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FIRE REGULATIONS
(NL, EU)
note: not included in the reader
Lecture CIE 5131: Fire safety design
Dr.ir. IJ.J.van Straalen (TNO) [email protected]
Ir. A. Breunese (Efectis) [email protected]
2 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Legislation for fire safety
Relevant documents (NL)
Woningwet / Housing Act (1920)
Bouwbesluit*) / Building Decree (2012)
NEN / EN documents
National recommendations of practice (NPR) guidelines
*) Including Regeling Bouwbesluit 2012
3 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Bouwbesluit types of rules (1)
Fire ignition
Escaping and escape routes
Smoke production and spread
Fire spread and controllability
Resistance to fire
4 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Bouwbesluit types of rules (2)
Prevention of ignition
Choice in materials
Maintenance
Escape
Escape routes
Information and training
Smoke production and spread
Smoke compartments
Fire spread and controllability
Sprinklers
Automatic fire alarm
Fire compartments
Fire ventilation
Resistance to fire: progressive collapse
5 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Performance requirements
Principles
Each requirement specifies
Subject / Part
Function
Acceptable value(s)
Method to determine the value
Example:
In order to limit the reaction to fire, a structural part shall be at least of fire reaction class 4, to be determined using NEN 6065.
All rules are
Unambigious
Quantifiable
6 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Requirements depend on
Condition of the structure
new structure
existing structure
Function
dwelling
hospital
office
shop
(12 x!)
7 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Fire ignition and reaction to fire
Systematic requirements
Basis: material behaviour
Properties: Non-combustibility ( NEN 6064) Reaction to fire
Walls and ceilings ( NEN 6065)
Floors ( NEN 1775) Other parts such as roofs and chimneys
8 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Euroclasses (EN 13501-1)
Classification aspects
Burning behaviour: heat release (not for Horizontal Flame Spread test & Small Flame test), flame spread
Smoke production: optical density (SBI & Horizontal Flame Spread test only)
Flaming droplets: visual observations (SBI & Small Flame test only)
9 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Euro Class system overview
Note: For floor coverings (fl), SBI is replaced by Radiant Floor Panel
Class Test methods Classification aspects
A1 EN 1716: Calorific value and
EN 1182: Non-combustibility
Burning behaviour
A2 EN 1716: Calorific value or
EN 1182: Non-combustibility
Burning behaviour
and EN 13823: SBI Smoke production
B/C/D EN 13823: SBI and
EN ISO 11925: small flame
Burning behaviour
Smoke production
Flaming droplets
E EN ISO 11925: small flame Burning behaviour Flaming droplets
F None None
10 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Euro Class System
Number of classes
aspect walls & ceilings floors
main classes
burning behaviour
7 7
smoke 3 2
number of
tests sub classes
droplets 3 -
Euro Class System leads to a large number of
reaction-to-fire classes in order to reduce need for tests, the so called Classification Without Further Testing (= CWFT)* option is introduced in EU regulations.
* Also referred to as Deemed to Satisfy option
11 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Smoke production systematic requirements
Basis: material properties
Requirements:
Specific optic density ( NEN 6066)
Class reaction to fire ( NEN 6065)
12 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Smoke production requirements for new structures
Basic requirement: Dspec < 10 m-1
Escape routes:
Dspec < 5,4 m-1, in case of class 1 NEN 6065
Dspec < 2,2 m-1, in case of class 2 NEN 6065
Note: requirements are for the inside of walls, ceilings etc.
ID
I 010
logwith:
- I0 is light intensity without smoke
- I is light intensity with smoke Dspec
V
ALD
13 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Fire spread and controllability
Systematic requirements
Basis: structural behaviour
Properties:
Resistance against fire spread inside the building Weerstand tegen branddoorslag (WBD) Resistance against fire spread via facades Weerstand tegen brandoverslag (WBO)
WBDBO NEN 6068
14 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Branddoorslag en Brandoverslag
Explanation
Fire extension A B,C:
- inside the building
(branddoorslag)
- via facade (brandoverslag)
A
B
C
15 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
WBDBO Definitions
WBD: (fire resistance) ( NEN 6069, -- 71 t/m 73)
WBO: time after which radiation level > 15 kW/m2 ( NEN 6068)
WBDBO: min (WBD, WBO)
Fire compartment: maximum fire extension area within x min.
16 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Fire spread via facade - assessment
Verification procedure:
- determine the most irradiated location for each
window opening.
- verify: radiation level < 15 kW/m2
(zie NEN 6068)
Support tools:
- NPR (tables)
- software (BRANDO e.a.)
17 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Fire spread quantified requirements
Range WBDBO: (20), 30 of 60 minutes, i.e.:
between fire compartments: 60 min.*)
between fire compartments and shaft: 60 min.
...
Refer to document no. 7 ...
Max. floor area fire compartment
Usually: 1000 m2
Hotel: 500 m2
*) In case of buildings with a height < 5 m: 30 min.
18 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Fire spread spiegelsymmetrie
Country-specific
Netherlands:
19 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Resistance to fire Type of requirements
Basis: structural behaviour
Properties: structural failure in case of fire exposure
concrete structures*) ( EN 1992-1-2 and NEN 6071)
steel structures*) ( EN 1993-1-2 and NEN 6072)
steel-concrete structures*)( EN 1994-1-2)
timber structures*) ( EN 1995-1-2 NEN 6073)
masonry structures*) ( EN 1996-1-2)
aluminium structures*) ( EN 1999-1-2)
other structures**) ( NEN 6069) *) assessment via calculations
**) assessment via experiments (component approach & standard
temperature-time curve)
20 CT5131 Fire Safety Design
Resistance to fire quantified requirements
Escape routes: 30 min.
Resistance of main load bearing structure:
dwellings
red: reduction of 30 min. in case
the permanent fire density < 500
MJ/m2
other buildings
no sleeping
other buildings
sleeping
no sleeping: office
school
shop
sleeping: hospital
hotel
prison
21 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Resistance to fire: main load bearing
structure
main load bearing structure: parts of
the structure whose collapse may
result in progressive collapse
22 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Resistance to fire: main load bearing
structure (1)
Blue bracings are part of the
main load bearing structure
Blue bracings are not part of the
main load bearing structure
23 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Resistance to fire: main load bearing
structure (2)
Columns: main load bearing structure*)
120 min
Floors: ?
60 or 120 min
*) except for columns at the upper floor
13 m
WBDBO
24 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Resistance to fire - summary
Types of requirements:
fire spread
structural failure
Point of departure Dutch regulations: Standaardbrand
Levels: (20), 30, 60, 90, 120 min
Differentiated approach FSE
(ref.: Part 11)
25 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Escape and escape possibilities types of requirements
Basis: human behaviour
Point of departure: ability to manage for oneself
Properties:
number, types and lay-out of escape routes
dimensions and lay-out of smoke compartments
capacity of staircases
...
26 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Escape and escape possibilities -
Quantified requirements
Basic requirements
maximum walking distance through smoke: 30 m
escape time of an entire building: within 15 min
escaping in two directions min.
27 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Principle of equivalence (Gelijkwaardigheidsbeginsel)
Principle: It is allowed to deviate from the performance requirements, provided that alternative measures are taken that result in an
equivalent safety level
Motivation: flexibility
Burden of proof: project developer / owner
Decision: municipality (Bouw-& Woningtoezicht) input from fire brigade
Examples: FSE (Chapter 12)
28 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
European regulations
Aim and lay-out of the regulations
Aim: remove obstructions for trading building products within EU
Basis: Recommendations of practice and for building products: EN docs.
29 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
EU versus old Dutch regulations
Fire testing
reaction-to-fire Euro classes deviate from current Dutch classes
resistance-to-fire Fire resistance classes similar to Dutch classes
Calculation standards resistance-to-fire loads
concrete Eurocodes - similar to Dutch classes
30 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Eurocodes Fire - overview
EC (= EN 1990): Principles & combination of actions
EC1-1.2 (= EN1991-1.2): Actions NEN 6702
EC2-1.2 (= EN1992-1-2): Concrete NEN 6071
EC3-1.2 (= EN1993-1-2): Steel NEN 6072
EC4-1.2 (= EN1994-1-2): Composite
EC5-1.2 (= EN1995-1-2): Timber NEN 6073
EC6-1.2 (= EN1996-1-2): Masonry
EC9-1.2 (= EN1999-1-2): Aluminium
31 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design
Eurocodes Fire Levels
Tabulated data*)**)
Simple calculation models**)
Advanced calculation models***)
*) not for steel and aluminium (EC3, EC9)
**) based on standard fire
***) FSE; not for masonry (EC6)
Note: NL approach:
- only components
- only standard fire