operations ................................................... 4-21 Figure 4-6. Reconnaissance Squadron and Heavy Combined Arms Battalion Scout Employment During Brigade Movement to Contact ......................................... 4-28 Figure 4-7. Counterreconnaissance Organization of Brigade Reconnaissance Troop and Heavy Combined Arms Battalion Scout Platoon....................................... 4-30 Figure 5-1. Contact Continuum.............................................................................................. 5-3 Figure 5-2. Envelopment........................................................................................................ 5-9 Figure 5-3. Penetration ........................................................................................................ 5-10 Figure 5-4. Turning Movement............................................................................................. 5-12 Figure 5-5. Infiltration ........................................................................................................... 5-13 Figure 5-6. Frontal Attack Against a Moving Enemy ........................................................... 5-14

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Figure 5-7. Combined Arms Battalion in Column Formation ...............................................5-18 Figure 5-8. Combined Arms Battalion in Wedge Formation ................................................5-19 Figure 5-9. Combined Arms Battalion in Vee Formation......................................................5-20 Figure 5-10. Combined Arms Battalion in Echelon Right Formation ...................................5-21 Figure 5-11. Combined Arms Battalion in Line Formation ...................................................5-21 Figure 5-12. Combined Arms Battalion Movement to Contact as Part of a Brigade............5-23 Figure 5-13. Combined Arms Battalion Movement to Contact.............................................5-24 Figure 5-14. Combined Arms Battalion in Retrograde .........................................................5-37 Figure 5-15. Planning the Attack ..........................................................................................5-47 Figure 5-16. Example of a Combined Arms Battalion Flank Attack .....................................5-48 Figure 5-17. Terrain-Oriented Attack....................................................................................5-54 Figure 6-1. Sample Defensive Graphics for Linear Operations ............................................. 6-4 Figure 6-2. Example of a Forward Defense With HBCT Combined Arms Battalion and Companies Defending Forward ................................................................... 6-7 Figure 6-3. Defense in Depth ................................................................................................. 6-8 Figure 6-4. Delay from Alternating Positions........................................................................6-28 Figure 6-5. Delay from Subsequent Positions......................................................................6-29 Figure 6-6. Methods for Organizing the Detachment Left in Contact...................................6-35 Figure 6-7. Defense of an Area of Operations .....................................................................6-49 Figure 6-8. Disposition of Forces in and About a Battle Position.........................................6-51 Figure 6-9. Organization of the Reverse Slope Defense .....................................................6-54 Figure 6-10. Battalion HBCT Combined Arms Battalion Strongpoint...................................6-57 Figure 6-11. Strongpoint Fire Support Plan .........................................................................6-60 Figure 6-12. Perimeter Defense ...........................................................................................6-63 Figure 6-13. Example of an HBCT Combined Arms Battalion Obstacle Plan .....................6-67 Figure 7-1. Enemy Threat Tactics .......................................................................................... 7-6 Figure 7-2. Initial Photo Reconnaissance of Urban Area of Operations ................................ 7-9 Figure 7-3. Avenues of Approach in the Urban Area ...........................................................7-11 Figure 7-4. Sewer and Subterranean Overlay .....................................................................7-12 Figure 7-5. Enemy Overlay...................................................................................................7-13 Figure 7-6. Sample Offensive Task Organization ................................................................7-17 Figure 7-7. Dead Space .......................................................................................................7-22 Figure 7-8. Offensive Urban Operational Framework ..........................................................7-26 Figure 7-9. Isolation of an Urban Area Using the Cordon Technique..................................7-28 Figure 7-10. Securing a Foothold, Task Force Attack .........................................................7-29 Figure 7-11. Example of How to Develop a Systematic Clearance Within Assigned Areas.................................................................................................................7-30 Figure 7-12. Graphical Control Measures to Facilitate Search and Attack Technique........7-31 Figure 7-13. Attack of a Village ............................................................................................7-33 Figure 7-14. Brigade Scheme of Maneuver Nodal Attack....................................................7-34 Figure 7-15. Combined Arms Battalion Nodal Attack...........................................................7-35 Figure 7-16. Defensive Urban Operational Framework .......................................................7-36 Figure 7-17. Integrating Urban Areas Into a Defense ..........................................................7-37 Figure 7-18. Nodal Defense, Transitional Situation .............................................................7-38

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Figure 7-19. Nodal Defense, Different Defensive Techniques ............................................ 7-39 Figure 7-20. Task Force Delay in an Urban Area................................................................ 7-40 Figure 8-1. Security Post ..................................................................................................... 8-25 Figure 8-2. Typical Organization for Search Operations ..................................................... 8-28 Figure 8-3. Conduct of a Search.......................................................................................... 8-29 Figure 8-4. Physical Layout of Roadblock ........................................................................... 8-32 Figure 9-1. Combined Arms Battalion Mortar Platoon......................................................... 9-24 Figure 9-2. Immediate Close Air Request Channels ........................................................... 9-30 Figure 9-3. Combat Engineer Company .............................................................................. 9-39 Figure 9-4. Air Defense Artillery Architecture ...................................................................... 9-44 Figure 9-5. Air Defense Artillery Battery .............................................................................. 9-45 Figure 9-6. Air Defense Early Warning ................................................................................ 9-49 Figure 10-1.CSS Operations Brigade and Below for BCT................................................... 10-2 Figure 10-2. Forward Support Company Doctrinal Template.............................................. 10-7 Figure 10-3. Forward Support Company ............................................................................. 10-8 Figure 10-4. Class V Resupply .......................................................................................... 10-11 Figure 10-5. Class III(B) Resupply..................................................................................... 10-12 Figure 10-6. Maintenance Communication Flow ............................................................... 10-13 Figure 10-7. Class I Distribution......................................................................................... 10-15 Figure 10-8. Water Distribution .......................................................................................... 10-16 Figure 10-9. Class II, III(P), and IV Operations.................................................................. 10-17 Figure 10-10. Class VIII Resupply Operations at Level I................................................... 10-19 Figure 11-1. Army Tactical Command and Control Systems ............................................ 11-11 Figure 11-2. Battalion Network Node................................................................................. 11-18 Figure 11-3. Battalion to UEx JNN Interface...................................................................... 11-20 Figure 12-1. Rear, Flank, and Advance Guard Operations ................................................. 12-6 Figure 12-2. Forward Passage of Lines............................................................................. 12-12 Figure 12-3. Rearward Passage of Lines .......................................................................... 12-13 Figure 12-4. Combat Service Support Plan for Rearward Passage of Lines .................... 12-14 Figure 12-5. Linkup of a Moving Force With a Stationary Force ....................................... 12-18 Figure 12-6. Linkup of Two Moving Units .......................................................................... 12-19 Figure 12-7. Reverse Planning Sequence......................................................................... 12-29 Figure 12-8. Example of Battalion Strip Map ..................................................................... 12-39 Figure B-1. Heavy Aviation Brigade....................................................................................... B-3 Figure B-2. Light Aviation Brigade ......................................................................................... B-4 Figure B-3. Forced Entry Aviation Brigade ............................................................................ B-5 Figure B-4. Close Combat Attack Checklist......................................................................... B-14 Figure B-5. Example of a Close Combat Attack Brief.......................................................... B-14 Figure D-1. Risk Management Steps Correlated With MDMP Tasks....................................D-2 Figure D-2. Examples of Potential Hazards...........................................................................D-3 Figure D-3. Risk Levels and Impact on Mission Execution ...................................................D-4 Figure D-4. Effects of Sleep Loss ........................................................................................D-12 Figure D-5. Indicators of Sleep Deprivation and Fatigue.....................................................D-12 Figure D-6. Reducing the Impact of Continuous Operations...............................................D-13

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Figure E-1. Risk Assessment Matrix ......................................................................................E-3 Figure E-2. Completed Environmental Risk Assessment Matrix ...........................................E-4 Figure E-3. Overall Risk Assessment.....................................................................................E-6 Figure E-4. Overall Environmental Risk .................................................................................E-6 Figure E-5. Overall Risk Assessment Matrix....................................................................... E-15 Figure G-1. Planning Steps for Echeloning Fires.................................................................. G-7 Figure G-2. Execution ConsiderationsClose Air Support .................................................. G-8 Figure G-3. Execution ConsiderationsShaping Fires ........................................................ G-9 Figure G-4. Execution ConsiderationsActions on Objective............................................ G-10 Figure H-1. Force Projection Process ................................................................................... H-3 Figure I-1. Cover Sheet ........................................................................................................... I-1 Figure I-2. Mission Analysis Briefing Agenda.......................................................................... I-2 Figure I-3. Higher Headquarters Concept Sketch ................................................................... I-2 Figure I-4. Higher Headquarters Order ................................................................................... I-3 Figure I-5. Commanders Initial Guidance............................................................................... I-3 Figure I-6. Terrain Analysis Worksheet ................................................................................... I-4 Figure I-7. Terrain Analysis Worksheet ................................................................................... I-4 Figure I-8. Weather Analysis ...................................................................................................I-5 Figure I-9. Enemy Composition............................................................................................... I-5 Figure I-10. Enemy Disposition/Strength Chart....................................................................... I-6 Figure I-11. Enemy Capabilities Chart .................................................................................... I-6 Figure I-12. Enemy COA #1 Chart .......................................................................................... I-7 Figure I-13. CCIR Chart........................................................................................................... I-7 Figure I-14. Event Matrix ......................................................................................................... I-8 Figure I-15. R&S Matrix ........................................................................................................... I-8 Figure I-16. Initial R&S Plan .................................................................................................... I-9 Figure I-17. Tasks and Constraints Chart ............................................................................... I-9 Figure I-18. Tasks and Constraints Chart .............................................................................I-10 Figure I-19. Current Task Organization/Combat Power........................................................ I-10 Figure I-20. CSS Status Chart............................................................................................... I-11 Figure I-21. Classes of Supply Chart .................................................................................... I-11 Figure I-22. Class III/V Usage and Protection Chart ............................................................. I-12 Figure I-23. End Item Status Chart........................................................................................ I-12 Figure I-24. Commanders Guidance Chart ..........................................................................I-13 Figure I-25. COA Brief Agenda Chart.................................................................................... I-13 Figure I-26. Restarted Mission Statement.............................................................................I-14 Figure I-27. RCPA Matrix ...................................................................................................... I-14 Figure I-28. COA Sketch #1 .................................................................................................. I-15 Figure I-29. COA Comparison Chart ..................................................................................... I-15 Figure I-30. Decision Brief Agenda .......................................................................................I-16 Figure I-31. Light and Weather Chart.................................................................................... I-16 Figure I-32. Enemy Situation Chart ....................................................................................... I-17 Figure I-33. Commanders Intent........................................................................................... I-17 Figure I-34. Timeline.............................................................................................................. I-18

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Figure J-1. Air Assault Planning Process ...............................................................................J-8 Figure J-2. Air Assault/Movement Coordination Checklist .....................................................J-9 Figure J-3. Recommendation Go No-Go Air Assault Chart....................................................J-9 Figure J-4. Air Assault Planning and Rehearsal Timeline ....................................................J-10 Figure K-1. DA Form 4137, Evidence/Property Custody Document (Front) ......................... K-6 Figure K-2. DA Form 4137, Evidence/Property Custody Document (Back).......................... K-7 Figure K-3. DD Form 2745, Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) Capture Tag (Front) ................ K-8 Figure K-4. DD Form 2745, Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) Capture Tag (Back)................. K-9 Figure M-1. Example of Equipment Listing for DC2R Functions Check............................... M-2 Figure M-2. Example of ABCS Functions Check of Messages Between Systems .............. M-3 Figure M-3. Example of FBCB2 Checklist ............................................................................ M-4 Figure M-4. Example of ABCS Checks at the Battalion Level.............................................. M-5

TablesTable 6-1. Comparison of Methods of Delay ....................................................................... 6-27 Table 6-2. Obstacle Effects.................................................................................................. 6-68 Table 7-1. Categories of Urban Areas ................................................................................. 7-14 Table 8-1. Area Assessment Checklist................................................................................ 8-17 Table 9-1. Combined Arms Battalion Fire Support Element.................................................. 9-3 Table 9-2. Company Fire Support Teams ............................................................................. 9-3 Table 9-3. Essential Fires and Effects Tasks ........................................................................ 9-8 Table 9-4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Mortars ........................................................ 9-23 Table 9-5. Self-Destruct Windows ....................................................................................... 9-41 Table 9-6. Lethality and Density .......................................................................................... 9-42 Table 9-7. Emplacement Authority....................................................................................... 9-43 Table 12-1. Breaching Organization .................................................................................. 12-27 Table A-1 Example of Possible Infantry Maneuver Force Tasks........................................... A-3 Table A-2. Example of Possible Stryker Maneuver Force Tasks .......................................... A-4 Table A-3. Dismounted Rates of March (Normal Terrain) ................................................... A-11 Table B-1. Danger Close Ranges for Attack Helicopter Engagement................................. B-15 Table B-2. AH-64 Characteristics ........................................................................................ B-19 Table B-3. OH-58 Characteristics........................................................................................ B-20 Table B-4. UH-60 Characteristics ........................................................................................ B-21 Table B-5. CH-47 Characteristics ........................................................................................ B-22 Table B-6 Typical Helicopter Fuel Expenditure Rates and Capacities................................ B-23 Table B-7. Typical Helicopter Load Capacities.................................................................... B-23 Table B-8. Typical Planning Weights for Combat Equipment and Vehicles........................ B-24 Table B-9. Typical Attack Reconnaissance Helicopter Ordnance Loads ............................ B-25 Table C-1. Characteristics of Chemical Agents .....................................................................C-2 Table C-2. MOPP Levels .......................................................................................................C-5 Table E-1. Air Pollution Risk Impact Value ............................................................................ E-8 Table E-2. Archeological, Cultural, and Historic Resources Risk Impact Value ................... E-9

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Table E-3. Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Waste Risk Impact Value....................... E-10 Table E-4. Noise Pollution Risk Impact Value..................................................................... E-11 Table E-5. Threatened and Endangered Species Risk Impact Value ................................ E-12 Table E-6. Water Pollution Risk Impact Value .................................................................... E-13 Table E-7. Wetland Protection Risk Impact Value .............................................................. E-14 Table G-1. Commanders Guidance for Fire Support ........................................................... G-2 Table G-2. Risk Estimate Distances for Mortars and Cannon Artillery ................................. G-5 Table J-1. AMCM Agenda .................................................................................................... J-11 Table J-2. AMCM Checklist.................................................................................................. J-12 Table K-1. Five Ss and T Method of Detainee Field Processing ...........................................K-3

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PrefaceField Manual-Interim (FMI) 3-90.5 provides tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) for the tactical employment of the heavy brigade combat team (HBCT) combined arms battalion. This publication Provides the doctrinal guidance for commanders, staffs, and subordinate commanders and leaders of the organizations who are responsible for conducting (planning, preparing, executing, and assessing) HBCT combined arms battalion operations. Serves as an authoritative reference for personnel developing doctrine (fundamental principles and TTP) materiel, and force structure; institution and unit training; and standing operating procedures (SOPs) for combined arms battalions operations. This FMI addresses combined arms battalion operations for HBCTs organized under the Army modular concept that governs the development of equipment, training, and structure for former divisional brigades. The procedures described herein are intended as a guide and are not to be considered inflexible. Each situation in combat must be resolved by an intelligent interpretation and application of the doctrine set forth herein. FMI 3-90.5 is written for the combined arms battalion commander, battle staff, subordinate commanders, and all supporting units. The manual reflects and supports the Army operations doctrine as stated in FM 3-0, Operations. This FMI is not intended as a stand-alone reference for combined arms battalion operations; rather, it is to be used with existing doctrine. This FMI is published to provide expedited delivery of doctrine urgently needed to execute transformation to modular organizations. It has not been placed through the standard development process but is authorized for implementation. FM 3-90.5 is under development and will supersede this FMI before its expiration date. Send comments on this FMI to the addresses below. The proponents will consider them for inclusion in FM 3-90.5. The doctrine in this FMI is based on suggestions, insights, and observations developed from four separate 3d Infantry Division HBCT rotations at the Combat Training Centers (CTCs), conducted by Task Force Modularity Field Experimentation Project Team (FEPT), Joint and Army Experimentation Division (JAED), Futures Center (FC), TRADOC, during FY 2004. Each CTC rotation yielded valuable information concerning the combined arms battalion operations. Additionally, Task Force Logistics contributed significant insights to the doctrine in this FMI. This FMI was written in conjunction with five other FMIs relating to HBCT operations: the HBCT, fires and effects operations; logistics; brigade troops battalion operations; and reconnaissance squadron operations. These FMIs include not only TTP that have changed due to the new organization but also a wide variety of TTP that, after implementing the new HBCT organization, remain relevant and provide the required contextual frameworks. The proponent for this publication is the US Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Submit comments and recommended changes and the rational for those changes on DA Form 2028 and forward to Commander, USAARMC, ATTN: ATZK-TDD-B, Fort Knox, KY 40121-5000 or e-mail the DA Form 2028 to Doctrine Training/Doctrine Development web site, Doctrine Division, Chief Combined Arms Doctrine Branch at: http://knoxwww.army.mil/center/dtdd/ and Commandant, USAIS, ATTN: ATSH-ATD, Fort Benning, GA 31905-5593 or email to doctrine@benning.army.mil. Unless otherwise stated in this publication, the masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.

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IntroductionSECTION I - PURPOSEAn interim field manual (FMI) is a Department of the Army publication that provides expedited delivery of urgently needed doctrine. This FMI is one of six being prepared to meet the doctrinal requirements of the heavy brigade combat team (HBCT). This FMI applies to the transformational force across the full spectrum of military operations: peacetime military engagement (PME), small-scale contingencies (SSCs), and major combat operations (MCO). The doctrine contained in this FMI is approved for immediate use in training and operations. Operational concepts described in this manual are based on decisions by the Army Chief of Staff to reorganize the Army to a brigade-based force and to quickly implement good enough designs that will be refined over time. The material provided in this FMI is considered good enough to satisfy the requirements of the Armys transforming organizations. The intended audience for this publication is leaders and staff sections within transforming units. These leaders include those in combined arms chains of command, field and company grade officers, middle grade and senior noncommissioned officers, and battalion and squadron command groups and staffs. This manual provides guidance for unit of employment (UEx) leaders and staffs for training and employment of the heavy brigade combat team (HBCT) to conduct close combat in offensive and defensive operations. This publication may also be used by other Army organizations to assist in their planning for support to HBCTs. This FMI applies to the active component (AC), reserve component (RC), and Army civilians. It builds on the collective knowledge and experience gained through recent operations, numerous exercises, and the deliberate process of informed reasoning. It is rooted in time-tested principles and fundamentals while accommodating new technologies and diverse threats to national security. This FMI will expire after 2 years from its approved publication date. Throughout its life, proponents should collect feedback to refine the emerging doctrine that will be incorporated into new or revised field manuals.

SECTION II - TRANSFORMING TO MEET OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS WE ARE A NATION AT WARIn the opening decade of the 21st century, regional instability, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), transnational threats from groups using terrorism to achieve political objectives, the spiraling information revolution, and ongoing globalization have created a prolonged period of conflict for the United States with great uncertainty about the nature and location of that conflict. The multipolar world created by the breakup of the Soviet Union has presented the US Army with both opportunities and challenges. Current and future enemies may look different from the Soviet Union, but American interests remain the same. Today, while peace exists between the great powers, a state of permanent white water can be found in much of the world. In this environment, war is the norm, and peace is the exception. Our adversaries seek adaptive advantage through asymmetry. America has near peer competitors in niche areas, and

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conventional force on force conflicts are still possible. There is an enormous pool of potential combatants armed with irreconcilable ideas, and our homeland has become part of the battlespace. Historically, conventional terrorism and threats directed at US citizens and property were conducted outside of US borders. The events of 9/11 demonstrated that the threat to the US homeland from transnational organizations and groups with regional agendas is very real. The Army must be able to defuse crises and/or defeat aggression early to prevent escalation and limit damage. To meet the requirements of the current operational environment, we need flexible, rapidly deployable forces and sufficient depth and strength to sustain multiple, simultaneous operations. The Army must adapt to these challenges NOW. We are generating more versatile combat power because: We have extended worldwide commitments. We will remain at war for the foreseeable future. We must be more responsive to the needs of regional combatant commanders (RCCs). We must execute offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations as part of an integrated joint force.

DELIVERING THE RIGHT ARMY FORCESTo better meet current and future operational requirements, the United States Army is undertaking a total organizational redesign of its combat and associated support units, while in the midst of the global war on terrorism (GWOT). In terms of scope, the efforts to transform the Army rival the changes wrought in the Army by Secretary of War Elihu Root a century ago in 1903. This effort involves changing how the Army conducts operations, and how it is organized to accomplish assigned missions. The organization and doctrine of the Army that appears as the result of transformation will not resemble that with which our nation fought the major conflicts of the last century. (See Figure Intro-1.)

Figure Intro-1. Todays Army

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We are seeking a campaign-quality Army with a joint and expeditionary mindset. This new expeditionary mindset recognizes we are an Army in contact engaged in ongoing operations and ready to respond to the next crisis as it evolves. Transformation is an attitude and spirit infused across the entire forcethat embraces a forward-leaning, modular, joint interdependent and capabilities-based Army led by aggressive, intelligent, and empowered Soldiers. This team of teams will transform to an Army that will ultimately win the war on terror and provide longterm security for the Nation. Army transformation is a comprehensive effort intended to reinvent the Army at strategic, operational, and tactical levels. Formations will be redesigned to provide modular, capabilitiesbased organizations, increasing their relevance and responsiveness to RCCs. Changing the organizational structure of units must be logically consistent with future force concepts but tempered by the technological and current force capabilities that are reasonably available in the near term. This force will be strategically responsive, networked, and fight with a precision capabilities-based maneuver force that is dominant across the range of military operations envisioned for the future global security environment. Delivering the right Army forces at the right place and time is vital to the joint force commanders ability to defeat any enemy. As the Army repositions and reconfigures its forces, the ability to rapidly deploy, employ, and sustain forces throughout the global battlespace will be expanded. Keeping the Army relevant and ready is about anticipation and not about preparing for yesterday's challenges. The world is changing and the Army is responding to these changes and positioning itself for the challenges of the future strategic environment with forces that will be more effective in combat missions, more capable of stability operations, and far better at interacting with other service tactical elements of the joint force.

SECTION III - A TOTAL ORGANIZATIONAL REDESIGN MODULARITYModularity is the foundation for building a campaign quality Army with joint and expeditionary capabilities. Often, commanders require a function to be performed that does not warrant the deployment of an entire unit. However, deploying portions of units can render the remaining elements of the parent organization incapable of performing their mission due to a lack of key personnel and equipment Modularity provides a force design methodology that aids in solving these dilemmas. It enhances the Army's ability to rapidly respond to a wide range of global contingencies with a force possessing needed functions and capabilities, while deploying a minimum of troops and equipment. It is a methodology that puts the right amount of the needed capabilities at the right place at the right time. At the same time, it also leaves behind the remainder of an organization that can be deployed later or can provide mission-capable support elsewhere if needed. Modularity is about packaging units into flexible configurations, creating more cohesive and capable units, and adjusting the types and mix of AC and RC units (See Figure Intro-2). Modular units are rapidly deployable, responsive, agile, tailorable, and discrete packages of land force combat power.

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Figure Intro-2. Restructuring Todays Army The object of modularity is to provide superior tactical units that are more responsive and provide greater mission potency for the joint force commander. Modularity provides the methodology for the Army to achieve a force structure that will optimize rapid assembly of mission-oriented contingency forces that are effective and efficient; while providing a means of rapidly identifying, mobilizing, and deploying doctrinally sound, sustainable, and fully mission-capable elements/organizations capable of operating in a joint and combined environment (See Figure Intro-3.)

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Figure Intro-3. Modularity and the Armys Need to Change Modularity will apply to force elements, including command and control (C2) headquarters performing missions across the range of military operations (peacetime, conflict, and war) and force elements participating in joint, combined, multinational, and interagency operations.

MODULAR HEADQUARTERSSince 1999, the US military has undergone a sweeping evolution driven by operational experience and new capabilities. In the past, the conduct of operations was divided into loosely linked major land, sea, and air operations, often conducted with different objectives. Today, joint operations form an integrated joint fabric, and increasingly, operations are integrated at the tactical level. The nature of modern land operations has changed in terms of geography and time. In general, operations have become more distributed in space and more simultaneous in time. At tactical and operational levels, subordinate units operate in noncontiguous areas of operations and conduct nonlinear operations as a matter of routine. This change is the result of smaller and more agile forces, significant improvements in C2, and continuing integration of joint capabilities at lower echelons. Army forces continue to increase their lethality. The integration of ad