10
Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1 U D C 6 2 1 . 3 1 1 . 2 2 : 5 0 4 . 5 U D C 6 6 . 0 1 7 FLY ASH-POLYMER COMPOSITES BASED ON POLYVINYLCHLORIDE AND INDUSTRIAL FLY ASH WASTE PARTICLES R a m a n A l i t i , G o r a n N a če v s k i , G o r d a n a R u s e s k a , P e r i c a P a u n o v i ü, A n i t a G r o z d a n o v * Faculty of Technology anG Metallurgy, Univeristy 6s &yril anG MethoGius in 6koSMe, 5ugMer Boskovic 1, 1000 6koSMe, 5. MaceGonia anita#tPf.ukiP.eGu.Pk Abstract An alternative filler baseG on inGustrial Zaste Sarticles of Fly $sh F$ in Poly 9inyl &hloriGe P9& coPSosites Zas testeG in this Zork. Plastici]eG P9& Zas useG as a Patrix. F$P9& coPSosite saPSles Zere SreSareG using tZo Gifferent tySes of F$ F$ Zaste Sarticles obtaineG as a bySroGuct froP the ferro-nickel SroGuction Srocess anG F$ Sarticles froP the coal SoZer Slant. The obtaineG FA Sarticles were chePically PoGifieG anG useG in P9& SolyPer Patrix in orGer to obtain landfill geoPePbranes. The F$ surface Zas PoGifieG by 1aO+ anG +&l treatPent. &oncentration of the fly ash Zas varieG in the range of , 10 anG 20 . The obtaineG saPSles Zere analy]eG by TG$DT$, FT,5, 6(M anG sZelling test. UniforP reinforcePent GisSersion in the SolyPer Patrix is very iPSortant in orGer to ensure that there Zas a gooG interaction betZeen both constituents that Zill result in gooG coPSosite¶s SroSerties. The Picrostructural SroSerties of the obtaineG F$P9& coPSosites stuGieG by 6EM, confirmed region of Zell GisSerseG F$ Sarticles Zhere fly ash Sarticles Zere Pechanically interlockeG in the P9& Patrix Zith gooG interfacial interaction Zith the Patrix. +oZever, Sarticle aggloPeration anG voids were observeG in coPSosites reinforceG Zith higher aPounts of fly ash. TherPal SaraPeters of the P9& coPSosites GecreaseG in the Sresence of both tySes of F$. /oZer values Zere obtaineG Gue to the +&/ treatPent of F$ Sarticles coPSareG to 1aO+ treateG F$. Generally, all the F$P9& coPSosites have shoZn higher sZelling Gegree than P9&. Key words: Fly $sh, PolyPer &oPSosites, Industrial waste Introduction B e s i d e s t h e f i b e r - r e i n f o r c e d p o l y m e r c o m p o s i t e s , t h e p a r t i c u l a t e c o m p o s i t e s h a v e r e c e i v e d c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t i n t h e f i e l d o f m a t e r i a l s b e c a u s e o f t h e i r p o t e n t i a l f o r l a r g e g a i n s i n m e c h a n i c a l a n d m o r p h o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a s w e l l a s f r o m t h e e c o l o g i c a l p o i n t o f v i e w . T h e r m o p l a s t i c p o l y m e r s a n d e s p e c i a l l y P o l y V i n y l C h l o r i d e ( P V C ) n o w a d a y s a r e p r o d u c e d a n d u s e d i n h u g e q u a n t i t i e s . T h e y a r e s e l d o m u s e d a s p u r e p o l y m e r s a n d t h e y a r e u s u a l l y c o m b i n e d w i t h m i n e r a l f i l l e r s l i k e f l y a s h , g r a p h i t e e t c . F i l l e r s f i n d a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y a p p l i c a t i o n i n t h e p o l y m e r i n d u s t r y t o i m p r o v e m e c h a n i c a l , t h e r m a l , e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a n d d i m e n s i o n a l - s t a b i l i t y . F l y a s h i s a p o u z z o l l a n i c m a t e r i a l , m a i n l y g e n e r a t e d a s a b y p r o d u c t o r w a s t e s f r o m c o a l - b u r n i n g t h e r m a l p o w e r p l a n t s a s w e l l a s f r o m t h e m i n e p r o d u c t i o n p r o c e s s , a n d c o l l e c t e d b y a n

FLY ASH-POLYMER COMPOSITES BASED ON … · 2018. 10. 27. · 14 Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1 U D C6 2 1 . 3 1 1 . 2 2 : 5 0 4 . 5 U D C 6 6 . 0 1 7 FLY ASH-POLYMER

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Page 1: FLY ASH-POLYMER COMPOSITES BASED ON … · 2018. 10. 27. · 14 Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1 U D C6 2 1 . 3 1 1 . 2 2 : 5 0 4 . 5 U D C 6 6 . 0 1 7 FLY ASH-POLYMER

14

Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1

U D C 6 2 1 . 3 1 1 . 2 2 : 5 0 4 . 5U D C 6 6 . 0 1 7

FLY ASH-POLYMER COMPOSITES BASED ON POLYVINYLCHLORIDE AND INDUSTRIAL FLY ASH WASTE

PARTICLES

R a m a n A l i t i , G o r a n N a če v s k i , G o r d a n a R u s e s k a , P e r i c a P a u n o v i , A n i t a G r o z d a n o v *

Faculty of Technology an Metallurgy, Univeristy s yril an Metho ius in ko e,ug er Boskovic 1 , 1000 ko e, . Mace onia

anita t f.uki .e u. k

Abstract

An alternative filler base on in ustrial aste articles of Fly sh F in Poly inyl hlori e P co osites as teste in this ork. Plastici e P as use as a atrix. F P co osite sa les

ere re are using t o ifferent ty es of F F aste articles obtaine as a by ro uct fro the ferro-nickel ro uction rocess an F articles fro the coal o er lant . The obtaine FA articles were che ically o ifie an use in P oly er atrix in or er to obtain landfill geo e branes. The F surface as o ifie by aO an l treat ent. oncentration of the fly ash as varie in the range of , 10 an 20 . The obtaine sa les ere analy e by TG DT , FT , M an s elling test. Unifor reinforce ent is ersion in the oly er atrix is very i ortant in or er to ensure that there as a goo interaction bet een both constituents that ill result in goo co osite s ro erties. The icrostructural ro erties of the obtaine F P co osites stu ie by EM, confirmed region of ell is erse F articles here fly ash articles ere echanically interlocke in the P atrix

ith goo interfacial interaction ith the atrix. o ever, article agglo eration an voids wereobserve in co osites reinforce ith higher a ounts of fly ash. Ther al ara eters of the P co osites ecrease in the resence of both ty es of F . o er values ere obtaine ue to the treat ent of F articles co are to aO treate F . Generally, all the F P co osites have sho n higher s elling egree than P .

Key words: Fly sh, Poly er o osites, Industrial waste

Introduction

B e s i d e s t h e f i b e r - r e i n f o r c e d p o l y m e r c o m p o s i t e s , t h e p a r t i c u l a t e c o m p o s i t e s h a v e r e c e i v e d c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t i n t h e f i e l d o f m a t e r i a l s b e c a u s e o f t h e i r p o t e n t i a l f o r l a r g e g a i n s i n m e c h a n i c a l a n d m o r p h o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a s w e l l a s f r o m t h e e c o l o g i c a l p o i n t o f v i e w . T h e r m o p l a s t i c p o l y m e r s a n d e s p e c i a l l y P o l y V i n y l C h l o r i d e ( P V C ) n o w a d a y s a r e p r o d u c e d a n d u s e d i n h u g e q u a n t i t i e s . T h e y a r e s e l d o m u s e d a s p u r e p o l y m e r s a n d t h e y a r e

u s u a l l y c o m b i n e d w i t h m i n e r a l f i l l e r s l i k e f l y a s h , g r a p h i t e e t c . F i l l e r s f i n d a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y a p p l i c a t i o n i n t h e p o l y m e r i n d u s t r y t o i m p r o v e m e c h a n i c a l , t h e r m a l , e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a n d d i m e n s i o n a l - s t a b i l i t y .

F l y a s h i s a p o u z z o l l a n i c m a t e r i a l , m a i n l yg e n e r a t e d a s a b y p r o d u c t o r w a s t e s f r o m c o a l -b u r n i n g t h e r m a l p o w e r p l a n t s a s w e l l a s f r o m t h e m i n e p r o d u c t i o n p r o c e s s , a n d c o l l e c t e d b y a n

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Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1

e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r s o r a f a b r i c f i l t e r s ( b a g h o u s e s ) . T h o u g h a s i g n i f i c a n t f r a c t i o n o f c o a l f l y a s h i s u s e d a s a c e m e n t a n d c o n c r e t e a d d i t i v e i n t h e w o r l d , o n l y a v e r y s m a l l p o r t i o n o f t h e m i l l i o n t o n s o f g e n e r a t e d f l y a s h i s r e -u t i l i z e d [ 1 - 4 ] . U s u a l l y , t h e F A i s d i s p o s e d o f i n t h e f o r m o f a s l u r r y i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e p o w e r p l a n t a n d f l y a s h e x h i b i t s s i g n i f i c a n t r i s k i n t ot h e e n v i r o n m e n t [ 2 , 3 ] . N a m e l y , F l y a s h c o n t a i n s a r a n g e o f h e a v y m e t a l s o f d i f f e r e n t m o b i l i t y i n i t s s t r u c t u r e [ 2 ] . F l y a s h c o n s i s t m o s t l y o f S i O 2 ,A l 2 O 3 , a n d w i t h F e 2 O 3 t h e y a r e p r e s e n t i n i n o r g a n i c i n c o m b u s t i b l e m a t t e r s p r e s e n t i n t h e c o a l , b u t d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e s o u r c e o f c o a l , c o n t a i n s e l e m e n t s l i k e c a r b o n , C o , C r , T i , M g , a l s o . S o t h e f l y a s h p o s s e s s e s c o m b i n a t i o n o f p r o p e r t i e s o f s p h e r i c a l p a r t i c l e s a n d t h a t o f m e t a l s a n d m e t a l o x i d e s . D u e t o t h e i n c r e a s e d e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n , l a s t d e c a d e s a n i n t e n s i v e w o r k w a s m a d e t o d e s i g n a w i d e r a n g e o f a l t e r n a t i v e a p p l i c a t i o n s t h a t w i l l i n c l u d e t h e F A w a s t e p a r t i c l e s [ 5 - 8 ] .

T h e e f f e c t o f F A o n d i f f e r e n t p r o p e r t i e s o f p o l y m e r c o m p o s i t e s h a s b e e n s t u d i e d b y an u m b e r o f r e s e a r c h e r s . D e e p t h i et al . w e r e s t u d i e d t h e m e c h a n i c a l a n d t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f H i g h D e n s i t y P o l y -e t h y l e n e — f l y a s h c e n o s p h e r e s c o m p o s i t e s [ 6 ] . F u j i n o a n d H o n d a h a v e e x p l o r e d t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t o f p l a s t i c w a s t e f l y a s h c o m p o s i t e m a t e r i a l u s i n g d i f f e r e n t i a l s c a n n i n g c a l o r i m e t r y [ 9 ] . T h e e f f e c t o f f l y a s h o n t h e m e c h a n i c a l , t h e r m a l , d i e l e c t r i c , r h e o l o g i c a l a n d t o p o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f f i l l e d n y l o n 6 w a s e x a m i n e d b y S u r y a s a r a t h i B o s e a n d M a h a n w a r [ 1 0 ] . S e e n a J o s e p h et al. h a v eo b s e r v e d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e v a r i a t i o n s i n f l y a s h c o n t e n t , p a r t i c l e s i z e o f f l y a s h , a s w e l l a s

t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e t y p e o f s i l a n e c o u p l i n g a g e n t s o n t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f r e c y c l e d p o l y e t h y l e n e t e r e p h t h a l a t e / f l y a s h c o m p o s i t e s [ 1 1 ] . T h e e f f e c t o f p a r t i c l e s i z e a n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f f l y a s h o n t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f p o l y e s t e r t h e r m o p l a s t i c e l a s t o m e r c o m p o s i t e s h a v e b e e n e x a m i n e d b y S r e e k a n t h et al. [ 1 2 ] . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e m e c h a n i c a l a n d s t r u c t u r a l p r o p e r t i e s o f f l y a s h f i l l e d - i s o t a c t i c p o l y p r o p y l e n e c o m p o s i t e s w a s s t u d i e d b y D i l i p C h a n d r a D e b N a t h , B a n d y o p a d h y a y [ 1 3 ] . F u r f u r y l p a l m i t a t e c o a t e d b y f l y a s h u s e d a s f i l l e r i n r e c y c l e d p o l y p r o p y l e n e m a t r i x c o m p o s i t e s w e r e o b s e r v e d b y S h u b h a l a k s h m i S e n g u p t a et al. [ 1 4 ] . N a t h et al . h a v e o b s e r v e d t h e k i n e t i c s o f n o n - i s o t h e r m a l c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n i n f l y a s h f i l l e d i s o t a c t i c p o l y p r o p y l e n e ( i P P ) c o m p o s i t e s [ 1 5 ] . T h e y h a v e s t u d i e d t h e s t r u c t u r e - p r o p e r t i e s - i n t e r f a c e c o r r e l a t i o n o f f l y a s h / i P P c o m p o s i t e s a l s o [ 1 6 ] .

H o w e v e r , a l i m i t e d l i t e r a t u r e i s a v a i l a b l e o n t h e p a r t i c u l a t e c o m p o s i t e s e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e c o m p o s i t e s m a d e f r o m P o l y V i n y l C h l o r i d e a n df l y a s h . K h o s h n o u d e t a l . w e r e s t u d i e d t h e e f f e c t o f t h e c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f F A o n t h e t h e r m a l , m e c h a n i c a l a n d m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l p r o p e r t i e s o f r i g i d P V C f o a m s [ 1 7 ] . T w o d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f F A w e r e a d d e d s e p a r a t e l y t o t h e P V C f o a m c o m p o u n d a t l o w ( 6 p h r ) a n d h i g h ( 4 0 p h r ) l o a d i n g s t o c o m p a r e t h e e f f e c t o f t h e s e p a r t i c l e s o n t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e c o m p o s i t e s .

H e n c e i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , t h e p a r t i c u l a t e c o m p o s i t e s m a d e f r o m P V C p l a s t i s o l a n d f l y a s h a r e o b t a i n e d a n d t h e i r t h e r m a l a n d m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l p r o p e r t i e s a r e s t u d i e d , a n d t h e r e s u l t s a r e a n a l y z e d .

Experimental

I n t h i s w o r k , t w o d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f f l y a s hw a s t e p a r t i c l e s w e r e u s e d i n t h i s w o r k . R e d -b r o w n F A w a s t e p a r t i c l e s w e r e p r o d u c e d a s a b y p r o d u c t i n t h e I n s t a l a t i o n f o r F e r r o -n i c k e l p r o d u c t i o n p r o c e s s ( m a r k e d a s F A -F E N I ) , w h i l e t h e s e c o n d t y p e o f g r e y F A p a r t i c l e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m O s l o m e j c o a l -

b u r n i n g t h e r m a l p o w e r p l a n t ( m a r k e d a s F A - O S ) , l o c a t e d i n R . M a c e d o n i a . C o m p o s i t e f i l m s b a s e d o n P o l y V i n y l C h l o r i d e ( P V C ) p o l y m e r a n d f l y a s h p a r t i c l e s w e r e p r e p a r e d b y s o l v e n t - c a s t i n g m e t h o d i n 1 , 4 - D i o x i n w i t h t h e t o t a l m i x i n g t i m e o f 3 0 m i n . P l a s t i c i z e d P V C w a s u s e d

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a s a m a t r i x . C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e f l y a s h v a r i e d i n t h e r a n g e o f 5 , 1 0 a n d 2 0 % . T h e f l y a s h p a r t i c e s w e r e t r e a t e d w i t h 2 M N a O H a n d 1 M H C l t o f l y a s h r a t i o o f 1 0 : 1 b y w e i g h t . T h e o b t a i n e d c o m p o s i t e s a m p l e s w e r e a n a l y z e d b y S E M , F T I R , D S C , T G A / D T A a n d s w e l l i n g t e s t . S E M a n a l y s i s w e r e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g F E I Q u a n t a 2 0 0 F E G s y s t e m . T G A / D T A m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g a P e r k i n E l m e r P Y R I S D i a m o n d T h e r m o g r a v i m e t r i c /

D i f f e r e n t i a l T h e r m a l A n a l y z e r . T h e s t u d i e d m a t e r i a l w a s h e a t e d i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n t e r v a l o f 2 5 o C ÷ 1 1 0 0 o C b y h e a t i n g r a t e o f 2 0 o C m i n 1

i n t h e a i r a t m o s p h e r e . D S C m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d w i t h a D S C s y s t e m ( M e t t l e r S t a r ) u n d e r N 2 a t m o s p h e r e i n t h e n o n - i s o t h e r m a l r e g i m e ( h e a t i n g r a t e = 1 0 K / m i n , c o o l i n g r a t e = 1 0 K / m i n ) . A l l s p e c i m e n s w e r e p r e p a r e d t o b e i n t h e r a n g e o f 8 - 9 m g w e i g h t . F T I R s p e c t r a w e r e o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h e P E P a r a g o n s y s t e m ( 6 4 s c a n s w e r e a v e r a g e d a t a r e s o l u t i o n o f 4 c m - 1 ) .

Results and discussion

C h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f b o t h t y p e s o f F l y a s h u s e d i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e P V C b a s e d c o m p o s i t e f i l m s w a s a n a l y z e d a n d t h e o b t a i n e d d a t a a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 1 . A s i t w a s e x p e c t e d , i n t h e f l y a s h s u p p l i e d f r o m O s l o m e j d o m i n a n t f r a c t i o n s w e r e S i O 2 a n d

A l 2 O 3 o x i d e s , w h i l e i n t h e f l y a s h o b t a i n e d f r o m F E N I , b e s i d e s S i O 2 , t h e o x i d e s o f F e 2 O 3 a n d M g O w e r e i n h i g h e r p o r t i o n sa l s o .

Table 1: he ical co osition of Fly sh sa les

E l e m e n t s F A - O S

[ % ]

F A - F E N I

[ % ]

S i O 2 5 0 3 7 , 5

A l 2 O 3 3 0 1 , 8

F e 2 O 3 1 3 2 2 , 5

M g O 1 , 5 1 4 , 5

C a O 3 , 0 2 , 3

T i O 2 1 , 0 /

C r 2 O 3 / 1 , 0

U n i f o r m f i l l e r d i s p e r s i o n i n t h e p o l y m e r m a t r i x m a t e r i a l s i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t i n o r d e r t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e r e w a s a g o o d i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n b o t h c o n s t i t u e n t s t h a t w i l l r e s u l t i n g o o d c o m p o s i t e ’ s p r o p e r t i e s . S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e ( S E M ) w a s u s e d t o t a k e p i c t u r e s o f t h e p o w d e r m a t e r i a l s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e g e n e r a l l o o k o f f l y a s h

p a r t i c l e s s h a p e . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c S E M m i c r o p h o t o g r a p h s o f F A a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 . A s i t i s s e e n f r o m F i g u r e 1 , t h e s h a p e o f f l y a s h i s n o t r e g u l a r a n d u n i f o r m . T h e r e a r e l a r g e a n d s m a l l p a r t i c l e s w h i c h w e r e e x p e c t e d d u e t o t h e m i x e d c o m p o s i t i o n o f a s h c o n t e n t .

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Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1

Figure 1. M hotos of Fly ash x2000

S E M m i c r o p h o t o g r a p h s o f t h e o b t a i n e d F A / P V C c o m p o s i t e s a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 2 a n d F i g u r e 3 . T h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e o b t a i n e d F A / P V C c o m p o s i t e s c o n f i r m e d r e g i o n o f w e l l d i s p e r s e d F A p a r t i c l e s w h e r e t h e f l y a s h p a r t i c l e s w e r e t i g h t l y e m b e d d e d a n d m e c h a n i c a l l y i n t e r l o c k e d i n t h e P V C m a t r i x i n d i c a t i n g s t r o n g i n t e r f a c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h e

p o l y m e r m a t r i x . H o w e v e r , p a r t i c l e a g g l o m e r a t i o n w a s o b s e r v e d i n c o m p o s i t e s r e i n f o r c e d w i t h h i g h e r a m o u n t s o f f l y a s h .B e s i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e F A d i s p e r s i o n i n t h e p o l y m e r m a t r i x , S E M p h o t o s h a v e s h o w n t h a t v o i d s ( h o l e s ) a n d m i c r o p o r e s w e r e p r e s e n t i n t h e o b t a i n e d c o m p o s i t e s .

( a ) ( x 2 0 0 0 ) ( b ) ( x 4 0 0 0 0 )

Figure 2. M hotos of F P

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Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1

( a ) ( x 2 4 0 0 ) ( b ) ( x 1 0 0 0 0 0 )

Figure 3. M hotos of 20 F P

B y i n c r e a s i n g f l y a s h c o n t e n t , e s p e c i a l l y i n s a m p l e s w i t h 2 0 % F A , h i g h e r n u m b e r o f h o l e s w a s e v i d e n t w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s t o f i l l e r d e b o n d i n g d u e t o h i g h f i l l e r l o a d i n g a n d d e w e t t i n g o f f l y a s h s u r f a c e w i t h P V C m a t r i x .

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c T G A / D T A t h e r m o g r a m s f o r F A / P V C c o m p o s i t e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t t y p e o f F A , t r e a t e d w i t h H C l a n d N a O H , a r e s h o w n i n

F i g u r e 4 ( F i g u r e 4 a f o r F A - O S a n d F i g u r e 4 b f o r F A - F E N I ) . T h e r m a l s t a b i l i t y a n d a l l t h e o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t h e r m a l p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e F A / P V C c o m p o s i t e s d e c r e a s e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f b o t h t y p e s o f F A . L o w e r v a l u e s o f p r i m a r y t h e r m a l d e g r a d a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ( Td w e r e o b t a i n e d d u e t h e H C L t r e a t m e n t o f b o t h t y p e s o f f l y a s h w a s t e p a r t i c l e s .

0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 00

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

TGA

mas

s,

1 . P V C 0 A2 . O S H C l 53 . O S N a O H 5

T e m p e r a t u r e , oC

123

a)

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Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1

0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 00

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

T e m p e r a t u r e , oC

TGA

mas

s,

1 . P V C 0 A2 . F E N I H C l 53 . F E N I N a O H 5

123

b)

Figure 4. haracteristic TG curves for F P co osites ith various treate fly ash;

a) P F –OS system, b) P F -F syste

0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 00

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

TGA

mas

s,

1 . P V C 0 A2 . P V C 5 A3 . P V C 1 0 A4 . P V C 2 0 A

T e m p e r a t u r e , oC

1

2

3

4

Figure 5. haracteristic TG curves for F P co osites

ith various of F -content

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Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1

Table 2. D ata for F P co osites

S A M P L E Tg [ º C ] T o n s e t [ º C ] C [ J / g K ]

P V C 5 8 , 7 4 9 , 1 0 , 3 2 6

5 % F A / P V C 4 8 , 6 4 1 , 1 0 , 1 8 6

1 0 % F A / P V C 4 2 , 8 3 4 , 5 0 , 0 6 4

2 0 % F A / P V C 3 5 , 4 3 5 , 0 0 , 0 3 2

T G A t h e r m o g r a m s f o r F A / P V C c o m p o s i t e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t f l y a s h c o n t e n t ( 5 , 1 0 a n d 2 0 % ) a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 5 . I n c r e a s i n g t h e f l y a s h c o n t e n t , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e r m a l s t a b i l i t y d e c r e a s e d . F l y a s h p a r t i c l e s h a v e a h i g h e r t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t c o m p a r e d t o P V C r e s i n , t h e r e f o r e h i g h e r f l y a s h c o n t e n t c a n r e s u l t i n h i g h e r h e a t t r a n s f e r w h i c h l e a d s t o t h e r m a l d e g r a d a t i o n a t l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f f l y a s h c o n t e n t w a s c o n f i r m e d b y D S C t h e r m a l a n a l y s i s a l s o . T h e o b t a i n e d d a t a

f o r t h e g l a s s t r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ( Tg ) ( s h o w n i n T a b l e 2 ) o f t h e s t u d i e d F A / P V C c o m p o s i t e s c o n f i r m e d t h a t Tg d e c r e a s e d b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e F A c o n t e n t .

F T I R s p e c t r a f o r t h e s t u d i e d F A / P V C c o m p o s i t e s a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 6 . F T I R s p e c t r a s h o w t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e b a n d o f 1 0 6 9 c m - 1 a n d 1 1 2 5 c m - 1 w h i c h w e r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e s i n t h e o b t a i n e d c o m p o s i t e s .

Figure 6. FT s ectra of F P co osites

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Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1

G e n e r a l l y , a l l t h e F A / P V C c o m p o s i t e s h a v e s h o w n h i g h e r s w e l l i n g d e g r e e t h a n P V C . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u r v e s a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 7 a n d F i g u r e 8 . S w e l l i n g d e g r e e i n c r e a s e d b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e f l a y a s h c o n t e n t ( F i g u r e 7 ) . H i g h e r v a l u e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f o r c o m p o s i t e s w i t h N a O H t r e a t e d F A p a r t i c l e s d u e t o t h e

h y d r o p h i l i c c h a r a c t e r o f O H g r o u p s . S w e l l i n g b e h a v i o r w a s s t u d i e d f o r b o t h t y p e s o f t h e u s e df l y a s h p a r t i c l e s . C o m p a r i s o n o f b o t h t y p e o f F A c o n f i r m e d t h a t h i g h e r s w e l l i n g d e g r e e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f o r F A / P V C c o m p o s i t e s w i t h F A s u p p l i e d f r o m O s l o m e j ( f r o m c o a l p o w e r -p l a n t ) .

0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2P V CO S L O M E J 5 % N a O HO S L O M E J 1 0 % N a O HO S L O M E J 2 0 % N a O H

%

T i m e , m i n .

Figure 7. elling behavior of P F OS- aO treated

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Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1

0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

T i m e , m i n .

P V C O S L O M E J 2 0 % H C l O S L O M E J 2 0 % N a O H F E N I 2 0 % H C lF E N I 2 0 % N a O H

%

Figure 8. elling behavior of P F F -HCl treated

Conclusions

C o m p o s i t e f i l m s b a s e d o n P V C a n d F l y a s h w e r e s u c s e s f u l l y p r e p a r e d b y s o l v e n t - c a s t i n g m e t h o d . P l a s t i c i z e d P V C w a s u s e d a s a m a t r i x a n d v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f f l y a s h ( 5 , 1 0 a n d 2 0 % ) . F A / P V C c o m p o s i t e f i l m - s a m p l e s w e r e p r e p a r e d u s i n g t w o d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f F A ( F A f r o m f e r o - n i c k e l p r o d u c t i o n a n d F A f r o m c o a l m i n e ) . T h e F A s u r f a c e w a s m o d i f i e d b y 2 M N a O H a n d 1 M H C l t r e a t m e n t . T h e o b t a i n e d s a m p l e s c o n f i r m e d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f F A c o n t e n t o n F A / P V C c o m p o s i t e ' s t h e r m a l s t a b i l i t y t h a t w a s s h o w n b y T G A a n d D S C d e t e r m i n e d t h e r m a l p a r a m e t e r s . H i g h e r c o n t e n t o f f l y a s h h a s r e s u l t e d i n h i g h e r % o f s w e l l i n g .

Acknowledgment: T h i s r e s e a r c h w a s p e r f o r m e d w i t h i n t h e P r o j e c t “ E n v i r o n m e n t p r o t e c t i o n o f i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e t h r o u g h v a l o r i s a t i o n o f m e t a l l u r g i c a l d u s t a n d s l a g s i n n e w e n v i r o n m e n t a l f r i e n d l y p o l y m e r m o r t a r s a n d c o n c r e t e s ” f o u n d e d b y M i n i s t r y o f e n v i r o n m e n t a n d p h y s i c a l p l a n n i n g o f R . M a c e d o n i a ( 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 4 ) .

REFERENCES

1 . D e m i r b a s A . , ( 1 9 9 6 ) O p t i m i z i n g t h e p h y s i c a l a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f c e m e n t s a d d i t i v e s i n c o n c r e t e m i x t u r e , Cement and Concrete Res. , 2 6 , 1 7 3 7

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Za{tita materijala i `ivotne sredine (2016), broj 1

2 . P o l a t M . , G u l e r E . , A k a r G . , M o r o g a n H . , I p e k o g l u U . , C o h e n H . J . , ( 2 0 0 2 , F e a s i b i l i t y o f u s i n g f l y a s h , l i m e a n d b e n t o n i t e t o n e u t r a l i z e a c i d i t y o f p o r e f l u i d s , . he . Technol. Biotechnology. ,7 7 , 3 7 2 , 2 0 0 2 .

3 . B a b a A . , ( 2 0 0 4 ) I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f l e a c h i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a s h w a s t e s f r o m t h e r m a l p o w e r p l a n i t s i n w e s t e r n T u r k e y , 1 th orl nergy Congress, S y d n e y , A u s t r a l i a

4 . V a s s i l e v S . V . , , V a s s i e v a C . G . , ( 2 0 0 5 ) M e t h o d s f o r c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f c o m p o s i t i o n o f f l y a s h e s f r o m c o a l f i r e d p o w e r s t a t i o n s : a c r i t i c a l o v e r v i e w , Energy Fuels, 1 9 , 1 0 8 4 , 2 0 0 5 .

5 . A n a n d h a n S . , S u n d a r S . M . , S e n t h i l T . , M a h e n d r a n A . R . , S h i b u l a l G . S . , E x t r u d e d P o l y ( e t h y l e n e -c o - o c t e n e ) / F l y A s h C o m p o s i t e s - V a l u e A d d e d P r o d u c t s f r o m a n E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l l u t a n t . J . P o l y m . R e s . , 1 9 , 9 8 4 0 - 9 8 5 1 , 2 0 1 2 .

6 . D e e p t h i M . V . , S h a r m a M . , S a i l a j a R . R . N . , A n a n t h a P . , S a m p a t h k u m a r a n P . , S e e t h a r a m u S . J . ,M e c h a n i c a l a n d T h e r m a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f H i g h D e n s i t y

P o l y e t h y l e n e — F l y A s h C e n o s p h e r e s C o m p o s i t e s . J . M a t . D e s . , 3 1 , 2 0 5 1 – 2 0 6 0 , 2 0 1 0 .

7 . R a ´ t h y I a n d K u k i A . B o r d a , P r e p a r a t i o n a n d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f p o l y ( v i n y l c h l o r i d e ) – c o n t i n u o u s c a r b o n f i b e r c o m p o s i t e s , J . A p p l . P o l y m . S c i . , 1 2 , 4 , 1 9 0 – 1 9 4 , 2 0 1 2 .

8 . G u h a n a t h a n S . S a r o j a d e v i M . S t u d i e s o n i n t e r f a c e i n p o l y e s t e r / f l y a s h p a r t i c u l a t e c o m p o s i t e s . J . C o m p . I n t e r f a c e , 1 1 , 4 3 – 6 6 , 2 0 0 4 ,

9 . F u j i n o J a n d H o n d a T , “ M e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t o f p l a s t i c w a s t e & f l y a s h c o m p o s i t e m a t e r i a l u s i n g d i f f e r e n t i a l s c a n n i n g c a l o r i m e t r y ” , I n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f t h e r m o p h y s i c s v o l u m e 3 0 , n u m b e r 3 , p p . 9 7 6 - 9 8 6 , 2 0 0 9 .

1 0 . S u r y a s a r a t h i B o s e a n d M a h a n w a r P . A , “ E f f e c t o f f l y a s h o n t h e m e c h a n i c a l , t h e r m a l , d i e l e c t r i c , r h e o l o g i c a l a n d t o p o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f f i l l e d n y l o n 6 ” , J o u r n a l o f M i n e r a l s & M a t e r i a l s C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n & E n g i n e e r i n g , V o l . 3 , N o . 2 , 2 0 0 4 .

1 1 . S e e n a J o s e p h , B a m b o l a V . A , S h e r h t u k a d e V . V , M a h a n w a r P . A “ E f f e c t o f f l y a s h c o n t e n t , p a r t i c l e s i z e o f f l y a s h , a n d t y p e o f s i l a n e c o u p l i n g a g e n t s o n t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f r e c y c l e d p o l y ( e t h y l e n e t e r e p h t h a l a t e ) / f l y a s h C o m p o s i t e s ” , J . A p p l . P o l y m . S c i . , 1 1 9 ( 1 ) 2 0 1 - 2 0 8 , 2 0 1 1 .

1 2 . S r e e k a n t h M . S , B a m b o l e V . A , M h a s k e S . T , M a h a n w a r P . A , “ E f f e c t o f p a r t i c l e s i z e a n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f f l y a s h o n p r o p e r t i e s o f p o l y e s t e r t h e r m o p l a s t i c e l a s t o m e r c o m p o s i t e s ” J o u r n a l o f M i n e r a l s & M a t e r i a l s C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n & E n g i n e e r i n g , V o l . 8 , N o . 3 , 2 0 0 9 .

1 3 . D i l i p C h a n d r a D e b N a t h , B a n d y o p a d h y a y , A i b i n g Y u , D a r r y l B l a c k b u r n , C h r i s W h i t e “ C o r r e l a t i o n o f M e c h a n i c a l a n d S t r u c t u r a l P r o p e r t i e s o f F l y a s h F i l l e d - i s o t a c t i c p o l y p r o p y l e n e C o m p o s i t e s ” W o r l d o f C o a l A s h ( W O C A ) , 2 0 0 9 .

1 4 . S h u b h a l a k s h m i S e n g u p t a , K u n t a l P a l , D i p a R a y , A n i r u d d h a M u k h o p a d h y a y , “ F u r f u r y lp a l m i t a t e c o a t e d f l y a s h u s e d a s f i l l e r i n r e c y c l e d p o l y p r o p y l e n e m a t r i x c o m p o s i t e s ” , J o u r n a l o f C o m p o s i t e P a r t B , p p . 4 2 , 1 8 3 4 - 1 8 3 9 , 2 0 1 1 .

1 5 . N a t h D . C . D . , B a n d y o p a d h y a y S . , B l a c k b u r n A . Y u , D . , W h i t e C . , N o v e l o b s e r v a t i o n s o n k i n e t i c s o f n o n - i s o t h e r m a l c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n i n f l y a s h f i l l e d i s o t a c t i c – p o l y p r o p y l e n e c o m p o s i t e s , J . A p p l . P o l y m . S c i . 1 1 5 , 1 5 1 0 – 1 5 1 7 , 2 0 1 0 .

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