First Report of Research Dry

7/24/2019 First Report of Research Dry

1/47

1

Primo report su ricerca DRY e altri additivi/aggiuntivi 20 gennaio 2012 Bozza interna di Paolo Check at !Ric!a

"#$ P%C&%'()' *+ #('#,P$R+*R%)C$ C*)CR$"$ -("# C*)"R*..$D *.$"R(C "%B(.("Y

Y)$R'("(C %C"(*) *+ (CR*,$3P%)($/C*P%C"()' %DD("($ %)D %DD$D +()$ ()$R%. -("#

P*44*.%)(C %C"(("Y 5+*R "#$ PR$+%BR(C%"(*) ()D"RY %)D "#$ C6%6P67

%B"R%C"

% R$$%RC# PR*8$C" %" "#$ D$P%R"$)" *+ $%R"# C($)C$ () C*..%B*R%"(*) -("# *"#$R

P%R")$R()' .%B*R%"*R($ *) "#$ "#$$ *+ "#$ C*B()$D %C"(*) *+ D("()C" %DD("($ -("#

(CR*,$3P%)($ %)D C*P%C"()' %C"(*)9 % -$.. % +()$ P*-D$R -("# P*44*.%)(C %C"(("Y

%)D +(..$R -("# P$R,P.%"(C(4()' %C"(*) +*R "#$ P%C&%'()' *+ #('# P$R+*R%)C$9

"RC"R%. C*)CR$"$ 5#%()' $C#%)(C%. PR*P$R"($ %)D DR%B(.("Y79 %" C*)"R*..$D

*.$"R(C "%B(.("Y -("# *D.%"$D ()("(%. (CR*,$3P%)(*)6 "#$ R$$%RC# PR*8$C"

C*)C$)"R%"$D *) %()"%()()' .*- C*" +*R % 'R$%"$R C*P$"("($)$ () "#$

PR$+%BR(C%"(*) ()D"RY %)D "#$ C6%6P6 "#$ C$$)" "(.(4$D () "#$ +(R" P#%$ *+ "#$ R$$%RC#

-% C$ ( :29: R9 %)D -("#() "#$ +*..*-()' *)"# "#$ PR$$)"%"(*) *+ "#$ R$." *+ "#$R$$%RC# +*R "#$ P%C&%'()' *+ C. -("# C$ (( ;29: R -(.. B$ PR*(D$D6

6 de 'ennaro 5


2/47


3/47

1


activit> @avors and accelerates the pozzolanic activit> ?ithin 2L da>s6 "his additive is derived @rom

limestone etracts @rom the %rgentine %ndes and involves special cooking processes @or prolonged

times at a high temperature6 "he additive ?as utilized in the present research ?ith a dosage9 also in

this situation9 de@inale as lo?E 5approimatel> 1O76

c7 % lo? reaction 9 anti,shrinkage %dditive 5in po?der @orm7 DRY D1.ento 5)( $) 20H9 )( $) 1IH,29

)( $) 1IH,J9 )( 1IH,H9 )( $) 1IK,19 )( L1;H9 )( L1;K9 )( L1;L9 )( H:::9 )( K0LH76 "his is anon,metallic oide ?ith micro,epansive action9 ?hich serves to counteract the h>grometric shrinking

over prolonged times 5up to 2L da>s76 (t eventuall>9 signi@icantl> reduces the coe@@icient o@ the viscosit>

o@ the loaded do?n9 hardened concrete 5the research is in the development and veri@ication phase76

"his additive is derived @rom special cooking processes @or prolonged times at a high temperature6 "he

process involves select granules o@ limestone etracts @rom the %rgentine %ndes ?ith additions o@

siliceous materials such as active adAuvants9 ?hich are @ree @rom chlorides9 and suAect to processes o@

miing9 grinding and si@ting in order to otain an optimal granulometric curve and lo? reactivit>6 (t ?as

utilized in the second phase o@ the present research ?ith a lo?E dosage9 close to 1M16;O o@ the

cement 5note this is a ne? generation additive speciall> @ormulated > Chimica $dile in 2011 @or the

research proAect9 and it is currentl> produced at the compan> @acilities76

d7 "he addition o@ other materials ?ith pozzolanic activit> such as @l> ash9 metakaolin9 silica @ume and

ground volcanic tu@@sN ?hereas9 the +l> %shE utilized in the proAect came @rom centers @or the

production o@ electric energ> @rom @ossil @uels 5)( $) 20H9 )( $) ;:0/200:76 %s noted in the

iliograph>9 these additives have pozzolanicE action 5@avoring the ulterior @ormation o@ C,,#7

@illersE ecause o@ the dimensions o@ the spherical particles 51M200 Qm76 tilized in the second

phase o@ the proAect9 the dosage ?as eFual to JJO o@ the cement and approimatel> 10,12O o@ the

sand6 "he principal ene@icial e@@ects o@ the pozzolanic ehavior ?ere recorded @rom the t?entieth

to the ninetieth da> a@ter the date o@ the casting 5pozzolanic activit> inde9 )( $) 1IH,19 $) ;:0,

176 "he comined presence o@ these additions together ?ith some micro,epansive agents

potentiated the G@illerG e@@ect6 ntil no?9 the> seem to have sustantiall> accelerated the inde o@

pozzolanic activit> o@ the @l> ash e@ore 2L da>s9 resulting in a signi@icant increase o@ the mechanicalresistance and the control o@ most o@ the phenomena o@ shrinkage / viscosit> that characterize the

concrete9 rich in @ine particles and CC6 "he research ?as validated > applications not onl> in a

laorator>9 ut in industrial situations9 as ?ell6

e7 uper,plasticization %dditive 5)( $) 20H9 )( $) IJ;,27 made @rom ?ater,solule pol>mers ?ith a

traditional dosage o@ aout 1O o@ the ?eight o@ the cement 5eFuivalent7 and having e@@icienc> and

proven compatiilit> ?ith respect to the (3 D$(') as a ?hole and in respect to the individual

components illustrated in the @ollo?ing points6

@7 % hardening accelerant %dditive 5)( $) 20H9 etc67 used in cold climates 5temperatures elo?

10MLC76 (t ?as utilized ?ith a dosage signi@icantl> superior to 1O and in an> case9 in @unction ?ith

the outside temperature and the minimal numer o@ hours assigned @or the removal o@ @orm?ork5@or eample @or an RckSJ0 Pa at 1H hours76 "he accelerating additive ?as tested to preserve and

secure9 even in ?inter9 the per@ormance standards o@ the (3 D$(') 5Rck7 in the 12 to 2; hours

reFuired @or precast concrete in the sector o@ pre@arication6

"he super,plasticizing additive 5s@E7 point a79 and the accelerating admiture 5#B$E79 points @7 have

a @luid,ased consistenc>9 and according to their @ormulations ma> signi@icantl> var> the e@@ectiveness and

per@ormance o@ the other additives as demonstrated and detailed in the state o@ the art research o@

additives ased on pol>mers @or concrete6 "he other inorganic additives9 points a79 79 c7 and d79 to e mied

in the paste9 all have the consistenc> o@ a @ineE dr> po?der9 5generall> @rom 1 micron to :00 microns7

insolule and / or packale in ?ater,solule /airtight and/or steam packaging6 (t is elieved that @or the @irst

time their speci@ic s>nergistic cominationE ?as studied and re@ined9 and that @or one o@ the compositions

5DRY D1 lo?7 , its particular @ormulation and production6

Regarding the de@inition o@ added elementsand/or additivesin relation to the standard regulations

in @orce9 it ?ould e legitimate to de@ine a @luid or po?der material as an additive9 in the case o@ its addition


4/47

1


in relativel> minimal Fuantities eg6 close to 1% of the cement6 #o?ever9 one ?ould consider added

elementsas eing additions in percentages @ar greater than 1O o@ the cement6 "he J products descried

?ith an epansive @unction 5DRY D1Tuick 9 DRY D1)ormal9 DRY D1lo? and the pozzolanic additions9

points a79 79 c7 e d77 ma> e packaged and added individuall>9 as a mi o@ epansive agents and/or as a

uniFue @ormulated lend6

The additives/added elementsused in the research are easil> availale on the market9 in particular9those classi@ied as micro,epansive/anti,shrinkage and compactingE 5the DRY D1 .ine o@ products79 ?hich

?ere made availale and re@ormulated ad hoc @or the research > the C#((C% $D(.$ group6

"he other additives utilized9 points a7 and @7 ?ith a ase o@ pol>mers and plasticizing sustances9 are

produced and marketed > di@@erent primar> leaders in the sector6 $)$./'eneral %dmitureE generousl>

supplied the @l> ash6

-ork phases9 research sectors9 timing and results

% reliale research program reFuires long implementation times and meticulous @ollo? up9 5several>ears7 as it addresses and develops road9 articulate themes6 "his research reFuires the eecution and

monitoring o@ tests on a long,term asis9 up to I0 da>s in a laorator>9 ?ith suseFuent optimization in the

@ormulations and dosages o@ the additives/added elements o@ the various i Designs o@ the concrete ?ith

thorough repetitions in the various testing and monitoring campaigns9 oth in the laorator> and on an

industrial level6 "he general research program divided the research into distinct time@rames9 and then

sudivided the research into speci@ic sectors o@ interest @or the market and technicians6

SET!R 1 PR$+%BR(C%"(*) *+ "RC"R%. $.$$)" 58une 2011,8ul> 20127

"he initial materials and tests per@ormed ?ere as @ollo?s Cement dosed concrete :29 : R ">pe ( and

resistance @6ck6cue S J0MJ: Pa a@ter 1 da> and @6ck6cueS K0ML0 Pa a@ter 2L da>s 5$)12JI076 "he>indicated lo? ?ater asorption @or immersion 5)( KHII/)( $) 1JK::79 shrinkage close to zeroE9 and i@

reFuested U :0 Qm a@ter 2L da>s 5$pansion/shrinkage "est counteracted according to )( L1;L t>pe BE 76

Results indicated high per@ormance o@ durailit> and resistance to ?ater ?ashout as a @unction o@ the

environmental characteristics and the class o@ the structure 5class 2 S 100 >ears9 UN !N "#$"##$ and UN

111#&-"##&76 "he ?orkailit>/consistenc> inde o@ at least ;E9 and the @inal economicE competitiveness

5anal>sis o@ the appropriateness o@ the cost o@ materials7 ?ere also anal>zed6

)*"$ "he research ?as predominantl> oriented in the ?orld o@ the pre@arication o@ structural elements9

o@ structurall> per@orming concrete and o@ the c6a6p6

"he concrete ?as dosed ?ith :29 : R ">pe ( cements6 "he per@ormed tests provided @or the determination

o@ the @ollo?ing the @6ck6cue a@ter 1 and 2L da>s9 the ?ater asorption @or immersion 5)( KHII/)( $)1JK::79 the counteracted epansion/shrinking according to )( L1;L t>pe BE and the ultrasonic velocit>6

*ther considerations included resistance to ?ater ?ashout as a @unction o@ the environmental

characteristics and the class o@ the structure9 the ?orkailit>/consistenc> inde and the anal>sis o@ the

adeFuac> o@ the cost o@ materials6


5/47

1


SET!R 2 Concrete at controlled volumetric stailit> @or industrial pavements6 5a> 2012,*ctoer 20127

)*"$ "echnolog> oriented research @or industrial @looring6

C*)"()* ()D"R(%. +.**R()' () "#$ %B$)C$ *+ $%.


6/47

1


SET!R " C*)CR$"$ 58ul> 2012,8une 201J7

+($.D *+ R$$%RC# Concrete dosed ?ith ;29 : R and ) e J29 : R and ) cements6

)*"$ "he research ?as essentiall> oriented in the sector o@ the pre@arication o@ structural elements and

o@ the c6a6p6 SC;:/:: , D1H , ; 3%J/3C; -%#*" R$("%)C$ #R()&%'$ close to 0E

C*)CR$"$ B%"C#()' P.%)"

SET!R # Distinctl> epansive pozzolanic concrete @or use in land and rocks6

)*"$ the research ?ill e oriented to?ards geotechnical engineering and @or the geo,compacting o@ the

land in contact ?ith @oundation poles9 root poles9 micro,poles9 tie,rods9 anchors9 underpinnings9 etc69 ?here

advantageous phenomena o@ signi@icant concrete epansion is admissile6

SET!R $ (ndustrial and pozzolanic mortar utilized @or restoration6

SET!R 6 .ight9 structural concrete6


7/47

1


$C"*R 1 "#$ PR$+%BR(C%"(*) *+ "RC"R%. $.$$)"

'eneral considerations regarding the i Design o@ Concrete

"he (3 D$(') o@ the concrete developed 5D6cls7 @or sector 19 enaled a stud> regarding the

optimization o@ the technical and economical per@ormance6 "he composition o@ the cls is made up o@thecomination o@ constitutive elements ased on the @ollo?ing schematic and classical @ormulation

D6cls V 5cE ! aE ! iE7 ! 5s@E7 ! 5e6rE ! e6nE ! e6.E7 ! 5cvE / rmvE7 ! 5heE7

-hereas

cE V cement 5Portland7

c6eFE V cement eFuivalent 5Portland cement ! %.1 minerals ?ith pozzolanic activit> V c ! %.1cv7

aE V e@@ective ?ater o@ miture

iE V aggregates 5large9 medium9 @ine7

i6eFV aggregate material eFuivalent 5inert materials! 51,%617 phases o@ pozzolanic activit>7

i6"*"V total aggregate materials 5inert materials ! phases o@ pozzolanic activit>7

s@E V super,plasticizing additive 5di@@erent t>pes such as modi@ied ether, ased pol>stearici/ pol>caro>lic9

poli,acrilato/poli,etere9 etc67

e6rE V agent D'( D1 ) 'apid compacting and micro,epansive additive ?ith *+ic, and immediate action"ho+rs . & ho+rs0

e6nE V agent DRY D1 W 2road spectr+m3 mid-term action9 normal compacting and micro,epansive reducer

o@ h>grometric/chemical shrinkage 5a@ter approimatel> 1 ?eek79 ?ith an accelerating @unction o@

pozzolanic activit> in the case o@ added elements ?ith pozzolanic activit>E6

e6.E V agent DRY D1 W .ento 4lo5 action3 prolonged term3compacting9 micro,epansive and reducer o@

h>grometric shrinkage 5a@ter 2L da>s76

cvE V +l> ash ?ith pozzolanic and @illerE activities6

rmvE V residues o@ the milling o@ zeolithized volcanic rocks ?ith pozzolanic activit>6

heE V an eventual accelerant in cold climates 5ULM10C7 and rapid castings 5less than 12M2; hours7


8/47

1


Considerations regarding the i Design o@ the asic c ement pastes

"aking into account the di@@iculties involved in the anal>sis o@ concrete in respect to the compleit> o@the miture containing predominant percentages o@ aggregates9 it ?as considered opportune to egin >

anal>zing the individual components 5"ale 17 and suseFuentl>9 > anal>zing the reaction products o@

simple mitures o@ cement pastes 5"ale 276

(n order to veri@> the mineralogical composition o@ the ra? materials and mitures9 researchers

per@ormed Fualitative 3,ra> di@@raction anal>ses o@ the po?ders o@ the samples packaged6

"he preparation o@ the samples provided @or oth the dr>E micronization9 to avoid the loss o@ solule

phases9 and the micronization in deionized ?ater6 "he latter procedure ?as per@ormed using a c Crone

apparatus ?ith c>linders o@ %gate @or 1: minute times9 to otain a particle size U:Qm6 "his condition9 as

reported in literature 5Bish and Chipera9 1ILLN &lug and %leander9 1IK;79 allo?s one to overcome man>

prolems in the acFuisition phase o@ the R3 spectra 5particle statistics9 primar> etinction9 micro,asorption

and aove all9 phases o@ the @eldspathic t>pe and phenomena o@ pre@erential orientation76"he po?ders thus otained ?ere anal>zed using an automatic di@@ractometer9 P%)al>tical 3XPert PR*

P- J0;0/H0 5Cu& radiation9 ;0k9 ;0m%7 ?ith an 3=Cerlerator R" detector9 managed > a PC using the

P%)al>tical 3XPert program6

%ll components ?ere individuall> characterized in order to note their mineralogical composition 5"ale 176

Ta&le 1: ineralogical phases identi@ied in the individual components o@ the mi design o@ the cls6

!'(!NENT ')NERAL!*)AL (+ASE !SERVAT)!NS

Cement ( :29: R "ricalcium silicate 5#atrurite79 Bro?nmillerite9

'>psum6

and Dolomite -ith traces o@ Fuartz

Rice husk DolomiteDeris Dolomite

DRY D1 R%P(D* .ime9 #atrurite9 Portlandite9 Periclasio

DRY D1 )*R%.$ .ime9 #atrurite9 Portlandite

DRY D1 .$)"* .ime9 #atrurite9 Portlandite -ith traces o@ amorphous

+.Y %# Tuartz9 ullite

C$$)" P%"$ ?ere then prepared ?ith the @ollo?ing compositions

D6 paste V 5cE ! aE7 ! 5s@E7 ! active componentE

-hereas

cE V cement

aE V e@@ective ?ater o@ the miture

s@E V super,plasticizer additive

active componentEV the individual additive a/o the individual added element a/o a comination o@ the

active components representing the oAect o@ speci@ic anal>sis6

"he i Design related to the diverse C$$)" P%"$ is reported in "ale 26


9/47

1


Ta&le 2:Concrete (3 D$(')

')

oncete

!NRET

E

/m"

3

4ATER

/m"3A

SU(ER(LAST))5ER

/m"3

DRY

/m"3

V

/m"3

R'V

/m"3

+E

/m"3

Cement paste

0

% (

J20 12L 06; 16H

Cement paste

1

% (!DRY

J20 12L 06; 16H K

Cement paste

2

% (!C

J20 12L 06; 16H 100

Cement paste

J% (!DRY!C

J20 12L 06; 16H K 100

"ale J indicates the results o@ the anal>ses 3RPD carried out suseFuentl> to the hardening o@ the mitures

in "ale 26

Ta&le ": ineral phases in C$$)" P%"$6

')

AS) (ASTE')NERAL!*)AL (+ASES

Cement paste 0

% (

Portlandite9 $ttringite9 #atrurite9 Bro?nmillerite9 %morphous6

Cement paste 1% (!DRY

Portlandite9 $ttringite9 #atrurite9 Bro?nmillerite9 %morphous6

Cement paste 2

% ( !C

Portlandite69 $ttringite9 #atrurite9 Bro?nmillerite9 Tuartz9 ullite9 %morphous6

Cement paste J

% (!DRY!C

Portlandite9 $ttringite9 #atrurite9 Bro?nmillerite9 Tuartz9 ullite9 %morphous6

+igures 19 29 and J report electron microscop> micrographs 5$7 o@ @ragments o@ the samples taken o@ the

various C$$)" P%"$ (3$6


10/47

1


i7e8 1.a an9 1.&:Comparative $ micrographs 5agni@ication 2007 i o@ the Basic Paste %s (sE 507

on the le@t and the i o@ the cement Paste %s (s ! DRY D1 R/) al 292 OE on the right 5176 "he matri o@ the

second i9 the same in terms o@ cr>stalline phases identi@ied 5tale J79 is present ?ith a greater Fuantit> o@

cement gels and is signi@icantl> more compact6


11/47

1


i7e8 2.a an9 2.&:Comparative micrographs to the $ 5magni@ication 1:007 o@ the i o@ the cement

Pastes %s (sE 507 on the le@t and %s (s ! DRY D1 R/) 29 2 OE on the right 517 a@ter the @lattening6 "he

di@@erence o@ the matri et?een the t?o masses is evident9 the @irst appears more discontinuous and

porous9 the second more continuous and closed6 *ther di@@erences are also noticeale et?een the

s>stems o@ @ractures created > the crushing9 in the @irst case9 the> are more di@@used and articulated

%mong the more porous zones9 in the second (39 the> are more localized6


12/47

1


i7e ":$ micrograph 5magni@ication 1:007 o@ the Basic Paste i %s (s ! DRY D1 R/) 29 2 O !C J0OE

5J76 "he paste / cementitious matri completel> ?raps around the microspheres o@ the @l> ash and is

compact 5continuous mass o@ the gel76 "he s>stem o@ @racturing o@ the material is @urther evident a@ter the

crushing test in ?hich the @ractures are localized6

"he test o@ compression resistance > crushing9 per@ormed on the samples o@ cement pastes o@ dimensions101010 cm 5)(12JI0,J79 revealed values ranging @rom :J61 Pa 5cement paste 0

%(7 and :L6L Pa 5cement paste ! J % ( DRY ! #P79 or aout 10O more resistance a@ter 2L da>s6


13/47

1


Considerations speci@ic to the i Design o@ concrete cement

"he active components ?ere studied9 veri@>ing their comined action in the C*)CR$"$ (39 comparing9

?herever possile9 the results otained ?ith those in the literature and in the latest state o@ the art

research on concrete

TALE $.):C*)CR$"$ (3 D$(') Phase 1

') DES)*N

LS

E'

/m"3

+2!c

/m"3

S

/m"3

DRY

R-N-L

V

/m"3

SAND

/m"3

R)E

/m"3

DER)S

/m"3

+E

/m"3

D61 % ( ;10 06JL ;61 K 3 3 3

D6C. 2 ;10 06JL ;61 K 3 3 3

D6C. J JL0 06JL J6L K 3 3 3

D6C. ; J:0 06;0 J6: K 3 3 3

D6C. : J20 06;2 J62 K 3 3 3

D6C. H 2I0 06;; J62 K 3 3 3

*thers

TALE $.)):C*)CR$"$ (3 D$(') Phase 2

') DES)*N

LS

E'

/m"3

+2!

/m"3

S

/m"3

DRY

R-N-

L

V

/m"3

SAND

/m"3

R)E

/m"3

DER)S

/m"3

+E

/m"3

D60 % ( J20 1J: 26K,J62 11;: ::0 J:0

D6C. %1 J20 1J: 26K,J62 K 11;: ::0 J:0

D6C. %2 J20 1:1 26K,J62 100 10;: ::0 J:0

D6C. %J J20 1:1 26K,J62 K 100 10;: ::0 J:0

*thers 2I0M;10

lump tests ?ere per@ormed @or the @resh miesN @or the specimens a@ter 2; hours and a@ter 2L da>s o@

densit>9 non,destructive ultrasonic investigations9 crush tests9 $ micrographs9 @ine sections under a

polarized microscope9 ,ra> anal>ses9 measurements o@ porosit>9 shrinkage,epanding tests9 ?ater

asorption at atmospheric pressure and @leural tests ?ere per@ormed9 as ?ell6

Cement 5c7

Binder Portland Cement Class ( :29 : R

%s illustrated9 the B%(C (3$ o@ C$$)" P%"$ class ( :29: R9 ?ater and plasticizing9 ?ere studied9suseFuentl> adding9 the epansive/anti,shrinkage/compacting agents and the added elements o@

pozzolanic minerals oth alone and in comination ?ith di@@erent doses o@ the other additions6

"he @ irst research phase 58une 2011,*ctoer 20117

peci@ic C*)CR$"$ (3 D$(') ?ere studied and monitored9 5% ( P%"$ -("# P$R,P.%"(C(4()'

%DD("($E and -("# $3P%)($ %'$)" DRY D1 t>pe Rai9oand t>pe Nomale9 e@ore the generation o@

micro,epansive additives7 using var>ing dosages o@ Portland Cement ( :29: R )( $) 1IK,1 and )( $)

1110; @rom 2I0 kg/mJto ;10 kg/mJ?ith incremental steps o@ J0 kg/mJand ?ith a constant dosage o@ the

t?o epansive agents 5approimatel> 09LM192O o@ the cement @or each t>polog>7

Cem Dosages 2I0,SJ20,SJ:0,SJL0,S;10 kg/mJ


14/47

1


"he @irst phase o@ the research made it possile to deduce and validate that the optimal concrete @rom the

technical and economicperspective 5cost,ene@it anal>sis7 ?as the concrete ?ith a dosage o@ J:0 kg/mJ

5note this ?as initiall> packaged in total asence o@ pozzolanic charges and o@ slo? epansive/anti,

shrinkage/compacting o@ the latest generation6 "here ?as ho?ever9 the presence o@ epansive additives o@

short and mid,term action9 currentl> produced > Chimica $dile DRY D1 Rapido e DRY D1 )ormale76 (t is

noted that @rom the perspective o@ the continual control o@ volumetric stailit>9 the @irst generationepansive agents o@ Chimica $dile and other companies in the sector eternalize their action in the @irst

?eekZ ome oide,ased additives on the market even terminate their action in the @irst ?eek and in a @e?

da>s9 ?hen in the presence o@ high temperatures6

"he cost,ene@it anal>sis o@ the estimated costs o@ the (3$= ra? materials indicated that (3 1 5% ( ?ith

;10 kg/mJ o@ C$ ( :29 : R7 is approimatel> eFual to9 or consideral> higher in cost9 compared to the cost

o@ (3 ; 5?ith J:0 kg/mJ o@ cement C$ ( :29 : R and DRY D1 Tuick and )ormal additives9 eFual to aout

1O !1O or J6: kg ! J6: kg V K kg/mJ76 )evertheless9 (3 ; has similar mechanical per@ormances ?ith

respect to (3 19 ut o@@ers the advantage o@ controlled volumetric stailit> 5shrinkage near 200 microns

m / m or :0,micron m / m o@ the initial epansion in the @irst 2 da>s and suseFuent shrinkage a@ter 2L

da>s76 +or the purposes o@ the displa> classes 5)( 1110; and )"C,"echnical tandards @or Construction79

the dosage o@ the cement eFuivalent o@ (3 ; 5J:0 kg o@ Portland C$ ( :26: R7 assumed9 eceeds theminimum amount reFuired > the regulations @or 3%2 / chemical attachment9 3D2/cloruri9 3+2,3+J/@reeze,

tha?9 3C;/caronatazione6

)ote 517 527 527 527 527 5J7 5J7

30 3C1 3C2 3CJ 3C; 31 32 3J

a rep6a/cE 09H0 09H0 09:: 09:0 09:0 09;: 09;:

in Resistance M6a C12/1: C2:/J0 C2:/J0 C2L/J: CJ2/;0 CJ2/;0 CJ:/;: CJ:/;:

in Cement 7g/m8 J00 J00 J20 J;0 J;0 JH0 JH0

in %ir Cont6 %

*ther

)ote 5;7 5;7 5;7 5:7 5:7 5:7 5:73D1 3D2 3DJ 3+1 3+2 3+J 3+;

a rep6a/cE 06:: 06:0 06;: 06:: 06:0 06:0 06;:

in Resistance M6a C2L/J: CJ2/;0 CJ:/;: CJ2/;0 C2:/J0 C2:/J0 C2L/J:

in Cement 7g/m8 J20 J;0 JH0 J20 J;0 J;0 JH0

in %ir Cont6 % J J J

*ther

)ote 5H7 5H7 5H7

3%1 3%2 3%J

a rep6a/cE 06:: 06:0 06;:

in Resistance M6a C2L/J: CJ2/;0 CJ:/;:

in Cement 7g/m8 J20 J;0 JH0

in %ir Cont6 %

*ther Cem resistant to sul@ates

"%B.$ )( 1110; 527 caronatazione 5;7 cloruri , 5:7 @reeze,tha? , 5H7 chemical attachment

Results o@ the @irst phase o@ the proAect compared to the resistance characteristics o@ crushing cues

1:1:1: cm6


15/47

1


"he use o@ the micro,epansive and compacting agents led to an increase in compression resistance o@

et?een 10M1:O

1:1:31: cm CB$ %+"$R "#$ CR#()' -("# %)D -("#*" %DD$D $.$$)"/%DD("(($

"he second phase o@ research 5)ovemer 2011 8une 20127

"he second phase o@ the research9 ene@itting @rom the state o@ the art kno?ledge and the results9 that is

to sa>9 the summaries o@ the advantages and limitations o@ modern epansive agents9 ?as characterized >

the @ormulation o@ ne? (3 D$(') and > the production o@ ne? epansive agents s>nergisticall>E

comined ?ith pozzolanic added elements and @illers6 "he anal>ses > microscope allo?ed the oservation

that the epansive agent9 ?ith a compacting @unction9 emphasized the @illerE capailit> 5@illing7 o@ the @ine

sands and aove all o@ the spherical micro,sands 5[ U 200 Qm7 more likel> to move during the

epansion/compacting processes6 (t should also e noted and @urther emphasized that the @ormation o@ an

additional9 small percentage o@ Gepanded Portlandite derived @rom lime oideG not onl> acts as another

Galkaline reserveG9 in addition to the noted GPortlandite derived @rom the concreteG 5see alite and elite 7

and adeFuate G?ater moleculesG9 ut it also o@@ers the ene@icial addition o@ materials ?ith pozzolanic

activit> to capitalize on this ovious potential6

%nother positive side e@@ect 5signi@icant7 involves the compacting e@@ect @or auto,

compression 5self- compressing7 and the increase in the contacts 55all effect7 o@ the

epansive agents that push and press the masses o@ the cement conglomerate

5concrete76 "he epansionar> e@@ect9 i@ properl> modulated9 leads to a decrease in the

porosit> o@ the concrete 5?ith improvements o@ the critical aspects o@ the transition

zone79 the leeding phenomenon9 and internal discontinuit> in the concrete setting

and hardening phase6 "hese elements conseFuentl> enhance the triggering o@ pozzolanic reactions

et?een the residual ?ater9 the Portlandite 5@rom cement and the epansive agent7 and the micro,silicon

Photo o@ the counter


16/47

1


5silicon reactive dioide7 materials o@ the pozzolanic materials 5especiall> in the @irst 2L da>s ?here the

concrete still contains su@@icient residual ?ater79 assisting the primar> pozzolanic C,,# processes6

"here@ore9 the epansive additive ma> not onl> e @ormulated to contrast the shrinkage9 ut also to @avor

the pozzolanic activit> o@ the @l> ash and in general9 o@ the pozzolanic materials in contact ?ith the availale

Portlandite6

(n philological dialectics9 and taking into account the @ormerl> summarized oservations9 the ne? mi

designs have een studied and monitored ?ith di@@erent cominations o@ additives9 micro,epansive agents

and active pozzolanic minerals in cement pastes 5D6 paste79 in speci@ic environmental conditions

5temperature9 humidit>9 @orm?ork76 (t ?as there@ore necessar> to come to an agreement ?ith C#((C%

$D(.$ to @ormulate and test ne? epansive agents ?ith slo?er9 more modulated action 5DRY D1 .ento76

"hese agents ?ould e used in conAunction ?ith the other line o@ epansive agents in production 5DRY D1

Rapido and DRY D1 )ormale7 to more e@@ectivel> control the micro,epansive phaseE o@ the ne? concrete6

%lso considered9 ?as the comple evolution o@ its contraction phasesE9 5h>grometric shrinkage9

autogenous shrinkage9 thermal shrinkage @or temperature reduction9 viscous de@ormation ased on

compression/traction9 etc67 in conAunction ?ith the eperience acFuired @rom the epansive agents

5RapidoE and )ormaleE76

(n the second research phase9 the ne? C. (39 ?hich had resulted as optimalE @or the pre@arication

industr>9 consisted in a dosage o@ J20 kg/mJo@ Portland Cement ( :29 : R6 (t also had an a/cE ranging @rom

09;0M09;: more than the addition @rom 2: to 100 kg/mJo@ materials ?ith pozzolanic activit> 5'round

olcanic Rock a/o +l> %sh a/o ilica +ume a/o etacaolino76 "his served to otain a total dosage o@

eFuivalent cementsE close to or greater than JJ0MJ:0 kg/mJ5eFuivalent per@ormance concreteE )( $)

20H par6 :626:6J7 ?ith super,plasti@>ing additives 51O7 and rapid action micro,epansive agents 509HO DRY

D1 Rapido79 oth ?ith normal 509HO DRY D1 )ormale7 and slo?9 prolonged action 51M192 O DRY D1

.ento76 "he cements included integrative and alanced epansive agents in respect to the comple

phenomena o@ shrinkage/epansion listed6

+or the purposes o@ the eposition classes 5)( 1110; and )"C,"echnical tandards @or Construction79 the

dosage o@ the cement eFuivalent o@ the +()%. (3 / (D$%. utilized9 5J20 kg and 100 kg o@ Portland Cem @l>

ash in addition to Portland cement7 eceeds the minimum levels reFuired > the regulations @or 3%2/

chemical attachment 5J:JS V J20 C6in79 3D2/cloruri 5J:JS V J;0 c6mim79 3+2,3+J/@reeze,tha? 5J:JS V J;0

C6in7 3C;/caronatazione 5c V J20 ! 06JJ 100 V J:JS J;0 kg/mJ76

JL

:H

K0


17/47


18/47

1


+or the purposes o@ the eposure classes 5)( 1110; and )"C,"echnical tandards @or Construction79 the

dosage emplo>ed @or the +()%. (3 / (D$%. 5(3 n %;7 eceeds the minimum Fuantit> reFuired > the

regulations in @orce @or chemical 3%2/?ater attachment9 3D2 / chlorides9 3+2,3+J/@reeze,tha?9

3C;/caronatazione 5? / c V 06;2 U06;: U06:076

"he optimal (3 D$(') must guarantee a class o@ consistenc> et?een ; and : and the prevention o@

the segregation phenomena6


19/47

1


%ggregates

(n compliance ?ith the $) 20H,19 )( $) IJ2,J9 )( L:209 limestone aggregates @rom (talian

Fuarries ?ere used and consisted in J groups

gravel L M 1H mmrice husk ash ; M 10 mm

sand 0 M : mm

"he granulometric curve designed ?as developed > controlling the ideal curve o@ Bolome>6 "he maimum

aggregate size is 1H mm6

"he asorption degree o@ the limestone aggregates ?as monitored9 5rangeE o@ admissile asorption7 so

as not to in@luence or distort the e@@ective ?ater dosage o@ the mi6

"he relationships emplo>ed o@ Gi / cG respected the optimal values indicated in technical literature to otain

optimal per@ormance concrete 5even @or shrinkage and viscosit> under load76 *@ course it is admissile9 in

per@orming the calculations9 to consider a dosage o@ a cement eFuivalent 5c6eF7 as including up to a

maimum o@ JJO o@ @l> ash/ pozzolanic aggregates9 as ?ell as the total part o@ the aggregates 5100O o@ thelimestone aggregates are derived @rom the @l> ash9 ?hich is to sa> the remaining Fuota o@ the aggregates

and pozzolanic added elements76

+or concrete ?ith @l> ash or milled volcanic rocks9 the calculation o@ the eFuivalent aggregates and o@ the

relationship i/cE ?as conducted as @ollo?s

i6eFV gravel ! rice husk ash ! sand ! 51,k7 @l> ash or milled volcanic rock

-hereas

k V 06JJ 5)(7 @or the @l> ash 51,k V 1, 06JJ V 06HK7


20/47

1


9ggregates inert and active

minerals0:

7g/m8 x 1-70 x 7 ; cement e*+ivalent

'R%$. J:0 5JL:7 J:0 5JL:7

R(C$ #& %# ::0 5H007 ::0 5H007

%)D 190:0 5I007 190:0 5I007

i8t Total ;aeate8< 1,=$0 ;1,>>$< 1,=$0 ;1,>>$ high6 %s a conseFuence9 this implicates the controllale phenomena o@

h>grometric shrinkage9 chemical shrinkage and viscosit> under load 5note in the CC9 generall> speaking9

the relationships i/cE are lo?er and concentrated et?een ;60 e ;6:9 resulting in more elevated

phenomena o@ shrinkage and aove all viscosit>76 +or the pre,compressed concrete9 the h>grometric and

viscosit> phenomena under load are certainl> discriminating @actors @or the evaluation o@ the Fualit> o@

concrete and @or the @inal cost o@ ?ork per@ormed6

uper, Plasti@ication 5 s@ 7

(n adherence to the )( IJ;,2 5J619 J629 1161911627 and )( 12J:09 the added super,plasticizer 5s@7 ?ith a

?ater,solule pol>mer ase ?as the minimum amount possile 5s@/c76 Concerning pozzolanic added

elements9 5@l> ash or milled rock7 it ?as 06 L:O9 in respect to the e@@ective or eFuivalent cement9 c6eF Vc ! k1 cv/rvm ?ith k1 eFual to 06JJ @or the @l> ash6 (t ?as9 in an> case9 GAust enoughG to ensure su@@icient

?orkailit> o@ the miture 5re@erence consistenc> class ;/: )( 20H,1 , lump .oss Controlling %gent7

and to prevent segregation phenomena 5due to over dosage o@ super,plasticizer7 minimum dosage o@

super,plasticizer eFual to 06K M 1O considering oth the cement and the Fuota 5JJO7 o@ the pozzolanic

minerals6"he super,plasticizing additive utilized in the various (3$ that gave valid results9 has a ase o@ modi@ied

polistearici esters ?ith a p# o@ approimatel> ;9 and is @ree o@ @ormaldeh>de and chlorides6 "he minimum O

o@ plasticizing additive as noted9 does not a@@ect the @inal p# o@ the concrete6 "he additive ?as added a@ter

the insertion 5@or a @e? minutes o@ miing7 o@ the ?ater to h>drate the mi9 and ?as then stirred @or ?ell

over : minutes6

%s evidenced > the technical and scienti@ic literature 5see Collepardi , R$C$)" D$$.*P$)" () "#$

+($.D *+ %DD("($ +*R C*)CR$"$79 it ?as also necessar> to monitor the compatiilit> and the creation o@

s>nergies et?een the super,plasticizer and the other additives / additional elements used 5comined

action et?een the super,plasticizers and the other additives / additional9 non,shrinking and compacting

elements ?ith micro,epansive action76 "he monitoring controlled that the action did not slo? do?n or

compromise the phenomena o@ setting and hardening ?ithin 12 to 2; hours 5essential reFuirement @or theprecast concrete industr>76

+or eample9 @or the (3 o@ J20 kg o@ cement ?ithout pozzolanic minerals


21/47

1


+ V 0601 J20 V J620 kg/mJ

+or the (3 o@ J20 kg o@ cement ?ith added elements o@ pozzolanic minerals

+ V 0600I 5J20!06JJ1007 V J620 kg/mJ

%dded elements ?ith a ase o@ micro,epansive oides and ne? generation anti,shrinkage 5?ith modulated

action in time7

$ micrographs 51:007 o@ the C. at 2L da>s and stud> o@ the portlanditeE derived @rom the epansive

agents and @rom the cement derivatives 5epansive agents DRY D1 ) and C$ ( :29 : R76 "he micrographs

enale @or a clear reading o@ the morpholog> o@ the Portlandite in the space 5@rontall> and laterall>76

"he $ (CR*'R%P# o@ asic cement pastes 5magni@ication 26000 and J6:0076 "he presence o@

portlandite is highlighted in >ello?9 respectivel>9 in the samples Cement paste 0 5% (7E and Cement Paste

1 5% ( ! DRY76


22/47

1


"he ne? generation o@ concrete in the precast and c6a6p6 industr> reFuires al?a>s more o@ a painstaking

approach to the packaging o@ concrete in the asence o@ the noted criticalities o@ autogenous/h>grometric

shrinkageE

a7 Shin%ae omen8atin oncete 4h eFual to the suseFuent contraction due to the shrinkage 5see )(

$) 1II2,1,1/$urocodice 2 ! %ppendi B , D 1;/01/0L par6 11626 106H76 "he Gepansion,shrinkingG

diagrams according to )( / $)9 %"9 or other methodologies enale one to understand the t>pe

o@ action o@ additives on the market and their e@@ectiveness or ine@@ectiveness according to the

dosage 5sometimes ecessive76

7 Sel-on8oli9atin oncete 5see %C( 22JR,IL3 a ver> di@@erent t>pe o@ concrete9 ut along the

philological lines and trends o@4elf stem o@ redundant constraints and the presence o@ contraction

de@ormation that 5such as the h>grometric shrinkage9 negative thermal changes and heat

dissipation o@ h>dration7 induce tensile stress states9 ?hich still increase the distance et?een the

materials 5@acies76 "his eceeds the limits o@ concrete resistance 5strength7 producing macro and

micro cracks6 Concrete that retains its shape9 ?ith alanced and ?eighted epansion in the

eginning9 and then ?ithout shrinkage and critical stress in its genesis9 as a @unction o@ its (3D$(') and eternal conditions 5humidit>9 temperature9 thickness o@ the Aet9 the Aet mass9

constraints9 etc667 is the dream o@ structural engineers and is de@ined as Ga volumetric stailit>

control6G "his represents one o@ the principle oAectives o@ researchers and technologies @or the

production o@ ne? generation concrete6

CC\(C$ 5olumetric tailit> Controlled Concrete and/?ith initial calirated micro,epansion76


23/47

1


%ove %" LKL test data %ove on the right and elo? instruments and so@t?are @or the @ree

shrinkage/epansion9 according to 'ennaro=s method6

"he test to monitor the macro,epansion,contraction o@ the :0:0:0 mm6 concrete cues according to

'ennaro=s ethod egins testing > using ; proes 5on the horizontal plane7 arranged in contact ?ith steel

plates emedded in the Aet6 "he mi/preparation time is controlled6 "he t?o proes along the 3,ais and

the t?o proes along the Y,ais constantl> measure the @ree epansion / contraction o@ the time Gt60G o@

the semi,hardened and hardened concrete until the cancellation 5essentiall>7 o@ the phenomena o@

volumetric change 5t6@in76 % doule plastic @ilm ?raps the sample 5?ith the eception o@ the contact areas o@

the ; sensors7 on the lateral @aces o@ the cue 5re@erence test t>pe B o@ the )( standard76 "he relative

humidit> and temperature are controlled > meteorological stations 5generall> the tests are per@ormed inair using the @ollo?ing parameters R# :0O ! / , 2O and temperature 20 ! / , 2 C76 "he test could also e

per@ormed > totall> immersing the specimen in ?ater 5@illing the tank79 or var>ing the conditions o@

temperature / R#6 "he test allo?s @or monitoring o@ the time t60 and the volume displacements o@ the

concrete 5time t60 generall> eFual to ; hours a@ter the Aet76 "he apparatus provides @or the possiilit> o@

inserting a @urther proe @or monitoring the movements ?ith respect to the 4,ais6 +or testing o@ micro,

epansion/micro,shrinkage9 components o@ a larger sized concrete are packaged 5e6g6 J00J00:09 etc676

Photo 3 ! Y Restrained epansion test

)( L1;L , ethod B


24/47

1


etodo )( etodo

Espansione Contrastata sec. UNI 8148 met.B

CONCRETE: CEM I 52,5 R 2!"#$mc % a$c& !.42

0

-221

0 0

-221

0

-25

-50

-54

0

25

0

-42

-75

-87

0

62

21

4

-80

-250

-313

-342

0

-150 -154

-71

-142

-192

-154

-121

-83

-79

%4!!

%5!

%!!

%25!

%2!!

%15!

%1!!

%5!

!

5!

1!!

! '14 21

Time ()a*s+

C.. (1!!-#$mc+ 1 4!%4!%2! ('-#$mc+

1 !%!%4! ('-#$mc+ C.. (1!!-#$mc+ / 1 4!%4!%2! (',5-#$mc+

C.. (1!!-#$mc+ / 1 !%!%4! ('-#$mc+ C.. (1!!-#$mc+ / 1 !%!%4! ('-#$mc+ / 1 Rapi)o (!,5-#$mc+

0 I 1 (Rierimento a secco+ 0 I 2 (Re3atie i# UM+

mm


25/47

1


'ennaro=s ethod

SA'(LE 1:

Dimen8ion8 $0 C $0 C $0 mm

5Duration measure 1;Jh7

ECeimental Te8t o 'aco-ECan8ion

Do8ae o 20F o DRY N!R'ALE in e8ect to cement

Date: Jan7aB 2012

5Duration measure 1;Jh7


26/47


27/47

1


"ale tudio i Design o@ DRY Gepansive agentsG @or concrete ?ith C$ :29 : R ?ith a dosage o@ J20

kg/mJ6 "he dosage is epressed as a percentage o@ cement6 +or high doses o@ cement9 the percentage o@

DRY D1 can e suital> reduced a@ter the test campaign6

TBe o DRY

RESEAR+ (+ASEDRY D1 RA()D! DRY D1 N!R'ALE

DRY D1 LENT!

;neG eneation and protection o@ the sca@@olding in alkaline positive

environments6 "he research and the various instruments allo?ed @or the determination o@ an optimal

@ormula and an e@@ective dosage percentage in respect to the cement o@ less than 1O 5e./c76 ome o@ the

ene@its o@ the use o@ such additives involves the reduction o@ @urther ethringite @ormation and the

epansion phenomena that occurs shortl> therea@ter 5@rom the time o@ the mi up to aout ;L hours76 "he

action then completel> ceases a@ter a @e? da>s 5the temperature oviousl>9 strongl> a@@ects the triggertimes o@ reactivit>76

#o?ever9 at the same time9 the do?nside i@ one decides onl> to use this t>pe o@ epansive agent is the

risk o@ losing this epansion9 or signi@icantl> reducing it9 @ollo?ing h>grometric shrinkage6 "his risk occurs in

environments that are not ?ater saturated 5meaning those environments not in ?ater9 not in

environments regulated con 6R6 near I0O or in the phase o@ ?et sheet removal or thermo,heated places

in the ?inter76 %nother risk is that this t>pe o@ epansive agent ma> not e e@@ectiveE to control the

autogenous shrinkage o@ concrete 5meaning that ?hich is measurale in ?ater immersion76 "his t>pe o@

additives produced > Chimica $dile9 nevertheless9 has the advantage o@ eginning to act 5immediate

micro,epansion7 @rom the start time o@ the mi and in the transition da>s and the @irst creation o@ the @resh

concrete @luid ,S semi,@luid ,S plastic,S semi,solid6 (t is also easil> miale and di@@usile in the mass o@ themi 5thanks to the @ine grain o@ its particles and their capacit> to spread in the mi ?ithout @locculating9

ecause o@ the super,plasticizing action7 and is su@@icientl>9 less sensitive to mild9 rigid and cold eternal

temperatures 5high reactivit> that oviousl>9 noticeal> increases in the heat76 "hese epansive agents

ased on the reaction et?een ?ater and Gver> @ine9 porous particles Go@ calcium oide are much @aster

and more direct ?ith respect to those ?ith a ase o@ sul@a,aluminates ?ith primar> ethringite @ormation

5 Candlot salt7 or compared to magnesium oides6 "he calcium oides tend to epand much more Fuickl>

and autonomousl> compared to those ased on an ethringite @ormation 5i6e6 trisol@o,calcium aluminate

h>drate9 JCa*_%l2_JCa*;_J2#2* ?hich is a salt epansive molecule that needs J2 ?ater molecules to

@orm76 "here@ore9 the technicians and the market have a greater appreciation @or calcium oides ?ith

respect to those ?ith a ase o@ sul@a aluminates9 ut that have a decisivel> GrapidG and GshortG epansive

action limited in time 5mani@esting the epansive action in the miture reaching a maimum in up to 2 to Jda>s76 "o annul the @inal ?ithdra?al o@ the cls 5o@@set > strong @inal epansion7 ?ould result in ecessive

dosages9 5in part rendered useless > the strong heat9 higher temperatures greater than 2:,J0C7 and more


28/47

1


importantl>9 ?ould lead to phenomena o@ strong9 dimensional and volumetric non,stailit>9 GecessiveG

initial epansion6 (t ?ould also involve the loss o@ such epansion in the long term ?ith volumetric

disturance in asolute terms9 numericall> similar to those o@ the ?ithdra?al 5several hundred microns

J00 M H00 u7 although9 ene@iciall>9 o@ opposite sign 5epansion76 %dditional parameters that in@luence the

speed and duration o@ the rapidE epansive phenomena o@ calcium oide are proportional to

%7 (ts cooking temperature9 cooking times9 the @ineness o@ its granules 5granulametric curve and

grinding process79 its ?ater,accessile porosit> 5characteristics o@ the @ormulate and assigned

parameters o@ the computerized plants o@ the Chimica $dile group7N

B7 "he outside temperature9 the 6R69 the t>pe o@ aging/ form stripping o@ the concrete6

C7 "he comination and t>pe o@ additives comined 5super,plasticizers9 etc67N

D7 *ther eternal @actors 5cement t>pe and dosage9 t>pe and dosage o@ the additives9 the arrangement

and Fuantit> o@ sca@@olding9 the morpholog> and @ineness o@ the aggregates9 the presence o@ @l> ash

and micro,@illers9 ?/c9 mi design9 etc67

Belo? is the linear per@ormance graph9 relative to the variation o@ the cr>stal size 5nm7 as a @unction

o@ temperature 5range @rom I00 C to 1;00 C7 per@ormed on a sample o@ limestone rock6


29/47

1


"he chemical reaction9 resulting in the epansion9 takes place at the G?ater , solidG inter@ace6 "here@ore9 >

reducing the dimensions o@ the solid particles o@ the epansive agent and increasing its sur@ace porosit>9

there tends to e an increase in the sur@ace eposed to the action o@ ?ater and thus in the GspeedG o@ its

reaction 5epansive76 "he result is an overall acceleration o@ the epansion process ut a shorter duration o@

the epansive e@@ect over time 5the concrete epands too Fuickl> in the @irst @e? da>s to then ?ithdra?al /

contract and lose much o@ its epansion in a @e? da>s like man> small alls that in@late instantl> in the

ne?l> @ormed concrete76 imilarl>9 i@ an epansive agent is in the @orm o@ porous granules accessile to

?ater9 it ecomes more easil> ale to e h>drated9 ?hile i@ its granules are less @ine9 ?ithout ecessive

porosit> in communication ?ith the outside or large and dense9 the> are more di@@icult to h>drate9 thus

reacting more slo?l> and ?ith greater tenacit>6 "he degree o@ grinding9 the porosit> o@ the granules and the

densit> o@ the epansive agents 5Ca*7 are GadAustaleG parameters6 "he manu@acturer9 Chimica $dile 'roupma> var> the @iring temperature o@ the ra? material used9 the @iring c>cle9 the cooking time9 the t>pe o@

material 5miture o@ limestone and other minerals etracted and selected in the %ndes7 and o@ course its

granulametric curves pre / post cooking6 (n addition9 the manu@acturer ma> @urther dela> the phenomenon

o@ h>dration,epansion o@ the epansive agent > covering the granules 5adsorption7 ?ith a suitale

pol>mer 5retardant7 and ?ith multiple processes o@ sintering processes6 "he main product resulting @rom

the h>dration o@ the calcium oide is thus a GPortlandite ad hocthat ma> intervene intelligentl>9 pro@ital>9

massivel> and temporall> in the various stages o@ the creation o@ the concrete and also in the presence o@

pozzolanic activit> ?ithin the concrete6 (n order to address critical issues and notes o@ the normal oide,

ased epansive agents 5rapid7 ,@ormerl> emphasized, it ?as necessar> to resort to the use o@ the (3

D$(') o@ ulterior micro,epansive agents ?ith compacting action and slo? and tough micro,epansive

action products6 Chimica $dile speci@icall> produced these products @or the research oAectives o@ theDepartment o@ $arth ciences9 ?hich are @urther eplained in the @ollo?ing paragraphs6 "hese additional

epansive agents ma> assist the rapid and immediate action additives9 alread> kno?n to scholars and the

market @or several >ears6 +or the purpose o@ the calculation o@ the dosage ased on the ?eight o@ Cem (

:26: R9 the Fuantit> used @or the (3 n 10 5%;7 ?ith a ase o@ J20 kg o@ C$ ( :29: R @or DRY D1 R 5rapid7

?as otained9 @or eample9 as @ollo?s

r6e V 090H J20 V 19I2 kg

Compacting oide ased added element ?ith normal epansive action 5n6e7

"he added element and its relative dosage o@ compacting additives ?ith normal and slo?er action9 5@rom 1

to K da>s7 h>grometric and autogenous anti,shrinkage 5e6e7 ?ith a calcium oide mi ase ?ere per@ormed

and ?eighted in respect to the h>pothesis o@ @inding shrinkage or epansion 5h+C 0 hrinkage +ree

Concrete7 close to zero9 also in medium/long term6 %lso incremented ?ere the values o@ the compression

resistance @or the e@@ect o@ the reduction o@ porosit> o@ the conglomerate9 having an accelerating and

valorizing action o@ the pozzolanic activit> in the case o@ pozzolanic added elements 5volcanic aggregates9 @l>

ash9 micro,silica9 silica @ume9 etc67 as in the @ollo?ing illustration6 "he triggering o@ the epansion

phenomenon o@ such oides is slo?er and more prolonged compared to the previous ones 5rapid7 and their

strength is consideral> higher6 "here@ore9 the Fuantit> must e adAusted to compensate @or the size o@ the

granules and their greater densit>6 "he research monitored the $psilon / t diagrams ?ith special eFuipmentdeveloped > the Department o@ $arth ciences and compared these results to those determined >


30/47

1


appl>ing the norms )( L1;H9 L1;K9 L1;L9 %" C1:K9 CLKL9 %C( 22JR and )( H:::6 "he research on the

(3$ tested9 allo?ed @or the determination o@ an optimal dosage percentage in@erior to 1O 5n6e/c7

+or the purposes o@ calculating the dosage ased on the ?eight o@ Cem ( :26: R9 the amount o@ DRY D1

)ormale 5normal7 used @or the (3 n 10 5%;7 ?ith a asis o@ J20 kg o@ C$ ( :29: R is

e6n V 060H J20 V 16I2 kg

pecial oide ased addition ?ith slo?9 epansive action 5.6e7

"he addition and relative dosage o@ additives ?ith slo? and dela>ed epansive action 5generall> K to 2L

da>s7 that mitigate the long,term ?ithdra?al phenomena9 5e.7 ased on mitures o@ calcium oides and

other mineral additions9 ?ere per@ormed and ?eighted6 "his ?as per@ormed in accordance ?ith the

eperience,ased h>pothesis o@ shrinkage or epansion 5h+C V hrinkage +ree Concrete7 close to zero over

the long term9 as ?ell6 "he> also monitored the values o@ the compression resistance @or the e@@ect o@ the

decrease in porosit> o@ the conglomerate and o@ the micro,cracks @rom the shrinking o@ the hardened

concrete9 @ragile and almost entirel> deh>drated6 "he research monitored the $psilon / t diagrams ?ith

special eFuipment developed > the Department o@ $arth ciences and compared these results to thosedetermined > appl>ing the norms )( L1;H9 L1;K9 L1;L9 %" C1:K9 CLKL9 %C( 22JR and )( H:::6 "he

research allo?ed @or the determination o@ a dosage percentage close to 1O 5.6e/c76 "he amount must e

greater to provide @or the large size o@ the granules and their high densit> and lo? reactivit>6

+or the purposes o@ calculating the dosage ased on the ?eight o@ Cem ( :26: R9 the amount o@ DRY D1 .

5slo?7 @or (3 n10 ?ith a ase o@ J20 kg o@ C$ ( :26: R is

.6e V 0610 J20 V J620 kg

"he miing and s>nerg> o@ special oides ?ith epansive and compacting action 5r6e!n6e!.6e7

%@ter having studied the e@@ects o@ the individual agents ?ith epansive action9 the research developed theest dosage comining the action o@ the three epansive agents @or the purpose o@ optimizing their s>nergic

action in @unction ?ith the (3 D$(') and the conditions at the oundar> and eternall>6 (t should e

noted that the t>pe o@ cement might in@luence and signi@icantl> var> the micro,epansive and compacting

action o@ the line o@ DRY D1 additives6

"he addition o@ active @illers and pozzolanic minerals 5@a and gvr7

(n respect to the )( $) 12H209 )( $) ;:09 )( $) 1IK and )( $) 1110;9 )( $) 20H9 as illustrated in

the premise9 t?o t>pes o@ active minerals ?ere used9 that nevertheless are adeFuatel> availale on the

market at lo? costs

@a 5rv7 V @l> ash ?ith pozzolanic activit> and ?ith ene@its that improve the ?orkailit> o@ the mi and that

optimizes the granulametric curve o@ the aggregates6 "he maimum dosage used ?as close to or less than

JJO o@ the cement dosage9 5Cem :29: R7 to ensure a minimum alance ?ith a Fuantit> o@ calcium

h>droide and enough ?ater to activate the pozzolanic additionE6

gvr 5rvm7 ground volcanic rock ?ith pozzolanic and thermal activit> 5a t>pe (( classi@ied addition76 % medium

sized dosage eFual to LO o@ the cement ?as used and nevertheless9 al?a>s less than JJO o@ the dosage o@

cement 5Cem ( :26: R7 to ensure the minimum alance ?ith an amount o@ calcium h>droide and enough

?ater to activate the pozzolanic additionE6 "his occurred ?ith the silica @ume9 meta caolino9 etc69 as ?ell6

(n the research proAect9 the addition o@ these active minerals ?as per@ormed oth in comined and

separate @orms6 "he phases ?ere per@ormed as @ollo?s distinct (3$ ?ithout active minerals 5note onl>

limestone aggregates in phase 179 (3$ ?ith onl> additions o@ +l> %sh or onl> 'round olcanic Rocks/ilica

+ume/ etacaolino 5phase 27 and (3$ ?ith a ?eighted comination o@ +l> %sh ! ground olcanic Rocks


31/47

1


5phase J in progress76 "his research @ocused on otaining ver> precise comparative parameters @or a correct

cost/ene@it anal>sisE6

(n order to estalish the content o@ cement @or mJ5)( 1110;200; @or the application in (tal> o@ the $)

20H79 the @ollo?ing9 respectivel>9 occurs

cv/c U 06JJ

cv/c V 100/J20 V 06J1 U 06JJ

c6tot V c6eFV c 5Cem :29:R7 ! 06JJ cv V J20 ! 06JJ100 V J20 ! JJ V J:J V J:0 kg/mJ

Regarding the anal>sis o@ the size9 shape and porosit> characteristics o@ the particles 5closed spheres9

cenospheres and pleurospheres ?ith accessile porosit>7 o@ the added @illers and pozzolanic minerals9 5@a

and gvr7 the electron microscope characterized the speci@icities o@ the t?o distinct materials6 (t also

highlighted the greater @ineness and roundness o@ the @l> ash 5industrial7 in respect to the ground volcanic

rocks availale toda>6

+igure Comparison et?een the .aser granulametric distriution o@ native ash9 micronized ash9 Portland

cement ;26: and :26:9 silica @ume 5as is and disaggregate76

$ *)("*R()' *+ P*44*.%)(C B$#%(*R 5in progress9 eginning on 8ul> 1Hth7

+()$ $C"(*) 5in progress9 eginning on 8ul> 1Hth7

"he ground volcanic rock presents particular thermal capacities @or the presence o@ zeolites and is capale

o@ signi@icantl> a@@ecting the temperature o@ the @resh concrete6 "he temperature o@ @resh concrete is

strongl> in@luenced > the eternal temperature9 ut aove all > the temperature o@ its elements6

'enerall>9 it is calculated as @ollo?s

t6cls V 06K0 t6aggregates ! 0620 t6?ater ! 0610 t6cement


32/47

1


$ micrograph 5magni@ication 2000 e :007 o@ the Basic (3 5% ( ! DRY 262O! +l> %sh J0O7 in a zone

rich in microspheres o@ +l> %sh6


33/47

1


(otocol8 o e8each an9 te8t eCec7tion

"he laorator> eFuipment o@ the Department o@ $arth ciences and other collaorating laoratories

allo?ed @or the estalishment9 control and monitoring in time o@ the tests indicated in the @ollo?ing tale6

"$" "%)D%RD R$+$R$)C$ )*"$Compression resistance )( 12JI0,J Campioni 1:1:1:9 10010109 etc

"ensile strength )( 12JK2

Densit> )(

$spansion,hrinkage )( L1;L etodo

Class consistenc> 5.P7 )( 20H,1

$9 $,$D on @ine sections

De@6 3,Ra>s

ercur> Porosimeter

-ater press6 asorption %tm6 )( $) 1JK::

ltrasound

Rck 5Pa7 V compression resistance to crushing o@ sample cues sized 1:1:1:9 101010 and KKK cm o@

concrete and asic mies 5cement ! ?ater ! additives ! active minerals9 in asence o@ aggregate additions76

"he resistances ?ere estalished at 1 da>9 K da>s and 2L da>s 5aged in ?ater76 "he aging temperatures

?ere J9 5cold9 moderate9 hot7 in order to understand the sensitivit> o@ the dosages and the e@@ects o@ the

di@@erent components according to the temperature changes6

(hoto:Chassis 5maimum load J000 k)7 used to estalish compression resistance 5Department o@ $arth

ciences niversit` degli tudi di )apoli +ederico ((76


34/47

1


(hoto:Chassis 5aimum load 2:k)7 used to estalish tensile strength 5Department o@ $arth ciences

niversit` degli tudi di )apoli +ederico ((76

(hoto:$ 5canning $lectron icroscope7 mod6 8eol 8 :J10 5C(%'9 )apoli76


35/47

1


(hoto:ercur> Porosimeter "hermo +innigan o@ the Pascal series 1;09 2;0 e ;;0 5Department o@ $arth

ciences niversit` degli tudi di )apoli +ederico ((76

(hoto:%utomatic Panal>tical Di@@ractometer 3=Pert PR* P- J0;0/H0 ?ith R" 3=celerator detector andPD P- JK10 unit 5Department o@ $arth ciences niversit` degli tudi di )apoli +ederico ((76


36/47

1


S7mmaB an9 9i8c788ion o the i8t e8each e87lt8

"he research enaled us to develop some possile @inal (3 D$(') ?ith high technical,economic

competitiveness @or the pre@arication and high per@ormance concrete industr> and led to some eciting

ne? ideas @or the use o@ ne? generation additives6 "he minimization o@ the shrinkage leads to9 as is kno?n9

a considerale numer o@ advantages regarding oth the asence o@ cracks9 and the di@@erent ehavior o@the rein@orcement 5especiall> i@ pre,strained76 "his @actor also results in an increase in the durailit> o@ the

concrete and the reduction o@ the dela>ed e@@ects o@ micro,@illers ased concrete6

"he presence o@ pozzolanic material 5comined ?ith the calcium oides in Fuestion7 esides increasing the

mechanical strength in the short and mid,term9 helps to improve the microstructure o@ concrete 5@or the

drastic trans@ormation o@ Portlandite into C,,# @ier76 "he micro,epansion phenomena positivel> reduce

the asorenc> and the porosit> o@ the concrete9 there> providing volumetric stailit> and avoiding stress9

disruption and trauma to the concrete due to h>grometric shrinkage and coactions o@ internal and eternal

h>perstaticit> o@ the c6a and the c6a6p6

%ll o@ this allo?s the packaging o@ concrete through the s>nergies and harmonization o@ the additives and

additional elements studied9 to e decidedl> Ge@@ective9 durale and economicall> competitive6G

(3 Cem ( :26: R at J20 kg/mJ! C at 100 kg/mJ! DRY D1 ./)/R at 262O! P$R P.%"(C(4()' at 1OE

$.$$)" &g/mJ )ote

%''R$'%"$ 19I:0600 and ! rice husk ! gravel

C$$)" ( :29: R J20600

P.%"(C(4$R J620 1O in respect to the cement

DRY D 1 R%P(D*/C*P%C" 16I2 06HO in respect to the cement

DRY D 1 )*R%.$/C*P%C" 16I2 06HO in respect to the cement

DRY D 1 .$)"* J620 1O in respect to the cement

+% 100600

'R %lternative use%CC$.$R%)" Cold climate 5@rom 1O to 16:O7

-%"$R

-%"$R +*R "#$ C$$)" 1J;600 ?/c V 06;1M06;J

-%"$R +*R "#$ +.Y %# 1H600 k V 06;0 ?/c


37/47

1


'ec7B (oo8imetB Te8t

%mong the man> possile techniFues o@ measurement o@ the pores9 those o@ mercur> intrusion and

adsorption / desorption o@ gas are the most used techniFues6 "he mercur> porosimetr> is a techniFue

developed > Ritter and Drake in 1I;: that allo?s >ou to measure the size and distriution o@ macroporesand mesopores in porous solids 5see @igure elo?76

i7e:easuring ranges o@ the techniFues o@ mercur> intrusion and @or adsorption / desorption o@ gas6

"he techniFue is ased on the properties o@ mercur> as a non,?etting liFuid ?ith a great variet> o@

solids6 "hanks to this characteristic9 the mercur> penetrates through the open pores o@ a solid sample

under the e@@ect o@ an increasing pressure6 "he radius o@ the pores penetrated is inversel> proportional tothe pressure eerted according to a report proposed > -ashurn

P V 52cos b7/r

-hereas

P V the asolute pressure eertedN r V the radius o@ the poreN V the sur@ace tension o@ the #g

5;Lm)/m7N b V the angle o@ contact 51;16J76

(n ?hich some assumptions are to e taken into consideration

(6 "he sur@ace tension o@ the mercur> and the angle o@ contact ?ith the solid are constant during the

anal>ses 5;L0 d>nes/cm is considered to e the average value7N((6 "he pressure o@ the intrusion must e at the eFuiliriumN

(((6 "he pores are considered c>lindrical in @ormN

(6 "he solid does not de@orm under the e@@ect o@ the pressureN

6 "he angle o@ contact 5determined as 1;16J7 depends on the nature o@ the sample and ma>

there@ore9 e considered onl> as an average value derived @rom measurements made on a large numer o@

samples the values o@ ?hich are et?een 12: and 1:26

(n addition to these approimations9 ?e must also assume that the porous nature o@ the sustances

and the shape o@ the pore remain constant throughout the entire range o@ pressure applied during the

anal>sis6 "he eperimental data @or the calculation o@ the distriution o@ pores as a @unction o@ their radius

?as otained @rom the amount o@ #g penetrated into the pores o@ the sample and the eFuilirium pressureat ?hich the intrusion occurs6

"he anal>sis ?as carried out > means o@ t?o devices o@ the "hermo +innigan called P%C%. 1;0 and

;;06 "heir comined use made it possile to achieve a maimum ?orking pressure eFual to ;00Pa9 ?ith

an accurac> etter than 062O9 providing9 on a @ragment o@ the cement paste sample9 the @reFuenc>

histogram o@ the distriution o@ pore volume in @unction o@ the radius ?ith the @ollo?ing results

peci@ic pore volume9 speci@ic sur@ace area9 average pore radius9 porosit> percentageN Bulk Densit> 5Bulk

Densit>,BD7N apparent densit>6

"he tests o@ mercur> porosimetr> on the a@oresaid elementar> cement pastes highlighted the di@@erent

distriution o@ the radius o@ the pores6 (n particular @or the cement paste sample 0 5% (7 and the cement

paste sample 1 5% ( ! $3P%)($7 the distriution is imodal ?ith a concentration prevailing at the meso,

pores and a more limited densi@ication et?een the macro, and meso, pores6


38/47

1


Cement paste J 5?ith an addition o@ $3P%)($ and +.Y %# to % (7 has a uni,modal distriution ?ith

concentration o@ the pore sizes in the smallest range o@ the mesopores 5@igure 337 that con@irms a greater

homogeneit> o@ the mass and the microstructure ?ith evident increases in mechanical strength6

ercur> Porosimeter o@ @ragments o@ a sample o@ the cement miture ?ith C$ :29: R ! DRY! +l> %sh


39/47


40/47

1


Te8t o ULTRAS!UND S(EED

C*)CR$"$ (3 %$R%'$ P$$D

m/sec

520 da>s7

5Dr> samples7

%$R%'$ P$$D

m/sec

52: da>s7

5aturated samples7

%$R%'$ P$$D

m/sec

52L da>s7

5Dr> samples7

)*"$

% ( ;9K00,;9I00 :9000,:9200 :9000,:92:0 C. (3 0

% ( ! DRY ;9K00,;9I00 :9000,:9200 :9000,:92:0 C. (3 1

% ( ! C ;9H00,;9L00 :9000,:9100 :9000,:9100 C. (3 2

% ( ! DRY!C ;9L00,:9000 :9100,:9J00 :9100,:92:0 C. (3 J

Photo ltrasound "est on 1:1:1: cues


41/47

1


!'(RESS)!N RES)STANE T! RUS+)N* TEST H UN) 12"=0-"

(3 %; J20 kg/mJo@ C$ ( :29: ! 100 kg/mJo@ +% ! K9: kg/mJo@ DRY D1 )$- '$)$R%"(*)

Resistance to compression a@ter 1 da> 5temperature 20C7 JLPa

Resistance to compression a@ter K da>s 5temperature in ?ater 20 C7 :HPaResistance to compression a@ter 1; da>s 5temperature in ?ater 20 C7 HHPa

Resistance to compression a@ter 2L da>s 5temperature in ?ater 20C7 K0Pa

(3 %J J20 kg/mJo@ C$ ( :29: ! 100 kg/mJo@ +%

Resistance to compression a@ter 1 da> 5temperature 20C7 2I Pa

Resistance to compression a@ter K da>s 5temperature in ?ater 20 C7 ;26: Pa

Resistance to compression a@ter 2L da>s 5temperature in ?ater 20C7 H2 Pa

(3 %2 J20 kg/m

J

o@ C$ ( :29: ! K kg/m

J

o@ DRY 5% ( ! DRY7

Resistance to compression a@ter 1 da> 5temperature 20C7 JK Pa

Resistance to compression a@ter K da>s 5temperature in ?ater 20 C7 ;: Pa

Resistance to compression a@ter 2L da>s 5temperature in ?ater 20C7 ;I Pa

(3 %1 J20 kg/mJo@ C$ ( :29: 5% (7

Resistance to compression a@ter 1 da> 5temperature 20C7JJ Pa

Resistance to compression a@ter K da>s 5temperature in ?ater 20 C7 ;1 Pa

Resistance to compression a@ter 2L da>s 5temperature in ?ater 20C7 ;H Pa

"ale

SV)LU((! RES)STEN5E LS A !N6R!NT!

;')- "20 1 em con 9i8tinti 9o8a11i V e D.Bs o@ maturation 5in

?ater7

(3 % (!C 5Pa7 (3 % (! C ! DRY

5Pa7

% ( 5Pa7

: da>s 6.1$

K da>s H6IL

1; da>s @.#1

21 da>s

2L da>s


43/47

1


E(ANS)!N - S+R)NA*E TEST - UN) >1#> H 'etho9

C$ (3 :29: at J20 kg/mJ! DRY 292O ! C 100 kg/mJ

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 1 da> 5temperature o@ 20C and R :0,H0O7 ! H0 micron

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter K da>s 5temperature o@ 20 C and R :0,H0O7 ! 20 micronhrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 1; da>s 5temperature o@ 20 C and R :0,H0O7 0 micron

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 2L da>s 5temperature o@ 20 C and R :0,H0O7 20 micron

C$ (3 :29: at J20 kg/mJ! C 100 kg/mJ

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 1 da> 5temperature o@ 20C and R :0,H0O7 ,K0 micron

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter K da>s 5temperature o@ 20 C and R :0,H0O7 ,1;0 micron

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 1; da>s 5temperature o@ 20 C and R :0,H0O7 ,1I0 micron

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 2L da>s 5temperature o@ 20 C and R :0,H0O7 2;0 micron

C$ (3 :29: at J20 kg/m

J

! C 100 kg/m

J

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 1 da> 5temperature o@ 2:C and R ;0,:0O7 ,K: micron

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter K da>s 5temperature o@ 2: C and R ;0,:0O7 ,1;0 micron

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 1; da>s 5temperature o@ 2: C and R ;0,:0O7 ,1I0 micron

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 2L da>s 5temperature o@ 2: C and R ;0,:0O7 2;0 micron

C$ (3 :29: at J20 kg/mJ! C 100 kg/mJ

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 1 da> 5temperature o@ 20C and R :0,H0O7 ,K0 micron

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter K da>s 5temperature o@ 20 C and R :0,H0O7 ,1J: micron

hrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 1; da>s 5temperature o@ 20 C and R :0,H0O7 ,1:0 micronhrinkage/$pansion )( a@ter 2L da>s 5temperature o@ 20 C and R :0,H0O7 1H: micron


44/47

1


icrographs9 @ine sections

%t 2L da>s


45/47

1


TE+N)AL AND E!N!') ANALYS)S

Cement atching the use o@ the micro,epansive / compacting additives DRY D1 leads to an increase in

the compression strength et?een 10,1:O6 uch an increase ma> impl> that the optimization o@ the (3

D$(')9 at the same compression strength9 could involve a reduction o@ the cement dosage o@ et?een

:,10O6

Cement atching the use o@ the micro,epansive / compacting DRY D1 comined and in s>nerg> ?ith

pozzolanic po?der leads to a @urther increase in compressive strength et?een :,10O6 uch an increase

might impl> that an optimization o@ the (3 D$(')9 @or the same compressive strength9 could result in a

cement dose reduction o@ aout :,KO6

-orkailit> Because o@ its @ineness9 DRY D1 signi@icantl> improves the ?orkailit> and slump o@ the @resh

miture6 "his ?orkailit> @urther improves ?hen comined ?ith @ine pozzolanic po?ders6

Dosage o@ DRY D1 the ne? generation o@ micro,epansive / compacting additives 5controlled volumetric

stailit>7 allo?s @or a reduction o@ up to ;0O o@ DRY D1 to otain a reduction o@ the @inal ?ithdra?al6

Durailit> the lo?er amount o@ ?ater asorption9 the reduced porosit> and the elimination o@ shrinkage

cracks o@ the concrete packaged ?ith DRY D19 increases the durailit> per@ormance6

Chemical resistance the use o@ micro,epansive / compacting additives9 DRY D1 in comination and

s>nerg> ?ith po?ders ?ith pozzolanic activit> lead to an additional increase in chemical resistance6


46/47

1


%ckno?ledgements

"#$ $)"(R$ "%++ *+ C#((C% $D(.$ R.9 $ngineer +6 P*P*)(* and 'eom6 'R** ()P$ P%9 the

"echnicians o@ the .aorator> o@ the Department o@ $arth ciences9 $ng6 %6 P%T()( o@ 'eneral %dmiture9

D$""% P%9 C%(%)* C%.C$"R44( R.9 'eom6 )6 4%CC%R*9

)ormative Re@erences

)"C

)( $) IJ;,2 e )( 12J:0 Plasti@ication %dditives

)( L1;H9 )( L1;K9 )( L1;L e )( $) 1II2,1,1/$urocode 2 ! %ppendi B , D66 1;/01/0L par6 11626106H6

%" C1:K9 CLKL e %C( 22JR )on metallic anti,shrinkage / epansive agents @or cement mitures6

$pansion determination6

)( $) ;:0/200: +l> %sh

)( 1J2HJ,J , %RC%"R% C$

)( $) 12H20, %ggregates and concrete additions

)( $) 20H200H and )( 1110;,200; Concrete ?orkailit> and eposition class

)( 20H,1 Consistenc> class o@ @resh concrete$) 20H,19 )( $) IJ2,J9)( L:20 Concrete aggregates

)( $) 100L -ater Fualit> in concrete

)( $) 1IK,1 Cements @or concrete and additives / added elements classi@ication

)( K12J Concrete the determination o@ the start and @inish times6

)( 12JI0,J "esting hardened concrete Compression resistance o@ the samples

)( $) 1IH,2 , Determination o@ acid,solule chlorides9 tenors in alkali9 *J9 Ca*9 %l2*J content etc6

)( $) 1IH,J tarting time o@ the cement paste

)( $) 1IH,H Determination o@ the @ineness 5Residue o@ I0 micron m76 ieving method6

)( $)10IK,K olumetric mass

)( K0;;,Determination o@ mortar consistenc>6

)( 12JI0,L Determination o@ #20 penetration6

Biliograph>

517 (CR*,P*R*,$CC%)(C% %PP.(C%"% %..XCCE %R(* C*..$P%RD(9 8$%) 8%C*B *'*%#

*.%'*" Politecnico di ilano $)C*

527 %DD("(( $P%)(( $ %)"(R("(R* $)4% C.*RR( $ $)4% +*R%4(*)$ D( $""R()'("$E R*%)*

%))$""( C#((C% $D(.$

5J7 R$C$)"( (.PP* )$. $""*R$ D$'.( %DD("(( P$R C%.C$"R44( %R(* C*..$P%RD( , $)C*

5;7 "$C)*.*'(% D$..% C$)$R$ *.%)"$ (CR* P*44 P+%E '6%6 'eneral %dmitures p% , Rev6 200L

5:7 ( P*= @OA!'N9'!(. R("(R* D$. C%.C$"R44* ]E )6 R( () C*)CR$"* )6II %R4*,%PR(.$

2011 %"$C%P

5H7 "(.(44* D( %DD("(( $P%)(( P$R +R*)"$''(%R$ ( +$)*$)( D( +$R%4(*)$ D% R("(R*"$R(C*E 6 R*$""(9 %6 +$RR%R*9 '6R%)4*9 +6 4$)*)$9 6 4%P%.$""% () C*)CR$"* )6 LL ,

%"$C%P

5K7 C$)$R( *.%)"( D$..=$)$. D( BR()D(( P$R P%($)"%4(*)( "R%D%.( pro@6 arroccoli )(6

B%(.(C%"%

5L7 C%.C$"R44( P$C(%.( C*..$P%RD( $" %."R( %CE

5I7 (. )** C%.C$"R44* 6 C*..$P%RD(9 6 C*..$P%RD(9 R6 "R*.( $D(46 "()"*R$""* 200IE

5107 C*P*R"%$)"* $CC%)(C* D$( %"$R(%.( P6 D%*.(9 %6 B$R)%C*)(9 6 +(.(PP()(9 6 +*.$""(

C'R%-,#(.. 200:E

5117 D$C 6 C*..$P%RD( $)C* R. 2011E

5127 G4 come 666666 4*)% D( "R%)(4(*)$XG9 ario Collepardi

51J7 C%.C$"R44* % R("(R* C*PR$)%"* P$R "R""R$ P$C(%.(E 9 R*B$R"* "R*.(9 $)C* ;K

51;7 46 4hiin >nergistic e@@ect og g* ased epansive agent and shrinkage reducing admiture on

compensating the shrinkage o@ cementitiuos materialsE9 200I


47/47

1


51:7 de= 'ennaro 69 .angella %69 Cappelletti P69 Di Bartolomeo P6 alutazione tecnica di tu@i zeolitizzati

provenienti da depositi dei .azio settentrionale6 16caratterizzazione di ase6 %tti J congresso nazionale

%(%" 1IIH6

51H7 de= 'ennaro 69 .angella % Colellea C9 Pansini 6 $voluzione nell=impiego del tu@o zeolitizzato da

materiale lapideo strutturale a ceramico microporoso multi@unzionale6 .iguori editore51K7 de= 'ennaro 69 +ranco $69 .angella %69 irra P69 orra 6 51IL27 .e phillipsiti dei tu@i gialli del

)apoletano6 Period6 onetal69 2LK,J106

51L7 de= 'ennaro 69 Colella C69 +ranco $69 %iello R6 51ILJ7 (talian zeolites 16 ineralogical and technical

@eatures o@ neapolitan >ello? tu@@6 (ndustrial inerals9 1LH9 ;H,:J6

51I7 de= 'ennaro 69 Colella C69 %iello R69 +ranco $6 51IL;7 (talian zeolites 26 ineralogical and technical

@eatures o@ )eapolitan campanian tu@@6 (ndustrial inerals9 20;9 IK,10I6

5207 de= 'ennaro 69 +ranco $69 Rossi 69 .angella %69 Ronca %6 51ILK7 $pigenetic minerals in the

volcanoclastic deposits @rom central,southern (tal> a contriution to zeolite genesis6 Rend6 %cc6 c6 +is6

at6 in )apoli9 pecial (ssue9 10K,1J16

5217 de= 'ennaro 69 Petrosino P69 Conte 6 "69 unno R69 Colella C6 51II07 4eolite chemistr> and

distriution in a neapolitan >ello? tu@@ deposit6 $ur6 86 ineral6929 KKI,KLH65227 de= 'ennaro 69 .agella %6 51IIH7 (talian zeolitized rocks o@ technological interest6 ineral6 Deposita9

;:1,;K26

52J7 de= 'ennaro 69 (ncoronato %69 astrolorenzo '69 %dao 69 pina '6 51III7 Depositional mechanism

and alteration processes in di@@erent t>pes o@ p>roclastic deposits @rom Campi +legrei volcanic @ield

outhern (tal> 86 olcanol6 'eotermh6 Res6 I19 J0J,J206

52;7 de= 'ennaro 69 Calcaterra D69 Cappelletti P69 .angella %69 orra 6 520007 Building stone and related

?eathering in the architecture o@ the ancient cit> o@ )aples9 8ournal o@ Cultural #eritage9 JII,;1;6

52:7 de= 'ennaro 69 Cappelletti P69 .angella %69 Perrotta %69 carpati C6 520007 'enesis o@ zeolites in the

)eapolitan Yello? "u@@ geological9 volcanological and mineralogical evidence9 pringer,erlag9 1K,J:6

52H7 6 +ernanda Diatz , Disminucion de la Retracion Tuimica con additivo DRY D1 en pasta de cemento

lancoE , Colomia .aoratorio ( \ D %R'* , %nno 2011

Documents

First Report of Research Dry