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FLUIDIZATION Edited by
John R. Grace University of British Columbia
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
and
John M. Matsen Exxon Research and Engineering Company
Florham Park, New Jersey
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Fluidization Conference, Henniker, N. H., 1980. Fluidization.
Includes index. 1. Fluidization-Congresses. I. Grace, John R. II. Matsen, John M., 1936- III.
Title. TP156.F65I48 1980 660.2'84292 80-16314 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1047-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1045-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1045-7
Proceedings of the 1980 International Fluidization Conference, sponsored by the Engineering Foundation and
held at Henniker, New Hampshire, August 3-8,1980. The views presented here are not necessarily those of The Engineering Foundation, 345 East 47th Street,
New York, New York 10017.
©1980 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
To the memory of
Professors K. B. Mathur and S. S. Zabrodsky
two pioneers in the field of fluid-particle systems, whose contributions have had an enormous impact.
They are sorely missed by their colleagues throughout the world.
PREFACE
Fluidized beds have gained prominence in many process industries (including chemicals, petroleum, metallurgy, food and pharmaceuticals) as a means of bringing particulate solids into contact with gases and/or liquids. Many fluidized bed operations are physical in nature (e.g. drying, coating, classification, granulation, and rapid heat transfer as in quenching or annealing). Other operations involve chemical reactions including the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons, the manufacture of acry10nitrite and phthalic anhydride, the roasting of metallurgical ores, and the regeneration of spent catalysts. In recent years fluidized beds have been of special interest because of their potential as the central component in new processes for utilizing coal as a source of energy, notably in coal combustion and gasification processes.
The fluidized bed offers a number of advantages over most other methods of contacting, in particular high rates of heat transfer, temperature uniformity and solids mobility. Among the disadvantages are particle losses by entrainment, attrition of solids, limited reactor efficiency due to gas bypassing and gas and solids backmixing, and difficulties in design and scale-up due to the complexity of fluidized beds.
The International Fluidization Conference held in Henniker, New Hampshire, U.S.A. from 3-8 August 1980 was the fifth international congress devoted to the entire field of fluidization. Preceding meetings have been held in Eindhoven, Holland (1967), Toulouse, France (1973), Asilomar, California (1975) and Cambridge, England (1978). In addition, conferences on fluid bed combustion have been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy in 1968, 1970, 1972, 1975, 1977 and 1980, and by the Institute of Fuel (London) in 1975 and 1980. Like its two immediate predecessors in Asilomar and Cambridge, this conference was sponsored by the Engineering Foundation.
viii PREFACE
The papers contained within this volume are those presented in the plenary sessions of the conference. Three of the papers are invited reviews, one providing an account of the early development of fluidized beds, and the others being devoted to two areas of special concern: mixing patterns in large fluidized beds and particle transport. The remaining papers have been selected from those submitted by authors in more than twenty countries. Over 130 abstracts were received in response to the initial call for papers. We reduced this list to eighty on the basis of trying to build a comprehensive and coherent program representative of work going on around the world. Each of the papers received was reviewed thoroughly by at least two referees. Hence each of the research papers included in this volume has survived a rigorous review process. Authors were asked to limit each paper to a maximum of eight pages in order to keep this volume and the oral presentations at the conference within reasonable bounds. Most of the authors have managed to keep within this limit.
The papers contained in this volume are broadly representative of the worldwide activity in the fluidization field. The papers come from seventeen different countries in five continents. Onequarter of the papers originate in industrial and government organizations, the remainder coming from universities. Almost every major research group working in the field is represented.
The subjects considered in these Proceedings are extremely broad in their coverage of the field of fluidization. Many reflect efforts to fill gaps in our understanding of fluidized beds, to help solve the problem of design and scale-up cited above. Some reflect new devices and increased interest, arising principally from coal-related work, in fluidization of large particles and operation at high pressure, elevated temperature, high velocities, or under the influence of centrifugal fields. Several papers deal with particle attrition and agglomeration, fields largely neglected in the past. A number of papers specifically address coal and shale combustion. Others treat heat transfer, particle entrainment, solids mixing, jets, baffles and related problems. While most of this volume is concerned with gas-fluidized beds, several papers are related to liquid fluidization, three-phase fluidization, and spouted beds. Flow in standpipes and from hoppers also receives some attention. The camera-ready format and the time constraints imposed by the need to have the volume available at the conference have helped to ensure that this volume is as up-to-date upon publication as is humanly possible.
We wish to acknowledge the support of the Engineering Foundation, and especially Dr. S. Cole and Mr. H. Comerer, in sponsoring the Fluidization 1980 Conference and helping us with many aspects of its organization. We are also grateful to the
PREFACE
members of the informal international working party, which has overseen the last three conferences, for their support. Special appreciation is due to our secretaries, Mrs. D. Phillips and Miss N. Curlo, for their assistance with many details. We wish to thank also the Engineering Foundation, National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy for grants which have helped make it possible for delegates from far and near to attend the conference. Finally, we wish to acknowledge the time and effort spent by referees. In order to provide some measure of recognition and thanks for their efforts, we list their names and affiliations below.
Referees of Papers
J.R. Grace J.M. Matsen
February 1980
Dr. M.M. Avedesian, Noranda Research Centre, Pointe Claire, Canada Dr. S.P. Babu, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, U.S.A. Dr. J. Baeyens, Seghers Engineering, Brussels, Belgium Dr. C.G.J. Baker, Separation Processes Service, Harwell, England Prof. J.M. Beeckmans, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada Prof. J.M. Beer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Mass., U.S.A. Prof. M.A. Bergougnou, University of Western Ontario, London,
Canada Dr. J.S.M. Botterill, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England Dr. J. Bridgwater, Oxford University, Oxford, England Dr. R.W. Bryers, Foster-Wheeler Corporation, Livingston, N.J., U.S.A. Dr. D.B. Bukur, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. Dr. C.E. Capes, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada Dr. K. Carmichael, Union Carbide Corporation, S. Charleston,
W. Va., U.S.A. Prof. C. Chavarie, Ecole Poly technique, Montreal, Canada Prof. J.C. Chen, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., U.S.A. Dr. L.Y. Cheung, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Dr. R. Clift, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England Dr. R. Collins, University College London, London, England Dr. J.P. Couderc, Institut du Genie Chimique, Toulouse, France Dr. A.C. Coulaloglou, Exxon Research and Engineering, Florham Park,
N.J., U.S.A. Dr. R.C. Darton, Shell Petroleum, Den Haag, Netherlands Prof. J.F. Davidson, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England Dr. H.I. de Lasa, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Dr. S.S.E.H. Elnashaie, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Prof. N. Epstein, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
x PREFACE
Mr. S. Ehrlich, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.
Prof. T.J. Fitzgerald, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.
Mr. F. Friedrich, Energy, Mines & Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada Dr. T. Furusawa, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Dr. J.D. Gabor, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill., U.S.A. Dr. D. Geldart, University of Bradford, Bradford, England Mr. S.E. George, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Dr. B.M. Gibbs, University of Leeds, Leeds, England Prof. L.R. Glicksman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Dr. Ir. W.R.A. Goosens, S.C.K./C.E.N., Mol, Belgium Dr. J. Guedes de Carvalho, Faculdade de Engenharia, Porto, Portugal Mr. J.E. Gwyn, Shell Development Company, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. Dr. J.S. Halow, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Morgantown, W.Va., U.S.A. Dr. D. Harrison, University of Keele, Keele, Staffs., England Mr. T.D. Heath, Dorr-Oliver Inc., Stamford, Conn., U.S.A. Mr. J. Highley, National Coal Board, Stoke Orchard, Glos., England Prof. T.W. Hoffman, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada Prof. G.M. Homsy, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A. Dr. S. Hovmand, Niro Atomizer Inc., Columbia, Md., U.S.A. Dr. J.R. Howard, University of Aston, Birmingham, England Mr. H.R. Hoy, BCURA Ltd., Leatherhead, Surrey, England Prof. R. Jackson, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. Prof. M.R. Judd, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa Dr. D.L. Keairns, Westinghouse R&D Center, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. Dr. T.M. Knowlton, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, U.S.A. Prof. D. Kunii, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Dr. R.D. LaNauze, CSIRO, North Ryde, N.S.W., Australia Prof. L.S. Leung, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia Dr. C.J. Lim, Tree Island Steel Ltd., Vancouver, Canada Prof. H. Littman, Rensselaer Polytechnic, Troy, N.Y., U.S.A. Dr. U. Mann, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, U.S.A. Prof. L. Massimilla, University of Naples, Naples, Italy Dr. H. Masson, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Prof. O. Molerus, Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, West
Germany Prof. R.J. Munz, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Dr. R.A. Newby, Westinghouse R&D Center, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. Dr. A.W. Nienow, University College London, London, England Prof. K. Ostergaard, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen,
Denmark Prof. R. Pfeffer, City College of New York, New York, U.S.A. Dr. N. Piccinini, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy Dr. C. Pikios, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Prof. O.E. Potter, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Dr. B.B. Pruden, Petrocan Ltd., Calgary, Canada Dr. D. Punwani, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, U.S.A.
PREFACE
Dr. D. Reay, Separation Processes Service, Harwell, England Prof. W. Resnick, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Prof. J.F. Richardson, University College Swansea, Swansea, U.K. Prof. dr. K. Rietema, Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven, Eindhoven,
Netherlands Prof. P.N. Rowe, University College London, London, England Dr. L.A. Ruth, Exxon Research & Engineering, Linden, N.J., U.S.A. Prof. S.C. Saxena, University of Illinois, Chicago, U.S.A. Prof. dr. K. Schugerl, Universitat Hannover, Hannover, West Germany Dr. J.T. Shaw, National Coal Board, Stoke Orchard, Glos., England Mr. S.P. Sit, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Mr. L.M. Southwick, C.F. Braun & Co., Murray Hill, N.J., U.S.A. Prof. A.M. Squires, Virginia Polytechnic, Blacksburg, Va., U.S.A. Dr. F. Staub, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N.Y., U.S.A. Prof. dr. ire W.P.M. van Swaaij, Twente University, Enschede,
Netherlands Prof. S.N. Vines, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.,
U.S.A. Prof. D.V. Vukovic, Belgrade University, Yugoslavia Prof. A.P. Watkinson, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
Canada Dr. D.F. Wells, duPont Inc., Wilmington, Del., U.S.A. Prof. C.Y. Wen, West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., U.S.A. Dr. J. Werther, BASF, Ludwigshafen, West Germany Dr. A.M. Xavier, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England Dr. W.C. Yang, Westinghouse R&D Center, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. Dr. J.G. Yates, University College London, London, England Dr. J. Yerushalmi, Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto,
California, U.S.A. Prof. K. Yoshida, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Prof. V. Zakkay, New York University, New York, U.S.A. Dr. F.A. Zenz, Particulate Solid Research Inc., New York, U.S.A.
CONTENTS
INVITED REVIEW PAPERS
History of fluidized solids development at Exxon • • • • • • • •
C.E. Jahnig, D.L. Campbell, and H.Z. Martin
The ups and downs of gas-solid flow: a review L.S. Leung
Mixing patterns in large-scale fluidized beds J.J. van Deemter
REFEREED RESEARCH PAPERS
Fluid-bed behaviour at elevated temperatures J.S.M. Botterill and Y. Teoman
The bubble phase in high-pressure fluidised beds • • •••••••••••••
D.F. King and D. Harrison
The stability of the propagation of sharp voidage fronts in liquid fluidized beds
A.K. Didwania and G.M. Homsy
The effect of some unsteady motions on gas flow patterns around a fluidization bubble • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
R. Collins
3
25
69
93
101
109
117
Prediction of bubble growth in bubble chains • • • • . •• 125 L.R. Glicksman and W.K. Lord
Mechanistic prediction of bubble properties in freely-bubbling fluidised beds
T. Farrokhalaee and R. Clift
xiii
135
xiv
Fluidized combustion of oil shale • • S. Yavuzkurt, C. Gutfinger, and J. Dayan
Fluidized combustion of coal washery wastes R.D. LaNauze, G.J. Duffy, E.C. Potter,
and A.V. Bradshaw
Combustion of volatile matter in fluidized beds .•....•..•••••.
A. Atimtay
An experimental study of mechanism of combustion of carbon in shallow fluidized beds .•..•.
R.K. Chakraborty and J.R. Howard
NOx emission control by a staged fluidized bed combustor of coal . • . • .
D. Kunii, T. Furusawa, and K.T. Wu
Fluidized coal combustion: the effect of sorbent and coal feed particle size upon the combustion efficiency and NOx emission • . • . . . • . . • •
J.M. Beer, A.F. Sarofim, P.K. Sharma, T.Z. Chaung, and S.S. Sandhu
Heat transfer of single horizona1 finned tubes and their bundles in a fluidized bed of large particles ••..
S.S. Zabrodsky, A.I. Tamarin, A.F. Do1idovich, G.I. Pa1chonok, and Yu.G. Epanov
Heat transfer in a fluidized bed at high pressure . . • • . • • •
V.A. Borodu1ya, V.G. Ganzha, and A.I. Podberezsky
Surface-bed heat transfer in a f1uidised bed at high pressure • • . . •
A.M. Xavier, D.F. King, J.F. Davidson, and D. Harrison
Influence of hydrodynamics on heat transfer in fluidized beds . • • . . • . • • .
H.-J. Bock and O. Mo1erus
A model for heat transfer to horizontal tubes immersed in a fluidized bed of large particles . • • • • • . •
N.M. Catipovic, G.N. Jovanovic, T.J. Fitzgerald, and o. Levenspie1
CONTENTS
143
151
159
167
175
185
195
201
209
217
225
CONTENTS
Heat transfer to horizontal tube banks in the splash zone of a fluidized bed of large particles •.•••.
R.T. Wood, M. Kuwata, and F.W. Staub
Heat transfer between solids and gas in a multistaged fluidized bed
M. Peyman and C. Laguerie
Hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance of turbulent contact absorbers • .
G.V. Vunjak-Novakocic, D.V. Vukovic, A. Obermayer, and A. Vogelpohl
Gas-liquid mass transfer in a three-phase fluidized bed • • . • • • . . .
V.R. Dhanuka and J.B. Stepanek
Spout formation and collapse in rough and smooth walled beds • . . • . • • • •
G.S. McNab and J. Bridgwater
Particle segregation in continuously operating spouted beds . . • •
N. Piccinini
General relationships for the minimum spouting pressure drop ratio, 8PmS /8PmF , and the spout-annular interfacial condition in a spouted bed • • • • • • . • • . • .
M.H. Morgan III and H. Littman
The dispersion of ax i-symmetric gas jets in fluidized beds • • • • • . • .
G. Dons!, L. Massimilla, and L. Colantuoni
Momentum dissipation of and gas entrainment into a gas-solid two-phase jet in a fluidized bed • • • . • • • • •
Wen-ching Yang and D.L. Keairns
The effect of pressure on jet penetration in semi-cylindrical gas-fluidized beds
T.M. Knowlton and I. Hirsan
The mixing of tracer gas in fluidized beds of large particles • • • . • • • •
G.N. Jovanovic, N.M. Catipovic, T.J. Fitzgerald, and O. Levenspiel
xv
235
243
253
261
271
279
287
297
305
315
325
Gas backmixing in 0.61m and 1.22m square fluidized beds . . • • • • . •
A.B. Whitehead, O.E. Potter, H.V. Nguyen, and D.C. Dent
Axial mixing and mass transfer in a zig-zag contactor
I.W. Noordergraaf, A.W.M. Roes, and W.P.M. van Swaaij
Particle distribution and m~x~ng in a centrifugal fluidized bed
D.G. Kroger, G. Abdelnour, E.K. Levy, and J.C. Chen
Movement of solid particles around bubbles in a three-dimensional fluidized bed at high temperatures . • . . . . • •
M. Ishida, A. Nishiwaki, and T. Shirai
A study of particle movement in a gasfluidized bed
Jin Yong, Yu Zhiqing, Zhang Li, and Wang Zhanwen
The effect of shape oh the m~x~ng and segregation of large particles in a gas-fluidised bed of small ones
A.W. Nienow and D.J. Cheesman
Mechanism of solid segregation in gas fluidised beds • • . • . • • . •
H. Tanimoto, S. Chiba, T. Chiba, and H. Kobayashi
Mechanism of particle mixing and segregation in gas fluidized beds • • . •
K. Yoshida, H. Kameyama, and F. Shimizu
The behaviour of a multicomponent granular material in a continuous fluidized bed classifier . • • . • . • . •
L. Neuzil, F. Prochaska, M. Hrdina, and J. Njvlt
Particle mixing near the grid region of fluidized beds . . . • • .
C.Y. Wen, R. Krishnan, and R. Kalyanaraman
CONTENTS
333
341
349
357
365
373
381
389
397
405
CONTENTS
Grid leakage (weeping, dumping, particle backflow) in gas fluidized beds: the effect of bed height, grid thickness, wave breakers, cone-shaped grid holes and pressure drop fluctuations • • • •
C. Briens, M.A. Bergougnou, and C.G.J. Baker
The behaviour of jets and particles near the gas distributor grid in a threedimensional fluidized bed
K. Oki, M. Ishida, and T. Shirai
Cold~odel studies of agglomerating gasifier discharge behavior
D. Leppin and G.N. Sahay
Particle attrition in fluid-bed processes W.G. Vaux and D.L. Keairns
A model for attrition in fluidized beds T.P. Chen, C.I. Sishtla, D.V. Punwani,
and H. Arastoopour
The effect of fines on the behaviour of gas fluidized beds of small particles
D. Geldart and A.R. Abrahamsen
Powder flow from an aerated hopper H.K. Altiner and J.F. Davidson
The stability of vertical gas-solid downflow in bottom-restrained standpipes
P.J. Jones, C.S. Teo, and L.S. Leung
Flow regimes in a one-dimensional model of a standpipe • • • • . •
J.C. Ginestra, S. Rangachari, and R. Jackson
Pneumatically controlled multi-stage fluidized beds •• ••••
Liu Dalu, Li Xiguang, and Mooson Kwauk
Cocurrent gas/solids downflow in vertical cat cracker standpipes: effects of gas compression and solids compaction
H.W.A. Dries
Particle entrainment from bubbling fluidized beds
R.J. Gugnoni and F.A. Zenz
xvii
413
421
429
437
445
453
461
469
477
485
493
501
xviii
Elutriation and particle transport through the freeboard of a gas-solid fluidized bed • • • • • • • • • • • •
M. Horio, A. Taki, Y.S. Hsieh, and I. Muchi
Simultaneous solids entrainment and deentrainment above a three-phase fluidized bed ••••••
S.A. El-Temtamy and N. Epstein
Potential improvements in the field of large particle fluidization
G.M. Rios, J.L. Baxerres, and H. Gibert
The dynamics of fast fluidization Li Youchou and Mooson Kwauk
The structure of a 15 cm diameter gas fluidised bed operated at up to 1 mls and seen by X-rays • • • • • • • • • •
P.N. Rowe and H.J. MacGillivray
The thermal regeneration of spent activated carbon by a packed fluidized bed •
K. Kato, K. Matsuura, and T. Hanzawa
Ignition of a fluidized bed catalytic cracking regenerator: freeboard region influence
H. de Lasa and A. Errazu
Experimental determinations of the vertical distribution of contact efficiency inside a fluidized catalyst bed
T. Miyauchi, S. Furusaki, K. Yamada, and M. Matsumura
An experimental test of slugging-bed reactor models • • • • • •
J.G. Yates and J.-Y. Gregoire
Criteria for temperature multiplicity in fluidized bed reactors • • • •
B.D. Kulkarni, P.A. Ramachandran, and L.K. Doraiswamy
Contributors •
Index
CONTENTS
509
519
529
537
545
555
563
571
581
589
599
601