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U.K. MoDU.K. MoDU.K. MoDU.K. MoD
Military OperationsOther Than
War
Military OperationsOther Than
War
Flexible Asymmetric Simulation TechnologiesFlexible Asymmetric Simulation Technologies
A Toolbox for Warriors
CDN-DNDCDN-DND U.S. DoDU.S. DoD
Presentation Elements
• Describe the need and goals for the OOTW FAST Toolbox
• Describe the components of the Toolbox• Describe the training required to use the Toolbox
components and recap the reasons for including each component
• Describe the current status of the Toolbox
Warfighter OOTW M&S NeedsUNITED STATES
ATLANTIC COMMAND
U S MOCA
OOTW: A Top Warfighter M&S Need -- Current tools don’t cut it!
• ...M&S tools today to train 4-star lead JTF for OOTW. Current models do not provide the capability to train to all missions … particularly non-force-on-force, peacekeeping OOTW (EUCOM).
• COCOM battle staffs currently lack a federated simulation that provides the detailed resolution needed in today’s asymmetrical warfare environment (JFCOM).
• A standardized, collaborative and distributed crisis action planning tool for analyzing COA, especially in areas of OOTW and SASO (PACOM, TRAC).
• A model that can be used for disaster relief, refugee planning, peacekeeping, counter-drug and stability operations (SOUTHCOM).
• OOTW Simulation for SOF missions (SOCOM).
OOTW Challenges
Combating TerrorismHumanitarian AssistanceShow of Force OperationsNoncombatant EvacuationsMilitary Support to Civil AuthoritiesDoD Support to Counter Drug OpsNation Assistance/Support to CounterinsurgencyPeace Operations: Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq…to name a few
… represents half of OOTW types in JP 3-07
OOTW Concept
Provide thewarfighter with M&S tools in a rucksack that support their
MOOTW missions
Vision
Design FAST in a laptop for tools to complement one
another across the levels of war sharing
data via XML
Strategy
MOOTW FAST Toolbox Goals
• Incrementally enhance toolbox functionality– Initial support by leveraging readily available tools– Add tools and functionality as funding, priorities and concepts allow– Functions should eventually cover OOTW Taxonomy/Technical
Dimensions
• Provide on the ground and reachback support to users• Provide access to authoritative force & C4I data and support the
rapid update of scenario files• Provide automation support for time consuming, normally
manual operations, enabling its use in the most demanding of situations
• Support analysis and decision making, without forcing results onthe user
Bringing It All Together: the Controller
• Unifies the FAST Toolbox• Provides
– Central launch point for tools– Links to related OOTW web sites– Repository for tool data and associated
documents of all types– Tool meta-data (i.e., data about the data)
• User friendly• Reduces operator processing time
Unit Order of Battle (UOB)
• Supplies authoritative force data• Supports use of C4I extract data
– Imports & exports data in XMLfor use by Toolbox models/applications
– Provides data for FAST ForceStructure DIF
• Provides force tailoring, aggregation, comparison, and other force data manipulation support
• User friendly• Reduces time over manual processes
Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation (JCATS)
• High resolution, stochastic model for training and mission rehearsal
• Can support OOTW analysis at the tactical level– Represents many, but not all, OOTW functions– Combat-like actions within MOOTW (e.g., peace enforcement, counter-
insurgency)– Logistics and transportation actions
complement OOTW low resolutionmodels (e.g., DIAMOND)
– Models down to the individual level
• Supports data output and analysis• Runs interactively and in batch mode• Sophisticated Tool
– Requires dedicated support to use, due to high-level skill set needs
Diplomatic and Military Operations in a Non-warfighting Domain-US (DIAMOND-US)
• Low resolution, stochastic model for OOTW analysis at the operational and tactical levels of war– Peace support, humanitarian and gross
combat actions– Represents most, but not all, OOTW
functions– Logistics and transportation actions– Corps down to battalion level
• Supports data output and analysis• Runs interactively and in batch mode• Sophisticated Tool
– Requires moderate to high-level skill set to use
Interim Static Stability Model (ISSM)
to 3283
to 3780
to 4187
to 4688
to 2282
to 386
to 1089
to 5692
Human rightsare protected
35
Police aredistinct fromthe military
45
Prison structureis adequate
49
Drug cultivationis not a problem
65Drug manufactureis not a problem
66Drug transshipment
is not a problem
67
Organized crimeis not a problem
69Common crimeis not a problem
73
Drug useis not a problem
72
Justice
to 5276
to 3078
to 3777
to 875
Armed forces arewell structured
4
Competing groupsresolve differences
11
Opposition partydoes not
espouse force
59
There haven'tbeen any
paramilitary forces
60There haven't been
any regime-sponsored,non-military armed forces
61
There are nofactional disputes
74
Conflict
to 3100
to 36101
Water distributioninfrastructureis sufficient
58
Needs
to 1118
to 29120
to 8119
to 42116
to 52117
International mediahave open access to
the reporting of events
38Government does not
control domestic media'sreporting of events
28Education
infrastructureis adequate
20
People's spiritualneeds are met
44Education system
is structuredtoward jobs
21
Misc
Basic naturalresource management
is in place
5
People perceivethat their interestsare represented
43
to 10106
to 29107
to 41108
to 52109
to 22110
to 32104
to 42105
Property ownershipissues are resolved
50
Stress migrationis not present
54
There are noexpatriates
62
There is nodisplacedpopulation
63
Movement
to 1893
to 2695
to 4294
to 1996
to 3297
to 4798
to 4899
Foreigninvestmentis available
27
Economyto 34113Core
to 1112
to 39114
to 53115
There areno migrants
64
to 4679
to 36111
to 18103
to 46102
to 2985
to 4284
to 5281
Financialsystemis solid
71
to 1590
to 2591
Opposition partydoesn't attempt todominate by force
40
Government-runmilitary is effective
31
Regime-sponsored,non-military armed forces
are demobilized
51
Paramilitary forcesare not present
41
Demobilized armedforces are
integrated into society
16
Disarmamentis effective
17
Healthrequirements
are met
33
Potable wateris sufficient
48
Food issufficient
26
Healthinfrastructureis adequate
32
Housing stockis sufficient
34
Expatriots returnto country
24
Population is notforced to move
46
Changes in populationcomposition improve
outlook
7
Population isfree to move
47
Displaced populationdecreases
18
Migrants leavecountry
39
Energy supplyand distributionare sufficient
23
Agricultural systemis productive
3
Telecominfrastructure
is in place
55
Critical industriesare sound
15
Tourism industryis robust
56
Financial systemis sufficient
25
Efficient marketsare in place
22
Acceptable jobsare available
1
Transportationinfrastructure
is in place
57
Commercial sectorcontributes to
national welfare
10
Civil (internal) unrestis not present
8
Safe and secureenvironment is
perceived
52Immediate needs
of the peopleare satisfied
36
Government hasdomestic legitimacy
29 People aretolerant of the
status quo
42
Institutions ofgovernance areeffective and fair
37
Economy issound
19
Civil stability anddurable peace exists
9
Crime is nota problem
70
Corruption insocial servicesis not rampant
14
Corruption incentral authorityis not rampant
12
Administration ofjustice is effective
and fair
2
Central authorityis effective
6
Government policeforce is effective
against crime
30
Corruption inlaw enforcementis not rampant
13
Social servicesare adequate
53
Drug crimeis not a problem
68
Date 12/01/02 Scenario Name:
"Neutral" Value Variable SectorLow High Value
-4.00 4.00 .50 - 1.00 2.25 Output:
-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00 Input:-3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 -1.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 0.00
-3.00 3.00 1.00 0.00
-3.00 3.00 0.00 -1.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 1.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 -2.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 -1.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 0.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 3.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 3.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 -1.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 1.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00
-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00
-3.00 3.00 0.00 1.00
-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 -1.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 0.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 2.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00
-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00
Basic natural resource management is in place
Water distribution infrastructure is sufficientNeeds
Iraq - Immediately Post War
There are no migrants
Movement
Property ownership issues are resolvedStress migration is not presentThere are no expatriatesThere is no displaced population
People perceive that their interests are representedPeople's spiritual needs are met
Misc
Education infrastructure is adequateEducational system is tailored toward jobsGovernment does not control domestic media's reporting of eventsInternational media have open access to the reporting of events
Common crime is not a problem
Justice
Foreign investment is availableFinancial system is solidHuman rights are protectedPolice are distinct from the militaryPrison structure is adequateDrug cultivation is not a problemDrug manufacture is not a problemDrug transshipment is not a problemDrug use is not a problemOrganized crime is not a problem
Range
Economy
Conflict
Armed forces are well structuredCompeting groups resolve differencesOpposition party does not espouse forceThere haven't been any paramilitary forces
There haven't been any regime-sponsored, non-military armed forcesThere are no factional disputes
Civil stability and durable peace exists
Stability & Peace Plus Core Values
-4.00
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
12/25/01 2/13/02 4/4/02 5/24/02 7/13/02 9/1/02 10/21/02 12/10/02 1/29/03
Date
Stab
ility
Val
ue
uppermiddlelowerStability & peaceNo civil unrestEconomy is soundGovernment has domestic legitimacyPeople's immediate needs are metGovernment is effective and fairPeople tolerate the status quoPeople feel safe and secure
• Supports OOTW analysis at the operational and strategic levels– Depicts peace support and humanitarian results– Provides static view of current and past situations in terms of peace and
stability – Represents most, but not all, OOTW functions
• Supports data output and analysis– Data can be used in consonance
with other analytical tools(e.g., DIAMOND)
• Runs interactively• Unsophisticated tool
– Requires Excel expertiseand is user friendly
Canadian Forces Landmine Database (CFLD)
• Supports MOOTW training and operational employment at the tactical level– Designed for individual soldier
• Supplies pictorial and text data on 350 landmines
• Allows cross referencing search of database by description, country of origin, or use
• Runs interactively• Unsophisticated tool
– Basic design and is user friendly
Reliability and Speed: XML Technology
• eXtensible Markup Language (XML) provides the language that can define all of the parts of the tool data, including the DataInterchange Format (DIF) for files
• XML Populated DIF (XPOD) provides data files with validated formats– Improves reliability & reduces error
rates in tool use
– Supports automated data transfer
– Provides decreased human processing
time
• XML technology is transparent to
the user
</ForceStructureInformation> - <Relationships> - <Relationship type="Operational Control"> - <Assigned> - <UnitNode UIC="WAKNAA"> <UnitNode UIC="WAKNFT" /> <UnitNode UIC="WAKNAO" /> <UnitNode UIC="WAKNTO" /> <UnitNode UIC="WAKNCO" /> <UnitNode UIC="WAKNBO" /> </UnitNode>
Rapid Scenario Generation: the XMT
• XPOD Manipulation Tool (XMT) extracts data from C4I system format– Data ingest process enables updates to force data in the toolbox
• Supports modification of scenario data– Enables semi-automated scenario
updates– Supports use of “warm”
databases
• Retains common data format(XML XPOD) for other tools
• User friendly• Reduces time over manual processing
Data Flow with XML XPODs
XMT
DIAMONDXPOD
FASTXPOD
FASTXPOD DIAMOND
XPOD
JCATSXPOD
JCATSXPOD
FASTXPODJCATS
XPODDIAMONDXPOD
to 3283
to 3780
to 4187
to 4688
to 2282
to 386
to 1089
to 5692
Human rightsare protected
35
Police aredistinct fromthe military
45
Prison structureis adequate
49
Drug cultivationis not a problem
65Drug manufactureis not a problem
66Drug transshipment
is not a problem
67
Organized crimeis not a problem
69Common crimeis not a problem
73
Drug useis not a problem
72
Justice
to 5276
to 3078
to 3777
to 875
Armed forces arewell structured
4
Competing groupsresolve differences
11
Opposition partydoes not
espouse force
59
There haven'tbeen any
paramilitary forces
60There haven't been
any regime-sponsored,non-military armed forces
61
There are nofactional disputes
74
Conflict
to 3100
to 36101
Water distributioninfrastructureis sufficient
58
Needs
to 1118
to 29120
to 8119
to 42116
to 52117
International mediahave open access to
the reporting of events
38Government does not
control domestic media'sreporting of events
28Education
infrastructureis adequate
20
People's spiritualneeds are met
44Education system
is structuredtoward jobs
21
Misc
Basic naturalresource management
is in place
5
People perceivethat their interestsare represented
43
to 10106
to 29107
to 41108
to 52109
to 22110
to 32104
to 42105
Property ownershipissues are resolved
50
Stress migrationis not present
54
There are noexpatriates
62
There is nodisplacedpopulation
63
Movement
to 1893
to 2695
to 4294
to 1996
to 3297
to 4798
to 4899
Foreigninvestmentis available
27
Economyto 34113Core
to 1112
to 39114
to 53115
There areno migrants
64
to 4679
to 36111
to 18103
to 46102
to 2985
to 4284
to 5281
Financialsystemis solid
71
to 1590
to 2591
Opposition partydoesn't attempt todominate by force
40
Government-runmilitary is effective
31
Regime-sponsored,non-military armed forces
are demobilized
51
Paramilitary forcesare not present
41
Demobilized armedforces are
integrated into society
16
Disarmamentis effective
17
Healthrequirements
are met
33
Potable wateris sufficient
48
Food issufficient
26
Healthinfrastructureis adequate
32
Housing stockis sufficient
34
Expatriots returnto country
24
Population is notforced to move
46
Changes in populationcomposition improve
outlook
7
Population isfree to move
47
Displaced populationdecreases
18
Migrants leavecountry
39
Energy supplyand distributionare sufficient
23
Agricultural systemis productive
3
Telecominfrastructure
is in place
55
Critical industriesare sound
15
Tourism industryis robust
56
Financial systemis sufficient
25
Efficient marketsare in place
22
Acceptable jobsare available
1
Transportationinfrastructure
is in place
57
Commercial sectorcontributes to
national welfare
10
Civil (internal) unrestis not present
8
Safe and secureenvironment is
perceived
52Immediate needs
of the peopleare satisfied
36
Government hasdomestic legitimacy
29 People aretolerant of the
status quo
42
Institutions ofgovernance areeffective and fair
37
Economy issound
19
Civil stability anddurable peace exists
9
Crime is nota problem
70
Corruption insocial servicesis not rampant
14
Corruption incentral authorityis not rampant
12
Administration ofjustice is effective
and fair
2
Central authorityis effective
6
Government policeforce is effectiveagainst crime
30
Corruption inlaw enforcementis not rampant
13
Social servicesare adequate
53
Drug crimeis not a problem
68
Date 12/01/02 Scenario Name:
"Neutral" Value Variable SectorLow High Value
-4.00 4.00 .50 - 1.00 2.25 Output:
-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00 Input:-3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 -1.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 0.00
-3.00 3.00 1.00 0.00
-3.00 3.00 0.00 -1.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 1.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 -2.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 -1.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 0.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 3.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 3.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 -1.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 1.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00
-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00
-3.00 3.00 0.00 1.00
-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 -1.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 0.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 2.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00-3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00
-3.00 3.00 0.00 2.00
Basic natural resource management is in place
Water distribution infrastructure is sufficientNeeds
Iraq - Immediately Post War
There are no migrants
Movement
Property ownership issues are resolvedStress migration is not presentThere are no expatriatesThere is no displaced population
People perceive that their interests are representedPeople's spiritual needs are met
Misc
Education infrastructure is adequateEducational system is tailored toward jobsGovernment does not control domestic media's reporting of eventsInternational media have open access to the reporting of events
Common crime is not a problem
Justice
Foreign investment is availableFinancial system is solidHuman rights are protectedPolice are distinct from the militaryPrison structure is adequateDrug cultivation is not a problemDrug manufacture is not a problemDrug transshipment is not a problemDrug use is not a problemOrganized crime is not a problem
Range
Economy
Conflict
Armed forces are well structuredCompeting groups resolve differencesOpposition party does not espouse forceThere haven't been any paramilitary forces
There haven't been any regime-sponsored, non-military armed forcesThere are no factional disputes
Civil stability and durable peace exists
Stability & Peace Plus Core Values
-4.00
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
12/25/01 2/13/02 4/4/02 5/24/02 7/13/02 9/1/02 10/21/02 12/10/02 1/29/03
Date
Stab
ility
Val
ue
uppermiddlelowerStability & peaceNo civil unrestEconomy is soundGovernment has domestic legitimacyPeople's immediate needs are metGovernment is effective and fairPeople tolerate the status quoPeople feel safe and secure
ISSM
DIAMOND
JCATS
Controller
FASTXPODJCATS
XPODDIAMONDXPOD
UOB
Usability vs Tool Matrix
User Training Requirement
Force Multiplier
Functionality
Controller 4 hours time reduction supportXMT 1-2 days time reduction C4I extract & data
manipulationUOB 1 day time reduction authoritative data & data
manipulationJCATS 4 weeks functionality high resolution, tactical DIAMOND 2 weeks functionality low resolution, operational
OOTW modelISSM 4 hours functionality very low resolution,
strategic-operational OOTW CFLD 1 hour functionality landmine dataXML Technology none time reduction data support
Naval Postgraduate School Initiatives
• NPS using the toolbox architecture for:– Extending research in:
• Open data interchange using XML technologies
• Integration of Agent-Based Simulations
– Professional Military Education:
• Integration of the toolbox into OR, IT, NWC, and M&S curricula
MOOTW FASTToolbox
Data InterchangeFormat (FAST DIF)
OIF After Action
• A prototype version was fielded by the US Center for Army Analysis (CAA) for testing in Iraq
• The CAA analyst used the UOB in the field
• The CAA analyst used the ISSM to prepare for deployment and evaluated its concepts in the field
• CAA provided several suggestions for improvements
OIF After Action: UOB
• Use:– Unit Support Capabilities: the UOB was useful in determining what
support capabilities a unit being considered for rotation into Iraq might bring, e.g., number of trucks in the unit
– Main Support Route (MSR) Demand: the UOB was useful in determining the demands on the MSR by a particular unit or type of unit that was being considered for rotation into Iraq
• Suggestions– Make it easier to export data to Excel
– Provide a function to filter equipment displays
– Provide ability to create database queries against the UOB data
OIF After Action: ISSM
• Use:– The ISSM provided good preparation for the analyst concerning the
factors involved in OOTWs
– The ISSM did not provide support in directly evaluating the campaign plan for Iraq (intervention factors)
– Little interest/trust in aggregation of raw data
• Suggestions– Add tailorable campaign plan support
– Provide clear explanations of meanings of the numerical values
– Consider theater-to-theater variations in connection strengths among variables
– Implied suggestion: consider validation efforts on logic
Conclusion
• The FAST Toolbox is available and works• The Toolbox provides a unique and needed set of OOTW
support functions• The Toolbox, through its complementary components,
provides coverage of the spectrum of OOTW activities• The Toolbox provides access to authoritative force data• The Toolbox provides access to C4I data, allowing the rapid
update of scenario files• The Toolbox provides automation support for time consuming,
normally manual operations, enabling its use in the most demanding of situations
• The Toolbox supports analysis and decision making, without forcing results on the user
Back-upsBack-ups
Placing Tools in Toolbox Space
OOTW Support vs Tool Matrix
V=VitalU=UsefulE=ExtraneousD=DistractingC=Counterproductive Co
ntro
ller
XMT
UOB
JCAT
S
DIAM
OND
ISSM
CFLD
Operations Decision SupportCOA Analysis V V V U V VSituational Awareness U V
AnalysisDeliberate Planning U U V U V UCrisis Action Planning V V V V V VForce Structure Analysis U V V U V UAcquisition Analysis U U U V V U
TrainingExercises U U U V UMission Rehearsal V V V VOther In-theater U U
Thesis Opportunities
• Interim Static Stability Model (ISSM) – Evaluation of ISSM factors; grounding of values
• Diplomatic and Military Operations in a Non-warfighting Domain (DIAMOND)– Generation of meaningful scenarios; assessment/testing
of model functionality; identification of new requirements
Major Question: How to make these tools effective for MOOTW planning?