Flow of Steam Through Rectangular Ports

FRANK ASBURY STROUT

T H E S I S

FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IN T H E

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

O F T H E

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

PRESENTED JUNE, 1900

May..31,...1900 100

TH IS IS TO C E R T IF Y T H A T THE TH E SIS P R E P A R E D UN DER M Y SU P E R V ISIO N B Y

....................... ..........EranK,..AsMry...Strout........;..............................

entitled....Plow..of..Steaijithrough..Rectangular Ports

IS A P P R O V E D B Y M E A S F U L F IL L IN G TH IS P A R T OF THE R EQ U IREM EN TS FO R THE D E G RE E

OF.....Bachelor..of..Science..In Mechanical Engineering,*....

The work of this thesis was undertaken for the purpose of finding the velocity of steam flow through rectangular ports.

The apparatus was designed by Mr. W.A.Fraser, '99, to with­stand two hundred pounds pressure per square inch. The larger part of the making and building was also done by him.

Before starting the series of experiments, the apparatus was taken apart and put in good working condition by the writer.

Plate (1) shows photographs of the apparatus. Plate (2) shows part vertical section of the steam port apparatus, scale, 1/2. Plate (3) shows the complete apparatus, with pipe details, scale, 1/16.

Steam was taken from the boiler through a two inch pipe, (A),

throttled by valve at (B) to pressure desired; this pressure being measured by gauge (C), which is fitted by means of siphon to steam-chamber (D). A separating calorimeter was attached by a short pipe and valve at (E) to chamber (D).

The valve (F) which governs the port opening is controlled by the hand-wheel (G).

The threads on valve stem being one-eighth inch apart. A permanent mark was made on valve stem thread and on frame at (I);

which when brought together show that port is just closed by the valve.

From the chamber (D) the steam goes through the port into the

exhaust-chamber <J). The back-pressure Is controlled by the

— ---------- 4 6 8 1 8 —

2 .

valve (K), and measured by the gauge (L); which is attached to a chamber (J) by a siphon. From valve (K) the steam goes by means of a two inch pipe into the eight inch heating main, which usually has in it a pressure of from two to five pounds per square inch.

Drip pipes are attached to chambers (D) and (J) to get rid of the steam condensed, while heating up the apparatus.

The boiler used for furnishing the steam, is a one hundred horse power tubular boiler, situated near the north end of the University of Illinois heating plant. This boiler is only allowed seventy-five pounds pressure by the insurance inspector. The safety- valve is set for about sixty-five pounds. Because of this limit, as high pressures as wished for could not be used on account of the danger of the boiler "blowing off", and thus losing the experiments. Fifty pounds was the highest pressure used at port, as to do this and keep the pressure steady the boiler pressure had to be about sixty pounds.

The pressures used at port (chamber D) were from fifty to twenty pounds, varying by five pounds. Each of these steam pressures being used with different back pressures in chamber (J). The back­pressures used varying by five pounds; except for the thirty pound one-sixteenth by ten inch opening curve, (speed curve No. 4),

for which experiments were made with back-pressures, varying by one pound from twenty-nine to fourteen pounds. The reason lower back pressures could not be obtained was the fact that the two- inch exhaust pipe could not carry the expanded steam away fast enough.

To get the weight of steam the boiler was calibrated through its working range, as shown by the glass water-gauge. To calibrate

3 .

the boiler it was filled to top of water-gauge with water. Then water was let out through the blow-off cock in amounts of from one hundred to five hundred pounds (varying by one hundred pounds) into a tank resting upon a standard scale. Each time readings being taken of the height of water in the boiler, as shown by a scale graduated to tenths of inches, firmly fixed by the side of the glass water-gauge.

Six of these experiments were made. The calibration curve used being plotted as a mean curve between the points found from the whole number of experiments. The calibration curve (Plate was plotted by using height of water (on glass-gauge scale) in inches

as abscissas and one hundred pounds of water flowed out as ordi­nates. The twelve inch mark on scale being taken as datdm.

During experiments for flow of steam, the boiler was filled to the height desired. Then all openings in it except that leading to the steam port were closed so that the whole amount of steam formed must go through the steam port. The port was then opened to the desired amount by means of the valve (F) which is controlled by the hand-wheel (G). The marks (I) first being made to coincide;

then the hand-wheel (G) was turndd to the left one complete rev­olution ior each one-eighth inch opening desired..The port used was ten inches long and one inch wide. The openings used were one-sixteenth by ten inches and three-sixteents by ten inches.After port-opening desired was gotten, steam and back-pressureswere gotten to the desired points by opening or clojng valves (B or K).

Alter the boiler had run about five minutes with steam flow­ing ( to let the water settle down and water-gauge to settle to

correct level) a reading of the water-gauge scale and time

4.

was taken at the same instant. The steam and back-pressures were kept constant by means of valves (B and K). At the end of the ex­periment a second reading of the water-gauge scale and time was taken. The usual time of an experiment was thirty minutes.

Steam was allowed to flow through the"Schaeffer and Budenburg"

separating calorimeter (0) and into its condensing can (R) ten, , . . . of scalesminutes during each experiment and readingsAon both were taken

at beginning and end of the ten minutes flow.The amount of water separated from the steam by the calorimeter

is shown by a glass gauge in its side graduated to read tenths of pounds. The condensing can was partially emptied and then re­filled after each ten minutes' test. The readings of time, water- gauge, calorimeter and condensing can, constitute the log of one experiment as shown below:-Steam Pres sure Bac kPressure Wafer ~T/ m e. Cal or i mete) *. Co r\der\ se r.in in / n j T)'m as -- /Omi n uTas,lbs. new sq. in !b>s. Per, so, jn . inches /oo s /bs. ibs.

SO J S S-.37 3./7

/o ;S7 U:a 7

1.009.7S

/.0 0 2-8 0

Complete logs of the whole number of experiments are given on the dat*ta sheets.

After one experiment was run the boiler was refilled and the next experiment commenced and run in the same way. The steam port was kept open the same amount until the set of experiments for that opening was completed.

The amount of steam flowing through the port during an exper­iment was determined from the boiler calibration curve, by taking the difference between the amount of water flowed out from the

boiler at the beginning and end of the experiment as shown by the

water log in inches. These amounts being found in pounds from the

5.

boiler calibration curve. The quality of steam was deter­mined from the calorimeter and condenser log. The per cent of wetness being the weight of water collected in the calorimeter, div­ided by the weight of steam condensed in the condenser plus theweight of water collected in the calorimeter. % wetness_____ w^_cal._w. con. -f- w. cal.

The velocity or speed of steam flow per second is found bythe formula , where S is the weight of steamT x 60 x Aflowed out through the port during the experiment. D is the % dry­ness of the steam (1- % wetness), V is the volume of one pound of dry steam. T is the time of the experiment in minutes. A is the

area of the port in square inches. Complete logs, results and speed curves derived from these are found below.

The velocity or speed curves are plotted by using difference between steam and back pressures as abscissas and velocities in one hundred feet per second as ordinates.

Use of Curves.

To use the calibration curve (Plate 4), find the point at bottom of plate which measures the same number of inches as given by the experiment wanted. Find the point where a vertical line drawn from this bottom point intersects the curve. Then a hori­zontal line drawn to the left will show by intersecting the scale, the number of hundred pounds of water flowed out from datum (

(twelve inch mark on water-gauge scale) at beginning of experiment. Repeat is the same manner for the second number of the same water l°fo* The first amount found taken from the second amount found

mount of vvater(or steam) flowed out during the exper-

6.

iment.To use the speed curves:- take the curve hawing the opening

and steam pressure wished, as shown by title. For example opening 1/16" x 10", steam pressure 50 pounds. Then if speed for thirty- five pounds back pressure is wanted, find the point at bottom of plate showing the difference between steam and back pressures, in this case fifteen pounds. Find the point where a vertical lime from the bottom point intersects the curve. Then a horizontal line drawn to the left will show by its intersection with the scalethe speed of flow in hundred feet per second for the conditions taken.

Cautions in Using the Apparatus.

This boiler runs best with not more than eight inches of water, as shown by the water-gauge scale; but for high pressures and large opening ( one eight by ten inches or larger) more water will be needed and the following must be noted. When nine to eleven inches of water (on gauge scale) is used, care must be taken that the correct height of water in the boiler is gotten. In experiments with high pressure steam using large openings and consequently a high water lane, the first three to five minutes after filling the boiler the water in the glass gauge will remain stationary, though steam is going out all the time. Then it will go down from half an inch to an inch in two or three minutes and then vibrate for two or three more. After this has happened and water in gauge quieted down it seems to show the correct height of water in the boiler and goes down steadily.

The calorimeter should be heated tip for a few minutes before

using by letting a small amount of steam flow through it into the airThe amounts of water in the calorimeter should be read with

the pressure of steam on, at both readings; or off at both readings and after waiting two or three minutes for the last reading. If one reading is taken with the steam on and the other reading with the steam off the difference will not show the correct amount of water separated from the steam. The calorimeter pointer must be at water level before steam is shut off, if the readings are taken with pressure on.

Steam connection with condenser and with steam chamber should be cut off as nearly as possible at the same time. Break the con­denser connection first, if one must come before the other as then the steam coming through the calorimeter will flow into the air, and as calorimeter pointer was set at water level the readings will not be changed by the steam flow. Take both readings of water in the condenser with pressure off, waiting at least three min­utes after breaking corideneer connection for the last reading, as the water at the time of breaking the connection contains a great many bubbles which must be. allowed to rise before correct height can be gotten.

Recommendations.This apparatus, if used again should have a three and a

half or four inch pipe for the exhaust instead of a two inch

as was used in these experiments. The two inch exhaust pipe will not carry the steam (expanded in and after coming through the port) away fast enough to allow a low back pressure to be gotten.

Accurate work can not be done with this apparatus as set up for

8

This series of experiments, on account of the inaccuracies of water measurement, due to fluctuations in water gauge.

This apparatus would take a very large condenser, therefore

the writer would recommed for further work of this kind,that an apparatus of the same type with a smaller port (about one by two inches) be used. This should be connected to a surface con­denser, as then accurate measurements of steam flow would be assured.

9 .

Peculiar Facts Noted.

One of the surprising facts noted during this series of ex­periments was the large amount of steam that will flow through a small port opening, with small difference between the steam and back pressures. The data showing this will be found in the right hand column of the data sheets, giving the amount of steam flow in pounds per hour. It was also noted and commented on, that the thirty pound speed curve for the one-sixteenth by ten inch opening, rose above the fifty pound curve of the same opening.See speed curves No.(6)and (1). This was thought to be incorrect, but the writer noticing that the curves between the fifty and thirty pound curves seemed to follow the same law (The lower pressure steam has the higher speed curved figured out the theoretical fifty and thirty pound speed curves, and found the relative posi­tions of the curves derived from experimental data to be correct, ihe statement ol this fact is:— That with two pressures of steam, each having its back pressure differing from its steam pressure by the same amount as:- steam expanding from fifty to thirty- five pounds pressure, and steam expanding from thirty to fifteen pounds pressure. The steam having the lower pressure has the higher velocity.

Steam of thirty pounds pressure is of less density than that of fifty pounds pressure. Therefore if they do the same amount of work (equal heat units used) the thirty pound steam must flow the faster.

The thirty pound steam uses more heat units in expanding lifteen pounds, than the fifty pound steam in expanding the

same amount. This fact, together with that of the preceding para­

graph, proves that the thirty pound steam flows faster than the fifty pound steam where there is the same difference in each case

between steam and back pressure. See speed curves Nos.(21) and ( 2 2 ) .

The same proof applies to the other pressures used in these experiments. When, however, the speed curves are drawn with back pressures having equal ratios to their steam pressures; as thirty pound steam expanded to ten pounds, and fifty pound steam expanded to thirty pounds. In each case a ratio of steam to back pressure of three to one, the higher pressure steam has the higher velocity. See speed curve No. 23.

Speed curve No. 24 is drawn to compare the curves gotten by experiment with one by ten inch port, one-sixteenth by ten inches opening. This curve shows the fact as noted above, that with the same difference between steam and back pressures, the lower pressure steam has the greater speed.

//,

Plate. /Vo< !•

X .'wN '-s'

F L O W O F STEAM THROUGH RECTANGULAR PORTS.

STeam P o r t A p p a ra tu sNech am 'ca l Engineering Oept

ihn ioe rstty o f li/ in o is .THESIS DRAWING.

Scale. £.OL.^UyoxxE A p r i l 1900.

1 ^

FLOW or STEAM THROUGH RECTANGULAR PORTS.

Diagram of /-/ping /V|eckamcal EntjnrxeevinqDej'iT.

L/nivevsity of Illinois,THESIS DRAWING.

Scale of Drawing ^U. 2Puruyt. APRIL 1900.

0 R IG I V A L L 0 & . (t ? t ^ RESULTS .

L-

^ C> <0

,y °

\S1.- 0)

**C t>

iA . O <uL CD 3 ^ ^ 3 ^ cn d

* cT

0s $

Q <5 «» '-<* *.£> V.

* 1 - 5

XrH

v+-g"> 0 /5 H-.^ s; s? ^ r.? Ui cs vK * i

i 4T“£ X «0 (D 0~^)| 5 - < ! * • $

- : ^ / o- s ^ s s <u i

f-E.

^ £ . t ° ^ xCD <D <

(C 4 -

2 £ • ^ ® <Q,<n -v. •*- H~5 4 . £^ "

<S)

Oj

(U

j c ^t

^ JCV +7 < CD ^^o'K r oo ’—.

£ ? *£ 2 £ .

-• ^ O - «/ -Q —

i ?<D -S O ^ 4 ^ CL

£ " °5 0 A S

f-J 3 3'. 00

/o :3 6‘ //:« 6'

/.o o3.3 0

2 3 ' 9,0 3 D S-02 2 .7 4 62 7.E3 / 5 " 6 0

,i* '° 5 t> 4 07 .6 ^ 3 ^ /

) >:2 i z.o q

AO 0 a .s o

1,7 * ' 9,$0 -5 0 / 2 0 6 ' 4 . / a 929.90 2 3 / 0

i ™ 6~0 5 5 ? 44.2.

jrjo//no

/.oo3,00

6“3 ' /a- 0 3 0 /O '? S' 3 / 4 *SS07 2 / 2 7

&> * 5 0 5 5?.3 7 3,/7

/ o: 5‘ 7//.a ?

/.oo2.90

/.o9.73- 5 0 /3S7 4 > 3 /0(e/.02-

i *-4* A/bn* 5 0 5 09.3 0 3./ 6

3.743 4 4

< 0 D2..&0

-23'JO,o 3 0 /38r7 4 .0 0 A07 0,5'4 2 6 3 9

...........\

&"> 5 0 2 57,4 7 / 4 ^

S3-*- A.O 0a ,7 3-

0.2- 7/0 31 Id' 7b 3 .7 4 / / 7 j-,i!)/ 3 0 4 4

Ai' " ' - 9 5 - 4 0 7,7 7 4 . 3 r

/0#(r !/// b

A.O0 2.,7 O

6.05 '7 * ' 3 0 <7 OS' 3 4 7 7&7.fr6» /7SV

/ i ' x /0 -9 6 ' 4 0 $ 6 02.J4-

3 4 i 4 / a

/.0 o

2,0*

7.3'b/!>~

3 0 frOO 3 .6 '3 <o44.6 V / 5 4 3

/ > ■ -4 6 * 3 6 ' 7.9 7 3 4 6

33 '6 -<7/2. 6

/.D 0 2 ,6 * '

0 3 ' k>3~

3 6 I//2 3.3 V 7 2 / 4 ?

*i ••/ i ^ ° • 4 5 3 0

700 3 4 ^

A 0.3 1jr.o /

/,0 o 2 .6 * "

3,0£ 5 3 0 / 07 6' 3 .0 9 931.79 2 0 7 0

- 4 5 $ 07,3 9 4 4 x

37/a/.0 6 2,6 *

y,s~7. S'

3 0 1 x s s J0U2.S& 2 3(o (

T'K/'O(b 4 5 2 59 ft S' 3.7 0

4.7(74 4 o

/.0 o2.7 *

/,2L8r.O 3 0 12 ZS 3. Sr /0(o9. XU 237 b

r *•t(o 4 5~ 2 0

?JX 2 3 7

//.a. S'//. '5 'Sr

/. 0 0 2,6> 3 '

0,67,0 3 0 /d~ bS 4 ,0 7 1 3 Iff 0. 3022

-L-wOto ■40 3 5

i'. iO 5 ,9 i ‘

//, '(9 / / ,4 4

7,0 0 2.3-6'

7,5~9,0 3 0 h S& 4 5 6' i&f ,(/>(*? 7 / 2 5 2

, i* ‘° 4 0 5 07.7 6' a * t>

2f)Lg-° SV<jaevfte^l

3 0 12 3 V 2 .0 P n ?/. 0 9 2 4 a

4 0 3 04 4 9 2.3 <

> rfY 2 , / /

hoo a 4 6 ' 7 3 " 3 0 9 30 3 ^ /2 &S-J.S / /7 9b

Oa~ta *SAeeT^ /Vo. )\

IS,

O R IG IN A L R E S U L T S .

k

7

X

\r

-w v-J vj NJ£ * 1 V) 03 ** kf

'O

*scu ^5 ojco <: -0 -

^ Q)S i * 5

CQ

j <u* . * s

' ° ^ 5 0>

O ^ v~

XJ

Q-C r ^ vi £ ©

•5 * 5| -N <U •*•K 0/

ft, VI*>? • c 7. UI

vQ^ ^ XS V tCj ^

<1 n v^ t! -Q r <

^ > t:C ^

fa* Jft; ^

q‘7 £ Ou ^ s-E 5 - '

O • -

S £ ^

*5 ^ ^

on

<u*

V. ^S Qah - 2 "o k ^^ t <.

k k ^ ^ H-'

J <-o ^

T < . —? 3“ 3 i

-- ✓>' ?-Q+■ ?• -

-«•£+- r•J $ > ' -a) 0 <3

■fa1* 40 <2 6~7,*70 Sf) 3

9.VS-9.-7$

/.00/.<?$'

A.O5“; ^ 30 (o/l 36~5" / / 9 0

f a ' ' 6 4 o A 6 '7.9 5~ 350

3.7 0 7-9 0

1.0 0 -2.5-4'

3.09.6" 3 0 /230 *9,0 2 11 i'f-,91 230>l

A x ,o -40 <2 07.3 7 2/6 1

3A*\-? a Su7 evhecOt

3 0 /2 f r i ' 2 / / m . 2 t 2.47 O f

f a ' 0 ■4 0 2.0y,by 3,0 0 3.6'<7

/.0 0 2,(76

/.6~7.5 3 0 1277 3.0 / 1 2 0 5 3% 24 (ol

/ f a 0 3 5 3 07 £ ? tr, o s

2/5'9 3.'i 9

7.0 0 2/7/

3.0 %. 7 3 0 (c33 3.S-8r (o^3/!0 / 2 I7

%*•* 3 2 S'$.33 -7.0 3 67/ 7

04 y 1. $-3-

3,5'S:0 3 0 1/30 3.$ 5' 21 7 3

f a /o' 3 5 a i rf .3 7-?<62

/0 .-3 3/ / . a 3

/.00

-2.3 6'3.2$.5'

3 0 9 70 3 7 ? VOO/.SO

f a /o s s a. 05" ,9 4 3.2.

i;5L 9.Ms

5i5'6S«/. ff)*/ieaT a a 500 2.0 b 5 1,1 7 9 s o

f a io 3 5 a o S-,7 0 3.-? 6“

/ /, 3 0 /A -6 0

/. 0 0 2./4 0

70(t>,0 3 0 1/60 3r?5' //<.10,(0 2 1 2 4

f a ' ° 3 S ! s9.7 5' 7.3-0

Sy«6“q ; j t '

/,002.30

4 A' / 0,0 30 4 9 7 3 .$-$ 67 3. 616 96- 6'

f a /0 3 S )3~ 7,2. 7 3,36"

/.4 Va /s -

/. D Ox y y

2.0s-.o a o H <0 5 3.7 a J2 04.b fa 2 2 < I3

L \ io/<o 3 0 2 9* A ,6>0J|

/.'3 $- 2:0 5

10 o) 3-3. 0) )

O.Z5 7 JO 3 f 7 4.6' 7 4 -? 7.0 ^ 7 5 7

•t V£x/0/to 3 0 a s -

(jk.3<?k ? 3 '

3-//■241

/, 0 o\f -2.2 6}

2. 0*>o 3 0 40>0 -7/? 5)1:,9 0 5 * 7 ?

f a 10 3D a 77.706, Ini

/O‘ri-9MV*

/,5T> XX 0

3.59.5 3 0 5 / t 4.7 fa%X.3(£>G 9 S-7

/ f a 0 3D 2 6 7.313 5.-22

3.7/3/f /

1.00Z\5

3.Z 9 0 3 0 5-90 *.Sr (j? V 3.0 6' // 5 S

f a 10' 3 0 2 0 3.6/3.(6

/ 0.0 7 70.X-1

7°SufiM'/i€»at / i f 30 5 7.7 fa 7/4 ,30 1 2 1 0

V at a Sheet

O R I Q 1 A/ -11 L O e ' - W . l R E S l / L T S ,

kNQ

a c: <uo X.X

■n« /3Z Vi 0

$ 5 ^to s^g

tO

<S)a> <1C tu ° o- </? - <0 t

to 0.03

o-i

° o ^ * «*" v ?

75 „'4-' d *y O ^ ^v7 ^ ^1/ | *

r i lK £ <u

</5 k - £ 2 «?

73* | £

CJ

h v/*-X. '

r .cr vj

Q ->Cj ^

■k £ •E 'C

r<U 0)

■5-S-.5 ^ <0

<4- C0 ^

+- ^ t/7^ cj 41. O' q) \

i/iin(V£QJ

. <2, ^ ''l -O ^ (D

"5 « < <V to 2 o) <u

^ " /J

3 5^:4- - .OO -.

• r i j c<U Q n°

J-k/6Up 3 0 2.5' 7f? A 3,0? /

4,M-1 0, 09

-*/4 °SU(»c v h e a t 4 6 ' /03 6' /,74' S 99, 2 0 3>3

/V/0 3 0 2 5'7, S 73737

9/o <? 9[3 9

AO O 3, 0 7,6'

3 0 0(>6' 3,^7 7 ^ 4 ,7 3 /2 %<?

& <* 3 0 2-?6.H' 4,6 7

2 ,0 9 2 ’.Z9 6 9 ° S u f e v f\ e a t 3 0 3TSr a JJ0 S' 6 75: 6> / 42}_

J-Mb/<* 3 0 <247,7 3 4,6-0

/ o tx o/,0 0

JXa 6'3,i5-7 .0 3(7 7 60 •2<?‘? ^70,ir( jp / 4 76>

j ' /•~X/0J0> 3 0 2 35", 3.0 a SrO

/;3*mX0V 3 ° S u fit t*he cCt 30 7 0 7 /.S' S - n 7 0 / 3 S S

h *" 30 2 3£V 6' /O.'ifr

/ o;aT-(O 0

X S'0 . 0$~,0 3 0 §•/5' 3.S4 9 1 4', 9 3 / 6 ' 6 9

£ *'° 3 0 2 27,7 O'

4 ,5-6'JI,ZI;/,y/ 6'° Sa/tei* 3 0 $r 6' 1.76' 9 79,3 V / M O

1 1 * 10 3 0 2 /67 4'2.Si~

/ 0 3 2

J i : i 7f,U°Su7u fi'/reaf. 4 6 ' // f - V / , y / 0 X 6 " ^ 7 2 3 3 > 4

3 0 2 0* n

< t r o

?;379:0 7

1 3 s '

-2.X 0

/ o

6 6 ' 3 0 9 S , 7 /O 63, 7S /SO 3

3 0 /97.& 0

3£69.7 39 .4 6 '

L o o

2 , 4 0

4~<J

A 0 ,0 3 2 / 0 i f 6' 3.7 / / i l . i - 2 0 3 2

3 0 / 99. 3 7

4.6'/o;i*>~

/0W 4‘( .0 0 2 ^ 6

u,*>

^ 0 30 /"OO 3 3 6 7 1 /90,(/>7 / 9 3 - b

3 0 / V7,6 5} 4./2J-1

i r , / x

/ / ,W 2 a * 5767^ 3 0 S 4 0 -4.fr 9 4 3 ,0 2 /6 0 0

£ k,° 3 0 / V w r h4.9 4 J

9,4 S / o / n

7 9 U«?.7J

3 0 9 4 5 . 3.7 7 / 0 6 96 3 / Sr/ 3

£ r° 3 0 1 7£ 6 667<2?

'0/<7h : / 7

/ ,o o3 0 940 700,1.2/ L 79 7

£*'° 3 0 17 «76~4/2

Li &J/S2

/.0 0

2 . x *

0. 6' 4,6' 34

Jo -1212 ■ /Ob*

3,| 1 x>\,12. 2 Ob?

/i*/0 3 0 / 6P24'3 •4.6 i.

//•'24u:^<

/.0 0 2 r f ^

6,6/0.1s- 30 /A 3 6' //V3./4 4 00 6-

fiaTa S h eet.

17.

O F t t Q I H A L L O U ( C m S R e s u / t s

f-It0. t3 a» o^ c.V

jJ %r C* t *2 3« 5 S

<0

9)5 0;VI <3~v> 3

V S' dy Cl ^ 0Cl

0)o4 « i i o O ci </i i* tS Qy V ££ "7r v>

<. C5

■*5

t l *t'+'s « c5 o- c£ -o <u

-Q^ 0- 2 : Y j , £ * • ?

^■Kq«j -C-C

c? -5

J - j% | £ O' 5 t

•5-h

^ <0 t s ^

0wl<U•K<D$

s3 . i

'S i ^ <u r 5Q) <S -H5 35 .£

£-ci «r .-.

S j ; \~ -Q

■ f * t 51 + 2

£ ‘ ° 3 0 H o£.0 5 556"

/,'6" 8r2; i s

LOO

i i s * 7.0 3 0 9 5 6 ' / 0 7 3,oa /S-/V

1 " '— x/o 3 0 J S6 A 0

3/?<?//5'tTXX V

/,0 0

2.3 oXX fa, S* 3 0 6 6 0 3,5 7 5 OY /3 5 6

^ 0lb 3 0 / 6'

7,<?0 a; 3 Sr 3',0fr

AO o

X.2 5x x v o. v 3 0 9 76' 3,X9 / / I X . O i / S-Sr 6

-Lx./Olb 3 0

7,7 O 50S-

:*3o3[00

/,o 0

a,/ G67t>9,3 3 0 9 0 6' 3.3'7 J O 9 * , 0 \ 1 Trio (

7- x./o/ (fi JO /■?

7,7 7 3 ,9

9/3 $r/ ao s

/,0 u XX V

f , (o

6AS O /Oi 3 3. f r o 1 10<).ixi 1 9 1 3

J~*/6/ (p 2 . i>~ 2 0

1H fT X>,90

S3 59.'t) 4'

/.V 0X/o

/xv37 V 3 0 666 3.7/ H S - A 7 /2 S 0

-f-xi/ u> 26~ / 6's.o676'

9.7 3 05 3

/.0 0

X ) oy,6'67T> 3 0 7 5 0 3.0 & 9537 3 9 /52<?

J - Xlb

2 6 ' / 6'7,7 7 5,$"<>

9'o<f 9/6 3

/.o 0 6./ 6'

/,0 67 6" 3 0 ? 73 3,7 6» 5 S- 575 /5 S-6

) " “ T ( f 10 2 5 /d~ SO i'

5.3 6*9,6"C>

IO.XO/,o » X/ o

0,<? 6‘ 5,96' 3 0 9 9 0 3 5 7 / 9 / o

6 * '* 2 6' /o 7,5'S'5 6 7

£,6T>9,i0

/,0 oXXV

3,6'Jr.O 3 0 7 0 0 J 5 7 <971,7 0 / •^ (a (o

2 0 /6~ / 0>6' wy

/ e.'oS /o:3V

X,3 0 3, o

X.6'7.X 3 0 5 5 0 O X i . L o t Z - 4 0

7(0* ( b 2 0 /6~ 75"t>GU5

8 :j 9

% :n9

/,0 b

X,o o0,0

5.0 3 0 3/ 6 j ,6o+.2 -4

4 6 7 2 , 9 7 6 0 2

. * .. 7 b x , ° .2 0 /6~

O'/1 i.TrO

3.7 7 3 5 7

7.6 o I S O

/, 0 6~0 3 0 66'*' 2,2i +

,5<f9 5-9.50 /2 76

7 > l 2 0 /o 776'5.37

X;Ol

5.56Suf*i ,\«/lPaT ^ 6 ' 9 / o /.3 9 0 0 ^ /7?fc

r 0 "/ i* '0 2 0 / 0

£5/5/7

2 .30 3,0 o

/.o o a.oo

2 56.S- JO 6 5 6 5A I 9 X 0 . 1 6 7 1 0 . 3 2 .

f x l Q/to

Data SheetjA/o.4,

ORIGINALLOC. . /CMyl R E S U L T S .

K

£•• 5:O Qj

\

QJ <1

Z QJ * 0

fc */> 3 * <V

°7

_oQJ —

3 5«7 ^ < ^ £

CQ

Qj0

^ c O° - V12 * .S

_£s

1 ; cr X

C O- V) £ QQ> C.£ f *^ -a u

~ </? a> l . c0 ^ £ < r _ f l

« | 7

CJ

-

S O '*- 0>,3§c ^ \"S " s:0 * 2 :

f~ .5 t

f i s

1 1 - 5

M-*

s £ „-

| f e 5

\nQJ

t )^ > 1 5W £ -SL4) CJ 7 -

< <0 ^' I ' * - y

£

£ ?■*» . -■ ^

^ ? < s-2"-- hr v5 5 —

/"i * /o «> S.6~4“

0.0 0//;/ 9 n .49

/0 0 30 0

0,00,6' 3 0 Ko/O 3.M 6 2 0 ,9 0 3 / /<?

r "J-X/D& i~ 0 4 0 9.72 .7

2 :2.1

2 : 5 30

2.8-5~/o<6.0 3 0 JS-7 3 2.6 3 769.6 9 3 4 3 0

zu4 i " 4 0 S.6 6

2.84' 4[IZ7,0 02 l e i

I S(o,S 3 0 / 4~-96 2 .S 9 6 72.9 74- 2S 9(

t y / o8 4 5 - <0 6. &

/ 75'4 1 7

9 : 5 42.3 3 7 / - ^ ^ 0 / .5 ‘ i'O 9,4 7 2 3 3 /

1 *1 </ j « , 0 45~ 3 5 9,46'1.70

/ J‘,-3 0 IZ'.O 6

AO 0 2 .7 6"

- o . $-4.0 3 0 2 0 * 7 25~1 9/5">4 8 4 0 6 9

f ' 7 4 o 3 4y,x^236 '

2;viT3 :2. 6"

/.o 0 2.6 8

0.0S.S' 30 73 80 3 , / / 6 6 '6 ;^ 2 6 7 2

j n o 4 0 3 4 *.-*0.<o5

70:01 /O' .40 2 0°su/he y b e a t 2 1 9 5 / -? 7 0(0. 8 5 2S -V 6 ',

i x/0 4 0 3 0 7.7 0 AS'6“

2-1 12 ‘< 1

7.0 0

2.7S-4 .070.0

3 6 ) 7 < S 3,26 2 5 t 6 7 3 3 7 6

2x708

3 5~ 3 0 7.95' <2 5 <45

7.6 0 2 .4 0

- / 23,0 3 0 / 3 4 4' 2 ,? / 7 O 0 . 7 4 2 6 / /

4 xir 34- 3 09.1OX >75

2'J 0 3 ; /0

^ 5 u /te t heat (b0 2.00 <a<8,01 2 4 / 6

x /o cr 35 - 2 4 2,7 5

2 .0 0J 0, 0 3 / 0:3 3

y.ou2.3 6'

2 S3 0 2.9<2 9 6 / 3S~S-0

f x /6 ' 3 0 2 5” S-.O 0 3 / 5

9,<2 49,3-4

70 07 ,3 4'

04'4 5 3 0 712.3 3.4'6 69575S- 2 5 5 9

/ V <1 8 3 0 2 5 S.7i>~

70.50u : o v

/kcSUfte >‘h e a t J 7 7 /0 / 2o 7 34. 2 5 2 4 7 5 '

7 * /0 '' 3 0 .20 fr.62.(o

/ 0 / 0,377

7.0 0 2.X 5

- / . 6" 2.0 3 0 / 6 2 0 2 / 3 9 2 9. 745 3 I S 2

/ * " T x /0 2.5 2 0 22 7

3.60/0 4 6 '11.15

J.b 0

22 32,>(oS 3 0 J2<4 3,^0 799 , S?6 2 4 / 5

i v/o 2 0 / 6~ 7.5'04.72

773</±0<

70 0 2 . ) !

3 .5

7.43 0 7 0 2 3 3.4 8 745. 5-2 19 7 4

D ata Sheet/Vo. S.

19.

OR IG/IVJ ^ L O G . fc o /iy ) RESULTS.

Q?5 x: ^ * * q

S 300 <y t- (O c,t tf) j

XJ cr i °<o

' toW -Q^ N 0to O'

. *» 3

03

V *^ 5 *0 1 * : « *^ ^y <: to° 3 «■5 0

5 ' < £*

‘ n Hv ^ X Q Q>'$ . r n ^

£ U <UK 'Q .

£ *

K *Xr*-- >Q\> £ ^* < U

• i f :

^ $

*>

$01 J £i * .«

S

T 't. £ «?

i - « ^r <b ^

^ <0

XT) V)<yXS*

0>" * > <0 H-, O

0 ^ z* E <Qi

<0

£-£« xr£ M .s , £ ?- to * “ r- ^JC f + - M7 > Q ^

> J a

t ' * ' 0 2/5 1 5 (*>,% 6~ 2 £D

///3 0 12-.00 f 9° 5tc/»«yhecit 3 0 1 / 3 0 0.6 945: <57 22 ,-f (o

4“0 ■44' 1.(0 ^ , 7

3,‘J 33,V5~

10 0 2.9-4“

0.0<0,0 3 0 IS 0 0 3 . ^

,/0■4 6“4,?0 3 1 & 7

? S '° -*4T -40 9.32.0

4 .00 -4 .30

/.0 0

2 . 7 02.0<0.0 3 0 2 0 06' 2.3 O 5“ S7.67 3 9 / 7

f'x/6 '/c. -40 34- 9.4“1.2 S

/6 '3'Zj/;za

J.0 0 2.6 6'

2.06,24' 3 0 2 2 .4 3 2.6“ / 7/3'. 4 9 4 3 7 3

3 "7Z,KJC> 3 4 “ 3 0 S.so

/. 04 'JO.OV '0 -3 fr

1.0 0 2 4 0

>.5y s

3 0 2 (M S r 2.7 7 7 / 3 .22 3 95-4

Z v '3 0 <2 3“ 9.90

2,1 S'9:194 * 4

/.0 0 2,2 7

oy3 ,7S 3 0 1 9 3 $' 2 37 7-9 3.S3 3 7 S - 2

f i * 10 J>5~ a 0 7.SO /.S'

?3 3 9.3 3

A OO2 j 0

/.oz.y

3 0 1 7 4 '5 2.22 760,-4 9 3 ^ 3 2 .

Hata S f j e t , ' t /Vo.b,

2 0 .

2/.

^/>

ee

c{ 0

-f •S

fe cu

*j -f-

lovv

, m

/O

Q f

e.e

t ^e

/* S

eco

nd

,

<22,

9

Speecf Cari/e /Vo. 2.

Port Jx/0 . Ope

Sfeam Pressure 4 5 lbs

D/fferenc.e-l?e.twe.en t>t*am am /“’/■ess ;u " i j j i , i 1111111111 i.i i.i 11 m 11 n i r rm 1 1 i.n f iTTTTrru.uT.i iir in in 11111 n 111 n m il nriTi 11 n n i n i l n nTrrfrmTr.O .^C H IC A G O . / 0 / S - z o

id<=/ a

J-0<7/ m

'm

3 3,

Sp

eed

of

Ste

am J

JoW

j //?

/A

O-f-

eet

fret

* S

ec a

nd.

S/*

ee.c

( o-f

•Sf&

.atn

f/

oy/i

/06-

f-T,

-S

econ

d-

o

Speed Cin've HoS

Port /X / 0 Open

StecLyn P re ssu

O C U G EN E D IE T Z G E NffilHftoc -sq u /teOTfe \p4*t »*{■&.

2.0

Speed of Steam

-flow,/fa

2 ( o ,

P p e e d Cufve

P/OJ‘T / ‘x/Q * Op e-rr/h * /0 ,

i S t e o m Pressure.5S/bs.

O C U Q E Npences h&toue.pn S t earn and ifr- Chicago. / o /-s- ao i

2.6"

<?€

d

Stg

a m

/o

W / f

ij /O

b ft

• r

Se,

con

d,

7.

'Spee.d C u)'ve. ftq . 7.

Pfii't. /M/0 ”, Oftx

<Si~e atr> P)'ejssu r e

^ E U G E N E D IE T Z G E N CO ^ C H It+re s {ft y? ou pel Ax

2 D

2 8 .

o*7

V.<b§

12

//

/6

S'v.£cVU.Vo

<L>

^ e e ^ / C a r v e A c , 8 .

Port /X/0* Ope.rnrtcf

Steam P/fe$$u re

D / {{•£!'&n ce wezyi S team an tf &act(P/'& s$u.1 iV I™ rn n 11 ■* t i i l Ini 111111 i 11 1 1111111IT 111 i liiiiyilLLlJ.l.il.iLLia .LLii~ 1 Fil l ii TXLLf l i l lX i

C O ..JC H IC AG O . I OJ S

g | K

fa/is.

/' /n /£>%,2k

*Sfieecf O

’f Steam ~f /o

wt //? /AO-ft.ft ev. S

eca

9.

T3t

e Speed Curve

Port /X /O .Operu'h9

Ste.<xm P re. s.st.c \'e. , “4

O if f e r e.» c<s b e f ’tvee)' S te c iin a n c f /3cic k ,P re ssu ves^/t/b$,..^C H IC A G O . , o nr 20

Sp

eed

o-f

Stea

m -f

low

, o

^o

),

3 0 .

S p e e d C u r r e

P/>rT /X/0 .O pening fo"

'Steam P r e s s u r e 4 0 /bs.

ofSS , D /t f e v e n ces b e t w e e n S t e a m a n d B ack P r e s s u r e s ,'.^C H IC A G O . /0 /3" 20

•Spe

ed

of S

team

-f/

o w. S

econ

d.

31.

D.iff eye nee. betweenI C O y C H .C A G O . / O

S p e e d C tir

U/a". Open /nq d k /q -

' a m P r e s s to-e , 3S~/b

dp a n d B a c kPressure*. '«■ ao

Sp

eed

Of

Sfe

atrx

fl&

W,'

ft/

dbft

pe

Sfieed Ctn've A/a ./£.

P o r t /k/b. Ope

S t e a m P r e s s u r e . , 3 b lbs .

/7/ffer<? nee b e t w e e n S t e a . m a n d P;0 .£ C H IC A G 0 . / O / V *LO

Spie

-ed

d-

f St

ea m

-f/

aw,/

n -Se c o

33.

•Speed C m ' v e /Vo./

Port CK/O, Open/H"x./A'’.

Steam A-ess u r, 2.S

p/f-f&i'enre /oet^een S t e a mlO. emcAGO. /O / 6 - 2 .0

eecl

o-f

3fe

am

//

?

3-f.

■Speed Cu) 'Ve

P o r t ///O', O p e n

St6 a m P >'&ss ui'&2 0

Srectnn. a n d B a c h£0

Sftee

d a n

r\ -f/

owy/

n /Q

6 j~f-

, pei

- Se

cond

,

m

Speed. Curve.

P o/'t~ / K/Ci, O p « n tn cf

ST^o-m /^'essui'e, 6~0/hs

Ui-ffertHie. bzfyvee* S t e a m « sS s" co:-sfcHICAGO- Tb /s'

•Sp.

ee. c

l o

f •S

team

. -f

low

. -ft

-S

ec O

K d

i

•3 .

y

/

•Speed Cco’ ve

PorT /X/Q;Apentnqt

■ S teayn P r e SS lo

P/'if e re hce. b e t w e e n S t e a m c kc( SJCO.jtHICAOO. JO ^ 7 5 ' <2 0

•Spewed of'Sfearn

f-/o w ,/

n /

Second.

37

■Speed Curve /Vo,/7.

P o rt /K/d" Of e-n//SO*

<Ste cimPressure. s.

tZ/t-fe c e n c e b e t w e e n S t e a w i n n d77?zo/O

5fieed of 'St’za.rrr f-taw , /+* /ODft. per second.

38.

/

/7 /f fe i- e n ce tpreenC O .jjC H IC A G O . / 0

S fte ec i C u r r e . No. IS

P o r t /X/0 , Often , 1 •< /#■»* /6

STea/^i. Pressure.. 36

‘"l1 * /$“ 2 ,0

pe

e~c(

a-f

'S'f'

ect m

in

SO

Q-f

t />

e>' ^

ecio

n cL

.

39.

//

/

Spee.ciCm-ve. A/*. /9.

Pot'~t /X fQ . Open

SlFearn Press U)e, -30/6s.

D 1 Pt-f-J- e >'<s * ce 6-e.~^4veen S A e a m ftI Coi^CHICAQO. /0 /6~ £Q

' p UQ

Odg

Ad

cJ

^-

j-y

70/ W

f° p^

9c!^

4 0 .

• S f t e e d C u r v e . A/q .

Poy/?- /X /6 t Q f ie n / \ / 0 "/(t>

S t e u m P r e s s u j e} / £ & .

/?/^erehce S t * a m-*es td / /E " c o .5 c h , c * o o . / 0 / S

Theare'f/

fa /

F’/ow.

T7i e

av&

t i ca

l F

iow

. 'S

peed

o-f

Seco

nd.

(Wit

ho

ut

42..

<Sjp6 £ dCut' V A/Q

F A e o r e t / c a !« S t e a m P r e

X moist ure dss uyned = 21,

difference between Sfearrx. andc o . 'C hicago. To I S a o

The

o ye

t/ £.

a /

-flo

w,

Sfe

ed

o

f

43.

S f e e d Cu r ve , tlto .P 3 ,

P/ieoret/ ca/ SfeedS t e a m - P r e s s u r e * SO / 6 s ,

S t e a m P r e s s u r e =% m oistu i-e a s s u m e cases.

Rcit/o of B a c K P r e s s u r e To Steam Pre

°_£»b

2l3

5/i e

e.d

of-

Ste

a m

f /

ow,

'ft

/A/S

-j-t

Seco

nd

'