CirCuit trainingBasiC ConCepts

2. Airmanship• Checktherightofwayrules• Checktheaerodromechart• Checkwindsockforwind

• AlwayscarryaVol4andaerodromechart• Radiocommunication

ObjectiveUsetheaircraftcontrolscorrectlytomanoeuvretheaircraftonthegroundataspeedappropriatefortheprevailingconditionsandsituation,followingaselectedpathandstoppingatanominatedpoint.

3. Aeroplane Management• Don’tusepowerVs.brakes• Seatpositionedforfullrudderdeflectionandheight• Enginewarmbeforemoving• Brakechecksoonafterfirstmoving• CarbheatONonlyforchecks• Faceintowindwhenstopped• Taxioncentreline• Watchforwingtipclearance• Noreverseavailable• Caution,surfaceconditions

5. Ground Exercise• Seatisadjustedandcomfortable• Onceengineiswarm,useenoughpowertoovercomeinertia• Testbrakesaftermovingoff• Maintainsafetaxispeed–fastwalkingpace• Maintainthecentreline(ifapplicable)• Turnusingtherudderpedalstoturnthenosewheel• Takeaccountofthewind,andthechangeinthewindasyouturn

• Wingtipclearancecanbejudgedusingshadows• Cautionslipstreamandjetblastfromotheraircraft• Slipstream(theairblownbackbythepropeller),canblowobjectsandpeoplearoundbehindyou

• Duringthetaxiandwhileturning,checkinstruments• Stopbyapplyingthetoebrakes• Applyparkbrake

4. Human Factors• Cleanwindscreen• Moveheadandbodytoavoidblindspots

1. ConsiderationsSpeed ControlThrottle controls speed. Forward is more power, and rearwards is less power• Morepowerisrequiredtogetstartedandovercomeinertia

Minimum power setting• Taxispeedisaffectedbysurface,slope,wind,andpowerused• Shouldbeafastwalkingpace–5to10km/h• Mayneedoccasionalgentle(cadence)brakingtomaintainthetaxispeedwhilemaintainingtherecommendedpowersetting

Speed = fast walking pace• Stopbyclosingthethrottleandusingthetoebrakestocometoahalt• Parkbrakeissetbyholdingdownthetoebrakesandengagingthelever

Directional Control• Nosewheelsteeringisachievedbyusingtherudderpedals,pushontheleftrudderandtheaeroplaneturnsleftandviceversa

• Windaffectsthespeedacrosstheground.Tailwindmakesyougofaster,headwindslower,andcrosswindwillpushthetailandmaketheaeroplaneturnintowind

• Makesureyoulookatapointinthedistance,notonejustaheadoftheaeroplane

Control Positioning • CompletedetailsareintheFlightManual• Aimtodeflectthecontrolsurfacethatwillbeaffectedbythewind,sothewindcannot‘pickitup’.

• Windfrombehind–controlcolumnforward(elevatordeflecteddownwards),aileronsneutral• Windfromahead–noelevatordeflectionneeded• Windfromtheleft–controlcolumnleft(leftaileronraised)• Windfromtheright–controlcolumnright(rightaileronraised)• Combinationoftheabovewhenwindisquartering.Forexample,windfromtheleftandbehind–controlcolumnforwardandleft.

taxiing

CirCuit trainingBasiC ConCepts

2. Airmanship• “Ihavecontrol/youhavecontrol”• “followmethrough”• Seeandbeseen• Clockcode,relativeheight/distance

• Horizonismainreference• Landfeatures• I’MSAFE

ObjectivesTooperatetheprimarycontrolsurfacesandtoexperiencethefeelandobservethefirstaerodynamiceffectontheaircraftinflight.

Tooperatetheprimarycontrolsurfacesandobservethefurther(orsecondary)aerodynamiceffectsontheaircraftinflight.

Tooperatetheancillarycontrolsandtoexperiencethefeelandobservetheeffectontheaircraftinflight.

3. Aeroplane Management• Enginecontrols

• throttle• mixture• carbheat• temperaturesandpressures

• Flapspeed–whitearc• Preflightinspection

5. Air ExerciseTaxipractice

Attitude• Attitudeflyingbyreferencingnoseandwingstothehorizon

Controls

Axis Control Input 1st Effect 2nd Effect Use

Lateral Elevator ControlColumn forward rearward

Pitch down up

– AttitudeandAirspeed

Longitudinal Aileron ControlColumn right left

Roll right left

Slip–Yaw Direction

Normal Rudder RudderPedals left right

Yaw left right

Skid–Roll Balance

Airspeed• Increasedairspeed–increasedcontrolfeel,responserate,movementneeded

• Decreasedairspeed–decreasedcontrolfeel,responserate,movementneeded

Power• Decreaseinpowergnosepitchdownandyawright• Increaseinpowergnosepitchupandyawleft• Mustbalancewithrudder

Flap• Extendingflapgincreaseinliftanddraggpitchchange–trimchangerequired• Retractingflapgdecreaseinliftanddraggpitchchange–aeroplanewillsink

4. Human Factors• Limitationsonlookout• Limitationsofmemory• Morecomfortablewithpractice/workload• Uncoordinatedlessonbynature

1. Principles of FlightOn the Ground• Controlspeedwiththrottleandbrakes• Onehandoncontrolcolumnandotheronthrottle• Dualcontrolsfitted

Aeroplane Axes

Primary Controls• Elevatorpitchesaeroplane–changingattitude• Aileronrollsaeroplane–changingdirection• Rudderyawsaeroplane–balancedflight• Slipstreamstrikesrudderandelevator

Ancillary Controls• Throttleaffectsspeed,directconnectiontopropeller• Trimtabsprovideaforcetoholdprimarycontrols• Flapchangesshapeofwing,increaseslift,drag,andL/Dratio–changespitch,trimchangerequired

Inertia• Tendencyforbodytoremainincurrentstate–inspeedordirection

Slipstream• Increasedpowergincreasedslipstream• Increasedflowoverelevatorgmoreeffectivecontrol(notapplicabletoTomahawks)

• Strikesruddergyaw• Mustbalancewithrudder

Trim• Torelievethepressure• Ifholdingbackpressure–trimbackwards• Ifholdingforwardpressure–trimforwards

effects of Controls

Lift• Asairflowsoverthewing,increasedspeedabovethewingresultsinreducedpressure=Lift

• Liftcanbealteredbychangingtheshapeofthewing,theangleofattack,andtheairspeed

CirCuit trainingBasiC ConCepts

2. Airmanship• Lookout• SituationalAwareness,trainingareaboundaries,clearofcloud• “Ihavecontrol/youhavecontrol”

ObjectivesToestablishandmaintainstraightandlevelflight,ataconstantairspeed,constantaltitude,inaconstantdirection,andinbalance.

Toregainstraightandlevelflight.

Tomaintainstraightandlevelflightatselectedairspeedsorpowersettings.

3. Aeroplane Management• Smooththrottlemovements• Mixturerich• Carbheat

5. Air Exercise• Horizon• Powersetting• Attitudeforlevel

Establishing Straight and LevelPower setforstraightandlevel

Attitude elevator setnose attitude aileron wingslevel relativetohorizon rudder inbalance noyaw–standontheball

Trim torelievepressure–handsoff

Maintaining Straight and LevelLookout ahead

Attitude fourfingers

Instruments toconfirm–notset Altimeter,DI,TC,RPMcheckedeverytime Otherinstrumentsandgauges,lessfrequently

Regaining Straight and Level1. Airspeedandpowersettingcorrect2. Attitudecorrectforstraightandlevel3. Wingslevelandbalanceballcentred4. Resetpower5. PAT

Straight and Level at Different Airspeeds• Anychangesinpowermustbebalancedwithrudder• Whilemovingrudderwingsmustbekeptlevel

4. Human Factors• Blindspots• Newlearningconsistentlyreinforcedinlaterlessons

1. Principles of Flight• Thehorizonisthelinewheretheseameetsthesky• Allflyingreferencestheaeroplane’snosewiththehorizon

The Four Forces• Lift,Weight,Thrust,Drag• EquilibriumwhenLift=WeightandThrust=Drag

• Forcesdon’tactthroughthesamepointgmomentarmsgcouple

• LiftandWeightcouplebalancedbytailplaneforce

• ChangesinThrustgpitchchanges

Lift• Airoverthetopacceleratescomparedtoairpassingunderthewing

• L=CL½ V2S• L=AngleofattackxAirspeed

• Angleofattackalteredwithelevator

Performance• Power+Attitude=Performance

straight and Level

Power + Attitude = Performance

Power 2200 1800 2500

Airspeed 80–90knots 60knots 110knots

Attitude Normal High Low

CirCuit trainingBasiC ConCepts

2. Airmanship• Situationalawareness–whatwas,is,andwillbe• VFRMetminima• Minimumandmaximumheights• Lookout–restrictions• I’MSAFE

ObjectivesToentertheclimbandthedescentfromstraightandlevelflight.

Tomaintainaclimbandadescentataconstantspeed,constantrate,inaconstantdirectionandinbalance.

Toleveloffatspecificaltitudes.

3. Aeroplane Management• Smooththrottlemovements• Mixturerich• CarbheatHOTfordescent• Temperaturesandpressures

5. Air ExerciseClimbing

Entry

Power mixtrich,fullpower,balanceAttitude climbattitude,wingslevel,balanceTrim tomaintainattitude

Airspeed= RoC= Airspeedcontrolledwithattitude

Maintaining Lookout Attitude Instruments

Change–check–hold–trim

Exit

Attitude selectandholdS+Lattitude,adjustas speedincreases,balancePower waitforaeroplanetoaccelerate,thenset cruisepower,balanceTrim toholdS+Lattitude

4. Human Factors• Trappedgasesinears• Diving• Emptyskymyopia• Noise

1. Principles of FlightClimbing• Aeroplaneisinequilibriumwhenclimbing• Liftisnotincreased• T must be greater than D• Rateofclimb(climbperformance)dependsonexcesspoweravailable

Climb PerformancePower Morepowerbetter climbperformanceAltitude LimitstheperformanceWeight hweight–irateofclimbFlap hdrag–irateofclimbWind Affectsclimbangleand distanceinclimb

Descending• Aeroplaneisinequilibriumwhendescending• Flyingspeedmaintainedbyloweringnoseattitude• FCWbalancesD

Descent PerformancePower ControlsrateofdescentL/D ratio Efficiencyofwing,steepnessofglideWeight hweighthFCW–hspeeddownslopeFlap NeedshFCWtobalanceD– hrateofdescentWind Affectsdescentangleandrange

Climb Configurations

Performance Power Attitude

BestRoC Full kts

BestAoC kts

Cruise kts

Recommended kts

Descent Configurations

Performance Power AttitudeGlide Idle kts

Powered kts

Cruise kts

Descending

Entry

Power mixtrich,carbheatHOT,closethrottle,balanceAttitude holdS+Lattitudeuntilglidespeed,thenset glideattitudeTrim tomaintainattitude

Airspeed= RoD= Airspeedcontrolledwithattitude

Maintaining Lookout Attitude Instruments

Change–check–hold–trim

Exit

Attitude carbheatCOLD,increasepower,balancePower waitforaeroplanetoaccelerate,thenset cruisepower,balanceTrim toholdS+Lattitude

Climbing and Descending

CirCuit trainingBasiC ConCeptsMedium, Climbing and Descending turns

2. Airmanship• 20°per2secondscantechnique• LookoutandListenout• SA–360°turns,position,altitude,weather• VFRminima,5–2–1

ObjectivesTochangedirectionthrough360degreesataconstantrate–using30degreesangleofbank–whilemaintainingaconstantaltitudeandkeepingtheaeroplaneinbalance.

Tocompleteamediumturnwhileclimbingandwhiledescending.

3. Aeroplane Management• Smoothandpositivethrottlemovements• Carbheat

5. Air ExerciseAdverse Yaw• Demonstrationonly

EntryMedium Level Turn• FromS+L• Lookout• Rollwithaileronto30°AoB• Balancewithrudder• Backpressuretosetattitude–hslightly

Climbing Turn• Establishinclimb• Lookout• Rollwithaileronto15°AoB• Balancewithrudder• Relaxbackpressuretomaintainattitude–i

Descending Turn• Establishinglide• Lookout• Rollwithaileronto30°AoB• Balancewithrudder• Relaxbackpressuretomaintainattitude–i

In Turn• ‘Check’theaileronsandmaintainbalance• Lookout• Attitude• Instruments• Angleofbankcontrolledwithaileron• Altitudecontrolledwithbackpressure

Exit• Lookforreferencepoint• Anticipaterolloutbyhalftheangleofbank• Rollwingslevel• Balancewithrudder

• Relaxbackpressure• ResetS+Lattitude• CheckPAT

4. Human Factors• 360°turnstominimisedisorientation

• Turningsensation

1. Principles of Flight• Inordertoturnneedtocreateaforcetowardsthecentreoftheturn–banktheaeroplane• HCLprovidestheforce• VCLreduced\moreLrequiredgincreaseangleofattackslightly

Adverse Yaw• hLonupgoingwing,alsomeanshDiyawawayfromturn

• Ruddertobalanceyawasaileronsdeflected–neutral

Overbanking• Outerwingtravelsfurther, moreL,triestokeeprolling

• Holdoffbankwithaileron

Performance• Whenclimbingandturning,angleofbankmustbereducedMaximumof20°,use15°

CirCuit trainingBasiC ConCepts

2. Airmanship• 20°/2secondscan• HASELLchecks• Aeroplanepositionintrainingarea• Warningsymptomsofapproachingstall

H Height Notlessthan2500feetabovegroundlevel

A Airframe Configuration–cleanorflap

S Security Noloosearticles,harnessessecure

E EngineTs&Ps Temperaturesandpressuresnormal,mixturerich,fuelsufficientandonfullest

L Locality Notoverapopulatedareaandclearofknowntrafficareas,includingairfields

L Lookout One180-degree,ortwo90-degree,clearingturnstoensureothertrafficwillnotresultinconflict

ObjectivesToslowtheaeroplaneandmaintainstraightandlevelatlowairspeed(1.2VS).

Tomaintainstraightandlevelatlowairspeedinvariousconfigurations.

Tomaintainaconstantaltitudewhileturningatlowairspeed.

Toreturntonormaloperatingairspeeds.

3. Aeroplane Management• Smoothbutpositivethrottleandcontrolmovements• Carbheat• Engineoperatingtemperatures• Useofflap–powerrequirements

5. Air ExercisePower + Attitude = Performance

Slowing to S + L at Low Airspeed• Power reducetodecelerate• Attitude increasesasaeroplaneslows–maintainlevel• Trim torelievebackpressure• Adjustpowertomaintainheight• Airspeed=

Maintaining S + L at Low Airspeed• Lookout• Attitude• Instruments

Turning at Low Airspeed• Tomaintainlevel,Liftmusth,Dragwillh,morepowerrequired• Adverseyawcounteredwithrudder• Aileronswillneedtobedeflectedmoreforsamerollrate• Balancewithrudder

Returning to Cruise• Power increasetofullpower,balancewithrudder• Attitude lowernosetolevelattitude• Trim torelievepressure• Reducetocruisepower,balancewithrudder

• Lookout• Attitude• Instruments

4. Human Factors• Highlevelofconcentration• Unfamiliarhighnoseattitudes

1. Principles of FlightPower + Attitude = Performance• L=AngleofAttackxAirspeed• Asairspeeddecreasesangleofattackmustincreasetomaintainlevel

• Highnoseattitude+littleextrapowerrequired

• Flytheaeroplaneataslowspeed,butabovethestall–nextlesson

• Lesscontroleffectiveness–largerinputsrequired

• Slipstreameffectsless–maintainbalance• Mediumlevelturns–needadditionalpower

slow Flight

CirCuit trainingBasiC ConCepts

2. Airmanship• Nopax• Awarenessofaircraftconfiguration,positionandothertraffic

• HASELLchecks• HELLchecks• Recognisesymptoms

ObjectivesTocontroltheaeroplanetothepointofstall,recognisethesymptomsoftheapproachingstall,experiencethestallitself,andrecoverwithminimumheightloss.

Tocontroltheaeroplanetothepointofstall,recognisethesymptomsoftheapproachingstall,andrecoveratstallonsetwithminimumaltitudeloss.

3. Aeroplane Management• Smoothbutpositivethrottleandcontrolmovements• Preflight–nolooseobjects• Carbheatuse

5. Air ExerciseEntry• HASELLchecksandreferencepoint(high)• CarbheatHOT• Closethrottle• Keepstraightwithrudder• Maintainaltitudewithhbackpressure• Through kts(orstallwarningsounds),carbheatCOLD

Symptoms• Lowandiairspeed• Highnoseattitude• Lesseffectivecontrols–higherstickforces• Stallwarning–iffitted

• Buffet(turbulentairfromwingstrikingtailplane)• Controlcolumnwillbefullyback–nofurthercontrolmovement

At the Stall• Aeroplanesinksandnosepitchesdown

RecoveryTo Unstall• Checkforwardwithcontrolcolumntoreduceangleofattack

• Donotuseailerons• Aeroplanewilldescend• RecovertoS+LwithPAT

To Minimise Height Loss – max of 100’• Power + Attitude = Performance• Unstall,asabove,checkforward• Applyfullpower–balancewithrudder• Raisenosetothehorizon(stopssinkandallowsacceleration)• Accelerateto kts,thenadjustattitudetomaintainspeed• RegainstartingaltitudeandS+L

Recovery at Onset• Normalsituation–whennottraining• Recoveratstallwarning/buffet• Heightloss–50’maximum

4. Human Factors• Morepracticeandexposurethebetter• Plentyoftimebetweenstallstoorientate• Sickbags

1. Principles of Flight• L=AngleofAttackxAirspeed• Smoothairflowoverthewingbreaksdownandbecomesturbulent• Breaksawayfromuppersurface,aeroplanesinks,nosepitchesdown

At the Stall• WhenthewingstallsthereisaiinLandlargehinD

• Aeroplanesinks,CofPmovesrearwardsgpitchdown

H Height

A Airframe

S Security

E EngineTs&Ps

L Locality

L Lookout

Basic stalling

CirCuit training

2. Airmanship• ATC/Traffic • Checklists • RightofWayrules

U Undercarriage Downandlocked

B Brakes Brakepressurechecked,parkbrakeoff

M Mixture Mixturerich

F Fuel Fuelonfullesttank,fuelpumpon,pressurechecked

H Harnesses&Hatches Seatbeltsecureanddoors\canopyclosed

ObjectivesTotakeoffandfollowpublishedproceduresthatconformtotheaerodrometrafficcircuit,avoidingconflictwithotheraircraft.

Tocarryoutanapproachandlandingusingthemostsuitablerunway.

3. Aeroplane Management

S Suction Suctiongaugeoperatinginthegreenrange

A Amps/Alternator Alternatorfunctioningcorrectly

D Di DIsynchronisedtocompassandfunctioningcorrectly

I Ice Carbicecheckedforandcarbheatappliedifrequired

E Engine Temperaturesandpressuresareingreenrange

5. Air Exercise1 Takeoff

• Referencepointandlineupchecks

• Holdonbrakes• Keepstraight

2 Climb Out• Separation • Aftertakeoffchecks • Turnat500’agl

3 Crosswind• Trackingandlookout

4 Downwind• Downwindradiocall

• Checks• Spacing

5 Base Turn• Lookout• Referencepoint• CarbheatHOT

• Powerreducedto

• Turn

• Airspeed • Flap–firststage

6 Base Leg• Track • Flap–

furtherstage(s)• Attitudecontrolsairspeed

7 Final• Anticipateturn–500’

• Aimpoint

• Attitudecontrolsairspeed

• PowercontrolsRoD

• ShortfinalcarbheatCOLD

8 Landing• Landingassured,closethrottle

• At50’noseprogressivelyraisedforroundout/flare

• Lookdownendofrunway

• Progressivelyincreasebackpressuretocontrolsink

• Touchdownonmainwheels

• Letnosewheelsettle

• Keepstraight• After-landingchecks–clearofrunway

4. Human Factors• Landingcues• Workload/priorities

1. ConsiderationsTakeoff

Slipstream Strikestailandyawsaeroplane

Torque Triestorotateaeroplaneandyawsaeroplane

Keeping straight Withrudderasrequired–lookahead

Crosswind Triestoweathercockaeroplane,keepstraight

Headwind Reducestakeoffroll–alwaystakeoffintowind

Tailwind Increasestakeoffroll

Climb angle Headwindincreasesclimbangle

Takeoff into wind Tominimisegroundrollanddistanceto50’

Power Fullpowerformaximumperformance

Flap Usuallynotused

Runway length Calculatedlengthrequiredfortakeoff

Landing

Wind Intowindtoreducegroundrollanddistancefrom50’

Flap hLandD,lowerspeedandlowernoseattitude

Power ControlsRoD,moreairflowoverelevatorandrudder

Brakes Ongroundonly

Runway length Calculatedlengthrequiredforlanding

Circuit introduction

CirCuit training

2. Airmanship• Aviate–Navigate–Communicate• ATCclearances• VFRminimainCTZ

ObjectivesTocontinuecircuittraining.

Tousethetouchandgoandgoaroundprocedures.

Tousethetermsandproceduresemployedwhenadeviationfromthenormalcircuitisrequired.

3. Aeroplane Management• SADIEchecks

5. Air ExerciseTouch and Go• Oncenosewheelonrunway,raiseflapandapplyfullpower.

• Keepstraight• Takeoff

Go Around• Carryoutanytimeasafelandingcannotbemade• Aviate – Navigate – Communicate• Normalprocedure,notemergency• CarbheatCOLD• Fullpower–bewareofpitchchange• Nosetolevelattitude

• Reducefromfullflap• Asspeedincreasesnoseonthehorizon• Safeheight,safeairspeed,+veRoC–raiseflap• Tracktotherightoftherunway• Continueclimbouttonormalcrosswindturningpoint• AdviseATC“goingaround”

4. Human Factors• Orientationcues

Circuit Considerations

S Suction

A Amps/Alternator

D Di

I Ice

E Engine1. ConsiderationsTouch and Go• Onrunwayswithenoughlengthcanland,retractflapandtakeoffwithoutstopping

• Savestime,candomorecircuits

Go Around / Overshoot• Ifforanyreasonthelandingneedstobeabandoned

• Fullpower,raiseflap,climbahead

Orbit• 360°mediumlevelturn• Usedtoadjustspacingortohold• Commonlydonedownwind

Extend Downwind• Forseparation• Extendthedownwindleg,andturnbasewheninstructed

Repositioning• Usuallydonedownwind,butcanbedoneonanyleg

• Changeofdirectionusedwhenthereisachangeofrunway

Low Level Circuit• 500’,forquickercircuittopracticelandings• Shouldonlybedonewithinstructoronboard

• Doesnotgiveyouautomaticright-of-way

Wind Gradient• Windstrengthdecreasesclosertothegroundbecauseoffriction

• Affectsflare–possiblefloating

Windshear• Suddenchangeinwindspeedand/ordirection

• Windneedstobe10ktsormore• Ifencountersuddendropinairspeedand/oraltitude–GoAround

Wake Turbulence• Disturbedaircausedbywingproducinglift• Aircraftproducesspiralsfromwingtips• Avoidbykeepingsafedistancefromaircraftahead,especiallythosebigger

• Ifencounter–GoAround

Dumb-Bell Turn• Changecircuitdirectionchangeby180°turnonclimbout

Glide Approach• Seeseparatebriefing

CirCuit training

2. Airmanship• Pre-takeoffsafetybrief• Aviate–Navigate–Communicate• “Simulating”• Touchchecks

• AdviseATC/traffic• Troublechecks• Shutdownchecks

ObjectiveToadopttherecommendedprocedureintheeventofanenginefailureatlowlevel(below1000ftagl).

3. Aeroplane Management• Systemsmanagement• Looseobjectsincabin• Smooththrottlemovements• Listenfor‘normal’sounds

5. Air ExerciseAborted TakeoffAviate• Closethrottle

Navigate• Keepstraight,brakeasrequired

Communicate• TellATC/traffic

Engine Failure After TakeoffAviate• Flytheaeroplane–lowernose,closethrottle• CarbheatHOT

Navigate• Chooselandingsitefromanythinginthewindscreen• Flapasrequiredtomakeit

Communicate• MAYDAY• Landintowindandkeepcabinintact

Trouble Checks

F FuelSelectorON,fuelpumpON,changetanks(touch)

M MixtureRICH,carbheatHOT,primerLOCKED

I IgnitionBOTH

Shutdown Checks

F Fuel OFF

M MixtureOFF

I IgnitionOFF

M MasterOFF

4. Human Factors• Learnchecklistsandusemnemonics• Plentyofpracticeavailable• Avoidmindsets–practise,currencyandpre-planning

engine Failure after takeoff

1. Considerations

Cause Prevention

Carbice • Beawareoftempandhumidity• CarbheatHOT• Preflightrun-up

Airblockage • CarbhearHOT–alternateair• Preflightinspection

Fuelcontamination • Waterorsolidparticlesinthefuel• Preflightfuelcheckandsample

Fuelstarvation • Wrongtankselection(orOFF)orfuelpumpproblems• Preflightrun-up

Fuelexhaustion • Runoutoffuel• Preflightplanningandinspection

Spark • Preflightinspectionandrun-up

Aborted Takeoff• Earlyinthetakeoffroll,withrunwayavailable,closethrottle,brakingasrequired,keepstraight

Engine Failure After TakeoffAviate• Lowernose,closethrottle

Navigate• Chooselandingsite,flapdecisions

Communicate• TellATC/traffic

Go Around• Fullpower,keepstraightwithrudder,raisethenoseattitudetothehorizon,climbstraightahead,retractinganyflap,continuingclimbout

Takeoff Safety Brief• IntentionsintheeventofanEFATO

CirCuit training

2. Airmanship• Goodsystemsknowledge • SADIEchecks • Higherapproachspeed

ObjectiveTocarryoutaflaplessapproachandlanding.

3. Aeroplane Management• Smallpowerchangestoadjustapproachpath

5. Air Exercise• Willsimulatelatedownwind• Carryoutagoaroundandpositiondownwind

Downwind• Downwindchecksandradiocall• Assessrunwaylength• Confirmappropriateapproachspeed• Choosepowersettingforapproach• Extenddownwindleg

Base• Lowerpower• Highernoseattitude• Trim• Anticipateturnontofinal

The Approach• Attitudetomaintainhigherapproachspeed• SmallpowerchangestoadjustRoD• Highernoseattitude–lessforwardvisibility• Attitude+Power=Performance

Landing• Lessround-out• Slighthold-off• Donotover-flare–waitfortouchdown• Cautionfloating–mayrequiregoaround

4. Human Factors• Lowernoseattitudecausesillusionandacceleration

Flapless Landings

1. Considerations• Inallcases,whenfacedwiththeunexpected• Aviate – Navigate – Communicate

Flap System• Flapsystemoperatedby • Electricalsystemdiagrammatics

• Flapoperatingsystemdiagrammatics

Detection• Tohelpdetectionofthisfailurebeforegettingairborne

• Thoroughpreflightinspection• Soundsystemsknowledge

• RegularSADIEchecks• Probablywon’tdetectituntilbaseleg• Oncedetected–goaround

Causes• Mechanicallinkagefailure(manualorelectricflap)• Electricflapmotorfailure• Electricalcurrentfailure• Overspeed–shouldneverhappen• AlwayslimitspeedtobelowVFEbeforedeployingflap

Diagnosis• Onceinlevelflight,canthendiagnoseproblem• Checkelectricsforindications–MasterON,CBset,Batteryoutput• Visualcheckforindicationfailure

Procedure• Stallspeedh approachspeedhigher(5kts)• Longerlandingdistance–P-chartshavenodetail

• Lesspowerrequired• Descentangleshallower• Lessvisibilityoverthenose

CirCuit training

2. Airmanship• MakingthecalculationsimprovesSA• Maxcrosswindisarecommendation,butmaybeotherlimits

ObjectivesTocorrectlypositiontheaeroplanecontrolswhiletaxiing.

Tocompensatefordriftthroughoutthecircuit.

Totakeoffandlandincrosswindconditions.

3. Aeroplane Management• Controlpositionongroundwrtwind• Mayneedtousebrakes

5. Air ExerciseTakeoff• Line-up,adjustreferencepointfordrift• Aileronsfullyintowind,elevatorneutral• Duringtakeoffrollreduceailerontoneutralbyrotatepoint

• Liftoffatslightlyhigherspeedthannormal• Afterlift-offmakeagentlebalancedturnintowind

CircuitClimb-out• Wingslevel,inbalance• Adjustheadingtotrackextendedcentreline

Crosswind• Referenceheadingallowsfordrift• Expectsomeheadwindortailwind

Downwind• Allowforwindondownwindturn• Trackparalleltorunway• Assessrunwayanddecideonspeedsandflapsettingtouse• Checkdownwindspacing

Base• Allowfordriftandheadwindortailwind• Extendallthelandingflap• Anticipateturnontofinal

Final• Trackextendedcentreline• Powercontrolsrateofdescent

Landing• Combinationofkickstraightandwingdownmethods

Kick-straight• Crabintowind• Justbeforetouchdown,kickstraight,ailerontokeeponcentreline

Wing-down• Fromshortfinal• Winghelddown,ruddertokeepalignedwithcentreline–Sideslip• Landonintowindwheelfirst

Combination• Crabintowindonfinal• Duringround-outswitchtowingdownmethod,• Ailerontostayalignedwithcentreline,ruddertostaystraight• Intowindwheeltouchesdownfirst

4. Human Factors• AssessingrunwaysuitabilityimprovedADM

Crosswind Circuit

1. ConsiderationsOn the Ground• Aeroplanehastendencytoweathercockintowind

• Positioncontrolstocompensateforwind

On Takeoff• Allowfordrifttotrackalongtherunwaycentreline

In the Circuit• Allowfordriftandheadwind/tailwindoneachleg

• Baselegwillbeaffectedthemost

On Landing• Ascrosswindincreasesamountofflapuseddecreases–toimprovedirectionalcontrol

• Moreairspeedneededifgustyconditions• Needtoconsideroverallsuitabilityofrunwayoncrosswindconditions

Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind• InFlightManual• Limitedbyabilityofruddertocontrolaeroplane• Forthisaeroplaneis kts

Calculating Crosswind Component• NeedW/VfromTAForMETAR• ConvertthedirectiontoMagnetic–applyvariation

Vector Diagram• Needpencil,paper,rulerandprotractor

Flight Manual Graph

Nav Computer

Windsock

Tower

Formula• AngulardifferencebetweenwindandRWY

Plot on watch face• Percentageofdistancearoundwatchfacexwindstrength=X/Wcomponent

• 30°=halfwindstrength,60°=fullwindstrength

CirCuit training

2. Airmanship• Aeroplanesafetyindoubt–goaround• Notautomaticright-of-way

• Nopax• Adjustmentsforslope

ObjectiveTocompletealandingwithoutenginepowerfromthelatedownwindand500-footarea.

3. Aeroplane Management• CarbheatHOT• Noenginewarms

5. Air Exercise• Confirmspacing,configurelatedownwind• Reducepower,maintainheight,carburettorheatearlyandtrim

• 1000-footareaclosethrottlestartbaseturn• Reference1/3aimpointtoabout500ftagl

“Can the 1/3 aim point be easily reached?”

Yes MakemanoeuvrestoreducetheL/Dratio,wherenecessary,insequenceandcombinedtobringthetouchdownpointclosertothethreshold.

No Delaytheapplicationofflapuntiltheanswerisapositiveyes.

4. Human Factors• Highrateofdescent–opticalillusions

glide approach

1. ConsiderationsHeadwind on FinalIfaimpointmovesupwindscreen(undershooting):• Increaseairspeed–betterpenetrationofheadwind

Windshear on Final• Onlymethodavailabletodealwithwindshearistoincreaseairspeed

Moving the Aim PointAssumingthe1/3aimpointcanbereached,movetouchdownpointtowardsyoubychangingL/Dratiousing:

Flap• Increasesdrag

Airspeed• Reducingairspeedcouldleadtostall• Increasingairspeedcanleadtofloatatroundout

S-Turns• Increasesdistance• DecreasesL/Dratio

Sideslip• Aileronandrudderinoppositedirections• Notveryeffectiveinmodernaeroplanes,betterifcombinedwithflap• Someaeroplaneshaveprohibitiononsideslippingwithflap• Caution–maintainairspeed

CirCuit training

2. Airmanship• Vol4,VNC,joiningchecklists• Right-of-wayrules• LOOKOUT,don’trelyonlistenout

ObjectivesTovacateandjointhecircuitinaccordancewithapplicableprocedures.

Tojoinanuncontrolledcircuitinaccordancewiththestandardoverheadjoinprocedure.

3. Aeroplane Management• Speedbelow120kts• landinglighton

5. Air ExerciseVacating• Fromhomebase• From(un)controlledaerodrome

Uncontrolled Aerodrome Joining – Standard JoinStandard Overhead Join• Radiocalltocircuittraffic5–10NMfromaerodrome

• position• altitude• intentions

Approach• Crossoverheadat1500ftaal(ifnootherrestrictions)• Positionaeroplanesoaerodromecanbeseenoutofstudent’swindow

• Lookforothertraffic,windsocks,andgroundsignals/markings

Runway in Use• Lookatwindsocks,andothertrafficestablishedtoestablishcircuitdirection

• Ifcan’ttellcircuitdirectionorbitleftuntilcantell• Watchoutforhelicopterorglidercircuitsgoinginoppositedirections

• Whencircuitdirectionestablished,• allturnsinthatdirection• Identifytrafficandnon-trafficsides

• Positiononnon-trafficside,makeradiocall• Othersalreadyincircuithaverightofway

Descend to Circuit Height• Lowrateofdescent• Crossupwindendofrunwayatcircuitheight• Trackcrosswind–givewaytoaircraftalreadyondownwindleg

• Prelandingchecksbeforedownwind• Downwindcallondownwindleg• Restofcircuitasnormal

Controlled Aerodrome Joining• IAWATCclearanceorinstructions

4. Human Factors• Orientateusingwindsocksandaerodromechart• Relativemovementofsmallobjects• Systematicapproachbest

Vacating and Joining at aerodromes

1. ConsiderationsUncontrolled AerodromesVacating• Climbstraightaheadto1500ft• Viacrosswindordownwind• Climboverhead• Allcanbedonefromcontrolledaerodrome–withclearance

Standard Overhead Join• Used

• Tokeepclearofthecircuituntilsafetojoin• Toobserveothertraffic,includingNORDO• Toidentifycircuitdirection• Todetermineconditionsontheaerodrome–wind,surface,etc• Whenunfamiliarwiththeaerodrome

• CheckAerodromeChartinVol4inpreparation• Terminateflightplanonceontheground

Controlled AerodromesVacating• Sameasuncontrolled,butclearanceisneeded• Couldturnoppositetocircuitdirection–goodlookout

Joining• Canrequestoverheadjoin• Normallyjoindownwind,base,orfinal• Couldalso“Crossoverheadandjoindownwind”• Canrequestjoiningormaybegivenjoininginstructions• Muststillgivewaytothosealreadyincircuit

CirCuit training

2. Airmanship• Anticipatecircuitdirection• Vol4andjoiningchecklists• Right-of-wayrules• Lookout• Terminateflightplanafterlanding

ObjectivesTojoinatacontrolledoruncontrolledaerodromeintheeventofaradiofailure.

3. Aeroplane Management• Below120ktsbeforejoining• Landinglightson

5. Air Exercise• BefamiliarwithcommsfailureproceduresinAIP• Transmitblind• Squawk7600• Turnonalllights• Useacellularphonetocommunicateifavailable• Aviate–Navigate• Remainclearofcontrolledairspacewhilediagnosingandplanning

Uncontrolled Aerodromes• StandardOverheadJoin• Trasmit‘blind’• Keenlookoutforothertraffic• RefertoVol4andVNC• Completechecklist

Controlled Aerodromes• LightSignalsusedbytower• Vol4,VNC• Checklists• CarryoutStandardOverheadJoin• Reportfaulttotowerafterlanding

Colour and Type of Signal To Aircraft in Flight To Aircraft on the Aerodrome

Steadygreen Clearedtoland Clearedfortakeoff

Steadyred Givewaytootheraircraftandcontinuecircling Stop

Seriesofgreenflashes Returnforlanding Clearedtotaxi

Seriesofredflashes Aerodromeunsafe–donotland Taxiclearoflandingareainuse

Seriesofwhiteflashes LandatthisaerodromeandproceedtoapronReturntostartingpointonaerodrome

Seriesofalternateredandgreenflashes

Danger–beonthealert Danger–beonthealert

RedpyrotechnicNotwithstandinganypreviousinstructionsdonotlandforthetimebeing

1 Circlingmeanscontinuetrackingintheaerodrometrafficcircuit.Donotorbitinposition.2 Clearancetolandandtaxiwillbegiveninduecourse.

4. Human Factors• Usementalpicturetohelporientation

radio Failure

1. Considerations• Ifcontrolled,returnordivert?• ClearancerequiredtoenterControlZone• Followanyclearancealreadyaccepted• Ifclearedtoenter,butnojoininginstructions–joinoverhead• Howisitdetected?

Causes• Wrongfrequencyselected• On/Offandvolumeswitchturneddown• Altitudetoolowand/orrangetoogreat,• Alternatorfailure• Commboxswitches• Avionicsormasterswitchaccidentallyoff• Radiolooseinitscradle• Avionicsmasteroff• Faultyheadsetconnections• Poppedcircuitbreaker

• Checksimplesolutionsfirst

CirCuit training

2. Airmanship• Checks,includingtouchchecks• Nopax/sololimitations• “Simulating”tobeginwith

• Goaround–landingslater• Legallimitations

ObjectiveTobeabletoselectanappropriatelandingsiteandcarryoutthepatternforaforcedlandingwithoutpower.

3. Aeroplane Management• TsandPsstable• Enginewarming1000’• Flytheaeroplane

5. Air ExerciseFromacruisingaltitude...

Immediate actions• CarbheatHOT,closethrottle• Convertspeedtoheight• Setglideattitudeandtrim• Confirmwindandchooselandingsite• Maketheplan• MAYDAYcall

Trouble Checks

F FuelSelectorON,fuelpumpON,changetanks(touch)

M MixtureRICH,carbheatHOT,primerLOCKED

I IgnitionLEFT,RIGHTorBOTH.Ts&Ps

P Partialpowercheck

Make the plan1. Choose reference points• Landingaimpoint–1/3wayintofield• 1000’aglarea–90°fromthresholdarea,butcloser• 1500’aglarea–500’backfrom1000’aglarea

2. Convert heights to altitudes3. Positioning• Assesstheaeroplane’spositionanditsabilitytomakeitintothe1500’area

4. Ask regularly• “AmIconfidentofmakingittothe1500’area”

5. After 1500’ area reached• Spacingdownwind

6. Approach starts at 1000’ area • Constantassessmentofapproachbyreferenceto1/3aimpoint• Canadjustbaseturn–butnot1000’area• Offsetdrift• Ask“CanIreachthe1/3aimpoint?”• Positionat500’socantouchdownat1/3aimpointwithoutflap• Useflaptobring1/3aimpointbacktowardsthreshold

7. Landing phase covered in next lesson

4. Human Factors• Don’tturnyourbackonpaddock• Practisewillmakeiteasier• Concentrateonpattern• Re-evaluatedecisionstoavoidmindsets

Forced Landing Without power pattern

1. ConsiderationsConfiguration• BestL/Dratio,idlepower,propwindmilling, kts• Effectonrange

Wind IndicatorsWorkoutdirectionfrom:

• Smoke• Dust• Cropmovements• Tree/Leafmovement• Windlanes• Wavesandripples• Windshadow• Cloudshadow• Drift• Localknowledge

Situational Awareness• Alwayskeepaneyeoutforforcedlandingoptions• Knowwhatthesurfacewindis,andthebetterlandingareas

Landing Site7S’s,C&E

• Size• Shape• Slope• Surface• Surround• Stock• Sun• Communication• Elevation

CirCuit training

2. Airmanship• Simulatedbyclosingthrottle• Troublechecks• Passengerbriefing• Studenttoinitiategoaround• Landingphasewillbepracticedlater

ObjectivesTocarryouttherecommendedprocedureintheeventofatotalorpartialenginefailure,incorporatingtheappropriatechecklists.

Topracticeaeronauticaldecisionmaking(ADM)totroubleshootandrectifyapartialpowersituation.

3. Aeroplane Management• TsandPsstable• Enginewarmingevery1000’

5. Air Exercise1 Immediate Actions

• CarbheatHOT,closethrottle• Convertspeedtoheight• Setglideattitudeandtrim• Confirmwindandchooselandingsite• Maketheplanandactivate

2 Trouble Checks

F M I P

Assess approach

3 Mayday Call• 7700• PlusELTactivation

Assess approach

Passenger Brief• Nearesthabitation• Removesharpobjects• Braceposition

Assess approach

Engine Warm

4 Achieve 1500’ Area• Assesstheapproachandspacing

Prelanding Checks• InsteadofDownwindChecks• F–M–I–M(Masterafterfullflap)

5 Achieve 1000’ Area• Startbaseturn

6 Approach• CanImakethe1/3aimpoint?

7 Go Around• WouldIhavemadeit?

Landing• PICresponsibility• CallATC• Donotattempttotakeoffagain4. Human Factors

• Patternmoreimportantthanperfectchecks• Practisewillmakeiteasier

Forced Landing Without power Considerations

1. ConsiderationsBest L/D Ratio – Airspeed• Atexactly knots–approx4°AofA• Raisingorloweringthenosereducesthedistancecovered

• Neverraisethenoseto‘stretch’theglide

Height• Moreheightmeansmoredistance,andmoretimetoplan

Wind

Partial PowerIfsomepowerisavailable:

• Closethrottleorgosomewherebetter?• Whatifitfailsenroute?• Whatistheterrainlikeenroute?

• Whatcausedthefailure?Willitcausemoreproblems?

• Howmuchaltitudedoyouhave?

aDVanCeD ManoeuVres

3. Airmanship• Minimumaltitude• SADIEchecks• VFRminima• Sickbags

ObjectivesTochangedirectionthrough360degreesataconstantrate,using45degreesangleofbank,maintainingaconstantaltitudeandinbalance.

Tobecomefamiliarwiththesensationsofhighbankanglesandhighratesofturn.

Toturnatsteepanglesofbankwhilegliding.

4. Aeroplane Management• 100rpmincrease

6. Air ExerciseEntry• FromS+L• Chooseprominentreferencepoint• Lookout• Rollwithaileron,balancewithrudder

• Through30°AoBincreasepowerandbackpressure• At45°AoB,checkwithailerons,reduceruddertomaintainbalance

In Turn• Lookout• Attitude• Instruments• Angleofbankcontrolledwithaileron• Altitudecontrolledwithbackpressure• Lookout• IfaltitudechangingcheckAoBfirst,thenbackpressure

Exit• Lookforreferencepoint• Anticipaterolloutbyhalftheangleofbank(20°)• Rollwingslevel• Balancewithrudder• Relaxbackpressure• ResetS+Lattitude• Through kts,reducepower• CheckPAT

Steep Gliding Turn• CarbheatHOT• Closethrottle• Rollto45°AoB• Maintainheightuntilglidespeedreached• Lowerthenosetomaintainglidespeed• Trim

5. Human Factors• 360°turns• Lookoutrestrictions

• EffectofG• Maybeuncomfortable

1. Principles of Flight• 45°AoB• Avoidance/coordination–practice360°turn

• Alsocoversteepglidingturns

L= LF

1= 1 or 1 G

W 1

• Increasedapparentweightincreasesstallspeed

• Increaseddrag: 100%at45°AoB 300%at60°AoB• Reducesairspeedgpowersandwich• Needtoincreasepower

Steep Gliding Turn• Cannotincreasepower, increaseairspeedbyloweringnose

Adverse Yaw• Amountofrudderrequiredtoovercomedependsonrateofroll

• Lowairspeedsrequiremoreailerondeflectionmoreadverseyaw

Angle of Bank

Load Factor

% h in stall speed

New stall speed

0 1 50

45 1.4 20 60

60 2 40 70

75 4 100 100

steep turns

2. ConsiderationsOut of Balance• WhencorrectingwithrudderkeepcorrectAoBandadjustattitude

Spiral Dive• Causedbyoverbanking• Aeroplanedescends,tendencytohbackpressure,gturntighteningandhRoD• Recoverbyclosingthrottle,rollingwingslevel,easeoutofdive

Steep Gliding Turn• Notrecommended,butifhaveto:flap,idlepower,max45°AoB,attitudetomaintainspeed

aDVanCeD ManoeuVres

2. Airmanship• Nopax• Awarenessofaircraftconfiguration,symptoms,traffic

• HASELLchecks• HELLchecks

ObjectivesToexperiencetheeffectofpowerand/orflapontheaeroplane’sspeedandnoseattitudeatthestall.

Torecognisethesymptomsofthestall.

Tostalltheaeroplaneandbeabletorecoverfromthestallbytakingappropriateaction.

3. Aeroplane Management• Smoothbutpositivethrottleandcontrolmovements• Carbheat• Ts&Ps

5. Air ExerciseEntry• HASELLchecksandreferencepoint(high)• CarbheatHOT• Closethrottle/reducepowerasapplicable• Keepstraightwithrudder• Maintainaltitudewithhbackpressure• Through kts(whitearc)selectflap,adjustattitude• Through kts(stallwarningsounds),carbheatCOLD

Symptoms• Observeeffectsofpower,flap,andpowerandflap• Lowandiairspeed• Highnoseattitude

• Lesseffectivecontrols• Stallwarning–iffitted• Buffet

At the Stall• Aeroplanesinksandnosepitchesdown

RecoveryTo Unstall• Checkforwardwithcontrolcolumntoreduceangleofattack

• Donotuseailerons

To Minimise Height Loss – max of 100’• Power + Attitude = Performance• Unstall,asabove,checkforward• Applyfullpower–balancewithrudder• Raisenosetothehorizon(stopssinkandallowsacceleration)• Reducefromfullflap,1setting

• Atsafealtitude,safeairspeed,and+veRoC,raiseallflap,adjustattitude

• RegainstartingaltitudeandS+L

Recovery at Onset• Normalsituation–whennottraining• Recoveratstallwarning/buffet• Heightloss–50’maximum

4. Human Factors• Morepracticeandexposurethebetter• Plentyoftimebetweenstallstoorientate• Unusualattitudepossible,butplentyofheightforrecovery

1. Principles of Flight• Aeroplanestallsatcriticalangle,andspeedwillvarywithconfiguration

• Manufacturersliststallspeedsforsimplicity• L=AngleofAttackxAirspeed• AnythingthathLrequiredmeansanhairspeedatthestall

• airspeedwillbehigheratthecriticalangle• AnythingthatiLrequiredmeansaiairspeedatthestall

Factors Affecting Stall Speed

Weight hWrequireshL hstallingspeed Samenoseattitude

Ice/Damage Changesflowandincreasesweight,requireshL hstallingspeed

Samenoseattitude

Loading hApparentweightrequireshL hstallingspeed Samenoseattitude

Power hPowerrequiresiLduehairspeedoverwingistallingspeed

Highernoseattitude

Slats/Slots/Flap FlaphLandistallingspeed Lowernoseattitude

Aileron Down-goingwingwillhavehAoA,beyondstalliLandhDfurthergcontinuedroll,notstoppingit

advanced stalling

aDVanCeD ManoeuVres

3. Airmanship• VAis kts• Smoothcontrolmovements• Minimumaltitude

ObjectiveTocarryoutabalanced,maximumrate,levelturnusingfullpower.

4. Aeroplane Management• RPMlimit• CofGlimits

6. Air ExerciseEntry• Choosereferencealtitudeandprominentreferencepoint• CheckspeedrelativetoVA

• Applyfullpower,rollinsmoothly,balancewithrudder–willneedmorerudderthanusual

• Through30°AoBincreasebackpressuretomaintainaltitude• Stopatthestallwarning(lightbuffet)• Checkaileronsandrudder• MaintainbackpressureandAoB

Maintaining• LAI• Attitudedifferencesduesidebysideseating• Maintainfirstnoteofstallwarningwithbackpressure• AltitudemaintainedwithAoB• Withstallwarningsoundingifaltitudeisbeinggainedorlost,alterAoB

Exit• Anticipaterolloutby30°• Smoothlyrollwingslevelwithaileron,balancewithrudder,andrelaxthebackpressuretore-selectthelevelattitude

• Delaypowerreduction• Through kts,reducepowertocruiserpm

5. Human Factors• 360°turntominimisedisorientation• PhysicalGlimitsduringturn,generally 2G

1. Principles of Flight• Tochangedirectionatthehighestpossiblerate–maximumdegreesinminimumtime

Maximum Lift• L AoAandAirspeed • MaxCLatstartofstallwarning

oredgeofbuffet

Airspeed• MaxrateturnslimitedbyVA

• VAisthespeedatwhichyoucanmakeabruptandextremecontrolmovementsandnotoverstresstheaeroplane’sstructures

• FoundinFlightManual• Affectedbyweight

Rate of Turn and Radius of Turn• Rateofturn=rateofchangeofdirection–°/min

• Radiusofturn=sizeofthearcmadebytheaeroplane

• Slowspeed–highrateofturn

• Highspeed–lowrateofturn• TurningatmaxraterequiresmaxCPFandmaxlift

• Rateofturn velocity powerislimitingfactorinamaxrateturn

Angle of Bank• Betweenleveland90

Limiting Angle of Bank• hinAoBrequireshinAoAtohlift,associatedhdraggdecreaseinairspeed

• Poweravailablelimited airspeedwillreduceasAoBh

• Stallingspeedhasthe loadfactor• MaximumAoBlimitedbytheamountofpoweravailableusually60°AoB

2. ConsiderationsEntry above VA

• Smoothrollin,delaypoweruntildeceleratedtoVA

Entry below VA

• Leadwithpoweroratsametimeasrollin

Maximum rate turns

Structural Limit• Forthisaeroplaneis G

aDVanCeD ManoeuVres

2. Airmanship• Practiceinsafearea• HASELLandHELLchecks• Stallwithpowerandflap• SA–attitude,airspeed,configuration,flightphase,symptoms

ObjectivesTorevisestallingwithpowerandflap.

Tocarryoutastallfromstraightandlevelflight(andtheturn)recoveringfromawingdropwithminimumaltitudeloss.

3. Aeroplane Management• Carbheat• Airspeedandrpmlimits

5. Air ExerciseEntry• HASELLchecks• Prominentreferencepoint• CarbheatHOT• Setpowerto rpm• Keepstraightwithrudder,andmaintainaltitudewithbackpressure• Below kts(whitearc),selectflap• Through kts(stallwarning)–carbheatCOLD• Atthestall,altitudeislost,nosepitchesdown,andonewingmaydrop

Recovery

To unstall Keep ailerons neutral

Atthesametime Simultaneously• decreasethebackpressure/checkforwardand• applysufficientappropriateruddertopreventfurtheryaw

Tominimisethealtitudeloss

Smoothlybutpositivelyapplyfullpower.

Atthesametime:• levelthewingswithaileron,• centralisetherudder,and• raisenosesmoothlytohorizon–toarrestthesinkandminimisealtitudeloss

• Holdnoseatlevelattitude,reduceflapsettingimmediately• Atsafeheight,safeairspeedandpositiveRoC–raiseremainingflap(counterthepitchchange)• Regainstartingaltitudeandreferencepoint

4. Human Factors• Overlearncorrecttechnique1. Principles of Flight

• Causeofstall–aeroplaneexceedingcriticalangleofattack

Aileron Use at Stall

Turning AoB maintained with aileron.

OutofBalance • Yawatornearstallgtendencytoroll,whichhAoAondown-goingwing• Also,iftryingtomaintainwingslevelwithaileron,down-goingaileronwillhthemeanAoAonthatwing

IceorDamage • Smoothairflowoveraffectedwingdisturbed,maybreakawaysoonerthanoverotherwing

WeightImbalance • Ifallpassengers/fuelononesideoftheaeroplane,aileronneededtomaintainwingslevel

Turbulence • Mayresultinaileronbeingusedtomaintainwingslevel,ormaycauseonewingtoexceedthecriticalangle

Rigging • Wingsfittedatdifferentanglesofincidence,orflapsriggedincorrectly–onewingwouldreachthecriticalanglebeforetheother

Power • Slipstreammodifiestheangleofattackoneachwing aeroplanemaydropawingmorereadilywhenpartialpowerused

Flaps • Flapmayextendatslightlydifferentangles• Also,withflapextendedaeroplanelesslaterallystable(CoPoneachwingmovesintowardwingroot).htendencyforaeroplanetobedisturbedinroll

• Also,greaterneedtouseailerontomaintainwingslevelinthisconfiguration

• Wingthatstallsfirsthasaiinliftgroll• RollhtheAoAondown-goingwingandmaydelaystallofup-goingwing

• hAoApastcriticalanglegiliftbutsubstantialhdrag• hdragyawsaeroplanetowardthedown-goingwing,mayfurtherdelaystallofup-goingwingasresultofhairspeed–yawcausesroll,whichcausesyaw=autorotation

• UsingailerontostoprollghAoAondown-goingwingLiftiwithhAoA(pastthecriticalangle),whiledraghrapidlywithanysmallhAoA

• Rudderusedtopreventyawandlowernose

Wing-Drop stalling

aDVanCeD ManoeuVres

2. Landing Considerations

ElevationorPA

• Aerodromeelevationisusedwhencalculatinglandingdistanceandeffectsofpressurealtitudeignored

• AerodromeheightAMSLwillaffectLDRandPAmaybeusedformoreaccuratecalculations

Weight • Affectsinertiaand stoppingdistance

RunwaySurface

• Landingrollisionafirmdrysurfacecomparedwithagrassorwetsurfacedueimprovedbrakingaction

Slope • Up-slopeiLDR,anddown-slopehLDR

hWc • Whenwindatanangletorunway,theHWCneedstobecalculated

Wind • Ifstrongorgustywinds,alwayspossibilityofwindshearontheapproach

• ApproachandVTTspeedsareincreasedtocounterthepossibleeffectsofwindshear

Calculation• InformationfromFlightManualandAC91-3• Calculatedlandingdistancefrom50ftassumescorrectspeedat50ftandstatedflapsettingisused

• LDRincludesdistancetotouchdownfrom50ftoverthethresholdandthegroundrolltoafullstop

• Crossingthethresholdhigherthan50ft,usinglessthanfullflap,orcrossingthethresholdatahigherairspeed,willincreasethelandingdistance

ObjectivesToensurebycalculationthatthereisadequaterunwaylengthfortakeoffandlandinginaccordancewiththeaeroplane’sperformancedata.

Toapplysounddecisionmakingprinciplesbeforeadoptingtherecommendedprocedurefortakeofforapproachforarunwayofminimallength.

Tooperatetheaeroplaneinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’srecommendedshort-fieldtechniquesinordertoobtainthebestpossibleperformance. 6. Air Exercise

Takeoff• Holdbrakeson(nosewheelstraight),elevatorneutral,applyfullpower.Staticrpm,TsandPschecked

• Cleanbrakerelease,taketheweightoffnosewheel–checkfornormalacceleration

• HoldnosewheelongrounduntilVr

• AtVrsmoothlyrotateandliftoff.LowernoseandacceleratetoVTOSS

• ReachingVTOSSadjustattitudeandhold,keepstraightonreferencepoint

• AtsafeheightacceleratetobestRoC(VY)ornormalrecommendedclimbspeed.Checkbalance

• Beforeraisingflap,- safeheight,- safeairspeed,and- apositiverateofclimb

• Whentheseconditionshavebeenmet,raiseflapandcounterthepitchchange.Allowaccelerationtocontinue,anduponreachingtheclimbspeedrequired(bestrateornormal),trimtomaintaintheappropriateattitude

Landing• Downwind,confirmapproachandthresholdspeedsandchooseaimpoint

• Slightlydelayturnontobasetoensuresomepowermustbeusedthroughoutapproach

• Monitorapproachpathbyreferencetotheaimingpointandadjustpowertomaintainasteadyrateofdescent–powercontrolsRoD

• Establishedonfinal,selectfullflapanddecreaseairspeedbyadjustingattitude

• AchievenominatedVTTby200ftagl• Itisimportanttocarrysomepowerintotheflare• Iftheaeroplaneisnotproperlyconfiguredby200ftagl–goaround!

• Theround-outandthehold-offarecombinedintotheflare• Aimtoreducetherateofsinktozeroatthesametimeasthemainwheelstouchthegroundandthethrottleisclosed

• Lowerthenosewheel,brakeimmediately,keepweightoffthenosewheelwithelevatorbackpressure

• Raiseflaponcompletionofthelandingroll

3. Airmanship• Additionaldecisionmakingrequiredinrelationtostrong/gustywindandEFATO–immediatelyandpositivelylowerthenose

4. Aeroplane Management• Fullpowerbeforebrakerelease–checkstaticrpm• Ifstaticrpmnotachievedcouldbedue

- Icing- Instrumenterror- Propellerdamage

• Getproblemchecked

5. Human Factors• Visionaffectedbyhighnoseattitude• Duringapproachperceptionmaybeinfluencedbyvisualcuesofsurroundingterrain,afalsehorizon,orrunwaylengthandwidth

• Cross-referenceinstrumentsregularly

1. Takeoff Considerations

Temperature • Changesdensity.htemperaturegiindensity.Correctionneeded• OATgaugeorMETAR

Density • Asdensityi,IASi asthedensityi,TASwillneedtobehtoachievesameIASforanygivenrotateIAS

• htakeoffroll,buteffectsofdensityonengineperformancefarmorecritical

PressureAltitude • Correctsairfieldelevationundertheexistingconditions,toanelevationwithinthestandard atmosphere

• Set1013hPaonsub-scaleandreadoffthepressurealtitude• OrQNHandelevationrequiredforcalculation

AeroplaneWeight • Directlyaffectstakeoffandclimbperformance

RunwaySurface • Takeoffrollisreducedonafirmorsealedsurfacecomparedtoasoftorgrasssurface

• Grasssurfaceisdefinedasshortdrygrass

Slope • Up-slopehtheTODR• Down-slopeiTODR

hWc • Whenthewindisatangletorunway,needtocalculateheadwindcomponent

Wind • Withstrongorgustywinds,alwayspossibilityofwindshearintheclimb-out

• VrandVTOSSincreasedtocounterthepossibleeffectsofwindshear

Calculation• InformationfromFlightManualandAC91-3• Takeoffperformancefiguresbasedonnewenginesandpropellers–howdoesthisaeroplanecompare?

• Isthesurfaceshortdrygrassoralongandwet?

• Howimportantisitthatatakeoffbeconductednow–undertheseconditions–andhowwilltheconditionsbeaffectedbyadelay?

• Calculatedtakeoffdistanceto50ftassumesfullpowerisappliedbeforebrakereleaseandthatstatedflapsettingisused

• TODRincludesgroundrollanddistancetravelledoverthegroundtoreach50ftatVTOSS

• Noroundingoftakeoffspeeds–flythemaccurately

short-Field takeoff and Landing

aDVanCeD ManoeuVres

ObjectivesTocompensatefortheeffectsofvisualillusions,inertia,andstresswhenoperatingtheaeroplaneclosetotheground.

5. Air ExerciseLow Flying Zone Boundaries• CompletetheHASELLLchecksandat1000ftaglflyaroundtheedgeoftheLFZ• Usingapowereddescent,entertheLFZ

Visual Illusions• Superimposehorizonovertheterrain• Lookateffectwindhasonturning,andhowtotrackoverthegroundwithacrosswind• Noteeffectsofflyingupwindanddownwindonthegroundspeed

Effects of Inertia• Maintainstraightandlevel–notethereactiontimeneededtoinitiateamanoeuvre• Mediumlevelturnsnotingthereactiontimesrequiredandtheradiusofturn

3-D Effect• Terrain/obstacles–wires,sun,shadow,mechanicalturbulence

Poor Visibility Configuration• Reducepowerto rpm,maintainstraightandlevelflight,lowertheflapto degrees• Asairspeeditoconfigurationspeed,hpower(about rpm)tomaintainstraightandlevel.Trim

• Notethereducedspeed

Visual Illusions

2. Airmanship• Poorvisibilityconfigurationused

3. Aeroplane Management• Carbheatuse• Fuelmanagement• Useofpowerduringturnswithflaplowered

4. Human Factors• Obstructionsdifficulttodetectatlowlevel• Flyingclosetothegroundisstressful,canleadtonarrowingfocus

• PoorVisConfigusedtogivemoretime• Avoidbadwx

1. ConsiderationsInertia• Inertiaandsensationofspeedseenclearlyatlowlevel • Atcruisespeedsneedlotsofanticipation

andairspacetoturnaeroplane

Visual Effects• Effectofwindcanleadtovisualillusions• Flyingintowind,groundspeedislowgloweringthenoseorhpower

• Downwind,groundspeedhighgnoseattitudebeingraised/poweri

• Acrossthewind,driftismostnoticeable.Trackonreferencepoint.Avoidcrossedcontrols

• ApparentsliporskidwhenturningDonotcorrectwithrudder.Cross-referencebalanceindicator

Poor Visibility Configuration• Airspeed kts,FlapsettingReduced Airspeed• Lessinertiaandlowergroundspeed=moretimetothinkandreacttoobstacles+reducingturnradius

Flap• hliftanddragandadverselyaffectstheL/Dratio• hliftgistallspeed• PoorerL/Dratiomeanshigherpowersettingneededtomaintainstraightandlevel

Low Flying Zone• Inspectlowflyingzoneandprepaeroplanebeforeentering• Staywithintheboundaries,donotdescendbelow ft• Iflow-leveloverwater,wearlifejackets• Onentering,broadcastEETinthezone–whenleaving,akeavacatingreport

Low Flying introduction

H Height >200ftagl

A Airframe Configstated

S Security Loosearticles&harnessessecure

E Engine Fullesttank,pumpON,mixtRICH,SADIE,carbheat

L Locality Boundariesidentified

L Lookout Windindications,obstructions,birds,forcedlandingsites

L Lights AllexternallightsON

Power• Carbheatcyclednotoncontinuously,Ts&Psshouldremainwithinnormalrange

• ProlongedusemayleadtohoilT• Alsoistallspeedandprovidesslipstream• Increasepowerinturns

aDVanCeD ManoeuVres

ObjectivesTocompensatefortheeffectsofinertia,visualillusionsandstresswhenoperatingtheaeroplaneincloseproximitytotheground.

Tocarryoutvariouslevelturnsinthepoorvisibilityconfigurationinresponsetodeterioratingweather.

5. Air ExerciseMedium Turn• Inpoorvisibilityconfiguration,doneedasmallincreaseinpowertomaintaintheairspeed

Steep Turn• Inpoorvisibilityconfigurationsteepturnslimitedto45°because1. dragandstallspeedincreaseexponentiallybeyond45°AoB,andaspowerislimited,maynotbeabletomaintaintheairspeed

2. TheG-loadlimitislowerwithflapextended• Nodecreaseinairspeedisacceptablesopowerisincreasedsubstantiallyattherollin• Monitorattitude,angleofbank,speed,andbalance• Ifaltitudeisbeinglost,reducetheangleofbank,increasepowerifnecessary• Anticipaterolloutandcoordinatepowerreduction

Obstacle Avoidance• Simulatetheworstcasescenario• Followingalinefeatureinpoorvisibilityanobstacleappearsahead• Driftdownwindat45°tolinefeaturetoturnbackintowind,completingtheturnwithfeaturebackontheleft

Coastal Reversal Turn• Needtoturnback,nohorizonouttosea,highgroundalongthecoast• Mustkeepthecoastinsightthroughouttheturnseawardandthentrackbackalongthecoast

• Winddirectionandstrengthdeterminesheadingneededtotrackawayfromthecoasttoprovideenoughspacetocompletetheturn

• Headwindortailwind–turn45°awayfromcoast.Compensateforcrosswindbyincreasingordecreasingthe45°–donotlosesightofthecoastline

• Angleofbankuseddependsonabilitytokeepcoastinsight• Continueawayfromshoreuntilenoughdistanceavailabletoturnback

• Startturnwith45°AoBandreduceifnotneeded

Constant Radius Turn• AdjustAoBtocompensatefordrifttomaintainconstantdistancefromobjectonsurface

• Identify4pointsequidistantforreferencetooverfly• Asturndownwind,groundspeedincreases,soincreaseAoB• Turningcrosswindagain,groundspeeddecreases,sodecreaseAoB• Turningintowind,groundspeeddecreases,sodecreaseAoB• Turningcrosswindagain,groundspeedincreases,soincreaseAoB

2. Airmanship• ReviseboundariesofLFAandminimumheight• Soloflightsmustbeauthorised,andonly1aircraftinLFA• MakecarefulinspectionofLFA,andHASELLLchecks• Broadcastonentryandexit

3. Aeroplane Management• Poorvisibilityconfiguration• Prolongeduseofthepoorvisibilityconfigurationmayaffectfuelreservesandengineoperatingtemperatures

• UseSADIEmorefrequently

4. Human Factors• Visualillusionscreatedbydrift• Maintainaregularcrosscheckofinstruments,especiallythebalanceindicator

1. ConsiderationsPerspective• Groundfeatureslookdifferent–planviewtoprofileview• Needtoestimatehorizon–cross-referenceinstruments

Sloping Terrain• Heightabovegroundestimatedvisually–altimetersecondaryreference• Gentlyrisingterrain–cross-referenceairspeedindicatorandaltimeter

Turbulence• Turbulencemorepronounced,updraughtsanddowndraughtsmoresignificant• Avoidflyingintheleeofhillsorthecentreofvalleys• Flyontheupwindsideofhillyterrain,orupdraughtsideofvalleys

Crossing Obstacles• Crosspowerlinesatthepylons• Crossridgesatanobliqueangle

Low Flying Consolidation

aDVanCeD ManoeuVres

ObjectiveTolearntheproceduretoadoptintheeventofanoff-aerodromelanding.

5. Air Exercise• Inlowflyingarea• Lowflyingareapre-entrychecksandradiocalls• Descendto500ft,adoptpoorvisibilityconfiguration• Decisiontolandsimulated

• Startsearchforsuitablesite• Declareemergency• Securepaxandcabin

Pattern1. Searchandapproachtocrosscentreatrightangles2. Observedrift–confirmwindassessment

• Establishleft/righthandcircuitat500ft–or100ftbelowcloudbase

• Positionsothatthesitecanbeseenandevaluated• Checkapproach/overshootwhileheightavailable• Considergradientcues

3. Radiocallifnotalreadycompleted• Paxbrief• Checks

4. Check:• approach• obstacles• wind• goaroundpoint• alignment• Chooselandmarks,ifavailable,particularlyoneatendofdownwind

5. Descendto200’• checkS’sandC• assesslengthofpaddockbytimingorbysuperimposingknownimage

• noteheadingorsetDItoNorth• aimpoint• overshootoptions

6. Climb7. Confirm:

• radiocall• paxbrief• checks• normalcircuitspacing

8. Establishshort-fieldapproach

Landing• Useshortfieldtechnique• Usemaximumbraking• Avoidobstacles• Keepcabinintact• Afterlanding,shutdownchecklist

2. Airmanship• Makeearlydecisions–timetoplan• Windawareness• Passengerbriefingandsecuritychecks• PANcallandsquawk7700.PossiblyMAYAYcall• SADIE checks• Minimumdescentaltitude

3. Aeroplane Management• Considerpoorvisibilityconfiguration• Fuel–avoidexhaustionbeforelandingachieved

4. Human Factors• Disorientationduelowlevel• Stress• Overlearntheprocedure

1. Considerations

Cause Avoidance

Weather • Avoidbysettingpersonalmeteorologicalminimawellabovethelegalminimum

• Haveacarefulconsiderationoftheweatherbeforeanyflightandalwayshaveanescapeplan

Lost • Avoidbymaintainingsituationalawarenessandcarefulpre-flightplanning

Fuel • Mayresultfrombecominglostortryingtogetaroundweather,ratherthandivertingearly

• Thissituationwillheightenanyexistingstresslevels• Avoidbycarefulpre-flightplanningandin-flightfuelmonitoring

Daylight • Thisorganisationrequiresallaeroplanestobeontheground,orinthecircuit,30minutesbeforeEveningCivilTwilight(ECT)

• Startearly,finishearly

• Ifthesesituationsarise,adoptpoorvisibilityconfigurationandcarryoutanoff-aerodromelanding

• Thiscantake15–20minutestocomplete–don’tleaveittoolate

precautionary Landing

aDVanCeD ManoeuVres

ObjectivesToestablishauseablehorizonreferencewhentheactualhorizonisnotavailable.

Tooperateinaconfinedarea.

Todevelopfurtherawarenessofspaceandinertiawhenconfinedbyterrain.

Tosafelycrossridges,saddles,passesorspurs.

5. Air ExerciseConditions• Cleanconfiguration• Poorvisibilityconfiguration• Calmconditions• Withwind• Noprecipitation• Someprecipitation• Leftturns• Rightturns• 180°turns• 360°turns

Operating in a Confined Area• Flyboundarieswithminimumangleofbank• Useallavailablespace• Controlspeedwithpower• Notewinddirectionandspeed• Positionfor360°and180°turns

Confined Area with no Horizon• Sameexerciseandconditionsasabove• Usesaddlecrossingtechnique

Crossing Ridges, Saddles, Passes or Spurs• Determinelift/sinkside• Approachat45°forbestescapeoptions• Lefttorightbestforvisibilityandescapes• Lookatdifferentsaddles• ApproachlevelandbelowVA

• Useparallaxtoassesssinkandrelativeheight• Haveescaperouteavailableatalltimes–otherthanduringperiodofcommitment

2. Airmanship• Thinkahead,decisionmakingcritical• Situationalawareness• Positionreports• SADIE• Minimumaltitude

3. Aeroplane Management• Cleanandpoorvisibilityconfiguration• VA,VS,operatingspeedrange• Carbheatasrequired• Engineleaning• Smoothcontrolmovements• Aeroplanepositionnearterrain

4. Human Factors• Disorientation• Visualillusions• Motionsickness

1. ConsiderationsSuperimposed Horizon• Horizoniswheretheseameetsthesky• Imaginaryorsuperimposedhorizonusedwhenrealhorizoncan’tbeseen

• Visualisewhereseameetssky

Operating in a confined space• Selectacleararea500mx500m• Selectanotherareathesamesize,wherethereisnohorizonavailable• Identifyimaginaryhorizon,asifterrainweretransparent,useittoreferencenoseattitude• Windcuesanddriftestimation• Useallavailablespacebyvaryingbankangle,powertomaintainsafespeed• Developawarenessofthesignificanceofwindvelocityrelativetotheterrain

Crossing Ridges, Saddles or Passes• Considertheapproach,theactualcrossing,andafterthecrossing• Ensureapproachanglestakewindandterrainintoaccount,allowescapeoptionsthatminimiseperiodofcommitment–45°isbest

• Attitudeforcrossing–level,speedundercontrol,noclimbordescent• Useparallaxtojudgeheightabovesaddle• Howmuchclearanceisrequired?• Typesofsaddlesandmerits• Escapeoptionsmustalwaysbeavailable

terrain and Weather awareness

aDVanCeD ManoeuVres

ObjectivesToconsistentlyidentifyauseablehorizonandtosuperimposeitonavariablebackground.

Toappropriatelypositionanaircraftinavalleyandtoconductlevel,climbinganddescendingturns.

Tosafelyapproach,cross,andpositionaftercrossingridges,saddles,passesorspurs.

Experiencerealorsimulatedcircumstancesofdisorientationandthestrategiesforreorientinginplaceandtime.

Topracticeemergencieswhereoptionsmaybelimited.

5. Air ExerciseSuperimposed Horizon• Flyconstantaltitudeandconstantwingtipdistancefromterrain• Smoothcoordinatedcontrolmovements• Awarenessof;areaandenvironment,inertiawhileturning,escapeoptions,rightofwayrules,lookout• Flyconstantheightabovedescendingvalleyfloor• Flyconstantheightaboveclimbingvalleyfloor

Operating in a Valley• Checkturns• Level,climbinganddescendingturns• Cruiseconfiguration,usingfullwidth• Poorvisibilityconfiguration,usingfullwidth• Positioninthevalleydependentonspaceavailable• Steepdescendingturnintovalley• Climbingturnoutofvalleyorforsaddlecrossing• Rightofway• Lookoutprinciples

Crossing Ridges, Saddles, Passes or Spurs• Allfactorsofapproach,crossing,aftercrossingandescapeoptionsthroughout• Wind>15kts• Saddlecrossing,takingalleffectsintoaccount• Showsounddecisionmaking

Route Finding• Simulateoruseactualopportunitytoexperience/practise

Emergencies• FLWOPandprecautionarylandingwherenorealhorizon• Applysounddecisionmaking• Adaptstandardpattern• Identifyandmitigatethreats

2. Airmanship• Anticipateenvironmentandrecognisethreats• Aeroplaneperformance• Situationalawareness

• Positionreports• SADIE• Alwayshaveescapeoptions

3. Aeroplane Management• Poorvisibilityconfiguration• VA,VS,operatingspeedrange• Useofpower• Carburettorheat• Engineleaning• Controlcoordination• Aeroplaneposition

4. Human Factors• Illusions–whiteout,brightout• Workload,stress,fatigue–effectonperformance• Hypoxia• Dehydration• Furtherreading

1. ConsiderationsSuperimposed Horizon• Horizoniswheretheseameetsthesky• Illusions–mostdangerousisslowlyrisingterraininbottomofvalley

• Experiencefactorsaffectingcontourflyingatconstantaltitude

Operating in a valley• Checkturns• Selectappropriatepositioninvalley• Useminimumangleofbank• Poorvisibilityconfiguration

• Climbinganddescendingturnsforentryandexitofvalleys

• Valleygradients• Sunandshade

Crossing Ridges, Saddles, Passes or Spurs• Considerallaspectsofcrossing,effectofwindandterrain,escapeoptions,parallax,saddletypes

• Increasedwind• Approachpathshouldbeplannedwellahead• Escapeoptions

Route Finding• Goodplanningandpreparation• Waterflow

• Valleyalignment• Sun’sposition

Emergencies• Nohorizongmoredifficulties• Variables:

- Height- Distancetolandingsite- Existenceoflandingsite- Wind/turbulence/precipitation- Light

• Confinedspace• Wind,lift/sink• Valleygradient• Illusionsandmindsets• EarlyMAYDAY• Habitation• Survivalkit–contentsanduse

Basic Mountain Flying

instruMent FLyingCompass use

ObjectiveToturnaccuratelyontoandmaintaincompassheadings,compensatingforknownerrorsinthemagneticcompass.

5. Air Exercise• Demonstrationofaccelerationanddecelerationerrors• Demonstrationofturningerrors

Making a Turn• Alwaysturninshortestdirection• Checkpresentheadingagainstdesiredheading–useshortestarc• Decideonamountofoverturnorunderturn–ONUS• LookoutandrollinusingRate1turn–balance• Anticipaterollout• Selectreferencepoint• Levelwings–holdforcompasstosettle• Checkheadingandmakecorrectionifrequired

2. Airmanship• Compasscheckedduringtaxiforcorrectsenseandrunwayheading• Turncoordinatorcheckedforserviceability• Lookout

3. Aeroplane Management• Compasssystemcheckedforserviceabilitybeforeflight• Deviationcardisvalid• Keepmetalitemsasfarawayfromthecompassaspossible.• Suctiongaugeshouldbecheckedduringenginerun-up(4.5–5.2”)

4. Human Factors• Helpfultohavea3-Dpictureofcompassinyourhead• In-flightmentalcalculationsshouldbekepttoaminimum• Coverfailedinstrumentstoavoidconfusion

1. ConsiderationsVariation• DifferencebetweentrueNorthandmagneticNorth• Barmagnetwillalignitselfwithlinesofflux

Deviation• Aircraftmagnetacteduponbythingsotherthanthelinesofflux,ie,metalobjects,aircraft,etc

• Compensatedforbyacompassswing–donebyanengineer

Dip• Atmagneticequatorfluxlinesareparallelwithsurface

• Astheyapproachthepolestheydipdowntowardstheearth’ssurface

• Abarmagnettriestoalignwiththelinesoffluxdiptowardstheearth’ssurface

• Tocompensate,thebarmagnetissetonapivot,butsomeresidualdipremains

• Thepivotarrangementisfairlyunstable,socompasscardandmagnetsareimmersedinfluidthatdampsoutoscillations–alsoprovidinglubrication

Acceleration Errors

SAND• ApparentturnSouthwhenAccelerating,apparentturnNorthwhenDecelerating

Turning Errors

ONUS• TocompensatemustOverturnonNorthandUnderturnonSouth• UseRateoneturn,maximumerroronNorS=30°

instruMent FLyingintroduction

ObjectivesToexperiencethesensoryillusionsthatoccurwhendeprivedofvisualreferences.

Tomaintainstraightandlevelflightbysolereferencetotheaeroplane’sinstruments.

5. Air Exercise• Demonstrationoflimitationsofvestibularandmuscularsystem

Selective Radial Scan

Maintain straight and level• Setattitude,checkaltitude,headingandairspeedbeingmaintained• CheckinbalanceandVSIshowinglevel

Attain straight and level from a climb or descent• APTandPAT

Turns• AllturnsatRate1

2. Airmanship• Instrumentcheckwhiletaxiing• Can’tuseperipheralvision• Needtoconsciouslycounteractinertia• Change–check–hold–adjust–trim• Lookout“clearleft”….

3. Aeroplane Management• Pitotstaticsystemoperation• SetAIsymbolbeforeflight,don’tchange

4. Human FactorsBalance organs• Senseangularaccelerationandchangeofdirectionin3planes,andbodytilt• Can’tdetectchangewhenit’sverysloworconstant

Muscular pressure sensors• Affectedbygravity• Knowifstandingorsittingwitheyesclosed• Can’tdistinguishbetweencausesofincreasedG

Vision• Mostpowerfulsystem• Usuallyresolvesambiguousinformationfromothersenses• ButinIFconditionsvisualreferencesnotavailable• Leans• Trusttheinstruments

1. Considerations• Power+Attitude=Performance

Control Instruments• AttitudeIndicator• Tachometer

Performance Instruments• AirspeedIndicator• Altimeter• DirectionalIndicator• TurnCoordinator• BalanceIndicator• VerticalSpeedIndicator

Instrument Layout• BasicTplusTC,VSIandRPM

Instrument Lag• Allinstrumentshavelag(delayinindicatingcorrectinformation)• OnlyVSIlagissignificant,mustbecheckedagainstotherinformation

ASIAirspeed

Pitch

Pitot static

TCRate of turn

Bank+Balance

Electric

AIPitch+BankAirspeed

Vacuum

DIHeading

Bank

Vacuum

ALTAltitude

Pitch

Static

VSIRoC+RoD

Pitch

Static

RPMEngine revsPower+Pitch

Cable

instruMent FLyingLimited panel

ObjectivesTomaintainstraightandlevelflightbysolereferencetoalimitedflightinstrumentpanel.

Tocarryoutrateonelevelturnsontocompassheadings.

5. Air Exercise• Simulatevacuumsystemfailure• AIandDIunserviceable

Pitch ASI,ALT,VSI,RPM

Bank TC,Compass

Yaw Balance

Selective Radial Scan

• Airspeedwillrequireonlyasmallamountofattentionsolongasattitudeandpoweraresetcorrectly• Duringturnsthecompass’importancewillincreaseasapproachheading

2. Airmanship• Instrumentcheckduringtaxiveryimportant

• SADiE

3. Aeroplane Management• Electricalsystemfailuremayaffectotherinstruments• Staticsystemoftenhasbackupsystem• Pitotheadheated• Vacuumgaugecheckedregularly• RegularlycheckingDIisalignedtocompass

4. Human Factors• Developsystematicinstrumentscan• Trusttheinstruments• Willcoverfailedinstruments

1. ConsiderationsTurn Coordinator• Electricallydriven• Failureshownbywarningflag• EstimateangleofbankfromAI–15°• BalanceindicatorOK• CheckedduringtaxiandSADIEchecks

VSI and Altimeter• Relyonstaticpressure• IffailsneedtouseAIandRPM• Inspectstaticventduringpreflight

Airspeed Indicator• Requirespitotandstaticpressure• Mostcommonblockagebyiceoverpitothead• Willindicatewrongairspeed,orzero• IffailsneedtouseAIandRPM• Inspectpitotheadandstaticventsduringpreflight

Heading Indicator• DI,DG,HSI• Gyrostabilized,poweredbyengine-drivenvacuumpump• Iffailswillslowlyrundown,cardwillspin• Iffailswillneedtousemagneticcompass• CheckedduringtaxiandSADIEchecks

Attitude Indicator• Ah• Drivenbyengine-drivenpump• Mayhavefailureflag• Iffailswillhavetouseindirectinformationfromperformanceinstruments

• CheckedduringtaxiandSADIEchecks

instruMent FLyingunusual attitudes

ObjectiveTorecognise,andrecovertostraightandlevelfromanose-highornose-lowunusualattitude.

5. Air Exercise• SmoothcontrolmovementswheneverspeedaboveVA

Attitude Recognition Recovery

NoseHigh • Loworiairspeed• haltitude• hrateofclimb• iengineRPM

• Fullpowerandlevelwings• Pushforwardonc/cuntilairspeed/altimeterstops• check• Hold• Atnormalcruisespeedreducepower• Adjust• Trim

NoseLow • Highorhairspeed• ialtitude• hrateofdescent• hengineRPM

• ipowerandlevelwings• Easeoutofdive,checkairspeed• Whenaltimeterstops• check• Setcruisepower• Hold• Adjust• Trim

SpiralDive • Highorhairspeed• ialtitude• Highangleofbank• Highrateofdescent• HighorhG-loads• hengineRPM

• Closethrottleandlevelwings• Easeoutofdive,checkairspeed• Whenaltimeterstops• check• Setcruisepower• Hold• Adjust• Trim

• Whenstraightandlevelregained,returntooriginalreferencealtitudeandheading

2. Airmanship• Enoughheightforrecovery

• SRS–A/S,Alt,thentherest

• Limitingspeeds–VA,VNO,VNE,andrpmlimit

3. Aeroplane Management• Smoothpositivecontrolmovements

4. Human Factors• Humanorientationsystemhaslimitations• Instrumentfailurerare• Trusttheinstruments

1. Considerations• Unusualattitudecanbeenteredduehighworkload,fixation,leans• Trusttheinstruments• Recovertostraightandlevelfirst• Thenregainaltitudeandheading• Change–check–hold–adjust–trim• Mustidentifythepositionofthehorizon

Limited Panel1. Checkairspeed–stopfurtherincreaseordecrease2. Adjustpowertocompensate3. Rollwingslevel

Change Ifaltitudeh–ibackpressure(push) Ifaltitudei–hbackpressure(pull) Until100spointerstopsmoving

Check

Hold

Adjust

Trim(butyoushouldn’tneedto)

instruMent FLyingnight Flying

ObjectiveTooperatetheaircraftsafelybothonthegroundandintheairatnight.

5. Air Exercise

On the Ground• Taxyslowly• Noticerunwaylightinperipheralvision• Aircraftonapproach• Transfertoinstrumentsassoonasairborne• Whenestablishedinclimb,canusevisualreference

In the Circuit• Familcircuit• Locallandmarksandtownships• Downwindspacing

Approach and Landing• Approachperspectivewithrunwayedgelights• Don’tlookintothearealitbylandinglight• Speedwhenvacating

2. Airmanship• Preflightinthelight• Useofaeroplane’slights• Numberofotheraircraftinthecircuit

• Illusions• MinimumSafeAltitude

3. Aeroplane Management• MorefrequentSADIEchecks• Dewandfrost• Cockpitlayout• Trustinstruments

4. Human Factors• Instrumentflyingillusions• Nightvisionfactors–adaptation,health,oxygen,colourperception,depthperception,focus,focallength,blackhole,lightsandstars

1. Considerations• NightisbetweenECTandMCT• Legal:Aerodrome/aircraftlightingandminima(controlled/uncontrolled)

Prerequisites• 2hoursIF• PPL–2hrsdual,2hrssolo,5total

Night Vision• RodsandCones• Cones–colour• Rods–peripheralvisionandmovement• Usedfornightvision

Dark Adaptation• 30minutes• Avoidbrightlights

Illusions• Lookout• Speedperception• Lackofhorizon• IFillusions• Flickervertigo• Auto-kinesis• Starlightconfusion• Blackhole

Equipment• Torch,andsparebatteries• HighViz• Alllightsoperational• Personalequipment–torch,pen,mobilephone,watch,warmclothing,survivalkit,possiblyspareVHForGPS

Familiarity with Aeroplane• Knowlocationofcontrolsandswitches

Familiarity with Aerodrome• Vol4OperationalData• Aerodromelighting• ATClightsignals• Approachlighting

Weather• InadvertentIMC• Diurnalwindeffect• OvercastVsclearsky• Tempanddewpoint

Emergencies• Radiofailure• Runwaylightingfailure• LandingorNavlightfailure• Internallightfailure• Electricalfailure• Enginefailure