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Joe Tidd and John Bessant http://www.innovationportal.info/ John Wiley and Sons Ltd Five whys and a how This simple but powerful tool can help strip away the apparent problem to get through to the root problem which is the one we need to solve. For example, a big problem in UK hospitals at the moment is in waiting times and delays, putting pressure on already scarce resources. Here’s how the tool could be applied to help. Apparent problem was that a patient arrived late in the operating theatre causing a delay. Why? – Because they had to wait for a trolley to take them from the ward to the theatre Why? – Because they had to find a replacement trolley Why? – Because the original trolley had a defect – the safety rail had broken Why? – Because it had not been regularly checked for wear and tear Why? – Because there was no organized system of checking and maintenance Arriving at this root cause – the real problem is in the lack of systematic maintenance – gives plenty of clues about the ‘how’, the potential solutions to the problem. Setting up a simple maintenance schedule could ensure that all trolleys are regularly checked and available for use. This would mean that future delays would be avoided, flow would improve and overall system efficiency would be better. Importantly if we had just focused on the apparent problem – a single broken trolley – we would have solved that by repairing the trolley but the underlying problem would happen again. Using the tool 1. Set out the problem as it is being experienced – for example, long queues at the airport for check in

Five%whys%and%a%how% - Innovation Portal · Five%whys%and%a%how% $ This$simple$butpowerful$tool$can$help$strip$away$the$apparentproblem$to$get through$to$the$rootproblem$which$is$the$one$we$need$to$solve.$$For$

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Page 1: Five%whys%and%a%how% - Innovation Portal · Five%whys%and%a%how% $ This$simple$butpowerful$tool$can$help$strip$away$the$apparentproblem$to$get through$to$the$rootproblem$which$is$the$one$we$need$to$solve.$$For$

Joe  Tidd  and  John  Bessant  http://www.innovation-­‐portal.info/  John  Wiley  and  Sons  Ltd  

           Five  whys  and  a  how    This  simple  but  powerful  tool  can  help  strip  away  the  apparent  problem  to  get  through  to  the  root  problem  which  is  the  one  we  need  to  solve.    For  example,  a  big  problem  in  UK  hospitals  at  the  moment  is  in  waiting  times  and  delays,  putting  pressure  on  already  scarce  resources.    Here’s  how  the  tool  could  be  applied  to  help.    Apparent  problem  was  that  a  patient  arrived  late  in  the  operating  theatre  causing  a  delay.    

• Why?  –  Because  they  had  to  wait  for  a  trolley  to  take  them  from  the  ward  to  the  theatre  

 • Why?  –  Because  they  had  to  find  a  replacement  trolley  

 • Why?  –  Because  the  original  trolley  had  a  defect  –  the  safety  rail  had  broken  

 • Why?  –  Because  it  had  not  been  regularly  checked  for  wear  and  tear  

 • Why?  –  Because  there  was  no  organized  system  of  checking  and  

maintenance    Arriving  at  this  root  cause  –  the  real  problem  is  in  the  lack  of  systematic  maintenance  –  gives  plenty  of  clues  about  the  ‘how’,  the  potential  solutions  to  the  problem.    Setting  up  a  simple  maintenance  schedule  could  ensure  that  all  trolleys  are  regularly  checked  and  available  for  use.    This  would  mean  that  future  delays  would  be  avoided,  flow  would  improve  and  overall  system  efficiency  would  be  better.    Importantly  if  we  had  just  focused  on  the  apparent  problem  –  a  single  broken  trolley  –  we  would  have  solved  that  by  repairing  the  trolley  but  the  underlying  problem  would  happen  again.      Using  the  tool    

1. Set  out  the  problem  as  it  is  being  experienced  –  for  example,  long  queues  at  the  airport  for  check  in  

Page 2: Five%whys%and%a%how% - Innovation Portal · Five%whys%and%a%how% $ This$simple$butpowerful$tool$can$help$strip$away$the$apparentproblem$to$get through$to$the$rootproblem$which$is$the$one$we$need$to$solve.$$For$

Joe  Tidd  and  John  Bessant  http://www.innovation-­‐portal.info/  John  Wiley  and  Sons  Ltd  

2. Ask  the  question  ‘why?’  and  generate  an  explanation  –  for  example  because  there  are  not  enough  staff  to  deal  with  passengers  

3. Ask  ‘why?’  again  to  explore  this  problem  further  4. Repeat  the  process  three  more  times  to  arrive  at  a  sharp  definition  of  the  

underlying  problem  5. Brainstorm  ‘how  to’  solutions  to  deal  with  this  

     

Page 3: Five%whys%and%a%how% - Innovation Portal · Five%whys%and%a%how% $ This$simple$butpowerful$tool$can$help$strip$away$the$apparentproblem$to$get through$to$the$rootproblem$which$is$the$one$we$need$to$solve.$$For$

Joe  Tidd  and  John  Bessant  http://www.innovation-­‐portal.info/  John  Wiley  and  Sons  Ltd  

 Activity    Choose  a  problem  to  work  on  –  for  example:    

1. Unsightly  piles  of  rubbish  accumulating  in  city  streets  2. Long  queues  at  the  bar  during  the  interval  at  a  theatre  performance  or  

concert  3. Clothes  shops  which  always  seem  to  have  the  dress  you  want  but  not  in  

your  size  4. Having  to  stay  in  all  day  to  wait  for  delivery  of  an  item  you  have  ordered  

online  5. Regularly  missing  appointments  because  you  overslept  

 Or  select  one  of  your  own.    Use  the  5  whys  and  a  how  technique  to  explore  the  problem  and  generate  some  possible  solutions  to  help  deal  with  it.