10/13/2014

1

PERIOD 4: 1800-1848CHAPTERS 11-14

THE UNITED STATES STRUGGLED TO DEFINE AND EXTEND DEMOGRAPHIC IDEALS IN THE FACE OF RAPID, ECONOMIC, TERRITORIAL, AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES

REVOLUTION OF 1800Federalists had controlled the office of the presidency for the first 3 terms.

Continued question on the size/role of the national government

Democratic-Republicans take power from Federalists

See table on next slide

Significance: major philosophical shift in the role of government BUT YET a peaceful transition of power…no shots fired.

POLITICAL PARTIES OF 1800

Federalists Democratic-Republicans

Leaders John AdamsAlexander Hamilton

Thomas JeffersonJames Madison

View of the Constitution

Interpret looselyCreate strong central government

Interpret strictly Create weak central government

Foreign Policy Pro-British Pro-French

Economic Policy

Aid BusinessCreate a national bankSupport high tariffs

Favor AgricultureOppose a national bankOppose tariffs

Chief Supporters

Northern businessownersLarge Landowners

Skilled workersSmall farmersPlantation owners

FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS

“Let us then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things…But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.

Read First Inaugural: look for – commitments, promises, goals, etc. We will measure his success at the end of lecture:

JEFFERSON’S PRESIDENCY• Louisiana Purchase - 1803 (huge internal conflict for Jefferson

as the constitution did not explicitly state that the president had the power to acquire new lands)

• New England threatened secession over the issue

• Corps of Discovery (Lewis, Clark, Sacajawea)

• War with the Barbary Pirates – 1804

• Unlike Washington and Adams before him, Jefferson refuses to pay tribute to prates, creates the US navy, and sends them to the middle east to protect American shipping

• Embargo Act of 1807 – ban on all exported good from US

• Cause: European conflict between F and GB – seizing US ships on their way to each’s opponent

• Effect: Major crash in US economy – one literally built on exports

• A more active Judiciary under John Marshal

Hatian Revolution and L’Ouverture

10/13/2014

2

1846 Lithograph by Currier and Ives, one of three attacks on North African port of Tripoli by Commodore Edward Preble in Aug. 1804. USS Constitution. Granger Collection, New York

MAJOR ISSUES IN AMERICAN HISTORY…WHAT DO THEY HAVE IN COMMON?

DEATH PENALTY

ABOLITION OF SLAVERY

RIGHT TO ABORTION

DESEGRATION OF SCHOOLS

FEDERALLY MANDATED HEALTH CARE

ELECTION THE 43RD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

All decided by the Supreme Court of the United States

GROWING ROLE OF SUPREME COURT

The authority of the Supreme Court was still very vague

In the first years of the Supreme Court (under justices John Jay and 2 others) between 1789 – 1801) dealt mostly with logistics of new legal system and the new system of government under the Constitution.

Only notable early decision led to the ratification of the 11th Amendment, which actually limited the power of the Supreme Court

Until the LANDMARK and arguably most important Supreme Court Case in HISTORY, Marbury vs. Madison

First court met in Independence HallCurrent location in DC not constructed until 1930s – still no audio/video recording allowed in court room

INFLUENCE OF JOHN MARSHALL

• Former leader of the Federalist party in VA

• What will this tell us about his future decisions?• Cousins of Thomas Jefferson (founder of the

Democratic-Republicans)

• Former member of the House of Representatives (VA) and served as Secretary of State for John Adams

• To date, longest serving Chief Justice (4th longest overall)

• Credited with establishing the Judicial Branch as a legitimate, powerful, and equal branch of the US government

• His role in interpreting the Constitution while the government was still in its infancy shaped the American government, power of the states, and politics today

By establishing Judicial Review, Marshall set precedent that the Supreme Court would be the final decision in the interpretation of the Constitution and could/would overrule the other 2 branches at times

10/13/2014

3

OTHER MAJOR MARSHALL COURT DECISIONS

• Treason trial of Aaron Burr (Burr acquitted)

• Shot and killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel• McCulloch vs. Maryland

• Legalized authority of the NATIONAL government over state governments; allowed US to charter Second Bank of US even though not listed as a Constitutional power

• Gibbons vs. Ogden

• Cemented national control over interstate commerce regarding steamships in NY and NJ; cited a national law that conflicted with a NY state law, and deemed national law winner

• Johnson vs. M’Intosh

• Only national government could buy Native American land, not individuals• Worchester vs. Georgia

• More on this later (see Jackson/Indians) • Barron vs. Baltimore

• Bill of Rights only applies to national government (states don’t have to follow it – which emboldened government of the states)

Compare the presidential actions of Thomas Jefferson to his personal ideologies and the goals set forth in his first Inaugural Address. 1. Take a colored pencil, underline thesis and grade it – 0 or 1 (does it

meet all parts of the question)2. Take a colored pencil and underline all of your historical evidence

used – 0, 1, or 2 (grade on quality and placement of evidence)3. Take a colored pencil and underline all of the times you showed

COMPARISON and explained why and how each piece of evidence fits into your essay AND supports your thesis. -0, 1, or 2

US INTEREST IN INCREASING FOREIGN TRADE, EXPANDING ITS NATIONAL BORDERS, AND ISOLATING ITSELF FROM EUROPEAN CONFLICTS SHAPED THE NATION’S FOREIGN POLICY AND SPURRED GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE INITIATIVES

(WAR OF 1812/MARKET REVOLUTION)

KEY CONCEPT 4.3

MADISON, THE ELECTION OF 1808, AND THE WAR OF 1812

ELECTION OF 1808Presidential candidate Party

Home state

Popular vote(a), (b)

Electoral vote(c)

Running mate

Count Pct Vice-presidential candidate

Home state

Elect. vote(c)

James Madison

Democratic-Republican Virginia 124,732 64.7% 122

George Clinton

New York 113

John Langdon

New Hampshire

9

Charles CotesworthPinckney

Federalist South Carolina

62,431 32.4% 47 Rufus King

New York 47

George Clinton

Democratic-Republican New York — — 6

James Madison

Virginia 3

James Monroe

Virginia 3

James Monroe

Democratic-Republican Virginia 4,848 2.5% 0 (none) (n/a) 0

(unpledged electors)

(none) (n/a) 680 0.4% 0 (n/a) (n/a) 0

Total 192,691 100% 175 175

Needed to win 88 88

ELECTION OF 1808

The faithless electors who voted for George Clinton for President were all from New York.

10/13/2014

4

NONINTERCOURSEACT OF 1809Madison repeals Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807

In a bid to end economic slump – allowed America to trade with any and all nations EXCEPT France and/or Great Britain

Napoleon hears this and is upset, so Madison passed a bill already in the works: Macon’S Bill No. 2 which restored trade with France…so now it was just a no-trade issue with Britain. Napoleon didn’t keep his end of the bargain and continued to seize American ships

CONTINUED CLASH BETWEEN WHITES AND NATIVES IN THE FRONTIER

1800-1812 saw various viewpoints by different Native Americans as they faced the realization of a permanent loss of power to whites

Leading up to 1800, more and more natives began to accept assimilation. By 1800, some native chiefs began to call out AGAINST assimilation and call for a revitalization of Native American life.

Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa called for a complete separation from whites and resistance of US federal policies. Said whites were the source of all evil in the world Tecumseh called for attacks on white settlements – while Tecumseh is away, William Henry Harrison leads US troops to destroy Prophetstown in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

REASONS FOR WAR• Honor (Second War of Independence)

• US Sailors Impressed

• Impressment: the act of forcing people to serve in the military or navy.

• American Expansionism

• Annexation of Canada?

• War Hawks: a member of Congress who advocated going to war

• John Calhoun (SC) Henry Clay (KY)

• British Aiding Native Americans

• The British saw the Indian nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms.

Clay and Calhoun These guys are around in our story for a long, long time to come. Get to know them.

MADISON REQUEST A D.O.W.

“Thousands of American citizens, under the safeguard of public law and of their national flag, have been torn from . . . Everything dear to them; have been dragged on board ships of a foreign nation to be exiled to the most distant and deadly climes to risk their lives in battles of their oppressors.”

• June 1812

A DECLARATION OF WARAfter Madison's message, the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49, and the Senate agreed by 19 to 13.

This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation, and the Congressional vote would prove to be the closest vote to formally declare war in American history.

10/13/2014

5

INVASION OF CANADABritish military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders.

BURNING OF WASHINGTON

August 24, 1814, after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg, a British force s occupied Washington, D.C. and set fire to many public buildings.

• The facilities of the U.S. government, including the White House and U.S. Capitol, were largely destroyed.

• British commander's orders to burn only public buildings and strict discipline among the British troops are credited with preserving the city's private buildings.

Proved to be easy with the influx of men following the exile of Napoleon also in 1814.

EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS

Read the following two accounts of the Burning of DC

• Evidence For / Against Chart

“The Burning of Washington was

a pivotal moment in the war of 1812”

Quick write (3-5) Minutes

• Do you feel the events described in the reading are more important symbolically or practically? Why?

BATTLE OF FORT MCHENRY (BALTIMORE) September 1814

Star – Spangled Banner, F. Scott Key

HARTFORD CONVENTION

Just before war ended, some NE states were grumbling about/threatening secession.

A secret meeting of Federalist delegates from CT, RI, MA, NH, and VT, at Hartford, Conn., inspired by Federalist opposition to President James Madison.

• (Dec. 15, 1814–Jan. 5, 1815),Stronger trade relations with GB, end of 3/5 compromise, opposition to the war, and secession.

The signing of the Treaty of Ghent and the meetings secrecy discredited the convention and its work.

• Its unpopularity was a factor in the demise of the Federalist Party.

News of Ghent and New Orleans made the Federalists start to look unpatriotic and continued to weaken their party (which dies soon)

TREATY OF GHENTPeace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

• Signed on December 24th, 1814, in Ghent (modern-day Belgium),

The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum, with no loss of territory either way.

• The term status quo ante bellum is Latin, meaning literally "the state in which things were before the war".

10/13/2014

6

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

The final major battle of the War of 1812.

• Took place on January 8, 1815

American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase.

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

Hostilities continued until late February when official dispatches announcing the peace reached the combatants in Louisiana, finally putting an end to the war.

• The British, a trained army are virtually mauled by American forces hiding behind earthworks and cannons

The Battle of New Orleans is widely regarded as the greatest American land victory of the war.

• Jackson is considered a war hero and is given credit for winning the war.

OUTCOMES OF THE WAR

1. Nationalism – desire to look west and never back East toward Europe

2. Proved strength of America/gained respect for winning 2 wars against British

3. Accepted borders between US and Canada

4. Forced Americans to manufacture their own goods. Americans built factories/business remain after opening to be self sufficient

5. Justified Neutrality

6. Andrew Jackson= War Hero also William Henry Harrison

7. Federalist Party Weakened/ended after news of secession talks leak

8. Without British support, Native Americans had to give up land to Americans for settlement

DOMESTIC OUTCOMES CONT.1. Problems with fighting showed need for greater infrastructure--Madison called for fed support for system of internal improvements (roads and canals) and Congress voted for the money

2. Also saw the need for better equipped army--had used home-made bullets & gifts of clothing in the War of 1812. Congress voted $ for a standing army much larger than the one Jefferson had. Also voted the $ to provision it & built forts in west

3. Most importantly--the war stimulated manufacturing. the trade embargo during the war had meant no importing of manufactured goods, but the war effort needed them—so U.S. manufacturing grew even Jefferson realized this was needed, though he still longed for an agrarian nation

4. To help this trend along, Congress voted for protective tariffs, sold this as a way to raise $ for internal improvements, industry, & the military

5. War was also promoted the creation of a national bank—the 1st one had expired 1811, so in 1816--Congress chartered 2nd National Bank

6. Our leaders thought all this would bind nation together--so they called it "The American System” primarily composed by Henry Clay of KY

7. Nationalism also showed up in the Supreme Court (SC), under chief Justice John Marshall

NATIVE RESPONSE TO THE WAR OF 1812War and treaty were devastating to all eastern Indian nations.

After the war was over, the US negotiated over 200 treaties with various native groups involving the ceding of Indian lands and 99 of the agreements resulted in the creation of reservations west of the Mississippi River.

Native resistance movements spring up to protest these ‘agreements’

Black Hawk War – 1832

Second Seminole War – 1835-42

The Treaty of Ghent agreed protected the natives to the west temporarily as it halted US expansion temporarily (Iroquois’ land was secure for a little longer)

JAMES MONROETHE MOST “FRIENDED” PRESIDENT IN HISTORY…

10/13/2014

7

THE POLITICS OF NATION BUILDING AFTER THE WAR OF 1812Politics a one-party system after 1812

Interest groups no longer take differences into the political arena

Federal executive, legislature largely irrelevant to domestic economy

Supreme Court exerts influence on economy by deciding crucial cases

THE REPUBLICANS IN POWER

Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures after War of 1812

• 1815: establish high tariffs

• 1816: charter a national bank

• federal aid for internal improvementsFederal efforts to stimulate economy falter

• Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts

• Efforts provoke sectional conflict

MONROE’S RESUMEServed with Washington at Trenton

Governor of Virginia

Member of Articles of Confederation Congress

Minister to England, France, and Spain

Secretary of State and War

The last American President of the "Virginia Dynasty"—of the first five men who held that position, four hailed from Virginia.

THE ERA OF GOOD FEELING

National Sense of Purpose• Monroe downplayed partisan

affiliation with the ultimate goal of national unity and eliminating parties altogether from national politics.

• End of the Federalists…

Historians refer to it now with irony or skepticism.

The era was one with a divisive political atmosphere and growing factions within Monroe’s administration and the republican party.

TERM #1“Sale of Florida”

• John Q Adams (Sec of State)

Seminole Wars

• Gave Jackson the lead

Panic of 1819

• Chose to do little…

10/13/2014

8

MISSOURI: THE ISSUES1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave state

Northerners believe South over-represented in House of Representatives

House rejects unless slavery abolished

South wishes to preserve balance between slave states and free states

OH YEAH, THERE IS ANOTHER ELECTION!

PS: He Ran Unopposed

UNITED STATES IN 1820

THE COMPROMISE OF 1820Henry Clay convinced Congress to agree to the Missouri Compromise, which settled the conflict that had arisen from Missouri’s application for statehood. This compromise had three main conditions:

1. Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state.

2. Maine would join the Union as a free state, keeping the number of slave and free states equal.

3.Slavery would be prohibited in any new territories or states formed north of 36 30' latitude—Missouri’s southern border.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820

Source: The National Archives and Records Administration http://www.ourdocuments.gov

MISSOURI COMPROMISESEC. 8. And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the limits of the state, contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever prohibited: Provided always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or service is lawfully claimed, in any state or territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labour or service as aforesaid.

10/13/2014

9

Slave and Free Areas after the Missouri Compromise, 1820

What do you think of the compromise? Fair? Just? Why?

“..the Missouri question aroused and filled me with alarm…I have been among the most sanguine in believing that our Union would be of long duration. I now doubt it much.”

letter to William Short, April 11, 1820

“…like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union.”

letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820

THOMAS JEFFERSON’S OPINION

THE MONROE DOCTRINEEstablished by John Q Adams foreign policy guided by:

• Nationalism, the belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interests of other countries.

• Protecting the new republics of Latin America was in our national interest.

• The US will not permit the following acts by foreign powers:– Interfering with affairs in the Western Hemisphere – Attempts to create new colonies in the Western

Hemisphere – Any move to overthrow newly independent

republics

And will consider these acts “Dangerous to our peace and safety.”

THE CORRUPT BARGAIN

1824 election, no outright majority was attained and the process required resolution in the House of Representative, whose Speaker and candidate in his own right, Henry Clay, gave his support to John Quincy Adams, and was then selected to be his Secretary of State.

THE END OF THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”

There were sharp divisions over how to achieve national greatness

Elite nonpartisan statesmanship would soon give way to a more contentious democratic process

Not such a good feeling: Jackson feels slighted by the recount of JQA in the House…Here Henry Clay, who came in with another ‘compromise’ is seen sewing Jackson’s mouth shut.

THE TROUBLED PRESIDENCY OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS

James Monroe supports John Quincy Adams to succeed him.

Intelligent, keen interest in progress, loyal to nation, not sectional

Nearly loses election of 1824

• Did lose his re-electionA "gentleman" in an age of rising democracy

10/13/2014

10

JQADiplomat

• Potentially one of our best foreign policy minds

President

• Sought to modernize the American economy and promoted education. Adams enacted a part of his agenda and paid off much of the national debt.

• Lack of Congressional Support

Representative

• Staunch advocate of Abolition

• Predicted the Dissolution of the Union

Support, modify or refute: The Monroe Doctrine ushered in a new era of US foreign policy.

ANDREW JACKSONBLOODY DEEDS OF THE COMMON MAN

THE UNITED STATES DEVELOPED THE WORLD’S FIRST MODERN MASS DEMOCRACY AND CELEBRATED A NEW NATIONAL CULTURE, WHILE AMERICANS SOUGHT TO DEFINE THE NATION’S DEMOCRATIC IDEALS AND TO REFORM ITS INSTITUTIONS TO MATCH THEM

KEY CONCEPT 4.1

DEATH OF OUR FOUNDERSOn the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence friends and founders John Adams (90) and Thomas Jefferson (82) both took their last breath.

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were the last surviving members of the original American revolutionaries who had stood up to the British empire and forged a new political system in the former colonies

THE ELECTION OF 1828

Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NY

• He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:

• Northern farmers and artisans.• Southern slave owners.• Farmers with small land holdings.

He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old party:

• Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units.

• Mass meetings, parades, picnics.• A lot of political mudslinging on both

sides.

Final Divorce Decree

10/13/2014

11

ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON “Oh Andy, Oh Andy,

How many men have you hanged in your life?

How many men make a wife?

WHO JACKSON WAS…• Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies,

& special privilege.

• His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”

• Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

PRESIDENT JACKSONFirst western President

First person to serve as a U.S. Representative, Senator, and President.

First nominated at a party convention

Second without a degree

First “Common” Man

The Best Inaugural Party!

• Project Jax

THE SPOILS SYSTEM

To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy

• William Marcy of NY

THE “PEGGY EATON AFFAIR”

Petticoat Affair (1830-31)

• Jackson appointed Eaton as his Secretary of War, hoping to limit the rumors, but the scandal intensified. Jackson felt political opponents, especially those around Calhoun, were feeding the controversy.

• The controversy finally resulted in the resignation of almost all members of the Cabinet over a period of weeks in the spring of 1831.

“I [would] rather have live vermin on my back than the tongue of one of these Washington women on my reputation.”-Martin Van Buren

THE KITCHEN CABINET A term used by political opponents of President of the United States Andrew Jackson to describe the collection of unofficial advisers he consulted in parallel to the United States Cabinet following his purge of the cabinet at the end of the Eaton affair and his break with Vice President John C. Calhoun in 1831

10/13/2014

12

JACKSON V CALHOUN

John C. Calhoun, resigns as VP because of the Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828

• Tariff of AbominationCalhoun becomes a US Senator from South Carolina and defends slavery and state’s rights.

Calhoun threatened secession (leaving the US) if tariff were not lowered.

Calhoun believed in the doctrine of nullification or each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void

WEBSTER V HAYNE DEBATE “A PROXY WAR” ON THE NATURE OF THE NULLIFICATION

Daniel Webster of Massachusetts

Webster attacked the idea that any state could defy laws or leave the Union

Robert Hayne of South Carolina

Hayne argued that the states had the right to nullify federal laws believed to be unconstitutional

Who do you think Andrew Jackson sided with?

JACKSON V CALHOUN

• Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill giving the president authority to take military action in South Carolina

• Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification and disunion were treason

• Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff.

THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS

Henry Clay writes the Compromise of 1833

Tariffs were gradually lowered---25% over 10 years

South Carolina dropped nullification

South lost its dominance to North and West

Jackson preserved the Union

Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority

As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon.

A lot better than when Jackson said he would “crush SC” and any other state that tried to join them.

INDIGENOUS INTERACTIONS

CHEROKEE NATION

10/13/2014

13

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830

The act authorized him to negotiate with the Indians in the South for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River.

While Native American removal was, in theory, supposed to be voluntary, in practice great pressure was put on leaders.

The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, where states were eager to gain access to the lands of the Five Civilized Tribes.

• In particular, Georgia, the largest state at that time, was involved in a contentious jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee nation.

TREATY OF DANCING RABBIT CREEK

Just one mark of “success” in the removal process.

A 22 section treaty.• Section 1: Perpetual

Peace and Friendship• Section 22: A permanent

Choctaw delegate on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives.

RESISTANCE TO REMOVAL: 1831-32Cherokee v. Georgia

-Tribe sued Georgia

-Are Cherokees a foreign nation?

-“Domestic dependent nations”

- Case not heard, no jurisdiction…

Worcester v. Georgia

-Rev. Samuel Worcester

-GA arrested him

-Sued GA, won in Court

-States lack power on res

INDIAN REMOVAL

It Does Happen. We’ll try and revisit it later…

• The Trail of Tears typically refers to the final removal of Cherokee in 1838.

• More than 4,000 Died along the way.

• In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nu na da ul tsun yi—“the Place Where They Cried”.

TRAIL OF TEARS

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallremain/

THE BANK WAR

10/13/2014

14

JACKSON’S VETO & WEBSTER’S RESPONSEAndrew Jackson

• What objection(s) Jackson listed to the Bank

• Why Jackson believed that he had the right to overrule the Supreme Court's declaration that the Bank was constitutional.

• Jackson was in the middle of a presidential election campaign; ask them to what groups Jackson was trying to appeal?

Daniel Webster

• How does Webster answers Jackson's objection(s) to the Bank.

• How does Webster counter Jackson's belief that he could overrule the Supreme Court.

• Webster, while not running for president himself, strongly supported Henry Clay in his campaign against Jackson; to what groups Webster was trying to appeal?

A POLITICAL CARTOON: “KING ANDREW”?

Who is the subject

What is the apparent issue

What are the objects/symbols

What are the labels

What is the message

ELECTION OF 1832

Clay was the unquestioned leader of the National Republicans, but he was vulnerable to Jacksonian allegations that he associated with the upper class.

• At a time when white males without property had the right to vote and wanted someone more like themselves.

He only carries 49 electoral votes

A NEW PARTY : WHIGS!Both the Whigs and Jacksonian Democrats were born out of Jeffersonian Republicanism… But,

The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as "a dangerous man on horseback" with a "reactionary opposition" to the forces of social, economic and moral modernization.

The National Republicans who formed the Whig party, led by Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, and Future President, William Henry Harrison

SPOILER ALERTThe Whigs nominated a war hero in 1840—and emphasized that WHH had given up the high life to live in a log cabin on the frontier. He Won

10/13/2014

15

POSITIONS ON THE KEY ISSUES OF THE EARLY 30S

• Natural Harmony of Society and The Value of Community

• Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos.

• Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical.

• Opposes Indian removal.

• Favored tariffs.

• Supported a National Bank

• Liberty of the Individual and Down with Privilege

• Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” Govt. should have a hands-off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper.

• For Indian removal.

• Oppose tariffs.

• States’ rights.

• Oppose federal support for internal improvements.

• Opposed the National Bank.

WHIGS DEMOCRATS

PAYING OFF THE DEBT

In January 1835, Jackson paid off the entire national debt, the only time in U.S. history that has been accomplished.

President Andrew Jackson nearly eliminated the debt, calling it a "national curse." Jackson railed against borrowing, spending and even banks, for that matter, and he tried to eliminate all federal debt. By January 1, 1835, under Jackson, the debt was just $33,733.

A severe depression from 1837 to 1844 caused a tenfold increase in national debt within its first year.

• Panic of 1837: Under President Martin Van Buren (Jackson’s 2nd VP)

DEBT FACTSThe U.S. national debt on January 1st, 1791 was just $75 million dollars. Today, the U.S. national debt rises by that amount about once an hour.

When World War II ended, the debt equaled 122 percent of GDP (GDP is a measure of the entire economy). In the 1950s and 1960s the economy grew at an average rate of 4.3 percent a year and the debt gradually declined to 38 percent of GDP in 1970.

• Currently about 75%

Since 1938, the national debt has increased at an average annual rate of 8.5 percent.

• The only exceptions to the constant annual increase over the last 62 years were Clinton and Johnson- the national debt still existed under both presidents. During the Clinton Presidency, debt growth was zero during the surplus. Johnson averaged 3 percent growth of debt for the six years he served.

DEBT FACTS

When Ronald Reagan took office, the U.S. national debt was just under $1 trillion. When he left office it was $2.6 trillion. During the eight Regan years, the US moved from being the world's largest international creditor to the largest debtor nation.

The U.S. national debt has more than doubled since the year 2000

• Under President Bush: at the end of calendar year 2000, the debt stood at $5.629 trillion. Eight years later, the federal debt stood at $9.986 trillion.

• Under President Obama: The debt started at $9.986 trillion and escalated to $13.7 trillion, a 38 percent increase over two years.

THE SIMPLE…

THE $20

Does Andrew Jackson deserve to be on the $20 bill?

10/13/2014

16

Writing homework: Some historians argue that the election of Andrew Jackson marked a turning point in American democracy. Support, modify, or refute this contention using historical evidence.

(Due 10/17)1 point for thesis2 points for historical evidence2 points for demonstration of skill…what skill is it??!!