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7/27/2019 Flexibilite Responsable
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JB\ GC[B\ KB JNG\[N[R[
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejbKpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
por Lhorjbs kb Frcdbgt
\cus jo knrbltncg kb Frogcnsb Mrn bt Xovnbr Hunjjork
Klbderb 51??
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Lr bg ?>=2, jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb bst ug thng` tog` ngkpbgkogt kb tcut dogkot sygknloj
cu pcjntnqub. Qrccgkdbgt oglr kogs jo rojnt lcgcdnqub, nj lcglbgtrb so rfbxncg sur
jo rbjotncg bgtrb jbgtrbprnsb bt scg bgvnrcggbdbgt bt dbt lcgtrneutncg ug vostb rsbou
kbxpbrts pcur rojnsbr sbs tukbs. mojbdbgt jnbu kb rbglcgtrbs bt pjb kb crdotncg,
jNgstntut kvbjcppb ugb vnsncg kb jbgtrbprnsb cuvbrtb sur jb dcgkb bt sur jo sclnt.
[HNG@ [OG@
Joltnvnt kb rfbxncg sb kpjcnb outcur kb jbgtrbprnsb, lcgub jo cns lcddb crmognsotncg,
lcddb oltbur ku dcgkb lcgcdnqub bt lcddb oltbur kb jo sclnt. Qcur knusbr sbsogojysbs bt sbs tukbs, jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb soppunb sur 9
Kbs roppcrts bt kbs gctbs, vbltburs trokntncggbjs kb knusncg ouprs kug puejnl
kb jbokbrs kcpngncg.
Rg sntb, Keot&lc (www.kbeotblc.r), kcgt jceibltn bst kogndbr jb keot lcgcdnqub
bt sclnoj.
Rgb rbvub trndbstrnbjjb, \clntoj, qun prcpcsb kbs ogojysbs bt kbs rjbxncgs sur
jbs mrogks keots klcgcdnb bt kb sclnt (www.sclnbtoj.r).
UBGLCG[UB\
Cuvbrtbs ug jormb puejnl cu rsbrvbs oux okhrbgts, jbs dognbstotncgs crmognsbs por
jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb vnsbgt ovcrnsbr jb portomb kbxprnbglb sur kbs bgibux jns oux
qubstncgs lcgcdnqubs bt jbgtrbprnsb.
Jbs dognbstotncgs kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb vnsbgt stndujbr jo rfbxncg sur kbs suibts
kngtrt lcjjbltn. Knrnmbogts kbgtrbprnsb, pbrscggojnts pcjntnqubs, bxpbrts nssus kb jbgtrb-
prnsb cu ku dcgkb ugnvbrsntonrb scgt ngvnts sbxprndbr jcllosncg kb kibugbrs, kb
lcgrbglbs bt kb keots.
FCUDO[NCG
JNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb prcpcsb kbs prcmroddbs pkomcmnqubs qun cgt pcur ceibltn
kb sbgsnenjnsbr jbs knrbgts puejnls opportbgogt jlcsystdb kbs bgtrbprnsbs oux
bgibux lcgcdnqubs bt sclnoux ouxqubjs bjjbs scgt lcgrcgtbs. Kogs lb lokrb, jNgstntut
sokrbssb prncrntonrbdbgt oux bgsbnmgogts kb \lnbglbs lcgcdnqubs bt \clnojbs (\B\) ,
ovbl jb prcmroddb Bgsbnmgogts-Bgtrbprnsbs bt oux Ibugbs houts pctbgtnbjs nssus kb
tcus lcrps kb dtnbr, ovbl jNgstntut kbs Houtbs tukbs kb jBgtrbprnsb (NHBB)
Qcur bg sovcnr pjus 9 www.ngstntut-bgtrbprnsb.r
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JB\ GC[B\ KB JNG\[N[R[Klbderb 51??
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejbKpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
por Lhorjbs kb Frcdbgt\cus jo knrbltncg kb Frogcnsb Mrn bt Xovnbr Hunjjork
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Ngstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb, 51??
[cus krcnts kb rbprckultncg, kb trokultncg, kokoptotncg bt kbxlutncgrsbrvs pcur tcus jbs poysKnrbltbur kb jo puejnlotncg 9 Frkrnl Dcgjcuns-Fjnlnt, kjmu mgroj kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb
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2Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Cltcerb 51??
\CDDONUB
OVOG[-QUCQC\ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... =
U\RD ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... >
NG[UCKRL[NCG .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
N. JbdorlhkutrovoNJourvJotburkbJolrNsb 9 ugbsbmdbgtotNcglrcNssogtbkbJodoNg-kuvrbbgfcgltNcgkbsstotutskbdpJcN............................................ 5>
?. Jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs crdbs otypnqubs kbdpjcn bt
kb jo scus-trontoglb kbpuns trbgtb ogs ...................................................................................................................................... 5>
5. Rg rnsqub kb pbrtb kbdpjcn trs ngmojbdbgt rportn ..................................................................................... ;8
NN. fJbxNeNJNtkbJbdpJcNbtquoJNtkbJbdpJcN............................................................................................................. 26
?. Ngtrckultncg 9 kb jo prlornt kb jbdpjcn jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn ................................................. 26
5. Jbs bdpjcns otypnqubs 9 ug lokrb jmoj trs lcgtronmgogt ......................................................................... 61
Nv. NgtrtbtJNdNtbsku lcgtrotugNqub kbtrovoNJlcddbrpcgsboukuoJNsdbkudorlhkutrovoNJ ........................................................................................................................................... ??5
?. Jo prcpcsntncg ku lcgtrot ugnqub .................................................................................................................................................... ??5
5. Rg knomgcstnl ngtrbssogt dons ugb scjutncg trcp mgrojb .............................................................. ??
5. Qcur ug bdpjcn bxnejb scutbgoejb ............................................................................................................................................. ?56
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8
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
Rgb tbjjb quotncg gbst pos tbgoejb sur jb jcgm tbrdb lor bjjb lcgkunt, pjus portnlujn-
rbdbgt bg prnckb kb lrnsb, fromnjnsbr bglcrb jbs ddbs lotmcrnbs kb pbrscggbs
(ibugbs, sojorns pbu quojnfns) bt kb dbttrb ongsn mrovbdbgt bg prnj gctrb poltbsclnoj. Ou tbrdb kug knomgcstnl trs kbgsb bt toy por kb gcderbusbs ogojysbs
stotnstnqubs, lb roppcr t, lcgfn Lhorjbs kb Frcdbgt, lhbrlhbur splnojnstb kbs vc-
jutncgs lcgtbdpcrongbs ku dorlh kb jbdpjcn, ngtrckunt ug lbrtong gcderb kb prcpcsn-
tncgs bt kcrnbgtotncgs pcur rbgkrb scutbgoejb jb kvbjcppbdbgt kb jbgsbdejb kbs
fcrdbs kbdpjcn.
Nj y o vnkbddbgt kbs lousbs iurnknqubs lb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj. Dons ugb
jblturb strnltbdbgt iurnknqub kbs ngmojnts sur jb dorlh ku trovonj prsbgtb kvn-
kbgtbs jndntbs.
[cut koecrk, jo fcrdb ku lcgtrot gb priumb pos kb jo quojnt kbs bdpjcns bt jqunvojbglb
bdpjcns fjbxnejbs/prlornt kbs pbrscggbs gb rsnstb pos jogojysb. Kb ddb, ug LKN
gbst pos glbssonrbdbgt sygcgydb kbdpjcn kb quojnt, gctoddbgt kogs lbrtongs
sbmdbgts kb jo scus-trontoglb. \urtcut, jb roppcrt dcgtrb por kbs bxbdpjbs lcglrbts
qunj bxnstb ug fcrt jbvnbr dogomrnoj pcur odjncrbr jbs protnqubs bxnstogtbs 9 jo mbstncg
rbspcgsoejb kb jo fjbxnenjnt sb icub bg prbdnbr jnbu ou gnvbou kbs crmognsotncgs bjjbs-
ddbs, qun kcnvbgt opprbgkrb dnbux ogtnlnpbr jburs ebscngs bg fjbxnenjnt. Lbttb
vcjutncg gb pbut ovcnr jnbu por ugb sndpjb odjncrotncg ku lokrb iurnknqub, ddb snj
fout qub tbxtbs kb jcn bt iurnsprukbglb vcjubgt pcur kcggbr pjus kb dormb kb doguvrb
oux portbgonrbs sclnoux bt slurnsbr sur jb pjog iurnknqub jbs ollcrks jbs pjus nggcvogts.
Lb roppcrt bgtbgk ongsn pcsbr ug prbdnbr iojcg pcur fonrb bg scrtb kb rkunrb jb fcss
oltubj bgtrb ngsnkbrs bt cutsnkbrs. Jbgsbdejb kbs sojorns kcnt pcuvcnr egfnlnbr kb
lcgkntncgs kb trovonj bt kbdpjcns qun morogtnssbgt jbur knmgnt bt jbur bdpjcyoenjnt
tcut ou jcgm kb jbur porlcurs prcfbssncggbj.
Frogcnsb Mrn Xovnbr Hunjjork
Vnlb-prsnkbgtb kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb Qrsnkbgt kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb
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>>Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
U\RD
Ngtrckultncg 9 qubjs bgibux pcur jbgtrbprnsb 3Jo lrnsb o vu jbssbgtnbj kb joiustbdbgt kb jbdpjcn pbsbr sur jbs sojorns knts otypnqubs 9
ngtrndonrbs, tntujonrbs kb LKK, sojorns kbgtrbprnsbs kb scus-trontoglb kb 5db cu
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?1
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
ovbl jo mrogkb bgtrbprnsb kcggbusb kcrkrb bt scjvoejb , dnsb bg lousb ku kcggbur
kcrkrb bg los kbdeoulhb kb trovonjjburs njjmoux por kbs scus-trontogts cu kb survbgoglb
kb mrovbs ollnkbgts ku trovonj, btl. Qor onjjburs, jbs tbgsncgs sur ug ddb jnbu kb trovonjbgtrb sojorns ngtmrs bt ngtbrvbgogts bxtrnburs pbuvbgt oussn dbttrb doj jo lchsncg
ngtbrgb kb jbgtrbprnsb.
Bgfng, ugb mbstncg lcurtb vub bt pbu rbspcgsoejb kbs prcejdotnqubs kb fjbxnenjnt kb
jo port kbs bgtrbprnsbs rnsqub kb gunrb jo lcdptntnvnt kb jlcgcdnb rogonsb 9
lbttb kbrgnrb rbpcsbro bg bf fbt, kbdong pjus bglcrb quouicurkhun, sur so lopolnt
dcenjnsbr tcutbs jbs gbrmnbs, kvbjcppbr bt okoptbr jbs lcdptbglbs kb jbgsbdejb
kbs sojorns.
Lbst pcurqucn jb prsbgt roppcrt kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb lcgsnkrb qub jo mbstncg
kb jbdpjcn bxnejb kcnt trb ug kbs pnjnbrs bssbgtnbjs kb jo pcjntnqub kb rbspcgsoenjnt
sclnojb kbs bgtrbprnsbs (U\B) kbs bgtrbprnsbs . Ognd por jo lcgvnltncg qub lb scgt
koecrk kbs oltburs bux-ddbs qub pbuvbgt dbrmbr kbs scjutncgs prbggbs bt
scutbgoejbs, scg ceibltn bst dcngs kb curgnr kbs scjutncgs roknlojbdbgt gcuvbjjbs
qun pbrdbttro nbgt, bgng, kb trolbr ug lhbdng prbggb bgtrb jbs kbux lubnjs kb
jo jbxnenjnt roknlojb bt kugb slurnt rnmnkb, qub kb lcgtrneubr ou keot kb
dognrb promdotnqub bg sb cgkogt sur jo lcggonssoglb ngcrdb kb protnqubs,
ecggbs cu dcngs ecggbs, kbs bgtrbprnsbs kogs jbur mbstncg kb jo jbxnenjnt.
Jbs crnbgtotncgs qunj prlcgnsb sortnlujbgt outcur kb kbux oxbs 9 dnbux portombr jo
bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn kogs jbgtrbprnsb, tcut, koecrk, og qubjjb gb psb pjus sbujbdbgt
sur jbs ddbs lotmcrnbs kb sojorns, qun scgt jb pjus scuvbgt jbs pjus fromnjbs. Ubgkrb
jbdpjcn jbxnejb scutbgoejb bgsuntb, bg sottolhogt odjncrbr jbs lcgkntncgs qun
ktbrdngbgt jo quojnt kb lbt bdpjcn 9 slurnt bt fcrdotncg.
Rg ljonromb prjndngonrb rbtcur sur trbgtb ogskb trogsfcrdotncgs ku dorlh ku trovonj frogons
Jvcjutncg ku dorlh ku trovonj frogons sur jbs trbgtb kbrgnrbs oggbs sb loroltrnsb
por ugb lrcnssoglb trs fcrtb kbs fcrdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn (FQB) 0 jbgsbdejb kbs
lcgtrots tbdpcronrbs (bg y ngljuogt jbs opprbgtns, jbs stomnonrbs bt jbs lcgtrots
onks) tctojnsbgt ouicurkhun ?2,< % kb jbdpjcn sojorn, lcgtrb 6,6 % bg ?>85.
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??Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Usud
Kovogtomb qub kogs ugb hypcthtnqub krmujotncg ku dorlh ku trovonj , jo
prcmrbssncg kb lbs crdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn trcuvb sbs lousbs kogs ug
bgsbdejb kb oltburs lcgcdnqubs lcdpjbxbs. Jo glbssnt kb rbgkrb jbur crmognsotncgpjus roltnvb, ngkuntb por ug bgvnrcggbdbgt lcgcdnqub loroltrns jun-ddb por ugb
pjus mrogkb ngstoenjnt, o nglnt jbs bgtrbprnsbs okcptbr ugb mbstncg pjus fjbxnejb kb
jbur dong-kuvrb. Ou gnvbou dolrclcgcdnqub, lbs trogsfcrdotncgs cgt kcgl lcgkunt
ug kvbjcppbdbgt kb jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn ou sbgs jormb, kcgt jo dcgtb bg
punssoglb kbs fcrdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn rbprsbgtb ugb kbs lcdpcsogtbs jbs pjus
snmgnfnlotnvbs, enbg qub gcg bxljusnvb.
Ngkgnoejbdbgt, jb kvbjcppbdbgt kb lbttb jbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn o bu kbs bbts
pcsntns, bg pbrdbttogt oux bgtrbprnsbs koiustbr pjus ropnkbdbgt jbur dossbsojornojb jbur gnvbou kb prckultncg, bt kb rsnstbr ongsn kovogtomb oux vornotncgs
lcgicglturbjjbs jnbs jbur bgvnrcggbdbgt lcgcdnqub. Nj gbg kbdburb pos dcngs
qub jbs lcgsqubglbs kb lbttb bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn, sn bjjbs gb scgt pos ollcdpomgbs,
pcrtbgt bg bjjbs jb rnsqub koffonejnr snmgnfnlotnvbdbgt ugb portnb kbs sojorns.
Kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonjcu prlornsotncg mgrojnsb 3
[cutbfcns, jo vnsncg kugb prlornsotncg mgrojnsb kcgt jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs
fcrdbs otypnqubs kbdpjcn sbront jb vbltbur sb hbur tb oux stotnstnqubs 9 sn jb lcgtrot
kurb ngktbrdngb kb krcnt prnv o pbrku ku tbrrong, nj rbprsbgtb tcuicurs, bg
stcl`, pjus kb 86 % kbs bdpjcns kogs jb sbltbur prnv. \o port kogs jo pcpujotncg bg
mb kb trovonjjbr sbst por onjjburs stoenjnsb bgtrb 5111 bt 5118, bt go vcju qu
jo dormb bg 511> bt 51?1. Bgfng, nj bst ngtrbssogt kb rbjbvbr qub, pcur jo pjuport
kbs sojorns oltubjs, jngslurnt kb jbdpjcn go ceibltnvbdbgt pos oumdbgtkbpuns jbs oggbs ?>=1 9 ug sojorn oyogt pjus kb ?1 ogs koglnbggbt o tcuicurs jo
ddb prceoenjnt, prbsqub ogblkctnqub (? % bgvnrcg), ktrb jnlbgln ou lcurs kugb
oggb.
Lcgtronrbdbgt lb qun bst scuvbgt offnrd, jb dckjb kb jbdpjcn stoejb, tbdps
pjbng bt bg LKN gbst kcgl pos ouicurkhun roknlojbdbgt rbdns bg lousb. Jo lrongtb,
gb kogs jbs oggbs ?>81 bt ?>>1, kugb jbxnenjnsotncg cu prlornsotncg
mgrojnsb ku dcgkb ku trovonj bt kugb knsporntncg kbs crdbs kbdpjcn
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?5
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
prctbltrnlbs lcgstruntbs outcur ku sojornot typnqub go pcur jngstogt pos jnbu
ktrb. Jb lckb ku trovonj joffnrdb konjjburs scjbggbjjbdbgt, kogs ugb fcrdujotncg
sogs qunvcqub 9 Jb lcgtrot kb trovonj kurb ngktbrdngb bst jo fcrdb gcrdojb btmgrojb kb jo rbjotncg kb trovonj.
Qortogt, jb prcejdb sbdejb dcngs jngstoenjnt mgrojnsb kb jbdpjcn quugb
bxpcsntncg jo prlornt kb jbdpjcn tculhogt kb dognrb ngmojb bt sogs kcutb
ngiustb knrbgtbs lotmcrnbs kb sojorns.
Ngsnkbrs & cutsnkbrsKb font, jogojysb dcgtrb qub jbs fcrdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcns gb sb rportnssbgt
pos kb dognrb quntoejb kogs jo pcpujotncg oltnvb. LKK, ngtrnd bt bdpjcns onks
rbprsbgtbgt ongsn ?/< kb jbdpjcn kbs ibugbs kb ?2 5> ogs. Jb LKK, trs
kvbjcpp kogs jb tbrtnonrb lcglbrgb tcut portnlujnrbdbgt jbs ibugbs fbddbs, togkns
qub jngtrnd, kcdngogtb ngkustrnbjjb, bst trs fcrtbdbgt doslujng (=1 % khcddbs,
kcgt jo dcntn cgt dcngs kb , jo eonssb kb jngtrnd o ongsn
rbprsbgt 5
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?=5 sur jb trovonj tbdpcronrb bt kb ?>=> sur jbs
lcgtrots kurb ktbrdngb vnsonbgt kovogtomb gcrdojnsbr, bglokrbr bt surtcut
lcgtrjbr kbs usombs bxnstogts kbpuns jcgmtbdps qu fovcrnsbr jbs bdpjcns otypnqubs .Lcgtronrbdbgt jOjjbdomgb, jbs fcrdbs otypnqubs kbdpjcn gcgt konjjburs lcggu bg
Froglb souf jo dormb oulugb krmjbdbgtotncg dossnvb kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>81.
Bg rbvoglhb, nj bst lbrtong qub jbs rmjbs iurnknqubs cgt bu ug ndpolt lbrtong sur jo
dognrb kcgt sbst strulturb lbttb bxnenjnt, bg oumdbgtogt jo jbxnenjnt bxtbrgb
ou ktrndbgt kb jo jbxnenjnt ngtbrgb. Kb pjus, jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs fcrdbs
portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn bt jb spbltrb kb jo prlornt cgt porokcxojbdbgt lcgtrneu
rbgfcrlbr jb LKN, sogltuorns por jbs crmognsotncgs sygknlojbs, jbs portns pcjntnqubs bt jo
iurnsprukbglb kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>=1. Dons nln bglcrb, ugb jblturb sndpjnstb kb lbttb
vcjutncg qun ngsnstbront bxljusnvbdbgt sur jbs foltburs iurnknqubs (prctbltncg bxlbssnvb
ku LKN) bt lujturbjs (oesbglb kb lujturb kb jnlbglnbdbgt bg Froglb por roppcrt oux
poys ogmjc-soxcgs) kogs jo dnsb bg pjolb kb lb kuojnsdb bst trcdpbusb 9 jo
sogltuornsotncg kbs bdpjcns stoejbs bt jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs bdpjcns jbxnejbs
prclkbgt scuvbgt kb jo ddb rotncgojnt lcgcdnqub bt jbs ugs gb scgt pos
suestntuoejbs oux outrbs.
Koutrb port, jossndnjotncg ku kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj ou kuojnsdb iurnknqub
bgtrb LKN bt FQB lcgkunt nmgcrbr jb kvbjcppbdbgt kugb prlornt qun sb lcgstruntjormbdbgt bg kbhcrs kbs crdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn. Ongsn, nj orrnvb frqubd-
dbgt qub kbs sojorns bg LKN scnbgt oussn pbu prctms qub kbs sojorns otypnqubs.
Jo slurnt iurnknqub kbs LKN lhbz jbs scus-trontogts, gctoddbgt kb 5b cu
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?;
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
Jb lokrb iurnknqub gbxpjnqub kcgl quugb portnb kb jo stoenjnt, ou sbgs crt, kb
jbdpjcn 0 lb lcgstot iustnfnb kcgl jopprclhb kb gctrb tukb, qun sngtrbssb dcngs
jo fjbxnenjnt iurnknqub kb jbdpjcn qu jo vujgroenjnt kbs sojorns folb oux rnsqubsprcfbssncggbjs bt jo quojnt kb jbur bdpjcn, lb kbrgnbr lcglbpt bgmjceogt jo fcns
jo qubstncg kbs lcgkntncgs kbdpjcn bt lbjjb kbs lcgkntncgs kb trovonj.
Kbs ngmojnts rbjjbs,kcgt jngtbrprtotncg rbstb tcutbfcns guoglbr
Jb prnsdb kb jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn, snj font enbg rbsscrtnr ugb bxpcsntncg ngmojb kbssojorns oux rnsqubs knvbrs (rnsqub lhdomb, sogt ou trovonj bt slurnt, dcngkrb olls
jo fcrdotncg, btl.), pbrdbt oussn kb guoglbr jngtbrprtotncg kb lbs ngmojnts.
Bg Froglb, pjus quonjjburs, por ug rollcurln sdogtnqub sngmujnbr, jb kvbjcppbdbgt
kb jo jbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn o bg bbt t ossndnj lbjun kb jo prlornt kb
jbdpjcn. Cr sn cg sottolhb oux mrogkbs kndbgsncgs kb jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn ,
lcglbpt eboulcup pjus cprotcnrb qub jo gctncg jcub kb prlornt , jb rollcurln
kvbjcppbdbgt kb jbdpjcn jbxnejb 4 kvbjcppbdbgt kb jo prlornt kbvnbgt
dcngs tbgoejb 9
tuknogts bg qutb kb pbtnts ecujcts lt kb jburs tukbs, ibugbs jo rblhbrlhb
kug prcibt prcfbssncggbj, ngknvnkus lbrtbs rorbs hcstnjbs ou sojornot ljossnqub
cu prcfbssncggbjs kb jngtrnd, sbgncrs bg fng kb lorrnrb bg qutb kb trndbstrbs
dogquogts pcur jbur rbtrontb 9 tcus lbs sojorns pbuvbgt onrb ug usomb strot-mnqub, gcg vlu sur jb dckb kb jo prlornt , kb jbdpjcn jbxnejb 0
jogojysb sur jo kurb kbs troibltcnrbs ngknvnkubjjbs scujnmgb jo prccgkb odenvojbglbkbs bdpjcns jbxnejbs, qun opporonssbgt outogt, sn lb gbst kovogtomb, lcddb kbstrbdpjngs vbrs jbdpjcn kuroejb qub lcddb kbs troppbs kquojnfnlotncg , rbg-
vcyogt ng fngb oux loroltrnstnqubs kbs ngknvnkus qun jbs cllupbgt jo pcssbssncg
kug knpjdb togt nln ktbrdngogtb.
Jo qubstncg kb jngsbrtncg kbs ibugbs bt kb jo prlornt kb jburs bdpjcns drntb
ktrb tcut portnlujnrbdbgt tuknb (gctoddbgt kogs jb lcgtbxtb burcpbg trcuej
oltubj, dorqu por jbs rvcjtbs kb ibugbs sojorns bg Mrlb bt surtcut bg Bspomgb).
Jbs lhnffrbs kdcgtrbgt jo surbxpcsntncg kb jo ibugbssb jbdpjcn fjbxnejb prs
kbs kbs ibugbs scgt bdeoulhs bg LKK cu bg ngtrnd. Dons lbs lhnffrbs gb
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?2Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Usud
kcnvbgt pos trb ogojyss sbujbdbgt jougb kugb phctcmrophnb ngstogtogb ku
dorlh ku trovonj, dons mojbdbgt bg tbrdbs kb troibltcnrbs ngknvnkubjjbs. Cr, jcrsqub
jcg sngtrbssb lbs kbrgnrbs, cg lcgstotb qub, quotrb ogs oprs jbur scrtnb ku
systdb kulotnf, prs kb =1 % kbs ibugbs scgt bg LKN. ?1 ogs oprs, lbst jb los
kb >1 % kbs (oglnbgs) ibugbs. Lb lcgstot qun troglhb ovbl jbs knslcurs jbs pjus
ojordnstbs, drntb ktrb roppbj. \n jbs knffnlujts kbs ibugbs scgt lbrtongbs, nj
fout scnmgbusbdbgt knstngmubr kbux lotmcrnbs 9
Jbs ibugbs knpjds ku suprnbur 9 lcgtronrbdbgt lbrtongbs rbprsbgto-
tncgs, dcybg tbrdb, njs sngsrbgt bg rojnt trs enbg sur jb dorlh ku tro-
vonj. Gogdcngs, jbur prnckb kngsbrtncg rbstb trcp jcgmub, bt trcp scuvbgt
dorqub por ugb sullbssncg kb stombs bt kb LKK qun rbgkbgt portnlujnrb-
dbgt knffnlnjbs jburs prbdnrbs oggbs kb vnb oltnvb. Lbst tcut portnlujnrb-dbgt jb los kbs knpjds kbs fcrdotncgs mgrojbs kb jugnvbrsnt, qun fcr-
dbgt ugb scus-lotmcrnb portnlujnrb kb jbgsbdejb kbs ibugbs knpjds.
Jbs toux kbdpjcn (86 %) bt kolls ou LKN (6= %) < ogs kbs eol +2 bg
jbttrbs bt slnbglbs hudongbs scgt ongsn nkbgtnqubs lbux kbs oglnbgs tu-
knogts kb E[\ qun gcgt pos russn jbur knpjdb ! Jbs tntujonrbs kugb jnlbglb
prcfbssncggbjjb scgt mojbdbgt enbg dnbux jctns qubux (toux kbdpjcn bt
kolls ou LKN rbspbltnvbdbgt kb >2 % bt =; %). Qcur lbs ibugbs, nj bst ur-
mbgt (lf. prcpcsntncgs) kb prcfbssncggojnsbr jbs fcrdotncgs ugnvbrsntonrbs, kb
lhogmbr jb rbmork kbs bgtrbprnsbs sur lbs prcfnjs bt kb rbvcnr lbrtongbs pcjn-tnqubs kb rblrutbdbgt (rblcurs bxlbssnf oux stombs kogs lbrtongbs eroglhbs/
bgtrbprnsbs, oux LKK mojbdbgt, sngmujnrbdbgt kogs jo fcgltncg puejnqub).
Jo kbuxndb lotmcrnb rossbdejb jbs ibugbs pcsskogt ug knpjdb ngfrnbur
cu moj ou eollojourot. \n jb tbrdb kb prlonrb sbdejb, sur jb dcybg cu
jb jcgm tbrdb, jb pjus scuvbgt bxlbssnf pcur jbs ibugbs knpjds, jo sntuotncg
kbs ibugbs pbu cu pos knpjds porot bg rbvoglhb scuvbgt kjnlotb 9 ongsn,
51 % kbs ibugbs gcg knpjds scgt ou lhdomb ?1 ogs oprs jo fng kb
jburs tukbs, prs kb 8 % suppjdbgtonrbs cgt ddb quntt jb dorlh ku
trovonj, sogs kcutb klcuroms. Jo sntuotncg kbs knpjds ku sblcgkonrb
bst pjus fovcroejb, dons jburs toux kb lhdomb bt kngoltnvnt ?1 ogs
sjvbgt 6,5 % bt ;,2 % lcgtrb rbspbltnvbdbgt 5,8 % bt 1,< % pcur jbs
knpjds ku suprnbur Jbs prcejdotnqubs pcur lbs ibugbs scgt kcgl glbs-
sonrbdbgt knffrbgtbs bt suppcsbgt koecrk ugb juttb lcgtrb jlhbl slcjonrb
ongsn quugb ecggb mbstncg kbs bdpjcns qun kbdogkbgt pbu kb quojnfnlotncg
slcjonrb (olls jo fcrdotncg, lcgkntncgs kb trovonj, btl.). Dojmr lb lcgstot
pbssndnstb, gctcgs gogdcngs qub prs kb 61 % kbs gcg-knpjds bt
pjus kb =2 % kbs knpjds ku sblcgkonrb scgt bg LKN knx ogs oprs jburscr tnb ku systdb kulotnf.
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19/172
?=Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Usud
ngsnkbrs. Jbs prcdctburs ku lcgtrot ugnqub tbgkbgt gmjnmbr jnkb qub jbxnstbglb
kb lcgtrots knffrbglns punssb trcuvbr scg crnmngb kogs kbs usombs qun scgt bux-
ddbs knffrbglns, bt qun fcgt qubdpjcns stoejbs bt bdpjcns fjbxnejbs gb scgt
pos glbssonrbdbgt suestntuoejbs.
lbt mork, nj gbst pos lbrtong qub jo dnsb bg pjolb kug lcgtrot ugnqub sbrontglbssonrbdbgt pjus prctbltrnlb pcur jbs lotmcrnbs lbgsbs trb jbs pjuspgojnsbs por jbxnstbglb kb lcgtrots otypnqubs. Jb lcgtrot ugnqub pcurrontsogs kcutb lrbr ugb nglntotncg kbdeoulhb pcur jbs pjus bdpjcyoejbs (gctoddbgt
jbs ibugbs quojnfns), dons gb lrbront oulugb slurnt suppjdbgtonrb pcur lbux
qun cllupbgt kbs bdpjcns por goturb tbdpcronrbs. Qcur lbs kbrgnbrs, jbs morogtnbs
fcrtbs outcur kbs LKK bt kbs lcgtrots kngtrnd rnsqubronbgt ktrb dns doj por
ugb fusncg kbs lcgtrots bxnstogts.
bgfng, jo jcn ku 52 iung 5118 ngtrckunsogt jo pcssnenjnt kugb rupturb lcgvbg-tncggbjjb kb lcgtrot o oppcrt ugb prbdnrb rpcgsb qunjnerb bt lcdpotnejbovbl jbs trokntncgs kb mbstncg kbs rbsscurlbs hudongbs frogonsbs ou prcejdb kbjo rnmnknt kbs jnlbglnbdbgts ngknvnkubjs, qun lcgstntuont bg rojnt, pjus qub jbxns-tbglb ku kuojnsdb jun-ddb, jb prnglnpoj ormudbgt bg fovbur ku lcgtrot ugnqub.
Ou-kbj, kbrrnrb jnkb kug lcgtrot ugnqub, cg trcuvb lbjjb sbjcg joqubjjb jbdpjcn
fjbxnejb, kogs ug dcgkb nkoj, gb kbvront pos bxnstbr. lbttb lcglbptncg hcgtbusb
kb jo jbxnenjnt, gcus prrcgs cppcsbr ugb vnsncg pcsntnvb, rojnstb bt scutbgoejb
kb lbttb jbxnenjnt. Ks jcrs, jo qubstncg gbst pjus togt (cu pjus sbujbdbgt) kb
sovcnr lcddbgt rkunrb lbttb jbxnenjnt, dons lcddbgt jo rbgkrb ollbptoejb, bg
okdbttogt qubxnstbgt pcur portnb kbs bdpjcns pjutt stoejbs quogk koutrbs gcgt
pos vclotncg sngslrnrb kogs jo kurb. \n jovbgnr bst jo lcbxnstbglb kb knffrbgts
typbs kb sojorns, kb roppcrts jbdpjcn qun kpbgkbgt jo fcns ku typb kbgtrbprnsb
kogs jbqubj cg sb trcuvb, ku sbltbur kb prckultncg bt kb sbs lcgtrongtbs, kb jo dognrb
kcgt cg lhbrlhb crmognsbr scg bxnstbglb, nj fout ojcrs ndomngbr kbs fcrdbs kbprctbltncg jo fcns pjus prclhbs ku tbrrong, pjus dckbstbs bt pjus nggcvogtbs quug
lcgtrot ugnqub .
Kogs lbttb cptnqub, jbs prlcgnsotncgs kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb, soppuyogt sur jbs
dbnjjburs protnqubs kbs bgtrbprnsbs, sortnlujbgt outcur kb kbux oxbs 9 dnbux portombr
jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn kogs jbgtrbprnsb, bt rbgkrb jbdpjcn fjbxnejb scutbgoejb.
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?8
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
Dnbux portombr jo bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn kogs jbgtrbprnsb
Dnbux portombr jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn kogs jbgtrbprnsb, lbjo possb koecrk por ug
dbnjjbur qunjnerb bgtrb jbxnenjnt ngtbrgb bt jbxnenjnt bxtbrgb. Kogs jbur roltncg
jo lrnsb, jbs bgtrbprnsbs frogonsbs, lcgtronrbdbgt jburs hcdcjcmubs kcutrb-Uhng,
cgt bg bffbt ljonrbdbgt prnvnjmn jb sblcgk jbvnbr (supprbssncg kbs FQB, rupturbs kb
lcgtrots ovbl jburs scus-trontogts) sur jb prbdnbr (rblcurs ou lhdomb portnbj, eonssb
kbs hburbs suppjdbgtonrbs, kvbjcppbdbgt kb jo dcenjnt ngtbrgb). Lbttb en-portntncg
ku dorlh ku trovonj sbxpjnqub bg portnb por jb rbtcur kbxprnbglb kbs lrnsbs possbs
bt cent kbs dctnfs jmntndbs 9 dongtbgnr jbs lcdptbglbs bssbgtnbjjbs kogs
jbgtrbprnsb kugb port, ollrc trb so roltnvnt kb joutrb. Jbcrt kb jbxnenjnt pcurronttcutbcns trb dnbux rportn bg ovcrnsogt ugb pjus mrogkb scupjbssb kogs jbs
lcgkntncgs kbxlutncg kbs lcgtrots kb trovonj. Nj gb somnront pos kb fovcrnsbr jb
jnlbglnbdbgt kbs sojorns pbrdogbgts, dons kb rbgkrb jbs ljousbs kb jburs lcgtrots
kb trovonj pjus fjbxnejbs, ofng kb fonrb dlognqubdbgt eonssbr jb ebscng bg fjbxnenjnt
bxtbrgb bt kongsn kndngubr jb lct kcppcrtugnt kugb bdeoulhb bg LKN cu bg FQB kb
jcgmub kurb pcur jbs bgtrbprnsbs.
Rgb tbjjb vcjutncg suppcsbront tcutbfcns kb dcknnbr jorlhntblturb oltubjjb ku krcnt
sclnoj ofg kb pbrdbttrb ugb pjus mrogkb outcgcdnb kb jo kdorlhb lcgvbgtncggbjjb 0
sur jb dckjb kb jOjjbdomgb, kb gcderbux ollcrks lcjjbltnfs kb eroglhb bt kbgtrbprnsb,
ortnlujogt morogtnbs kb dongtnbg kb jbdpjcn bt eonssbs trogsntcnrbs kb jo kurb ku
trovonj bt ku sojonrb, pcurronbgt ongsn vcnr jb icur quogk jo lcgicglturb lcgcdnqub
jbxnmb.
Ou-kbj ku lokrb iurnknqub, lcddb jb dcgtrb jb roppcrt, jo rbxncg odcgt kbs dogombrs
bt kb jo cgltncg UH sur jbs ebscngs bg dong-kuvrb kb jbur crmognsotncg bst
oescjudbgt klnsnvb. Bg portnlujnbr, jbur lopolnt rbdbttrb bg lousb jbs rcutngbs
dogomrnojbs quogk bjjbs kbvnbggbgt jo fcns knffnlnjbdbgt scutbgoejbs sclnojbdbgtbt lcgcdnqubdbgt knslutoejbs bst ugb lcgkntncg lj pcur porvbgnr ug dbnjjbur
qunjnerb bgtrb fjbxnenjnt ngtbrgb bt bxtbrgb.
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?>Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Usud
Ubgkrb jbdpjcn bxnejb scutbgoejb
\nj bxnstb kbs pnstbs pcur dnbux rportnr jbs bffcrts kb fjbxnenjnt bgtrb sojorns, nj gb
fout pos gcg pjus pbrkrb kb vub jbssbgtnbj. Jo pjuport kbs bdpjcns tbdpcronrbs
lcrrbspcgkbgt bffbltnvbdbgt kbs ebscngs tbdpcronrbs. Bg cutrb, njs lcgstntubgt
ouicurkhun pcur jbs ibugbs jo prnglnpojb pcrtb kbgtrb sur jb dorlh ku trovonj. Bgfng,
jbs vcjutncgs lcgcdnqubs, tblhgcjcmnqubs bt dogomrnojbs vcqubs kogs gctrb
knomgcstnl rnsqubgt bglcrb kollrctrb lb ebscng kb fjbxnenjnt. Nj somnt kcgl ktoejnr,
kogs ug kbuxndb tbdps, jbs lcgkntncgs kugb fjbxnenjnt scutbgoejb pcur jbs sojorns
bg FQB cu kogs kbs LKN fromnjbs, kb scrtb odjncrbr gcg sbujbdbgt jo quojnt kb
jbur bdpjcn, dons oussn jburs pbrspbltnvbs kb lorrnrb.
lbt mork, jo prctbltncg lcgtrb jbs dojoknbs prcbssncggbjjbs bt jbs ollnkbgts ku
trovonj bt jodjncrotncg kbs lcgkntncgs kb trovonj kcnvbgt lcgstntubr ug lhogtnbr
prncrntonrb. lbt bffbt, jb roppcrt kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb prlcgnsb jbs prcpcsntncgs
sunvogtbs 9
dbttrb bg pjolb ug ngknlotbur ugnqub kollnkbgt ku trovonj , ngljuogt LKN btngtr ndonrbs (dons knstngmuogt jbs toux kO[ pcur lholugb kbs lotmcrnbs) 0
onrb nmurbr jb toux kollnkbgt ku trovonj kbs prnglnpoux scus-trontogts kogsjb enjog sclnoj, ofng ktoejnr ugb jnstb ejoglhb kbs scus-trontogts cu kbs B[[kcgt jbs protnqubs bg tbrdbs kb slurnt sbronbgt sotnsfonsogtbs 0
dbttrb bg pjolb kbs crdotncgs splnfqubs pcur jbs dogombrs kb prbdnbr gnvbou,knrbltbdbgt bg lhormb kbs pbrscggbjs kbs scus-trontogts cu kbs ngtrndonrbs, pcur
jbs sbgsnenjnsbr oux rnsqubs splnfnqubs qub lbs kbrgnbrs bglcurbgt.
kdorlhogknsbr portnbjjbdbgt jb lcgtrot lcddbrlnoj toejn bgtrb jbgtrbprnsb utn-
jnsotrnlb bt sbs scus-trontogts cu jbs B[[, bg ngljuogt systdotnqubdbgt kbsljousbs sclnojbs kogs lbs lcgtrots kb curgnturb kb dong-kuvrb 0 dbttrb bgpjolb ugb strulturb lhormb kb sunvrb lbttb qubstncg kbs lcgkntncgs kb trovonj kbs
sojorns bxtrnburs, sn pcssnejb ou gnvbou kb lhoqub sntb 0
rqunjnerbr jb roppcrt kb crlb bgtrb kcggburs kcrkrb bt scus-trontogts , bgprcpcsogt, kogs jo jnmgb ku roppcrt Vcjct, jo mgrojnsotncg jbs lhortbs kb ecggbs
protnqubs bt ug dbnjjbur bglokrbdbgt kbs rupturbs ku lcgtrot.
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51
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
Jb sblcgk lhogtnbr kcnt pcrtbr sur jo crdotncg lcgtngub . Jo glbssnt kb jo
fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn go bg bffbt iodons bdplh sbs ovclots kb rblcggotrb qubjjbgb sbront scutbgoejb qu kbux lcgkntncgs 9 qubjjb scnt ugb topb kogs ug porlcurs
prcfbssncggbj lhcnsn bt gcg suen, bt qubjjb sollcdpomgb, pcur lbux qun ludujbgt jbs
FQB pbgkogt pjusnburs dcns, vcnrb pjusnburs oggbs, kb rbjjbs pcssnenjnts kb fcrdotncg
prcfbssncggbjjb. Qorlb qub lbjo gbst ouicurkhun pos tcuicurs jb los, jb roppcrt kb
jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb prlcgnsb jo prcpcsntncg sunvogtb 9
lcglbgtrbr jcejnmotncg jmojb kb crdotncg sur jbs sojorns jbs dcngs quojnfs .Jb LNF pcurront ongsn trb rsbrv oux sojorns jbs dcngs quojnfns, togkns qub
jb KNF sb vbrront ngntnojbdbgt oecgk bg prcpcrtncg ngvbrsb ku gnvbou ngntnoj kbquojnfnlotncg.
Rg trcnsndb oxb rsnkb kogs jo rblhbrlhb kugb kurb kbs lcgtrots jbxnejbs qun
scnt pjus lcgcrdb oux ngtrts lcgcdnqubs bt sclnoux kbs knrbgtbs portnbs
prbgogtbs. Bg bffbt, sn jo fcrdotncg bst lbrtbs glbssonrb, jbxprnbglb, jbs lcdptbglbs
cprotncggbjjbs scgt mojbdbgt klnsnvbs kogs jbdpjcyoenjnt kbs pbrscggbs. Cr
lbrtongbs protnqubs rcutngnrbs , kogs lbrtongs los njjmojbs, bglcurombs por
lbrtongbs rmjbs kngkbdgnsotncg ku lhdomb, sb trokunsbgt por jo dujtnpjnlotncg kb
lcgtrots trs lcurts bt ngstoejbs, nglcdpotnejbs ovbl ugb dcgtb bg punssoglb kbs
lcdptbglbs kb jburs tntujonrbs. Qcur rbdknbr lbttb sntuotncg, jb roppcrt kb jNgstntut
kb jbgtrbprnsb sbst ottolh nln prnvnjmnbr kbs scjutncgs qun tbgtbgt kb slurnsbr
jb porlcurs kbs sojorns jbxnejbs dons sogs rbglhrnr jb lct kb jo jbxnenjnt, lb
qun lcgtrneubront, ng ngb, bxljurb jbs pjus romnjbs ku dorlh ku trovonj 9
ossclnbr systdotnqubdbgt jo cgltncg UH jo gmclnotncg kbs lcgtrots kbscus-trontoglb bt kb trovonj tbdpcronrb, ouicurkhun mrs kogs jbs mrogkbs
bgtrbprnsbs por jo knrbltncg kbs olhots (quogk njs gb scgt pos scus-tronts kbslbgtrojbs kolhot), bt ngljurb kbs ljousbs sclnojbs kogs jbs lcgtrots snmgs 0
kogs jb los kb lcgtrots lokrbs lcgljus bgtrb ugb B[[ bt ug mrogk lcdptb, prvcnrkb dognrb lcgtroltubjjb ugb rportntncg bgtrb dnssncgs kb trs lcurtb kurb(iusqu ugb sbdongb), kb kurb dcybggb (? sbdongb ug dcns) bt kb pjusjcgmub kurb. Nj pcurront somnr kugb trnportntncg bgtrb dnssncgs kb jcgmub kurb,kb kurb dcybggb, bt kb lcurtb kurb 0
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5?Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Usud
ndomngbr jbs crdbs kug lcgtrot kb trovonj ngtrndonrb kurb ngktbrdngb,qun pbrdbttb ugb dbnjjburb rportntncg kbs rnsqubs lcgcdnqubs bgtrb jbs sojo-
rns bt jbs ombglbs kbdpjcns prnvs portnr, por bxbdpjb, kug lbrtong gnvboukoglnbggbt (sur jb dckjb gbr jogkons) 0
tbgkrb jbs dlognsdbs kb lhdomb portnbj oux ngtrndonrbs sotnsonsogtlbrtongbs lcgkntncgs koglnbggbt.
Bg kbhcrs ku dorlh ku trovonj, kbux pcjntnqubs puejnqubsbssbgtnbjjbs
Ou kbj kb lbs prcpcsntncgs, jb roppcrt kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb scujnmgb quugb
mrogkb portnb kbs prcejdbs kb prlornt scujbvs kogs jb keot puejnl scgt
ottrneus tcrt oux kysfcgltncggbdbgts ku dorlh ku trovonj, ojcrs qunjs rbjvbgt
koecrk kb kbux kcdongbs 9 jo fcrdotncg ngntnojb, bt jb jcmbdbgt.
Rgb port lcgsnkroejb kbs knnlujts prcvnbgt ongsn kb jortnlujotncg ngsunsogtb
bgtrb lcjb bt dcgkb kb jbgtrbprnsb. Lbs kbux ugnvbrs kcnvbgt lcgtngubr sb
ropprclhbr, gcg pos pcur qub jbgtrbprnsb knltb jlcjb sbs prcmroddbs, dons pcur
qub jvbs bt tuknogts scnbgt ngfcrds kb dognrb hcggtb bt trogsporbgtb sur jbs
keculhs pcssnejbs. Jb rjb kb jngstntutncg slcjonrb bst kcrnbgtbr bt kordbr jbs tuknogts
pcur qunjs solhbgt lcddbgt offrcgtbr jb dorlh ku trovonj 0 lbjun kb jbgtrbprnsb kb
jbs fcrdbr sbs bxnmbglbs bt sbs lckbs tcut bg dongtbgogt jbur bdpjcyoenjnt. jo
jblturb kbs stotnstnqubs, jb prbdnbr cutnj kb juttb lcgtrb jo prlornt rbstb jo juttb
lcgtrb jlhbl slcjonrb, qun lcglbrgb bglcrb bgvnrcg ?= % kugb ljossb kmb 0 ou-kbj
kbs rfcrdbs kulotnvbs bt pkomcmnqubs bgtrbprbgkrb qun gbgtrbgt pos kogs scgceibt, jb roppcrt kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb scujnmgb qub jb kvbjcppbdbgt kb
jopprbgtnssomb kcnt lcgstntubr ugb vcnb prnvnjmnb kngsbrtncg kbs ibugbs sur jb
dorlh ku trovonj, bg portnlujnbr kbs dcngs quojnns.
Lcglbrgogt jbs ibugbs pjus knpjds, kcgt jngsbrtncg, rbecurs kb gcderbux knslcurs,
bst jb pjus scuvbgt russnb, joxb kb prcmrbssncg rsnkb kogs jodjncrotncg kbs
prclbssus kcrnbgtotncg ou jylb bt jugnvbrsnt. Bg portnlujnbr, jo juttb lcgtrb jo
prlornt kbs ibugbs knpjds kbs jnrbs mgrojnstbs ku suprnbur possb koecrk por
ug rbgfcrlbdbgt kb jcrnbgtotncg kntb oltnvb , pbrdbttogt lbs ibugbs kb kvbjcppbr
kbs prcibts prcfbssncggbjs odentnbux bt rojnstbs.
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55
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
Bgfng, jo lrnsb ku jcmbdbgt bst ugb kbrgnrb kndbgsncg bssbgtnbjjb kb jo kmrokotncg
kbs lcgkntncgs kb vnb bt kb trovonj kbs oltnfs 0 bjjb icub ug rjb ktbrdngogt kogs jb
sbgtndbgt mgroj bt jo rojnt kb jo prlornsotncg kbs pjus ibugbs kbgtrb bux.Jo pcjntnqub ku jcmbdbgt kcnt kcgl lcgstntubr ugb prncrnt oescjub kbs pcuvcnrs
puejnls 9 jo lopolnt kb dcenjnt kb jo dong-kuvrb, jo scutbgoenjnt kb jo bxnenjnt
ku trovonj bt jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn bg kpbgkbgt trcntbdbgt.
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5, jo rlbssncg bg Froglb o pu sbdejbr
dcngs erutojb qub prvu, jbs stoenjnsotburs outcdotnqubs kb gctrb systdb kb
prctbltncg sclnojb pbrdbttogt kottgubr sbs bffbts. Cg o ojcrs porfcns vu rbsurmnr kbs
knslcurs, kbvbgus rorbs kogs jbs oggbs ?>>1-5111, sur jbffnlolnt kb gctrb systdb
kb prctbltncg sclnojb. Fojjont-nj ljerbr jb rbtcur ku dckjb sclnoj frogons 3
Dons ugb ogojysb pjus prlnsb kb jo sntuotncg sur jb dorlh kb jbdpjcn rvjont ug
toejbou eboulcup pjus lcgtrost. Jbs bgtrbprnsbs kb trovonj tbdpcronrb, qun cgt vu jb
?. Cutrb jbs roppcrts lnts kogs jbglokr pomb 2=, snmgojcgs pjus rlbddbgt jbs trovoux sunvogts 9 Ibog-FrogcnsMbrdb, Jbs Dcenjnts prcfbssncggbjjbs 9 kb jngstoenjnt kogs jbdpjcn jo mbstncg kbs troibltcnrbs , Lcddnssornot mgrojku pjog, 511< 0 Dothnjkb Jbdcngb bt tnbggb ]osdbr, Jbs Dcenjnts kbs sojorns, Lcgsbnj kogojysb lcgcdnqub, 51?1 0Qnbrrb Dcrogmb, Uoppcrt kngfcrdotncg bg lcgljusncg kbs trovoux kb jo dnssncg sur jo bxnslurnt jo frogonsb ,Lcddnssncg kbs offonrbs sclnojbs kb jOssbdejb gotncgojb, 51?1 0 Jnvrb vbrt. Dckbrgnsbr jb krcnt ku trovonj pcur rbjbvbrjbs ks ku XXNb snljb, Lcddnssncg burcpbggb, 5116 0 Uoppcrt ktopb sur jo slurnsotncg bt jo kygodnsotncg kbsporlcurs prcfbssncggbjs, Lcgsbnj kcrnbgtotncg pcur jbdpjcn, 5118 0 Jo \lurnsotncg kbs porlcurs prcfbssncggbjs,Lcgsbnj gotncgoj kb jo fcrdotncg prcfbssncggbjjb tcut ou jcgm kb jo vnb (LGFQ[JV), 5118.
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5;
Kuojnsdb knu dorlh ku trovonj, jbs bgibux pcur jbgtrbprnsb
gcderb dcybg kngtrndonrbs bdpjcys bg Froglb sbffcgkrbr kb prs kb lb qun rbprsbgtb bgvnrcg 521 111 supprbssncgs
kbdpjcns bg qunvojbgt tbdps pjbng , pcuvonbgt tdcnmgbr kb jo vncjbglb kb jo lrnsbpcur ugb portnb kb jo pcpujotncg sojornb. Kb ddb, jbs gcg-rbgcuvbjjbdbgts kb LKK
bt jbs jnlbglnbdbgts lhbz kbs scus-trontogts kb sblcgk cu kb trcnsndb crkrb cgt pbs
jcurk kogs jo ktrncrotncg kb jo sntuotncg kb jbdpjcn.
tcggoddbgt, lb pcnks ktbrdngogt kb jo kbstrultncg kbs bdpjcns tbdpcronrbs kogs jo
houssb ku lhdomb, pcurtogt trogsporbgtb jo jblturb kbs stotnstnqubs, fut jcng bt bst
bglcrb jcng kb fonrb jbs mrcs tntrbs cu kb sb trcuvbr bg ttb kb jombgko kbs portbgonrbs
sclnoux. Qjus bxoltbdbgt, ou-kbj kb jo kgcglnotncg kscrdons ljossnqub kb jo houssb
kb jo prlornt , pbu kb prcpcsntncgs nggcvogtbs cgt dbrm. Jbs pcuvcnrs puejnls btjbs sygknlots cgt jb pjus scuvbgt kcgg jndprbssncg kb gb romnr quoux pjogs sclnoux
spbltolujonrbs, gcderbux lbrtbs, dons qun scgt jcng kb rbprsbgtbr jo doicrnt kbs
jnlbglnbdbgts 5. Kb mrogkbs bgtrbprnsbs cgt pu dbttrb bg ovogt jbur rbspcgsoenjnt
sclnojb lor bjjbs ovonbgt trovbrs jo lrnsb sogs dbttrb bg pjolb kb pjogs sclnoux 0 dons
bjjbs cuejnonbgt scuvbgt koicutbr qubjjbs ovonbgt gogdcngs k dbttrb ug tbrdb oux
lcgtrots kb jburs ngtrndonrbs cu kb jburs scus-trontogts, bt qub lbttb oltncg gtont
pos gbutrb sur jb pjog sclnoj. jhburb c jo pbrspbltnvb kug rbtcur ugb lrcnssoglb
kuroejb sjcnmgb kb pjus bg pjus, togkns qub jbs lyljbs kb lrnsbs bt kb lrcnssoglb
sbdejbgt kbvcnr sb sullkbr tcuicurs pjus ropnkbdbgt, gbst-nj pos urmbgt kb sngtbrrc-
mbr sur jb scrt kbs sojorns bg bdpjcns otypnqubs, donjjcgs bssbgtnbjs kb jo pcjntnqub kb
fjbxnenjnt kbs bgtrbprnsbs 3
Cg ceibltbro qub jngtrt ku rblcurs ou trovonj tbdpcronrb, oux LKK cu jo scus-
trontoglb rsnkb iustbdbgt kogs lbttb scupjbssb kutnjnsotncg, bssbgtnbjjb ou kygodnsdb
ku dorlh ku trovonj. Kogs jbs fonts, lbs knspcsntnfs kb fjbxnenjnt, dns bg pjolb kbpuns
pjusnburs klbggnbs, cgt pbrdns ugb rbjjb dckbrgnsotncg ku dorlh ku trovonj frogons.
Jbs rbdbttrb bg lousb sbront lbrtongbdbgt ug rbdkb pnrb qub jb doj.
Dons sn lbttb fjbxnenjnt bst pjus qub iodons glbssonrb oux bgtrbprnsbs, bglcrb fout-nj
trcuvbr jbs dcybgs kb jo lcdengbr ovbl kbs fcrdbs kb prctbltncg okoptbs bt pjus
quntoejbs. Lcddbgt tcjrbr quugb portnb kcggb kb jo pcpujotncg sojornb, scuvbgt
ki fromnjb por goturb surrbprsbgtotncg kb jo dong-kuvrb ibugb, pbu quojnfnb bt
5. \n jb gcderb kb pjogs kb souvbmorkb kb jbdpjcn (Q\B) o pjus qub kcuej bg 511>, stoejnssogt ou tctoj 5 5;5lcgtrb ? 16? bg 5118 bt >2= bg 511=, sbjcg jbs stotnstnqubs kb jo Korbs, jbs jnlbglnbdbgts lcgcdnqubs (hcrs L[Q-LUQ, lcdptoenjnss bg lotmcrnb K) gcgt lcgtrneu rbspbltnvbdbgt qub pcur ; %, < % bt ; % kbs ngslrnptncgs QjbBdpjcn (lotmcrnbs O, E, L) bg 511=, 5118 bt 511>, togkns qub jbs gs kb LKK bt kb dnssncgs kngtrnd rbprsbgtonbgtpjus kug tnbrs kbs ngslrnptncgs Qjb Bdpjcn (lotmcrnbs O, E, L) kurogt lbs trcns oggbs.
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56
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
Dthckcjcmnb
lbttb qubstncg ku kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj, nj gb pbut bxnstbr kb scjutncgsdnrolujbusbs, qun rbpcsbronbgt bxljusnvbdbgt sur kbs vcjutncgs ku krcnt ku trovonj cu
kbs dlognsdbs knglntotncg fnslojb. Fcrt kb jbxprnbglb kb sbs dbderbs, jNgstntut kb
jbgtrbprnsb bgtbgk prcpcsbr ugb vnsncg kb lbs prcejdotnqubs qun bg rbstntubgt tcutb
jo lcdpjbxnt.
Kbux bgtrbprnsbs okhrbgtbs, DogpcwbrMrcup Froglb bt jb mrcupb Vngln, trs ou font
kbs bgibux kb jo fjbxnenjnt, cgt tcut portnlujnrbdbgt lcgtrneu jjoecrotncg kb lb
roppcrt. Jo prbdnrb, dbderb bdejdotnqub kugb ngkustrnb jcgmtbdps ollusb
ktrb gcg sbujbdbgt jb sydecjb dons oussn jo lousb kb jo prlornsotncg kb jbdpjcn,rfjlhnt kbpuns jcgmtbdps ovbl jbs outrbs bgtrbprnsbs ku sbltbur ou rbgfcrlbdbgt
kbs krcnts kb sbs ngtrndonrbs, portnlujnrbdbgt dns jprbuvb pbgkogt jo lrnsb. Bjjb
lcgstntub mojbdbgt, kb por jo dujtnpjnlnt kb sbs ljnbgts, ug jnbu kcesbrvotncg ugnqub
kbs pcjntnqubs kb fjbxnenjnt kbs bgtrbprnsbs. _uogt ou mrcupb Vngln, nj kcnt gcg sbujb-
dbgt mrbr ugb oltnvnt fcrtbdbgt lyljnqub, bt kcgl lcgscddotrnlb kb fjbxnenjnt, dons
oussn offrcgtbr kb dognrb strulturbjjb kbs prcejdbs kb pgurnb kb dong-kuvrb.
Lb kcuejb kfn font kbpuns jcgmtbdps ku sbltbur ku E[Q bt sngmujnrbdbgt kb Vngln ug
vrntoejb joecrotcnrb knggcvotncgs dogomrnojbs bg dotnrb kb fjbxnenjnt.
Dons sn lb roppcrt port kugb bgqutb bt kbgtrbtnbgs dbgs ouprs kb lbs kbux
bgtrbprnsbs, jbs outrbs bgtrbprnsbs okhrbgtbs kb jNgstntut cgt t scjjnlntbs bt jb
lhodp kngvbstnmotncg tbgku jbgsbdejb kbs bgtrbprnsbs frogonsbs. Bg bffbt, oulugb
strulturb gb pbut omnr kogs lb kcdongb kb dognrb nscjb. Jb vcjcgtornsdb gb ponb
qub sn lbr tongs knspcsntnfs nggcvogts dcgtbgt bg punssoglb bt sn jbgsbdejb kbs oltburs
fcgt rbjjbdbgt kb jo mbstncg scutbgoejb kb jo fjbxnenjnt ug bgibu doibur, lcdprbgogt
qub jbur rbspcgsoenjnt sclnojb kfout ktrb tcuicurs jmojb bst kb prbgkrb bg
lcdptb jbgsbdejb kbs sojorns qun lcgtrneubgt jo ecggb dorlhb kb jbgtrbprnsb,pos sbujbdbgt jburs LKN .
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5=Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Ngtrckultncg
Qjogkbjtukb
Jo prbdnrb portnb tbgtbro ktoejnr ug knomgcstnl sur jbs lousbs bt jbs bffbts lcgc-dnqubs bt sclnoux kbs usombs kb jo fjbxnenjnt por jbs bgtrbprnsbs, sur jo eosb kbs
lcggonssoglbs bxnstogtbs bt kbgtrbtnbgs rojnss.
Jo sblcgkb sbro lcgsolrb kfbgkrb ug dckjb kb fjbxnenjnt scutbgoejb portnr
kugb rfjbxncg sur lbrtongbs ecggbs protnqubs. Gcus knslutbrcgs mojbdbgt jo pbrtn-
gbglb kb lbrtongbs scjutncgs mjceojbs frqubddbgt prcpcsbs.
Jo bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn ou lorrbcur kngtbrrcmotncgs lcgcdnqubs,sclnojbs, iurnknqubs bt thnqubs
Jb snjbglb kbs pcuvcnrs puejnls, kbs sygknlots bt kbs bgtrbprnsbs sur jbs scjutncgs
oppcrtbr ou kvbjcppbdbgt kb jo bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn froppb qunlcgqub sngtrbssb
lb prcejdb. Jo fonejb lopolnt kb dcenjnsotncg pcjntnqub bt sclnojb kbs lotmcrnbs kb
sojorns lcglbrgbs bxpjnqub pcur portnb lbttb fonejb dknotnsotncg ku prcejdb. Dons
scg trs hout kbmr kb lcdpjbxnt rbgk mojbdbgt kjnlotb tcutb prnsb kb pcsntncg
sndpjnstb. Vcnln bg bffbt lbrtongbs kbs qubstncgs qub pcsbgt jbs usombs kb jo bxnenjnt,
qun lcgstntubgt jb j rcumb kb lb roppcrt, bt pcur jbsqubjjbs gn jbs pcuvcnrs puejnls, gn
jbs bgtrbprnsbs, gn jbs lhbrlhburs gcgt kb rpcgsb kgntnvb.
Lcdpjbxnt lcgcdnqub koecrk. Jo bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn bst ouicurkhun rblcggub
lcddb ugb glbssnt lcgcdnqub 9 rollcurlnssbdbgt kb jhcrnzcg tbdpcrbj
kbs rdbs, rythdb kbs nggcvotncgs, kvbjcppbdbgt ku iustb tbdps , lcglur-
rbglb ngtbrgotncgojb pjonkbgt pcur kbs lopolnts koiustbdbgt ollrubs ku
vcjudb kb dong-kuvrb bdpjcy por jbs bgtrbprnsbs. Iusqu qubj pcngt jbs
bdpjcns fjbxnejbs bt bdpjcns kurb ngktbrdngb, tbdps pjbng, scgt-njssuetntuoejbs jbs ugs oux outrbs 3
Lcdpjbxnt sclnojb bgsuntb. Qbut-cg lcgsnkrbr lcddb prlonrbs kbs bdpjcns
(LKK, ngtrnd) qun, kogs ug gcderb gcg gmjnmboejb kb los, keculhbgt sur
ug bdpjcn kuroejb 3 Jbs bdpjcns tbdpcronrbs cllups por kbs pbrscggbs pbu
bdpjcyoejbs scgt-njs por onjjburs jb snmgb kugb prlornsotncg kb jburs
lcgkntncgs kb trovonj cu rbprsbgtbgt-njs jo sbujb cllosncg pcur bux kb sngsrbr
cu kb sb rngsrbr 3 C trolbr bg koutrbs tbrdbs jo jnmgb kb kdorlotncg bgtrb
rblcurs oeusnfs bt rblcurs iustnfns oux lcgtrots tbdpcronrbs bt jbxtbrgojn-
sotncg 3
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58
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
Lcdpjbxnt iurnknqub bt thnqub bgg, bg portnlujnbr kogs jb los kb jngtrnd bt
kb jo scus-trontoglb. Jmojbdbgt, bgtrbprnsbs kb trovonj tbdpcronrb bt bgtrb-
prnsbs scus-trontogtbs scgt jbs bdpjcyburs kbs sojorns, dons jbs lcgkntncgs kbtrovonj bt jb sojonrb kb lbs kbrgnbrs kpbgkbgt knrbltbdbgt (kogs jb los kbs
bgtrbprnsbs kb trovonj tbdpcronrb PB[[T) cu ngknrbltbdbgt (gctoddbgt vno jo
prbssncg sur jbs dormbs ndpcsbs por jbs kcggburs kcrkrbs oux scus-trontogts)
kbs bgtrbprnsbs utnjnsotrnlbs. Jbs qubstncgs scujbvbs por lbttb crmognsotncg
lcdpjbxb kb jbgtrbprnsb scgt dujtnpjbs 9 lcddbgt sb rportnssbgt ouicurkhun
jbs rbspcgsoenjnts bt qubjjbs vcjutncgs pbut-cg scuhontbr 3 lcddbgt vntbr
qub jbs sojorns prns bgtrb fcurgnssburs bt kcggburs kcrkrbs scnbgt lcgsnkrs
lcddb ug foltbur kb prckultncg lcddb ug outrb 3 qubjjbs scgt jbs frcgtnrbs
pbrtngbgtbs kb jbgtrbprnsb kouicurkhun 3
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5>Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
?Knomgcstnl
N. JbdorlhkutrovoNJourvJotburkbJolrNsb 9ugbsbmdbgtotNcglrcNssogtbkbJodoNg-kuvrbbgfcgltNcgkbsstotutskbdpJcN
?. Jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs crdbs otypnqubs kbdpjcn btkb jo scus-trontoglb kbpuns trbgtb ogs
?.?. Ngtrckultncg 9 bxnenjnt ngtbrgb bt bxtbrgb, jb lcdprcdns rogons
[cut ou jcgm kb lb roppcrt, gcus gcus bffcrlbrcgs kb kfngnr jb pjus prlnsdbgt
pcssnejb jbs lcglbpts dcenjnss. Kogs jb kcdongb kb jbdpjcn pjus bglcrb qub kogs
koutrbs, jo lhormb sydecjnqub bt pcjntnqub kb lbrtongs dcts kndngub fcrtbdbgt jbur
pcuvcnr hburnstnqub.
Lbst jb los por bxbdpjb ku dct fjbxnenjnt 9 nj gbst pos, lcddb kogs jbs poys ogmjc-
soxcgs, ug dct gbutrb sygcgydb kb scupjbssb, dons nj rbgvcnb koecrk, kogs jb lcgtbxtb
frogons, jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn. Qor ug rollcurln kcgt gcus ourcgs ogojysbr pjus
jcng jo pbrtngbglb, lbttb bxnenjnt tbgk ojcrs sb lcgfcgkrb ovbl jb rblcurs oux fcrdbs
kbdpjcn kntbs portnlujnrbs cu otypnqubs, lcddb jbs LKK cu jbs lcgtrots kb trovonjtbdpcronrb. Gcus cetbgcgs ojcrs ugb kcuejb qunvojbglb 9 fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn ~
rblcurs oux lcgtrots kb trovonj otypnqub bt fjbxnenjnt ~ prlornt.
Kb gctrb lt, gcus kfngnrcgs kogs lb kcludbgt jo gctncg kb fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn
kogs ug sbgs pjus tblhgnqub bt gbutrb, lcddb jbgsbdejb kbs pcssnenjnts pbrdbttogt
ug bdpjcybur koiustbr ropnkbdbgt jb vcjudb kb trovonj jo prckultncg . Jbs lcgc-
dnstbs < knstngmubgt ongsn 9
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=1, kngtbgsbs trogsfcrdotncgs qun jbs cgt lcgkuntbs dcknfnbr suestogtnbjjbdbgt
jbur dckb kb mbstncg kb jo dong-kuvrb 2.
Jo kmrokotncg ropnkb kb jbgvnrcggbdbgt lcgcdnqub, jo goglnornsotncg kb jlcgcdnbbt jolljrotncg ku prcmrs tblhgnqub cgt prcvcqu ugb lrnsb ndpcrtogtb ku dckjb
kb j bdpjcn sojorn fcrknstb , trs prmgogt bg Froglb, dons oussn oux tots-Rgns bt
ou Iopcg iusqub kogs jbs oggbs ?>=1.
Kogs ug lcgtbxtb kb fcrtb pgurnb kb dong-kuvrb bt kb lrcnssoglb scutbgub, lb
dckjb prnvnjmnont jtoejnssbdbgt kb rbjotncgs jcgmubs bgtrb jbs sojorns bt jburs
bgtrbprnsbs. Jbs sojorns tonbgt bg bffbt nglnts fonrb lorrnrb ou sbng kb lb qub
jogojysb lcgcdnqub o lcutudb koppbjbr jbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs 6 kbs (mrogkbs) bg-
trbprnsbs por cppcsntncg oux dorlhs knts bxtbrgbs bt prcfbssncggbjs.
Jbs oggbs kb fcrtb lrcnssoglb kb joprs-mubrrb cgt kcgl pcuss jbs bgtrbprnsbs
frogonsbs crmognsbr kbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs qun jbur morogtnssonbgt ugb dong-
kuvrb stoejb, ottnrb por jo morogtnb kugb lorrnrb srb kcgt jbs rmjbs tonbgt jb pjus
scuvbgt fcrdojnsbs kogs kbs prclkurbs okdngnstrotnvbs. Jb jmnsjotbur o jun oussn
lcgtrneu slurnsbr jbs rbjotncgs kb trovonj, bg ottolhogt tcuicurs pjus kb krcnts jo
lcgkntncg kb sojorn.
2. Gcus rbprbgcgs kogs jb poromrophb ln-kbsscus jbs ogojysbs portnlujnrbdbgt ljonrogtbs kb Irdb Moutn kogs Kstoenjnsotncg kbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs bt mbstncg kbs mbs sur jb dorlh ku trovonj 9 qubjqubs pnstbs , kcludbgt kbtrovonj ku Lbgtrb ktukbs kb jbdpjcn, 5115, p.
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81, sbjcg Irdb Moutn, sojorns ms bt pbu quojnfns ouronbgt
egfnln kb tbjjbs suevbgtncgs. Jo kstoenjnsotncg kb lb dckjb scus jbffbt kb jo lrnsb
lcgcdnqub, kbs lhogmbdbgts tblhgcjcmnqubs bt kbs gcuvboux dckjbs kb mbstncg
kb jo dong-kuvrb vcnr ln-kbsscus o ks jcrs lcgtrneu bxljurb kb lbs dorlhs
jbs sojorns kb pjus kb 21 ogs bt jbs ibugbs. Jbs pjogs kb prrbtrontb cgt dossnvbdbgt
lcgtrneu lbttb trogsntncg pcur jbs pjus ms =, togkns qub jvnltncg kbs ibugbs sbst
ollcdpomgb kug ojjcgmbdbgt kb jbur kurb kb slcjornt 8 bt kugb rbdorlhogknsotncg
kb jburs prbdnbrs bdpjcns, pjus ngstoejbs.
Jo lcdporonscg ovbl jOjjbdomgb bst nln portnlujnrbdbgt ngstrultnvb 9 bg Ojjbdomgb bt
kogs ugb dcngkrb dbsurb ou Ucyoudb-Rgn, ddb pbgkogt jbs oggbs kb lrcnssoglb,
jb dckjb kbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs go iodons t rbjjbdbgt kcdngogt. Mrlb ug systdbslcjonrb pjus prcfbssncggojnsogt bt jodpjbur kb jopprbgtnssomb, jbs bdpjcyburs ojjb -
dogks rblrutbgt enbg kovogtomb ou sbng kb dorlhs prcfbssncggbjs , kogs jbsqubjs
jbs knpjdbs gb scgt pos lcgsnkrs lcddb jbs snmgoux kug pctbgtnbj, dons enbg
=. Vcnr por bxbdpjb rnl Mckbjnbr, Qyrodnkb kbs mbs bt mbstncg kbs rbsscurlbs hudongbs , Vngmtndb \nljb. UbvubkHnstcnrb, 511=, vcj. 2, p. ?5>.
8. Lbrtbs, jo prcmrbssncg ku gnvbou ktukbs kbs ibugbs fut koecrk ug dcybg kb dnbux jbs ordbr pcur fonrb folb ugdorlh ku trovonj kfovcroejb oux sojorns gcg quojns. Dons jo kbuxndb rvcjutncg slcjonrb (lbjjb kbs 81 % kugbmgrotncg ou eol ) o bu oussn lcddb ceibltnf ndpjnlntb kb rbtorkbr jbgtrb kbs ibugbs sur jb dorlh ku trovonj (vcnr\tphogb Ebouk, 81 % ou eol... bt oprs 3 Jbs bgfogts kb jo kdclrotnsotncg slcjonrb , Jo Klcuvbrtb, 511< 0 DornbKuru-Ebjjot, JNgotncg slcjonrb. Jbs ksnjjusncgs kb jo drntclrotnb , \bunj, 5116.)
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>1) 9 ongsn,
ou keut kbs oggbs ?>>1, jbs dcngs kb 52 ogs rbprsbgtonbgt dcngs kb < % kbs
bffbltnfs kRsngcr-\olnjcr >.
Lbttb typcjcmnb (dorlhs ngtbrgbs, bxtbrgbs, prcfbssncggbjs) fcurgnt ongsn ugb bxpjnlotncg
kbux kbs loroltrnstnqubs jbs pjus froppogtbs ku dorlh ku trovonj frogons 9 jb rbpjn
kb jbdpjcn sur jbs mbs ngtbrdknonrbs ( ugb sbujb mgrotncg ou trovonj ) ?1 0 jo sur-
rbprsbgtotncg kbs ibugbs, bg portnlujnbr pbu quojnfns, sur jbs dorlhs bxtbrgbs bt
jbur scus-rbprsbgtotncg kogs jbs mrogks dorlhs ngtbrgbs.
?.5.5.Rg ebscng lrcnssogt kbdpjcns bxnejbs
Dons sn lbttb ogojysb pbrdbt kb lcdprbgkrb bg lrbux jo mbstncg por mb kb jo fjbxnenjnt
kb jbdpjcn por jbs bgtrbprnsbs, bjjb gb fcurgnt pos jbs lousbs kb lbt tb fjbxnenjnsotncg.
Bg vcnln qubjqubs-ugbs 9
Dcknnlotncg kb jbgvnrcggbdbgt lcgcdnqub jo kmrokotncg kb jbgvnrcggbdbgt lcgcdnqub (lrnsbs ptrcjnrbs puns ollj-
rotncg kbs lyljbs kb lrcnssoglb bt kb rlbssncg lcgcdnqubs) bt jollrcnssbdbgt
kb jo lcglurrbglb (krmjbdbgtotncg ku dorlh kbs enbgs bt ngtbrgotncgojnsotncg
kb jlcgcdnb frogonsb) pcussbgt ug lcgtrjb pjus strnlt kbs lcts kb pbrscggbj,
lcgtrneuogt ou kvbjcppbdbgt kb dorlhs bxtbrgbs kb jbdpjcn (trovonj tbdpc-
>. Irdb Moutn, Kstoenjnsotncg kbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs bt mbstncg kbs mbs sur jb dorlh ku trovonj 9 qubjqubs
pnstbs , ort. lnt., p. ?2.? . . Bg Froglb,
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=1. Lbttb loroltrnstnqub ku dckjb
kbdpjcn frogons, trs knffrbgt kbs dckbs kb rmujotncg ogmjc-soxcgs por bxbdpjb,
gbst pcurtogt pos glbssonrbdbgt ug hogknlop. Kug lt, nj tbgk lbrtbs ollbgtubr
jbs knffrbglbs bgtrb ngsnkbrs bt cutsnkbrs 0 kb joutrb, nj pbut oussn lcgtrneubr
ugb dbnjjburb rblcggonssoglb bt prctbltncg kbs sblcgks 9 kb font kct kug lcgtrot
ugnqub , jb dorlh ku trovonj odrnlong bst ongsn jun oussn fcrtbdbgt sbmdbgt ?2.
?.=5 sur jb trovonj tbdpcronrb bt kb ?>=> sur jbs lcgtrots kurb ktbrdn-
gb cgt-bjjbs jmojns lbs fcrdbs kbdpjcn bt pbrdns jbur lrcnssoglb kogs jbs oggbs
?>81, lcddb cg joffnrdb scuvbgt 3
Jbxodbg kbs jcns bt kb jbur mbgsb rvjb ugb rojnt knffrbgtb. Jbs knvbrsbs jcns sur
jb LKK (kb ?>=>, ?>85 cu bglcrb kb ?>>1) vnsonbgt enbg kovogtomb gcrdojnsbr,
bglokrbr bt surtcut lcgtrjbr kbs usombs bxnstogts kbpuns jcgmtbdps qu fovcrnsbr jbs
bdpjcns otypnqubs . Lbs jcns cgt pu lcgtrneubr ngstntutncggojnsbr bt slurnsbr sur jb
pjog iurnknqub jb rblcurs lbs stotuts krcmotcnrbs kbdpjcn, dons bjjbs gcgt pos lr
bjjbs sbujbs jb ebscng kb fjbxnenjnt. \ouf jo dormb osscupjnssbdbgt kbs los kb
rblcurs, oumdbgtotncg kb jo kurb doxndojb kb lcgtrot , lbs fcrdbs otypnqubs
kbdpjcn gcgt lcggu oulugb krmjbdbgtotncg dossnvb kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>81. Jo
prcmrbssncg trs ropnkb kb jngtrnd jo fng kbs oggbs ?>>1 o por bxbdpjb bu jnbu
krcnt lcgstogt. Nj gbg vo pos kb ddb bg Ojjbdomgb, poys kogs jbqubj jbs rfcrdbs
Hortz ku mcuvbrgbdbgt \lhrkbr NN scgt jormbdbgt rbspcgsoejbs kugb bxpjcsncg ku
trovonj tbdpcronrb kbpuns 5112.Ongsn, jo lrcnssoglb kb lbs fcrdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn lcrrbspcgk enbg vnkbddbgt
pcur portnb jo lrotncg kb gcuvboux bdpjcns kogs ugb lcgcdnb kb pjus bg pjus
kbdogkbusb kb fjbxnenjnt. Dons bjjb trokunt oussn ugb iurnknfnlotncg kb knffrbglbs,
sngcg kb krcnt, ku dcngs kb font, qun bxnstonbgt ouporovogt sogs qucg jbur ont kcgg ug
gcd cu ug lokrb iurnknqub ?6 pcur ug lokromb hnstcrnqub, vcnr ln-kbsscus.
?2.. Vcnr por bxbdpjb jcuvromb rlbgt ku sclncjcmub \eostnbg Lhouvng 9 Jbs Ombglbs kb jo prlornt. Icurgojnbrs Lhnlomc, \bunj, 51?1.
?6.. Jb fcgkotbur kb Dogpcwbr Froglb ngknqub ongsn 9 Jbs ebscngs Pbg bdpjcns tbdpcronrbsT bxnstonbgt PT. Ib suppcsbPqubg los kb pgurnb kb dong-kuvrbT nj y ovont kbs oecggs pjus cu dcngs, cg roppbjont kbs oglnbgs. Gctrb drntblbst kovcnr lckn jbs lhcsbs, kb jbs ovcnr crmogns bs, bt puns kb jbs ovcnr font rblcggotrb. Dnlhoj Mrugbjnus, Kutrovonj bt kbs hcddbs. Jovbgturb kb Dogpcwbr bg Froglb, Qbrrng, 511;, ?>> pombs.
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21 cu ?>61. lbttb pcqub, jb LKN govont
pos t ngvbgt 9 cg porjont kb lcgtrot kurb ngktbrdngb bt jbs dogubjs kb krcnt
ngsnstonbgt pjutt sur jb surlrct kb prctbltncg kcgt egfnlnonbgt jbs sojorns bg
lcgtrot kurb ktbrdngb Ongsn, bg ?>6=, ug dogubj kb rfrbglb bg krcnt ku
trovonj pcuvont-nj bglcrb ofrdbr 9
Jb lcgtrot kb trovonj kurb ngktbrdngb, jb pjus lcuroddbgt protnqu, kbdburb
dorqu por so goturb ddb ku snmgb kb jngstoenjnt, por jb ibu ku krcnt kb rsnjnotncg
ugnjotrojb qun jun bst nghrbgt. Lcgtrb lbt tb ngslurnt, jusomb, jo lcgvbgtncg lcjjbltnvb
cu jo jcn scgt ngtbrvbgus por ugb srnb kb dbsurbs prctbltrnlbs, bg joecrogt ugb
thcrnb crnmngojb ku jnlbglnbdbgt.
\b sntuogt kogs ug ljndot psylhcjcmnqub knffrbgt, jb lcgtrot kurb ktbrdngb
ndpjnqub ugb lcgoglb kbs portnbs qun sb jnbgt nrrvcloejbdbgt pbgkogt jo prnckb
lcgsnkrb PT. Ongsn gbst-nj pos tcggogt quugb tbjjb fcrdujb lcgtroltubjjb scnt
scuvbgt utnjnsb scnt pcur kbs trovonjjburs cllupogt ugb fcgltncg jbvb kogs jo hn-
rorlhnb prcfbssncggbjjb bt qun rbqunbrt jo stoenjnt (ngmgnburs bt lokrbs) 0 scnt quogk
jo goturb ddb kb jo tlhb ndpjnqub ugb lbrtongb kurb (sonscg kogs jngkustrnb
htbjnrb, jb thtrb cu jomrnlujturb, tlhb ktbrdngb cu rbdpjolbdbgt tbdpcronrb).
Jb lcgtrot kurb ktbrdngb, jormbdbgt oeogkcgg por jo jcn bt jbs ollcrks
lcjjbltnfs joutcgcdnb kb jo vcjcgt kbs portnbs, o t jcgmtbdps lcgsnkr lcddb
ug rmndb kb fovbur morogtnssogt ou trovonjjbur ug dngndud kb stoenjnt ?=.
Jo stoenjnt kbs rbjotncgs kbdpjcn tont ojcrs kovogtomb kb font qub kb krcnt, ossurb
bg prbdnbr jnbu por jo lrcnssoglb. Dons ks qub lbjjb-ln fonsont kfout, ddb trs
tbdpcronrbdbgt, kbs dlognsdbs kb fjbxnenjnt ngtbrgb trs kvbjcpps pbrdbttonbgt
jbdpjcybur kb kndngubr so dossb sojornojb. Bg ?>66=.
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21 ?>. Kogs jbs bgtrbprnsbs kb tonjjb dcybggb, surtcut lbjjbs qun bdpjcyonbgt
kb jo dong-kuvrb fdngngb, jbs sojorns hcronrbs pcuvonbgt lcggotrb kb trs ndpcr-
togtbs fjultuotncgs kb rbvbgu, sogs qubxnstbgt kb dlognsdbs kb lcdpbgsotncg 9
jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn, enbg rbjjb, bdprugtont kcgl kbs vcnbs knffrbgtbs, knffnlnjbs
dbsurbr sur jb pjog stotnstnqub 51.
Nj gb fout kcgl pos lcgfcgkrb pjbng bdpjcn bt ngstrudbgts iurnknqubs kb stoenjnsotncg
ku lcgtrot kb trovonj kurb ngktbrdngb. Jb prbdnbr loroltrnsont bffbltnvbdbgt
jo prnckb kbs oggbs ?>;2-?>=2, ossurogt ugb slurnt kb font kb jbdpjcn. _uogt
oux sblcgks, snjs bxnstonbgt kogs jbs oggbs ?>21 bt ?>61, jbur bffnlolnt fut
lcgsnkroejbdbgt rbgfcrlb portnr kbs oggbs ?>=1 por kbs tbxtbs kb jcn ollcrk
gotncgoj ngtbrprcfbssncggbj kb ?>6>sur joslurnt kb jbdpjcn, jcns sur jb jnlbglnbdbgt
ngknvnkubj bt lcgcdnqub kb ?>=< bt ?>=2, btl. , dons surtcut por jo iurnsprukbglb
trs fovcroejb oux sojorns qun jbs cgt ollcdpomgs. Kbs toux kb lrcnssoglb prclhbs
kb lbux kbs oggbs ?>61 ossurbronbgt ouicurkhun ug gnvbou kb slurnt kb jbdpjcn
nglcdporoejb ovbl lbjun kbs [rbgtb Mjcrnbusbs. Bg bffbt, dojmr ugb tbgkoglb
rl bgtb jo rblcgtroltuojnsotncg ku krcnt ku trovonj gctb por lbrtongs iurnstbs 5?,
cg gb souront porjbr kb krmujotncg mgrojnsb ku krcnt ku trovonj sogs lcddbttrb
ug prcfcgk lcgtrbsbgs. Jngtrckultncg, bg 5118, kb jo pcssnenjnt kugb rupturb
lcgvbgtncggbjjb ku LKN lcgstntub jo prbdnrb rbjjb ngfjbxncg ku krcnt ku jnlbglnb-
dbgt ngknvnkubj kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>=1 55.
?8. Lb qun font knrb jhnstcrnbg Dnlhbj Qnmbgbt 9 Lbst ug roppbj utnjb pcur jbs gcstojmnqubs tbgts kcuejnbrlcddbgt jolls kbs sojorns jo lcgscddotncg sb t ou prnx kugb keoulhb khburbs suppjdbgtonrbs bt,sbrncgs-gcus tbgts kb roicutbr, kug mrogk bffcrt kb bxnenjnt ( ng Dnlhbj Qnmbgbt, Lcdptb rbgku kb Qotrnl`Frnkbgscg bt Egknltb Ubygouk Pknr.T, Jo Froglb bt jb tbdps kb trovonj (?8?;-511;), 511; , Jb Dcuvbdbgt sclnoj,ovrnj-iung 5118, g 55. Ojong Lhotrnct, Qotrnl` Frnkbgscg bt rnl Qbzbt, Jo rkultncg ku tbdps kb trovonj bg Froglb bgtrb rmjbdbgtotncgtutjonrb bt gmclnotncg bglokrb (?8?;-?>=8) , Ubvub kb jNrbs, 5115, vcj. 5, g ;5, pp. ?->1 , [rovonj bt bdpjcn, ?>>5, g 25.
5?. \ur lbs qubstncgs, cg pcurro lcgsujtbr por bxbdpjb Frogcns Mouku, Jnerojnsotncg kbs dorlhs bt krcnt ku
trovonj , Krcnt sclnoj, don 5116, g 6;>.55. Ortnljbs J. ?5
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Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Knomgcstnl
Bg rojnt, jb phgcdgb dorquogt kb lbs kbrgnrbs klbggnbs bst pjutt jo knvnsncg kb
pjus bg pjus gbttb ku krcnt ku trovonj bg ug krcnt ku trovonj typnqub kug lt, otypnqub
kb joutrb. Lbttb sporotncg strnltb sbst porokcxojbdbgt outc-bgtrbtbgub 9 jb spbltrbkb jo prlornt , dotrnojnsb por jbxnstbglb kb trovonjjburs prlonrbs , o sbrvn
kpcuvogtonj oux prcibts kb rbdnsb bg lousb fcgkodbgtojb kbs morogtnbs outcur ku
LKN. Jb ljerb prcfbssbur kb krcnt sclnoj Mrork Jycg-Lobg lrnvont ongsn, bg ?>=8 9
Jb krcnt ku trovonj sb vnkb bg qubjqub scrtb pbu pbu kb scg lcgtbgu. Jo stoenjnt kb
jbdpjcn bst dub bg scg lcgtronrb, jo prlornt kb jbdpjcn. PT Lcddb jo douvonsb
dcggonb lhossb jo ecggb, ugb lcgtodngotncg mgrojb ku krcnt ku trovonj bst sbgsnejb 9
sbujs rsnstbgt jbs sojorns stotut, kgcgls lcddb prnvnjmns , lbst--knrb ki
dbgols kb sb vcnr ug icur prnvs kb jbur stotut prctbltbur. Ddb jb LKN, lbst--knrbjb krcnt ku jnlbglnbdbgt, gb lcgstntub quug enbg dnglb rbdport pcur jo stoenjnt 5
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;?Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Knomgcstnl
Jbs prcmroddbs knggcvotncg bgmombgt kbs qunpbs bt kbs portbgonrbs kogs kbs
bffcrts bxpjcrotcnrbs lcdpjbxbs c bxnenjnt toltnqub (sovcnr romnr vntb ou dorlh) bt
opprbgtnssomb pjus jcgm tbrdb kcnvbgt trb lcdengs 5; (lbst gcus qun scujnmgcgs).
\n jcg bgtbgk frqubddbgt jbs bgtrbprnsbs sb pjongkrb kb jo rnmnknt ku dorlh ku
trovonj frogons, gctoddbgt vno jburs crmognsotncgs rbprsbgtotnvbs, nj gb fout gog-
dcngs pos scus-bstndbr jb ebscng bg stoenjnt kbs bgtrbprnsbs, ebscng qun tnrb oussn
portnb kbs dlognsdbs iurnknqubs ljousbs kb gcg-lcglurrbglb, kb kknt fcrdotncg
por bxbdpjb, dons oussn jb rmndb ku LKN qun nglntb jburs sojorns prnvnjmnbr kbs
pnsckbs kbdpjcn jcgms 52.
Qorokcxojbdbgt, nj sbdejb oussn qub jo lrnsb kb ?>>< ont pcuss kbs knrnmbogtskbgtrbprnsb bt kbs KUH rbgfcrlbr jburs protnqubs kb fnkjnsotncg kbs sojorns 9
Ljonrbdbgt jo mbstncg kb ?>>< o ojtr kuroejbdbgt jb jnbg bgtrb jbs sojorns bt jbur
bgtrbprnsb. Jbs pjogs sclnoux cgt t dossnfs bt cgt lcup jbs lcdptbglbs ngkns-
pbgsoejbs ou lur ddb kb jo pbrfcrdoglb kb jbgtrbprnsb. PT Ovogt tcutb lhcsb
Pbg 5118-511>T, jbs KUH cgt prctm jbs lcdptbglbs vntojbs kb jbur bgtrbprnsb. PT
[cus jbs KUH jcgt lcgrd 9 sn bg ?>>< nj fojjont tcut prnx rkunrb jbs bffbltnfs, vntb
bt sogs knstngltncg, ouicurkhun njs cgt lhcnsn kb souvbmorkbr lbux qun ojjonbgt fonrb
rbkdorrbr jo dolhngb jb tbdps vbgu, bg sb sporogt koecrk kb tcus jbs lcgtrots
lcurts 9 ngtrnd bt LKK. Cg stcggb ouicurkhun qunj y ont bu dcngs kb pjogs sclnoux
qucg gb jb rbkcutont, dons lbst enbg bg fonsogt icubr lbttb lopolnt kokoptotncg kb
jbur bdpjcn, bg y oicutogt jo dnsb bg lhdomb portnbj, jusomb kbs U[[, qub jbs bgtrb-
prnsbs cgt pu okoptbr ropnkbdbgt jburs strulturbs kb lcts, bg lcgsbrvogt jbssbgtnbj
kb jburs sovcnr-fonrb bt jb jnbg ovbl jburs sojorns 56.
Lbst kcgl bg scuvbgnr kbs lrnsbs possbs bt bg prvnsncg kb lbjjbs vbgnr qub jbs
bgtrbprnsbs cgt lhbrlh oumdbgtbr jbur vcjogt kb fjbxnenjnt, kcgt bjjbs cgt font ug
usomb lcgfcrdb so kbstngotncg jcrs kb jo lrnsb.
5;.. Ordogk Hotlhubj, Rg pcngt kb vub hnstcrnqub sur jbs rdbs lcddb nggcvotncgs ngstntutncggbjjbs , Jo Jbttrb kb jormujotncg, iogvnbr 511;, g ;=.
52. Gcuejncgs pos quhnstcrnqubdbgt jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs pcjnt nqubs sclnojbs sbxpjnqub bg portnb por jb ksnr kupotrcgot kb stoenjnsbr jo dong-kuvrb.
56.. FrogcnsbMrn, Qjonkcybr pcur ug bdpjcn rbspcgsoejb, \tcl`, 51?1, pp.
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;5
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
?.;.5. Jb pcnks kbs rcutngbs bt ku dckjb sclnoj
Kogs lb tdcnmgomb, nj fout gogdcngs oussn jnrb jb pcnks ku dckjb sclnoj, bt jo prbs-sncg sclnojb, dknotnqub, iurnknqub qun sbxbrlb sur jbs dogombrs jcrsqub kbs
supprbssncgs kb pcstbs scgt bgvnsombs. Jb rblcurs kbs fcrdbs kbdpjcns lcurts,
qun gndpjnqubgt oulug jnlbglnbdbgt bg los kb rbtcurgbdbgt kb lcgicglturb, pbrdbt
ongsn kodjncrbr jb ljndot sclnoj ngtbrgb jbgtrbprnsb bt kb gb pos gunrb scg ndomb.
Qjus mgrojbdbgt, lhbfs kbgtrbprnsb bt KUH scgt scuvbgt jo rblhbrlhb kb rcutngbs
kb mbstncg slurnsogtbs qun jbur pbrdbttbgt koecutnr kbs scjutncgs sotnsfonsogtbs
bt suffnsogtbs, kfout pbut-trb ktrb tcuicurs cptndojbs 5=. Ongsn, jbs knrnmbogts
kbgtrbprnsb kb dcngs kb vngmt sojorns ngtbrrcms sur jbs ronscgs kb jbur utnjnsotncg kbs
LKK kcggbgt lcddb ronscg lcgsnkrb lcddb trs ndpcrtogtb cu ndpcr togtb j hoentukb kb rblrutbr bg LKK (2; % bg cltcerb 5112 0 ;; % bg don 5116, vcnr ln-
kbsscus, p. =81. Bjjbs bxpjnqubgt mojbdbgt jo dcgtb bg punssoglb kb jo
scus- trontoglb, phgcdgb dcngs scuvbgt dns bg ovogt dons gogdcngs bssbgtnbj.
Kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>81, jbs lcgtrots kurb ktbrdngb (LKK) bt jngtrnd gcgt lbss
kb prcmrbssbr bt rbprsbgtbgt kscrdons bux kbux bgvnrcg ?1 % kb jbdpjcn sojorn,
lcgtrb ; % bg ?>85. Jbgsbdejb kbs lcgtrots tbdpcronrbs bg y ngljuogt jbs opprbgtns,
jbs stomnonrbs bt jbs lcgtrots onks tctojnsbgt ouicurkhun ?2,< % kb jbdpjcn sojorn,
lcgtrb >,6 % bg ?>>1, 6,6 % bg ?>85 58.
5=.. Jb pctbgtnbj lcmgntnf kug ngknvnku, o fcrtncrn kugb crmognsotncg, bst, sbjcg Hbrebrt O. \ndcg (vcnr por bxbdpjb Uotncgoj kblnsncg do`ngm ng eusngbss crmognzotncgs , [hb Odbrnlog Blcgcdnl Ubvnbw, sbptbderb ?>=>, vcj. 6>, g ;,pp. ;>
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;85
(\curlb 9 Ngsbb, bgqutbs Bdpjcn.)
?.2.?. Jb kvbjcppbdbgt kb jngtrnd
_uotrndb dorlh dcgknoj kb jngtrnd kbrrnrb jbs tots-Rgns, jo Mrogkb-Erbtomgb bt jb
Iopcg, jo Froglb o lcggu ug kvbjcppbdbgt ndpcrtogt ku trovonj tbdpcronrb kurogt jbsvngmt kbrgnrbs oggbs, possogt kb >1 pjus kb =11 111 iustb ovogt jo lrnsb. Kbpuns lbttb kbrgnrb,
jb gcderb kngtrndonrbs bg B[Q o koecrk lhut trs ropnkbdbgt, kbslbgkogt scus jbs
211 111 keut 511> ovogt kb kpossbr gcuvbou jbs 611 111 ks jt 51?1 5>.
Jb trovonj tbdpcronrb opporot lcddb jo fcrdb kbdpjcn fjbxnejb prnvnjmnb kogs
jngkustrnb, dojmr ugb lrcnssoglb lbrtongb kogs jbs sbrvnlbs, bg portnlujnbr kogs
jbs trogspcrts. Jbs toux kb rblcurs jngtrnd kogs lbrtongbs eroglhbs, gctoddbgt
5>. Qjb Bdpjcn, Jbdpjcn ngtrndonrb bg iunjjbt 51?1 , sbptbderb 51?1, knspcgnejb nln 9 http9//ngfc.ossbknl.fr/ugnstotns/ngkbx.php3nkortnljb4?5?62&lhbdng4?1;88|?5
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;;
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
kogs jbs ngkustrnbs omrcojndbgtonrbs, kb enbgs kqunpbdbgt, ngtbrdknonrbs, joutcdc-
enjb, jo lcgstrultncg bt jbs trogspcrts prclhbs kb ?1 % kb jbdpjcn sojorn , t-
dcnmgbgt kugb lbrtongb ngstntutncggojnsotncg kb scg usomb.
Outrbs fonts dorquogts kogs jb trovonj tbdpcronrb 9
jo lcdpcsntncg kb so dong-kuvrb, doicrntonrbdbgt ibugb (bgvnrcg 21 % o dcngs
kb
ouro luduj kbux dcns bt kbdn kb dnssncgs. ?5 % kbs ngtrndonrbs cgt t
bdpjcys pjus kb snx dcns kogs jngtrnd, 5; % gcgt bg rbvoglhb bffbltu
quugb sbujb dnssncg.
Fnmurb 5 9 [oux kb rblcurs (bg %) ou trovonj tbdpcronrb por sbltbur(bg qunvojbgt tbdps pjbng kb jbdpjcn sojorn ku sbltbur dorlhogk)
\bltbur ?>>6 5 6
Omrnlujturb ,< ?,, jbs LKK tculhbgt kovog-tomb jbs fbddbs (?1,8 % kb jbdpjcn fdngng lcgtrb 6 % kb jbdpjcn doslujng bg 5118)
bt jbs ibugbs (56,; % kbs dcngs kb 52 ogs, lcgtrots onks ngljus, lcgtrb 8,< % bg
Froglb) >1.
Fnmurb < 9 [oux kb rblcurs oux LKK por sbltbur
\bltbur ;b trnd.5 8;b trnd.
5 ?
Bgsbdejb (bgtrbprnsbs kb knx sojorns cu pjus) 6,6 =,?
KBNgkustrnbs bxtroltnvbs, gbrmnb, bou,mbstncg kbs klhbts bt kpcjjutncg
5,>
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;6
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
Bg kbhcrs kb lbrtongbs oltnvnts kb sbrvnlbs ljossbs U\ kogs jb toejbou, pordn
jbsqubjjbs jbs orts bt spbltoljbs, jb sbltbur ossclnotnf dons oussn jbs sbrvnlbs kb
ejoglhnssbrnb, jo lcnffurb, btl. , jbs okdngnstrotncgs puejnqubs scgt, kb tcus jbs bd-pjcyburs, lbux qun rblcurbgt jb pjus oux LKK. Lb gbst pos ogckng 9 jb sbgtndbgt kb
fjbxnenjnsotncg ku dorlh ku trovonj bst bg mrogkb portnb ojndbgt por jndpcrtogt kuo-
jnsdb kogs jo fcgltncg puejnqub gotncgojb, tbrrntcrnojb bt hcspntojnrb. Jbs bgtrbprnsbs
ku sbltbur prnv dorlhogk gb pbuvbgt bg trb tbgubs pcur rbspcgsoejbs. Dons jbs
LKK scgt mojbdbgt trs rpogkus kogs jhtbjjbrnb-rbstourotncg, jb lcddbrlb bt
jngkustrnb omrcojndbgtonrb. Kogs jb sbltbur kb jhtbjjbrnb-rbstourotncg, jbs LKK scgt
por onjjburs jb pjus scuvbgt krcmotcnrbs ou krcnt lcddug bt pjus fjbxnejbs qub kbs
LKK ljossnqubs 9 togt lcgsnkrs lcddb k usomb kogs lb sbltbur, gn dctnf kb
rblcurs gn kurb prlnsb gb kcnvbgt trb fcurgns (vcnr p. 681 %), sn enbg qub sbujs 6? % kbs sojo-
rns kbs [QB egfnlnbgt kug LKN tbdps lcdpjbt bt gcg onk, lcgtrb 81 % kogs jbs
bgtrbprnsbs kb tonjjb suprnburb
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;=Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Knomgcstnl
?.2.
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;8
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
Bg cutrb, jo dbsurb ku phgcdgb bst rbgkub bglcrb pjus lcdpjbxb por jo prsbglb,
ou sbng kbs bgtrbprnsbs scus-trontogtbs, kbgtrbprnsbs jo fcns kcggbusbs kcrkrb bt
scus-trontogtbs. Rgb bgqutb kb 5116-511= pcrtogt lbttb fcns-ln sur jbgsbdejb kbsbgtrbprnsbs kb pjus kb vngmt sojorns jo pjus qub iodons kdcgtr.
5.?. Jb pcnks kbs crdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn bt kb jo scus-trontoglb kogs jbssupprbssncgs kbdpjcns
Jo lrnsb kb 5118-511> o rvj ug gnvbou kb sbmdbgtotncg ku dorlh ku trovonj,
porfcns oppbj kuojnsdb , portnlujnrbdbgt jbv.
Bg bffbt, pjus bglcrb qub jbs prlkbgtbs, lbttb lrnsb o njjustr jb rjb bssbgtnbj kbs
knspcsntnfs kb fjbxnenjnt bxtbrgb jbxljusncg kbs pjogs sclnoux bt kbs jnlbglnbdbgts
lcgcdnqubs kogs joiustbdbgt ku vcjudb kbdpjcns kbs bgtrbprnsbs jbur oltnvnt.
Jb rlbgt roppcrt ku Lcgsbnj kogojysb lcgcdnqub sur jbs dcenjnts gcus opprbgk
ongsn qub prs kbs kbux tnbrs kbs supprbssncgs kbdpjcns bg Froglb, ou pjus fcrt kb jolrnsb, bgtrb jb kbuxndb trndbstrb 5118 bt jb prbdnbr trndbstrb 511>, cgt bu jnbu por jo
sbujb supprbssncg kb jngtrnd (5
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;>Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Knomgcstnl
Bgg, nj gcus fout mojbdbgt vcqubr jb rjb kb jo scus-trontoglb. Ou-kbj kbs bxbdpjbs
gcderbux kbgtrbprnsbs scus-trontogtbs dnsbs bg knffnlujt pbgkogt jo lrnsb pordn
jbs bxbdpjbs jbs pjus dknotnss, Dcjbx, dons eboulcup kqunpbdbgtnbrs outcdc-enjbs lcddb Hbg`bj cu kb scus-trontogts kb jorcgoutnqub cgt mojbdbgt scuffbrt ,
qubjqubs kcggbs tbgkbgt dcgtrbr jo pjus mrogkb vujgroenjnt kb jbdpjcn lhbz jbs
scus-trontogts qub lhbz jbs kcggburs kcrkrbs. Ongsn jb roppcrt Vcjct scujnmgb-t-nj
qubg 511 %. Kb ddb, bg 511=,
jb toux kb dormb erutb kbs bgtrbprnsbs scus-trontogtbs sb sntuont ?= % lcgtrb 5= %
pcur jbgsbdejb kb jngkustrnb dogufolturnrb ;1. Rg sbuj trovonj, snmgoj por jb ddb
roppcrt, trontb gctrb lcggonssoglb kbs lcgsqubglbs kb jo lr nsb rlbgtb sur joltnvnt
kbs scus-trontogts 9 jo prckultncg kb jo scus-trontoglb frogonsb ouront lhut bg 5118-511> kb ?> % pcur rbtrcuvbr scg gnvbou kb ?>>8. Nj font kcgl pbu kb kcutb qub jbdpjcn
o enbg kovogtomb scuffbrt lhbz jbs scus-trontogts qub lhbz jbs kcggburs kcrkrbs, bt
qub jbs bdpjcns tbdpcronrbs lhbz jbs scus-trontogts cgt sogs kcutb t kcuejbdbgt
tculhs ;?.
5.5. Rg rbgcuvbou tndnkb kb jo bxnenjnt ngtbrgb bt ugb prctbltncg trs ndpcrtogtb
lcgtrb jb rnsqub kb jnlbglnbdbgt
Dojmr jb rjb prpcgkrogt kbs dlognsdbs kb bxnenjnt bxtbrgb, jbs bgtrbprnsbs cgt
oussn kvbjcpp jbur bxnenjnt ngtbrgb, bg eonssogt jb vcjudb khburbs suppjdbgtonrbs
bt bg utnjnsogt kb dognrb dossnvb kbs dlognsdbs kb lhdomb portnbj. Ou kbuxndb
trndbstrb kb 511>, jb lhdomb portnbj eglnont ongsn pjus kb > pjus kug dnjjncg bt kbdn kb sojorns
bg lhdomb portnbj ;5, kcgt ug lbrtong gcderb kngtrndonrbs. Jbffcrt eukmtonrb ojjb-
dogk pcur ollcdpomgbr bt bglcurombr lbs pcjntnqubs kbgtrbprnsbs rbprsbgtb ongsn
prs kb knx fcns lbjun kb jo Froglb (6 dnjjnorks kburcs lcgtrb 611 dnjjncgs kburcs).
.. Uoppcrt rbgku por jb dknotbur kbs rbjotncgs ngtbrbgtrbprnsbs ngkustrnbjjbs bt kb jo scus-t rontoglb .
; . . Ibog-Ljoukb Vcjct, Jb Knspcsntnf iurnknqub lcglbrgogt jbs rbjotncgs ngtbrbgtrbprnsbs bt jo scus-trontoglb. Uoppcrt kudknotbur kbs rbjotncgs ngtbrbgtrbprnsbs ngkustrnbjjbs bt kb jo scus-trontoglb, dngnstrb kb jNgkustrnb 9 sblrtornotktot ou Lcddbrlb, jOrtnsogot, oux Qbtntbs bt Dcybggbs Bgtrbprnsbs, ou [curnsdb, oux \brvnlbs bt jo Lcgscddotncg,p. ?1.
;?.. Gogdcngs, pordn jbs bgtrbprnsbs scus-trontogtbs tculhbs, ug bffbt kb kbstrultncg lrotrnlb icub sogs kcutb 9jo lrnsb o pu prlnpntbr kbs fonjjntbs ngvntoejbs, fcrldbgt pjus gcderbusbs lhbz kbs scus-trontogts qun govonbgt posrussn sb knvbrsnbr qub lhbz kb mrogks kcggburs kcrkrbs.
;5.. Lhrnstngb Brhbj, Jbs pcjntnqubs kb jbdpjcn bg Burcpb 9 jb dckjb kb joltnvotncg bt kb jo bxnlurnt folb jo lrnsb ,kcludbgt kb trovonj ku Lbgtrb klcgcdnb kb jo \crecggb, 51?1, g 51?1.15, p. ??, bt jb lhopntrb ku roppcrt oggubjkb jo Lcur kbs lcdptbs kb 51??, Jb sys tdb frogons kngkbdgnsotncg ku lhdomb portnbj 9 ug cutnj ngsufsoddbgtutnjns , ngUoppcrt oggubj 51??, Lcur kbs lcdptbs, 51??, pp. ?2=-?81.
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21
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
Kugb dognrb pjus quojntotnvb, kbs oltburs kb jo fnjnrb outcdcenjb rbglcgtrs ou
lcurs kb lbttb dnssncg gcus cgt ngknqu qub, folb jo scukongbt bt jo vncjbglb kb jo
rlbssncg, lbrtongbs bgtrbprnsbs ovonbgt oussn nglnt ug gcderb ndpcrtogt kb jbursbdpjcys lhogmbr kb sntb kb prckultncg 9 Lbrtongs ngtbrjclutburs qun mronbgt jo
fjbxnenjnt scus fcrdb kngtrnd scgt posss, bux, sur kbs prcibts kb dcenjnt bg ngtbrgb ,
gcus o ongsn ngknqu ug rbspcgsoejb mrogk lcdptb kb jngtrnd. Lb tdcnmgomb gcus
sbdejb portnlujnrbdbgt ndpcrtogt 9 nj ngknqub bg bffbt jbxnstbglb kb dckbs kb mbs -
tncg ojtbrgotnfs kb jo fjbxnenjnt, suslbptnejbs gcg sbujbdbgt kvntbr kbs jnlbglnbdbgts,
dons oussn kottgubr lbrtongs ebscngs bg fjbxnenjnt bxtbrgb qun gb scgt gn tcut font
rotncggbjs sur jb pjog lcgcdnqub, gn tcuicurs scutbgoejbs sur jb pjog sclnoj bt iurnknqub
gcus njjustrbrcgs lbt ospblt kogs gctrb portnb Qrcpcsntncgs portnr kb jbxbdpjb
kb jo rcrmognsotncg kbs tcurgbs kb Jo Qcstb, p. ?55 bt sunvogtbs.
5.1-?>>< -=,2 oltubjjbdbgt (vcnr mrophnqub ln-kbsscus).
Fnmurb ; 9 Lhdomb bt QNE
Jblturb 9 Ou dcdbgt kb jo rlbssncg kb ?>>>1 [>< [5 ?,;
( 5,
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2?Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Knomgcstnl
tncg kug pcngt kb pcurlbgtomb kb jo lrcnssoglb ku QNE sur ug og lcgkunt ugb houssb kb =,2 pcngts kbpcurlbgtomb kb jo lrcnssoglb oggubjjb ku gcderb kb lhdburs. Jbs lhnffrbs bgtrb porbgthsbs rbpr-sbgtbgt jbs [ kb \tukbgt ossclns jo rmrbssncg.
Mrophnqub bt ngtbrprtotncg rbprns kb Dothnjkb Jbdcngb bt tnbggb ]osdbr, Jbs Dcenjnts kbs sojorns,roppcr t ou Lcgsbnj kogojysb lcgcdnqub, 51?1, p. 5=.
Jbs mrophnqubs sunvogts, nssus kugb gctb ku Lbgtrb kogojysb strotmnqub (LO\ ;>5, dojmr ugb lrnsb eboulcup pjus vncjbgtb
bg 5118. Jbs dlognsdbs kb bxnenjnt ngtbrgb dons surtcut bxtbrgb cgt icu ug rjbkodcrtnssbur portnlujnrbdbgt bflolb bg tbdps kb lrnsb. Lcddb jngknqub jb LO\ 9
Jbs lcdpcrtbdbgts posss koiustbdbgt kb jbdpjcn kbs bgtrbprnsbs summrbgt qub
jbs kbstrultncgs kbdpjcns PpbrdogbgtsT sur 511> bt 51?1 ouronbgt k trb kb 2
?11
?12
??1
O?>=;[< O?>>5[< O511?[? O5118[? O?>=;[< O?>>5[< O511?[? O5118[?
Mrophnqub ?e 9 Lyljbs kbdpjcn hcrs ngtrnd(bg pbrscggbs physnqubs )
81
82
>1
>2
?11
?12
??1
-6 -2 -; -< -5 -? 1 ? 5 < ; 2 6 -6 -2 -; -< -5 -? 1 ? 5 < ; 2 6
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2>1, kugb fjbxn-
enjnsotncg cu prlornsotncg mgrojnsb ku dcgkb ku trovonj trovbrs jo knsporntncg
;6.. Qjb Bdpjcn, Jbdpjcn ngtrndonrb bg iunjjbt 51?1 , cp. lnt.
Bdpjcn kogs j'ngtrnd bg fng kb dcns
(kcggbs LV\)
iunj.-
15
clt.-
15
iogv.-
1
iogv.-
?1
ovr.-
?1
iunj.-
?1
clt.-
?1
iogv.-
??
ovr.-
??
iunj.-
??
;21 111
211 111
221 111
611 111
621 111
=11 111
=21 111
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2;
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
kbs fcrdbs kbdpjcn prctbltrnlbs lcgstruntbs outcur ku sojornot trokntncggbj kurb
ngktbrdngb bt tbdps pjbng , gb sbst iodons lcglrtnsb. Joffnrdotncg scjbggbjjb
bt sogs qunvcqub ku Lckb ku trovonj, roppbjogt qub 9 Jb lcgtrot kb trovonj kurbngktbrdngb bst jo fcrdb gcrdojb bt mgrojb kb jo rbjotncg kb trovonj (jcn g 5118-
2>6 ku52 iung 5118) bst jormbdbgt vrnfnb kogs jbs fonts.
\ur jb pjog stotnstnqub, jb lcgtrot kurb ngktbrdngb kb krcnt prnv pbrk lbrtbs ku
tbrrong. Dons, dojmr ug lcgtbxtb lcgcdnqub knffnlnjb, nj rbprsbgtb tcuicurs, bg stcl`,
bgvnrcg 82 % kbs bdpjcns kogs jb sbltbur prnv. Qrs kb =1 % kbs ibugbs, trcns ogs
oprs jbur scrtnb ku systdb kulotnf, scgt mojbdbgt bg LKN;= (vcnr lb suibt pjus jcng,
p. 8; bt sunvogtbs). _uogt joglnbggbt dcybggb kogs jbdpjcn, bjjb o oumdbgt
kbpuns ?>85, possogt kb >,2 ogs ??,? ogs bg 5111 ;8. Kb ddb, nj bst ngtrbssogt
kb rbjbvbr qub, pcur jo pjuport kbs sojorns oltubjs, jngslurnt kb jbdpjcn go ceibl-tnvbdbgt pos oumdbgt kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>=1 9 ug sojorn oyogt pjus kb knx ogs
koglnbggbt o tcuicurs jo ddb prceoenjnt, prbsqub ogblkctnqub (? % bgvnrcg), ktrb
jnlbgln ou lcurs kugb oggb ;>. Cg ossnstbront ddb ug rbgfcrlbdbgt kbs prctbl-
tncgs pcur jbs sojorns pbrdogbgts 9
\n jcg sb rfrb jo rlbssncg jo pjus prcfcgkb kbs kbux kbrgnrbs klbggnbs
Poprs lbjjb kb 5118-511>T, keutogt ou trcnsndb trndbstrb ?>>5, jo eonssb kb jo
vojbur oicutb por roppcrt ou pnl kb hout kb lyljb bst trcns quotrb fcns pjus ndpcrtogtb
ouicurkhun, ou ecut kb lngq trndbstrbs kb lrnsb ( ?2 % lcgtrb ; %), togkns qub joeonssb kb jbdpjcn PpbrdogbgtT bst iusqunln kb dcngkrb odpjbur ( 2 % lcgtrb = %) 21.
Qortogt, jb prcejdb sbdejb dcngs jngstoenjnt mgrojnsb kb jbdpjcn quugb bxpcsn-
tncg jo prlornt kb jbdpjcn tculhogt kb dognrb ngmojb, bt sogs kcutb ngiustb, knff-
rbgtbs lotmcrnbs kb sojorns. Ongsn, cg gctb ouicurkhun qub 6 % kbs sojorns frogons
bffbltubgt 22 % kbs dcenjnts, qun scgt kogs enbg kbs los suenbs 2?. \n joglnbggbt
kogs jbdpjcn oumdbgtb, lbttb dcybggb lolhb ugb stoenjnt pjus mrogkb kbs ugs
;=.. Frogcns Lhbvojnbr bt Oggb Dogsuy, Rgb phctcmrophnb ku dorlh ku trovonj bg 5118 , Ngsbb Qrbdnrb, klbderb511>, g ?5=5.
;8. Ovbl sogs kcutb ugb knffrbglb gctoejb 9 jo stoenjnt khnbr sbxpjnquont lbrtongbdbgt por jbs pbrspbltnvbs kblorrnrb bt jb dckb kb fcgltncggbdbgt kbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs (lf., p.
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22Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Knomgcstnl
gctoddbgt kbs mgrotncgs jbs pjus oglnbggbs bt ugb ngstoenjnt ollrub kbs outrbs 25
gctoddbgt kb lbrtongs ibugbs, vcnr gctrb ogojysb p. => bt sunvogtbs.
Dons nj fout dbttrb lb lcgstot jprbuvb kugb mrnjjb kb jblturb pjus jormb. Jo lrnsb o
rvj jbs fcrtbs knspornts kogs jo slurnt kbs bdpjcns bg fcgltncg kb jbur stotut bt
ku typb kbgtrbprnsb. Nj gcus fout kscrdons gcus pbglhbr sur jbs lcgsqubglbs pcur
jbs sojorns kb jo fjbxnenjnt, bg gcus ngtrbssogt oux knffrbgtbs lcdpcsogtbs kb jo
quojnt kb jbdpjcn.
Lbttb phctcmrophnb ngstogtogb ku dorlh ku trovonj frogons rbstb bg bffbt bglcrb
trcp fclojnsb sur ug sbuj ngknlotbur jb rnsqub kb pbrkrb scg bdpjcn 2< qun gb gcus
pbrdbt pos kopprlnbr jbgsbdejb kbs lcgsqubglbs gmotnvbs dons oussn, porfcns,
pcsntnvbs kb jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn 9 jndpolt sur jbs troibltcnrbs prcfbssncggbjjbs,jvcjutncg kb jbdpjcyoenjnt bt jbs lcgkntncgs kb trovonj.
Nj gb somnt pos kb gnbr jbs ngmojnts kcgt scgt scuvbgt vnltndbs lbux qucg pcurront
oppbjbr jbs sojorns kb jo fjbxnenjnsotncg , scnt jbs oltnfs qun fcgt cu cgt font kbs
possombs rpts bt prcjcgms kogs kbs bdpjcns kb goturb cu kb stotut prlonrb. Ou
lcgtronrb, gcus bgtbgkcgs kb lbttb dognrb of fngbr gctrb pogcrodo kbs ngmojnts of ng
knkbgtnfnbr kbs pnstbs kb rfcrdbs.
25.. [hcdos Odcss bt Dchodbk-Ojn Ebg Hojndo, Dcenjnt bt stoenjnt sur jb dorlh ku trovonj 9 ugb kuojnsotncg bg
trcdpb-jnj , Lcggonssoglb kb jbdpjcn, Lbgtrb ktukbs kb jbdpjcn, iogvnbr 51??,g =2.2
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26
Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
NN. FJbxNeNJNtkbJbdpJcNbtquoJNtkbJbdpJcN
?. Ngtrckultncg 9 kb jo prlornt kb jbdpjcn jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn
\n gctrb knomgcstnl o toejn ugb fcrtb ngmojnt kbs sojorns folb ou rnsqub kb pbrtb
kbdpjcn, nj gb gcus pbrdbt pos pcur outogt kb lcgljurb jo prlornt kb jo sntuotncg
kbs ?2 % kb sojorns frogons bg lcgtrots prlonrbs. Jqunvojbglb bgtrb lcgtrots
prlonrbs bt sntuotncg pbrscggbjjb prlonrb bst pcurtogt rorbdbgt knslutb.
Lbrtongs pcngts kb vub roknloux vcgt iusqu ngljurb kogs jb spbltrb kb jo prlornt
jbgsbdejb kbs tbdps portnbjs bt kbs bdpjcns sntus kogs kbs bgtrbprnsbslcgfrcgtbs ugb fcrtb nglbrtntukb lcgcdnqub. Kbs trovoux bstndbgt ongsnqu pbngb pjus kb jo
dcntn kbs sojorns frogons cllupbronbgt ug bdpjcn stoejb gcg dbgol 2; .Gctrb pcngt kb vub, eboulcup pjus qunjner, lcgsnstb nkbgtnfnbr jbs jnmgbs kb kdor-
lotncg bgtrb ecgs bt douvons bdpjcns ou sbng kbs fcrdbs kbdpjcns otypnqubs bt
typnqubs, pcur rblcgstrunrb ugb vnsncg pjus pbrtngbgtb kbs ngmojnts sur jb dorlh kb
jbdpjcn, togt sur jb pjog sclncjcmnqub qulcgcdnqub.
Kogs jo lcgfusncg qun loroltrnsb lbs keots, jo pjostnlnt ku lcglbpt kb prlornt
icub ug rjb lbgtroj. Jo gctncg kb prlornt , rbdorquont ovbl iustbssb jo sclncjcmub
Lhogtoj Gnlcjb-Kroglcurt ks jb keut kbs oggbs ?>>1, sb trcuvb tcuicurs ou ktcur
kugb phrosb, bg utnjnsotncg eogojnsb 22 . Joesbglb kb kfngntncg prlnsb pbrdbt ojcrs
scg utnjnsotncg pcur kbs dctnfs trs knffrbgts. Nj sbront ouicurkhun prbsqub ndpbgsoejb
kbg qubstncggbr jo pbrtngbglb lcgcdnqub bt sclncjcmnqub.
Dons fcrlb kb gb pos kfngnr jbs lcglbpts tcut bg jbs goturojnsogt 26, kossndnjbr fjbxn-
enjnt bt prlornt, fjbxnenjnt, lcgkntncgs kb trovonj kmrokbs bt sntuotncg pbrscggbjjb
ngstoejb ou trovonj bt bg kbhcrs , ddb sn lbs knffrbgtbs sntuotncgs sb rblcupbgt
frqubddbgt, cg tbgk dbt trb sur jb ddb pjog kbs sntuotncgs sclnojbs bxtrdbdbgt
knvbrsbs, kogs jbsqubjjbs jbs rnsqubs lcgcdnqubs, sclnoux, prcfbssncggbjs scgt pcur-
togt nglcdporoejbs 9 qucn kb lcddug bgtrb ug jvb kb mrogkb lcjb bg stomb kngsbr-tncg ovogt ugb bdeoulhb bg LKN quosn lbrtongb bt ug ibugb bg lhbl slcjonrb qun bg-
lhogb kbs dnssncgs lcurtbs pbu quojnfnogtbs ofng kb eculjbr sbs fngs kb dcns 3 Rg
LKK kb knx-hunt dcns go pos gcg pjus jo ddb snmgnfnlotncg pcur ugb drb kb fodnjjb
ljneotonrb kb ogs. Kb ddb, ugb port ndpcrtogtb kb jo
2;. Lnt por I.-L. Eorenbr, Jo prlornt, ugb lotmcrnb frogonsb jprbuvb kb jo lcdporonscg ngtbrgotncgojb ,Ubvub frogonsb kb sclncjcmnb, 5112, vcj. ;6, g 5, p. >5, g 25, p. 2=, lnt por I.-L. Eorenbr,
Jo prlornt, ugb lotmcrnb frogonsb jprbuvb kb jo lcdporonscg ngtbrgotncgojb , cp. lnt., p.
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2=Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
Knomgcstnl
prlornt , enbg rbjjb, kogs jbxnstbglb kb ibugbs oltnfs kb dcngs kb >> bt kb jopprcprnotncg ku tbrdb por jb Kogbdor`.
Jo jcn gbrjogkonsb vnsont gctoddbgt osscupjnr jo jmnsjotncg ku LKN bg lcgtrbportnb
kb prctbltncgs rbgfcrlbs pcur jbs lcgtrots tbdpcronrbs jpcqub eboulcup dcngs
bglokrs qubg Froglb.
Quns jb tbrdb kb bxnslurnt fut rbprns por jbs Kogcns pcur loroltrnsbr jbur pcjntnqub
kbdpjcn loroltrnsb por jb trnogmjb kcr kb jo bxnslurnt 9 ugb fonejb prctbltncg kb
jbdpjcn, ug fcrt gnvbou kngkbdgnsotncg ku lhdomb bt ugb oltnvotncg doxndojb kbs
pcjntnqubs kbdpjcn gctoddbgt vno ugb cffrb ndpcrtogtb kb fcrdotncg bt ug fcrt
lcgtrjb sclnoj kbs kbdogkburs kbdpjcn.
Jo Froglb bt jo bxnslurnt
Cutrb jngfjubglb kb lbs dckjbs trogmbrs, jbs rfjbxncgs outcur ku lcglbpt kb
fjbxnslurnt scgt gbs bg Froglb kbs rbxncgs sur jovbgnr ku trovonj ou dnjnbu kbs
oggbs ?>>1. Folb ug lhdomb kb dossb, sbjcg kbs pbrspbltnvbs nkcjcmnqubs
ossbz knffrbgtbs (kbpuns jo prcljodotncg kb jo g ku trovonj Ibrbdy Unf`ng, Kcdn-
2=. Vcnr por bxbdpjb kogs Lhrnstngb Brhbj bt Julnb Kovcngb, Jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn bg Burcpb 9 ugb opprclhb lcdporotnvbbt kygodnqub , lcgcdnb bt stotnstnqub, 511=, vcj. ;?1, g ?, pp. ;=-6>. Cu bglcrb jo lcgljusncg kb jortnljb kbI.-L. Eorenbr Jo prlornt, ugb lotmcrnb frogonsb jprbuvb kb jo lcdporonscg ngtbrgotncgojb , cp. lnt., pp.
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Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj
gnqub Dko iusquou ksnr kb jb rngvbgtbr), jo glbssnt kb kcggbr kovogtomb kb
bxnenjnt ou sojorn lcddb jbdpjcybur sbst ndpcsb. Lbttb gcuvbjjb kcggb ndpcsont
kngvbgtbr kb gcuvbjjbs slurnts ok hcl, dbttrb bg folb kb lbs gcuvbjjbs rbjotncgskbdpjcn qub lbrtongs vcujonbgt prcdcuvcnr.
Ongsn jb roppcrt Ecnsscggot bgvnsombont-nj jb kvbjcppbdbgt kug lcgtrot koltnvnt ,
lcgtrot snmg bgtrb ug sojorn bt pjusnburs bdpjcyburs, ou sbng kuqubj pcurronbgt
ojtbrgbr prnckbs kbdpjcn bt kb fcrdotncg.
Bg ?>>>, jb roppcrt \upnct prcpcsont quogt jun, sur jb dckjb kb jtot lnvnj, kb kgnr
ug vrntoejb tot prcfbssncggbj kbs pbrscggbs lrogt ug bgsbdejb kb krcnts ottolhs
oux pbrscggbs, ou-kbj kb jburs rbjotncgs ovbl kbs bdpjcyburs portnlujnbrs, bt kcgl
trogsfroejbs kug bdpjcn ug outrb kc jnkb kb krcnts kb tnromb sclnoux .
Kogs jbs oggbs 5111, jbs roppcrts Lohul/@rodorz, Ejoglhork/[nrcjb cu Lodkbssus 28sbrcgt outogt kb tbgtotnvbs pcur prcpcsbr ugb bxnslurnt jo frogonsb .
jo suntb kb gcderbux trovoux, gctoddbgt lcdporotnfs, nj gcus sbdejb glbssonrb
kcprbr ug kcuejb kpjolbdbgt sdogtnqub.
Nj somnt koecrk kbxpjcrbr jbs dujtnpjbs kndbgsncgs kb jo slurnt bg knstngmuogt tcut
portnlujnrbdbgt lb qub jo jogmub ogmjonsb, dcngs odenmu qub jo gtrb kb lb pcngt kb
vub, oppbjjb ice sblurnty bt bdpjcydbgt sblurnty 2>2>.
Jb prbdnbr lcglbpt ksnmgb jo slurnt kb jbdpjcn cllup, togt sur jb pjog iurnknqub
goturb ku lcgtrot qub kogs jbs fonts fcgltncg kb jo scjnknt fngoglnrb kb jbgtrb-
prnsb bt kb scg bxpcsntncg jo lcglurrbglb por bxbdpjb. Jb sblcgk rbgvcnb jbd-
pjcyoenjnt, jo dognrb kcgt jbdpjcn qub jcg cllupb por jbxprnbglb prcfbssncggbjjb
qunj prclurb, jbs fcrdotncgs ouxqubjjbs nj kcggb olls pbrdbt ugb pbrscggb kb
lcgstrunrb ug prcibt prcfbssncggbj lhcnsn bt gcg suen, jngtrnbur cu jbxtrnbur kb
jbgtrbprnsb. Kbux fcrdbs kb slurnt ouxqubjjbs nj fout mojbdbgt oicutbr 9 jo slurnt
fngoglnrb tcut koecrk, kfngnb por jb gnvbou kb rdugrotncg bt jbs morogtnbs fngog-
lnrbs bg los kb lhdomb 0 jo slurnt kntb kb lcglnjnotncg bgfng, qun font rfrbglb jo focg kcgt ug bdpjcn pbrdbt cu gcg kb lcglnjnbr vnb prcfbssncggbjjb bt vnb prnvb.
Jb sblcgk kpjolbdbgt gcus lcgkunt kjonssbr jo gctncg kb prlornt kbdpjcn pcur
gcus ngtrbssbr so quojnt, dct pjus prlns, pjus gbutrb bt pjus cprotcnrb qub jb
28. Vcnr enejncmrophnb.
2>.. Qcur ugb prsbgtotncg ljonrb bt lcglnsb kb lbs bgibux kb kgntncg, gcus rbgvcycgs Irdb Moutn, Qorlcursprcfbssncggbjs 9 qubj qunjnerb slurnt/bxnenjnt 3 , cp. lnt., kcgt gcus gcus ngspnrcgs jormbdbgt.
7/27/2019 Flexibilite Responsable
61/172
2>Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??
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