Fluid Lab Expts

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FLUID MECHANICS LAB

HIGHER COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUSCAT

Engineering DepartmentMECHANICAL SECTION


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MIME 2240P FLUID MECHANICS

3 Credit Hours

Pre-requisites:

Math1200, ASAC1101, Phys1210

GOAL:

To impart essential knowledge of Fluid

Mechanics and related equipment asapplicable to the MechanicalEngineering industry.


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OBJECTIVESThe course should enable students to:

1. Understand the basic properties andprinciples that govern the behavior of fluids.

2. Understand application of devices used for

measurement of fluid properties.3. Solve simple problems of hydrostatics and

fluid flow.

4. Gain knowledge of the various types of fluidpumps, gas(air) compressors and valvescommonly used in Mechanical Engineeringindustries.


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OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the course, the studentswill be able to:

1. Solve simple problems of hydrostatics.

2. Solve simple problems of fluid flow in pipesusing Continuity equation and Bernoullisequation.

3. Be acquainted with the use of commonpressure, flow & temperature measuringdevices used for hydrostatic and pipe flowapplications.


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OUTCOMES part2

4. Develop basic knowledge of constructionand operation of various types of liquidpumps.

5. Develop the basic knowledge ofconstruction and operation of various typesof gas compressors.

6. Gain familiarization with different types ofvalves used in Mechanical Engineeringindustries.


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A fluid is defined as a substance that

continually deforms (flows) under

an applied shear stress regardless

of how small the applied stress.

All liquids and all gases are fluids.


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Distinction between Gas & Liquid:

The molecules of a GAS is muchfarther apart than those of a LIQUID.

Hence a GAS is very compressible,

and when all external pressure isremoved, it tends to expands

indefinitely.

GAS therefore is in equilibrium only

when it is completely enclosed.


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VAPOR is a gas whose temperature &

pressure are such that it is very near

liquid phase. Steam is consideredvapor, its state is normally not far from

that of water.

GAS may be defined as a high super

heated vapor; i.e., its state is far

removed from the liquid phase.

Thus air is considered a gas, its state is

normally far from liquid air.


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DEVICES IN MEASUREMENT FLUID PROPERTIES

BOURDON GAUGE


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SOLVE SIMPLE PROBLEMS


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CLOSER LOOK OF THE PISTON HEAD


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VARIOUS

VALVES


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SCHEMATICAND ACTUAL

PIPING

SYSTEM


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EXPLODED VIEW & ASSEMBLY OF


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EXPLODED VIEW & ASSEMBLY OF

A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP


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PUMPING OIL & GAS


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ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

PUMPING OIL & GAS


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OBJECTIVE

To understand the basic properties and

principles that govern the behavior of fluids.

To familiarized basic fluid measuring devices.

To properly understand how to read

measurement of fluids.

To differentiate Density, Specific Gravity and

Relative Density.


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Apparatus for Experiment #1

Measuring Cylinders


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Different Liquids


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Specific gravity (SG) is a ratio of the

mass of a material to the mass of anequal volume of water at 4oC (39oF).

Because specific gravity is a ratio, it is

a unitless quantity.

For example, the specific gravity ofwater at 4oC is 1.0 (unitless) while its

density is 1.0 g/cm3.


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For example, "relative density 15/0:

0.87" indicates that the density of the

material was determined at 15oC and it

is being divided by the density of water

at 0o

C.

The temperatures may also be

indicated as a superscript (material)and subscript (water) after the numeric

value.


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At 4oC, the density of water is

1.0g/cm3.

Therefore, density and specific

gravity have the same numericvalue at this temperature.

As we change temperature the

volumes of different materialschange in different ways.

Most but not all materials expand


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Most, but not all, materials expand

(occupying a greater volume) as

temperature is raised, meaning thattheir densities decrease.

As the change in volume of water andother materials are not generally

equal, the density and specific gravitymay no longer be identical as

temperature is changed.


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Another use for specific gravity is to tell

us if the material will sink or float inwater or other liquid (assuming that it

does not dissolve, of course).

For example, a rock with a density of

4.3 g/cm3 will sink in water (density =1.0 g/cm3), but a piece of plastic with a

density of 0.8 g/cm3 will float in water.


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Remember the following:

If we have two equal volumes of a

substance, the one with the larger

density will be heavier.

If we have two equal masses of a

substance, the one with the largerdensity will occupy less space

(volume).

Densities of some common materials:


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Densities of some common materials:

Balsa wood (0.16 g/cm3)

Pine wood (0.5 g/cm3)Gasoline (0.75 g/cm3)

Soybean oil (0.92 g/cm3)

Aluminum (2.7 g/cm3)Granite (2.75 g/cm3)

Lead (11.3 g/cm3)

Mercury (13.5 g/cm3)Gold (19.3 g/cm3)The densest material on Earth (not counting subatomic

particles) is iridium metal (22.65 g/cm3).


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Weight (Fg) measure of gravitational force

measure on a substance. In another word,gravity is the force that cause weight.

Specific Weight (gamma) this is theweight (force exerted by gravity) of a

substance per unit volume.

= Fg / V


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Bouyancy, because the object being


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Bouyancy, because the object being

weighed displaces a certain amount of air,

which must be accounted for.

High-precision balances are often operated

in a vacuum.

Error in reference weight.

Air gusts, even small ones, which push thescale up or down.

Mis-aligned mechanical components.

Friction in the moving components that


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Friction in the moving components that

prevents the scale from reaching

equilibrium

Settling airborne dust contributing to the

weight.

Mis-calibratation

The calibration of electronic circuits may

drift over time, or due to temperature

changes.


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Due to thermal expansion/contraction of

components of the balance.

Magnetic field acting on iron components.

The Earth's magnetic field

Fields from nearby electrical wiring

Magnetic disturbances to electronic pick-up

coils or other sensors

Forces from electrostatic fields, for


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,

example, from feet shuffled on carpets on a

dry day.

Chemical reactivity between air and the

substance being weighed (or the balance

itself, in the form of corrosion).

Condensation of atmospheric water on colditems.

Evaporation of water from wet items

C ti f i f h t ld it


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Convection of air from hot or cold items

The Coriolis force from Earth's rotation

Gravitational anomalies (i.e. using the

balance near a mountain; failing to level and

recalibrate the balance after moving it fromone geographical location to another)

Vibration and seismic disturbances; forexample, the rumbling from a passing truck

or concrete mixers, etc.


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OBJECTIVES

Measure the viscosity of various fluids

contained in a vertical tube by measuring the

terminal velocity of spherical balls falling

through the various fluids. Be able to calculate the viscosity of an unknown

liquid using Stokes law.

Determine the drag coefficient vs. Reynoldsnumber relationship for various spheres when

the fluid viscosity is known.


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Different Liquids


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Stop Watch / Timer


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Experiment #3

Measurement Of Flow

a. Flow at Venturi meter

b. Flow at the Orifice Plate


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OBJECTIVES

To understand, measure andcompare the actual and expected

volume flow rate of water through a

VENTURI METER and of theORIFICE meter.

To plot CALIBRATION curve for theflow rate in the ROTAMETER.



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Flow Measuring

Apparatus


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ORIFICE PLATE METER


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ROTAMETER

DETAILS OF FLOW MEASURING


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APPARATUS


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Pipe Friction Apparatus


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Pipe Friction Apparatus

Hydrodynamics Trainer


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y y(System Diagram of Water Circuit)


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STUDENT SAFETY RULES

It is important that the students

observe and carry out the safety

instruction at all times inlaboratory environment.

The following instructions highlight

the more obvious points of safety.


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STUDENT SAFETY RULES

1. Every student should wear proper

Personal Protective Equipments

(PPE).

a. Cover-all for male students

b. Lab-coat for female students

Documents

Fluid Lab Expts