Fire protection guide for electrical installations · 2 days ago · In the second edition of this fire protection guide, we have again compiled lots of useful information. The in-terconnections

Fire protection guidefor electrical installations

Building Connections

In the second edition of this fire protection guide, wehave again compiled lots of useful information. The in-terconnections of fire protection between differenttypes of technical building equipment are now ex-plained in even more detail. Perhaps you will findsome new information in this edition which can helpyou in the planning and implementation of fire protec-tion systems. B

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Table of contents

1 7General introduction1.1 12Construction law1.2 18The four pillars of fire protection1.3 26Construction products1.4 32Fire protection concepts2 36Maintenance of the fire sections – protection aim 12.1 36Components closing rooms – firewalls2.2 36Requirements for cable penetrations - insulation2.3 39Proofs of usability2.4 42Construction types of cable and combination insulation2.5 52Applications and special applications2.6 60Selection aid and OBO Construct BSS2.7 62Building in old buildings2.8 65Cable bandages3 75Protection of escape routes – protection aim 23.1 75What is an escape and rescue route?3.2 78Installations in lightweight partitions3.3 80Installation in false ceilings3.4 91Installations in underfloor systems3.5 93Shielding with plate material3.6 94Cable routing in fire protection ducts4 104Maintaining the electrical supply for safety-relevant electrical systems − protection aim 3 4.1 104Where is the maintenance of electrical functionality required?4.2 105Tasks of maintaining electrical functionality4.3 106Cable systems with integrated maintenance of electrical functionality4.4 113Systems with maintenance of electrical functionality with fire protection ducts4.5 115Systems with maintenance of electrical functionality with cable support systems4.6 130Special features of vertical routing4.7 134Exceptions to maintaining electrical functionality4.8 136Limits of maintaining electrical functionality5 140Anchorings5.1 141Fastening principles5.2 142Fastening substrates5.3 147Types of anchors5.4 150Fastening on steel structures5.5 151Fastenings on wooden components6 156Fire protection from OBO Bettermann6.1 156A short trip through the history of "BSS"6.2 158Engineering and support6.3 159Seminars7 161Imprint7.1 162About the author7.2 165Sources

Fire protection guide for electrical installationsTable of contents

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Table of contents

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1 7General introduction1.1 12Construction law1.1.1 14Construction law protection aims1.1.2 14Building classes (using the example of Germany)1.2 18The four pillars of fire protection1.2.1 18Construction fire protection1.2.2 20System fire protection1.2.3 24A company's organisational fire protection1.2.4 24Combative fire protection1.3 26Construction products1.3.1 26European Construction Parts Regulation1.3.2 28Tests, approvals and standards1.4 32Fire protection concepts1.4.1 32Planning and contents1.4.2 32Handling deviations and compensations

Chapter 1: General introduction

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Chapter 1 | General introduction

"It is the people who don'tknow how to play with (fire)

who get burned..."

Oscar Wilde

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1 General introductionFor years, the requirements for building safety haveincreased continuously. In this context, the sensitivitytowards necessary fire protection in buildings is alsogrowing.

However, professional fire protection is challengingand multi-faceted. Nowadays, fire protection presentsmany planners and installation engineers of buildingequipment with almost insurmountable obstacles. In-stallations run like networks through the complexbuilding structures and the art of the planner is to har-monise the various networks, such as supply and dis-posal, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, withthe electrical installation.

When the fire protection design has been completed,the appropriate systems and components are in-stalled. The installation engineer is required here. Andit is here where there are requirements which cannotbe implemented without further work.

After planning and correct implementation, the fireprotection building alignment must finally be ap-proved. All the installations must be executed accord-

ing to regulations and the appropriate fire protectionproofs must be available. The requirements are thusappropriately high and require comprehensive knowl-edge of fire creation, fire behaviour and fire avoidanceas well as the range of options to limit or prevent thespread of fire.

How does a fire occur?Often, it is just carelessness – a forgotten candle, anunextinguished cigarette – or a technical defect,which triggers a catastrophe. Often, it only takes amoment for a flame to become a fire, from the firstglow to a huge inferno.

A fire requires three basic conditions:

• A combustible substance• Oxygen• An ignition source

A damaging fire can only develop with a particularmixing ratio and a (not always necessary) catalyst.

With the correct proportion

Oxygen

Heat

Combustible substance

A fire requires three basic conditions

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2% explosion

0.3% lightning strike

33% electricity

21% miscellaneous andunknown items

17% human error

9% overheating

9% arson

4% naked flame

3% work with risk of fire

2% self-ignition

Causes of fire

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Fire statisticsIn Germany alone, around 200,000 fires each yearcause damage running to billions of euros. Every year,around 600 people die as a result of fire and 60,000are injured, of whom 10% are seriously injured. The ta-bles below show the number of fires and fire deathseach year in the countries evaluated by CTIF (Interna-tional Association of Fire and Rescue Services) [1] in2014.

At 33%, electricity is the no. 1 cause of fire. On theone hand, the electrical current is a potential sourceof ignition. On the other, the materials used to routeand fasten electrical installations and cable insulationare usually combustible. For this reason, electrical in-stallations require special consideration for fire protec-tion.

The catastrophic impact of the highly toxic and ag-gressive fire gases are often underestimated. Esti-mates suggest that around 95% of fire victims die notdue to the immediate effects of the fire, but of poison-ing from the smoke. Immense property damage is al-so incurred through the corrosive effects of the gasescreated during a fire. They may cause lasting damageto the structure of a building.

No. Total number of fires per year Number of countries States

1 800,000 – 1,500,000 1 United States

2 100,000 - 600,000 13UK, France, Germany, Russia, Poland, China, India, Brazil, Italy,Mexico, Australia, Argentina, Pakistan

3 20,000 – 100,000 21Japan, Indonesia, Turkey, Canada, South Africa, Malaysia,Netherlands, Ukraine, Spain, Iran and others

4 10,000 – 20,000 20Thailand, Algeria, Uzbekistan, Romania, Kazakhstan, Cuba,Czech Republic, Belgium, Serbia, Denmark, Finland and others

5 5,000 – 10,000 15Iraq, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Slovakia, Georgia, Singapore, Croatia,Philippines and others

6 < 5,000 150 These countries usually have less than 5,000 fires per year

Total 220 Table 1: Number of fires per year in 2010 - 2014

No. Total number offires per year

Number ofcountries States

1 10,000 – 25,000 3 India, Russia, Pakistan

2 1,000 – 10,000 5 USA, China, South Africa, Ukraine, Japan

3 200 – 1,000 20UK, Germany, Indonesia, Belarus, Brazil, Mexico, Turkey, Iran, South Korea, Spain,Poland, Canada, Uzbekistan, Romania, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Latvia and others

4 100 – 200 11 Australia, Sri Lanka, Czech Republic, Hungary, Sweden, Bulgaria, Moldova and others

5 < 100 180 These countries usually have less than 100 fire deaths per year

Total 220 Table 2: Number of fire deaths per year in 2010 – 2014

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Approximately 95% of alldeaths during fires are

caused by smoke poisoning!

Impacts of fireRapid spread of the fireIf a fire starts, then it may get out of control veryquickly. In a moment, the flames consume all com-bustible materials, temperatures rise and the firespreads in an explosive manner. Therefore, for firebrigades, besides actually fighting the existing flames,the main task is to prevent further spreading of the fireto neighbouring buildings or building sections, in or-der to limit the damage.

Construction components such as firewalls, fire-resis-tant ceilings, fire doors, cable insulation and othermeasures for preventive fire protection can help toprevent the expansion of a fire or at least slow itdown.

Heavy smoke developmentThe development of smoke and soot are an often un-derestimated source of danger. Depending on whichmaterials catch fire, the combustion process willcause, amongst other things, the forming of the toxicgases:

• Carbon monoxide• Carbon dioxide• Sulphur dioxide• Water vapour and soot

Heavy smoke development in a burning building is notjust a risk to the lives and well-being of those affected.The smoke also makes firefighting more difficult, be-cause the fire brigade has difficulty in localising thesource of the fire. The aim of preventive fire protectionmust therefore also be to limit smoke development tothe area immediately affected.

Electrical installations contain cables with different in-sulating materials, which burn with smoke develop-ment of different strengths.

In Germany, 95% of all cable insulation in building in-stallations is made from PVC. Alternatives, such ashalogen-free insulation materials, have not been re-quired by construction law in Germany. By contrast, inLuxembourg, for example, halogen-free cables are re-quired for public buildings.

1 kg of PVCApprox. 360litres of hy-

drochloric gas

Diluted hy-drochloric

acid

Fire Extinguishing water

Formation of corrosion fire gases

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Smokevolumein m3/h

Heating oil/-foam rubber

Foam Petroleum Hard fibreplate

Cellulose pa-per

Polypropy-lene

Fibre-glassreinforced

plastic

Hard PVC

Smoke and fire gases when using 10 kg of material

Corrosive fire gasesThe subsequent damage from fires, and particularlyfrom cable fires, can be very serious. For example, ifthe PVC cable insulation burns, this creates chlorinegas, which, together with the extinguishing water, cre-ates aggressive hydrochloric acid. This acid enters theconcrete, attacks steel reinforcements, and thus dam-ages the building structure, sometimes to a great ex-tent. Often, such subsequent damage considerably ex-ceeds the actual fire damage.

Corrosive fire gas products:

• Hydrochloric acid• Cyanide• Sulphur dioxide• Carbon dioxide• Ammoniac• Carbon monoxide• Soot

1 kg of PVC will fill a volume of500 m³ with thick, black smoke.

1 kg of PVC corresponds to13 m of a PVC-insulated cable of

type NYM 3 x 1.5 mm².

Fire damage through corrosive gases

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Historic city fire: London 1666

1.1 Construction lawThe catastrophic city fires of the Middle Ages ensuredearly on that people began to think about the way theybuilt their cities. The closeness of the buildings slowlydisappeared and so-called town planning laws wereintroduced.

Even today, these laws define the distances betweenbuildings, in order to prevent direct spreading of fires.For this reason, only non-combustible materials maynow be used for the basic structure of buildings androofs.

Building regulationsIn Germany, the model building regulations MBO [2]serve as a basis for the erection of structures and theuse of construction products. The state constructionregulations in the individual German federal stateswere created according to the model building regula-tions, as construction law is the responsibility of thestates.

Construction law – state law – European law?The version of the construction laws and the appropri-ate ordinances vary between the federal states of Ger-many. This means that there may be differences fromstate to state. The master cable installation guidelinesare also affected: The states have the right to includechanges or to apply the suggestion exactly. Therefore,during planning, observe both the location of the con-struction project and the valid regulations.

Currently, there is no construction law for the whole ofEurope. National regulations must be observed. In re-cent years, the harmonisation of construction productsaccording to the European Construction Products Or-dinance has increasingly led to free trading of ap-proved construction products in the European Union.

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General requirementsConstruction regulations place basic requirements ona construction system. According to them, a construc-tion project is to be "arranged, erected, modified andmaintained in such a way that public safety and order,and in particular life, health and natural requirementsfor life, are not endangered".[2] This means people,animals and property and their surroundings. Depend-ing on the area concerned, the responsibilities lay withthe planner, craftsman and operator.

Fire protection in the construction regulationsThe first fire protection requirements are, for example,defined in §14 of the German MBO. The building musthave been erected as already described in the gener-al requirements, in order to "prevent the creation offires and the spread of fire and smoke, and allow therescue of people and animals as well as effective ex-tinguishing measures".[2] This sets three importantprotection aims.

Guidelines for electrical installationsBesides the basic national requirements from con-struction law, there are also the electrical require-ments. These are specified by, for example, VDE,ÖVE, KEMA-KEUR and others. However, with regardto fire protection, only the technical systems are de-scribed here. Additional construction regulations spec-ify which construction measures must be applied. InGermany, the master cable installation guideline(MLAR) [3] was introduced as a technical constructionregulation to the applicable construction law of theGerman federal states.

This directive specifies the requirements for installa-tions in a building. It applies to electrical, sanitary andheating cable systems, but not to ventilation systems.The MLAR applies to installations in emergencyroutes, cable routing through separating walls andceilings as well as to systems with electrical integrityin the event of a fire.

Thus, the protection aims according to the construc-tion regulations are implemented in practice. Thereare similar regulations or directives in other Europeancountries, which are dedicated to the topic of fire pro-tection in buildings. In Austria, the cable systems' di-rective dealing solely with the electrical installation iscalled ÖVE ÖNORM E 8002 [4].

Schematic drawing of the increasing requirements for fire protection measures, depending on the building type and size

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1.1.1 Construction law protection aimsMeasures are be taken in buildings with a lot of peo-ple, so that, in the event of a fire, no-one is injured byfire and smoke. The opportunity for a safe, quick exitmust exist. During emergencies, it is people who arenon-local who have great difficulty in correctly estimat-ing the risks and leaving the building using the mostdirect route. Therefore, three steps are essential forthe effective fire protection in a building:

First protection aimLimit the spread of the fire

Second protection aimProtect escape and rescue routes

Third protection aimMaintain the electrical function − importantelectrical systems must continue to operate

Protection of property and the environmentThe protection of property includes not only the pro-tection of the building or the system, but also the pro-tection of cultural goods and irreplaceable data. Withregard to environmental protection, the German MBOprescribes this special protection aim: It states that"Public safety and order as well as life, health and thenatural basics of life (may) not be endangered".

When implementing fire protection measures, environ-mental protection must also be observed. A systemmust be designed in such a way that, even in theevent of a fire, neither people nor nature are endan-gered unnecessarily. In the industrial sector, it is alsoof course mandatory to implement the constructionfire protection requirements. Also, in most cases, suchsystems require a fire protection concept, withoutwhich the system cannot be approved.

Besides the aspect of safety for those people workingin the plant, the operator must also focus on the pro-tection of their machines, products and warehouse fa-cilities. These points are also of importance in termsof power generation. Protection of the usually veryhigh investments in plant equipment is the main argu-ment for a fire protection concept.

1.1.2 Building classes (using the example of Ger-many)Not every building is subject to the high fire protectionrequirements. Therefore, in Germany the MBO makesa distinction between various building classes, whicheach have different fire protection requirements.Classes 1 to 3 mostly contain smaller buildings, inwhich usually few people are to be found.

Higher buildings below the tower block limit of 22 me-tres are to be found in classes 4 & 5. In buildings reg-ulated according to classes 1 to 5, a single structurerescue route is sufficient, e.g. a stairwell. In thesebuildings, rooms in upper storeys can be reached bythe local fire brigade using portable ladders.

For higher buildings above 22 m (upper edge of thefloor of the top room), aerial rescue vehicles, e.g. ro-tary ladders, are required. Not every municipality pos-sesses an appropriately equipped fire brigade, asthese special vehicles are very expensive to buy. Thisis why these municipalities very infrequently have tow-er blocks.

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Buildings which exceed the towerblock limit or are special structures

must possess at least two struc-turally independent rescue routes.

Different objectives: Protecting people or property

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Special structuresThe requirements increase with larger constructionprojects. The requirements for special structures suchas industrial buildings, tower blocks or meeting placesare regulated by special specifications. It is possiblethat a building complex may be divided into varioussections, the fire protection of which is viewed andevaluated in different ways according to the type ofuse. If there are no special regulations for a building,the minimum requirements of the state building regu-lations apply.

To be able to classify a special construction, at leastone of the following "facts" must be fulfilled accordingto the Model Building Regulations:• Exceeding a certain floor area• Exceeding specified building heights• High number of people usually located in the build-

ing• Special use• Processing and storage of hazardous substances

Examples could be the following special structures:Tower blocks, shopping centres, schools, stadia, hos-pitals. Some of these special structures have specialtechnical construction regulations and ordinances,e.g. meeting place ordinance, tower block directive,hospital construction ordinance and so on. Thesebuilding types are termed "regulated" special struc-tures. Alongside these are so-called "unregulated"special structures, for which there are no special regu-lations. However, here the general rules of technologyapply, along with the minimum requirements of thestate's laws.

Classification of the building classes according to the Model Building Regulations (Germany)

a BC1 b BC2 BC3 BC4 BC5

Free-standing buildingsUFE < 7 m use units ∑

UU < 400 m2

Free-standing build-ings, used for agricul-

ture and forestry

Non-free-standing build-ings UFE < 7 m use

units ∑ UU < 400 m2

Other buildings with anUFE < 7 m

UFE < 13 m use unitwith < 400 m2

Other buildings, withthe exception of specialbuildings, UFE < 22 m

Fire brigade deployment with scaling ladder possible Fire brigade deployment with rotary ladderpossible

UFE: Upper floor edge of the highest storeyUU: Use units, BC: Building classes

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1.2 The four pillars of fire protectionGeneral fire protection consists of four main pillars: Inthe field of general fire protection, the construction,systems and organisational fire protection as well ascombative fire protection as the fourth pillar. This divi-sion means that the different areas and their aims canbe defined more accurately.

1.2.1 Construction fire protectionThere are different requirements, depending on theway a building is used. On the construction side, firesections are formed, fire-resistant components de-fined or the position and length of escape routesspecified. The basis for this is the construction regula-

tions and special construction ordinances of the Ger-man states. These specify the minimum requirementsfor the building according to its use. Besides the con-struction law requirements for the stability and trafficsafety of a building or construction site, there are alsoadditional requirements. Thus, it is surely in the inter-est of systems operators that the safety and availabili-ty of the building are at the forefront. This is also inthe interests of the insurance companies: The moremeasures are implemented with regard to safe use,the lower the costs of the risk coverage conditions of-ten are.

The formation of fire sections through firewalls or components with fire resistance

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Con

stru

ctio

n fir

e pr

otec

tion

Sys

tem

fire

pro

tect

ion

Com

pany

-org

anis

ed fi

re p

rote

ctio

n

Com

bativ

e fir

e pr

otec

tion

Four pillars of fire protection

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Fire alarm control panel

Siren

Smoke detector

Hand-held fire alarm

Fire brigade displaypanel/control panel

Remote access (mainte-nance)

Fire brigade control of-fice

Printer

Schematic diagram of a modern fire alarm system

1.2.2 System fire protectionThe use of special systems minimises fire risks, pro-tects emergency and escape routes and maintainselectrical functionality. These systems, e.g. sprinkler,fire alarm or safety lighting systems, are either re-quired by construction law or are installed for privateinterests. The risk evaluation and risk analysis of asystem can lead to the construction authorities to re-quire the erection of an all-covering fire protection sys-tem before an approval is issued. These systemsmust match the operative risks: The triggering ele-ments should be selected according to the risk to beexpected. If smoke development is to be expected,then the characteristic value for the fire alarm is"smoke". Additional trigger characteristics such asflames or aerosols are also available.

Fire alarm systemsNetworked fire alarm systems, which must function for30 minutes according to construction law, can beachieved using different technologies, e.g. as a ring-bus system. However, they all share the fact that addi-tional technical systems are controlled via the alarmsystems and can be run in a state which does notpose a risk to people. These include fire controllersfor lifts, voice alarm systems and the triggering of ex-tinguishing systems.

Fire alarm systems normally consist of the followingcomponents:• Fire alarm control panel as a higher-level computer• Sensors such as manual fire alarms, smoke detec-

tors, temperature monitors• Alarm encoders, flashing lights and siren• Fire brigade equipment such as fire brigade display

panel and control panel

Fire alarm systems required by construction law mustbe connected to the command centres of the local firebrigades. The systems may only be erected by certi-fied installation companies.

Safety lighting systemsThese systems should ensure that, if there is a fire,people can leave a room and the building safely viaescape and rescue routes. Rescue symbol luminaireswith green and white pictograms also help here, whichshow stylised people and an arrow in the escape di-rection.

The rescue routes must have sufficient light condi-tions, so that possible obstacles in the escape routecan be detected in good time and do not represent adanger to evacuation.

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Extinguishing systemsNot only the fire alarm system, as a detector and trig-ger unit, but also the technical extinguishing systemsrepresent a very large part of preventive fire protec-tion. The risk analysis means that various systems areused according to the combustible substances. Thecombustible substances in the appropriate buildingdetermine the type of the extinguishing agent and thusthe design of the extinguishing system.

Thus, a distinction is made between water extinguish-ing systems, such as sprinkler and spray mist sys-tems, foam extinguishing systems and gas extinguish-ing systems. Gas extinguishing systems are oftenused for electrical systems, as the danger posed by -electrical current, together with the conductivity of theextinguishing water, is considerable to those involvedand also to the rescue services.

However, not only extinguishing systems have an ef-fect as a "major" solution. Even wall hydrants andhand fire extinguishers, which are mandatory in con-struction systems, can be used by employees and firebrigades for (timely) fighting of fires in the earlystages.

Fire protection wallsIn the field of construction, a lot of emphasis is placedon the use of non-combustible substances and com-ponents. In addition, when arranging systems, fire sec-tions with reasonable dimensions must be ensured,depending on the appropriate risk. Spatial separationthrough construction measures represents a very ef-fective step toward the prevention of the spread offires to other areas of buildings and systems.

In production companies and in logistics, for example,roller conveyors for goods that run through fire protec-tion walls are also given a closure which closes auto-matically in the event of a fire. This ensures that thefire resistance class of the penetrated component re-mains intact.

If structural separation is no longer possible, othermeasures can be used. For example, installations canbe safely shielded with plate material or routed in fireprotection ducts. Coatings can be applied to supportsand can form an insulation layer in the event of a fire.Thus, it is possible to increase the fire resistance ca-pacity of these components.

Roller shutters with fire resistance class as fire protection closure

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Triggering of a sprinkler head when a nominal temperature of 68 °C is exceeded on the glass vial

57 °COrange

68 °CRed

79 °CYellow

93 °CGreen

141 °CBlue

182 °CPurple

Different trigger temperatures of glass vials on the sprinkler headBS

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1.2.3 A company's organisational fire protectionThis area includes the known escape route plans, fireprotection ordinances or behaviour instructions forpeople in case of fire. This is to ensure that controlledprocedures are carried out should a fire occur, in or-der to minimise the risk to personnel and visitors, whoknow little about the building. The creation of a com-pany or plant fire brigade is also a part of the organi-sational measures. The tasks are of course part ofcombative fire protection.

The installation of fire guards can be necessary ifmaintenance work is carried out on fire protectionequipment. A further reason for these could be workposing a fire risk, e.g. welding steel in areas with anincreased fire load. This measure, too, belongs to thefield of organisational fire protection.

1.2.4 Combative fire protectionThe creation, organisation and maintenance of a firebrigade is part of the field of preventive fire protection.All the vehicles and devices, and also the functionsand deployment tactics of the personnel employed,are specified.

The tasks are primarily firefighting and technical assis-tance. The fire brigades can be public or private. Eachmunicipality is obliged to maintain a fire brigade. Com-panies may have company or plant fire brigades. Th-ese usually carry out preventive fire protection withincompanies.

All four pillars of fire protection must achieve the setprotection aims within a specific framework. This canbe done in various ways. However, 100% safety can-not be achieved, not least because all the fire protec-tion measures must also be economically viable.

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1.3 Construction productsConstruction products consist of substances whichmust be suitable for long-term use in buildings. Con-struction types are also created from constructionproducts. Construction types assume an activity forerection. The phrase "construction kits" is used in-creasingly in Europe. These construction kits, whichmust consist of at least two construction products, arealso permanently installed in buildings and, like con-struction types, must be continuously suitable.

1.3.1 European Construction Parts RegulationThe Construction Parts Regulation (CPR) [5] took ef-fect in the whole of Europe on 1 July 2013 as a di-rectly valid law. It replaced the Construction PartsDirective (CPD). The ordinance specified the tradingand putting into circulation of construction products inthe European Union and specified the rights and obli-gations of the affected actors.

Basic requirements for construction productsThe regulations specify key characteristics for con-struction products, which relate to the basic require-ments for structures. The key characteristics are: 1. Mechanical resistance and stability2. Fire protection3. Hygiene, health and environment4. Safety and accessibility during use5. Noise protection6. Energy savings and heat protection7. Sustainable use of natural resources

As already specified in the basic conditions of theGerman Model Building Regulations, the followingpoints are named under Point 2 - fire protection:"The structure must be drafted and executed in such away that, in a firea) The load capacity of the structure remains intact fora specific period of time;b) The creation and spread of fire and smoke are lim-ited within the structure;c) The spread of fire to neighbouring structures is lim-ited;d) The inhabitants of the structure can leave the struc-ture without injury or can be rescued through othermeasures;e) The safety of the rescue teams has been taken intoaccount.

The resulting protection aims are comparable to thosestated in German law.

CE labelling and declaration of performanceAccording to the construction parts regulations, prod-ucts installed in structures must perform according tothe key characteristics. For example, fire protectionproducts must have fire resistance classes and havea specific behaviour in the event of a fire. If the prod-ucts fulfil these requirements, then they will receive theCE mark. The CE mark is essentially the "passport" forthe construction product throughout the whole ofEurope. It may be traded and installed in every mem-ber country of the European Union. Besides marking,the manufacturers are obliged to provide a DOP (dec-laration of performance) for the product. The declara-tion of performance helps the technical planner intheir selection of the suitable approved products fortheir applications and fire protection requirements.

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1.3.2 Tests, approvals and standardsHowever, before a construction product can be giventhe CE mark, it must provide proof of the required per-formance. This is tested in the known fire tests ac-cording to the relevant standards EN 1363 [6] and EN1366 [7] and classified according to EN 13501 [8].

Note:Construction products tested according to nationalstandards, e.g. DIN, NEN, BS, do not receive a CEsymbol!

Comparison of fire curvesFire tests are carried out at the materials testing insti-tutes to compare the performance of the fire protec-tion products and systems. To achieve comparable re-sults, a temperature-time curve is used, which is inter-nationally standardised according to ISO 834-1 [9]and used around the world for fire tests. It is alsotermed the standard temperature-time curve (ETK).

The systems are tested in special testing furnaces, inwhich the sample installation on test is heated up ac-cording to the standard temperature-time curve. Itforms the so-called "flash-over", which is the most criti-cal phase of a fire. After the smouldering fire phase,all the combustible gases located in the fire chamberignite suddenly, meaning that the temperature risesvery quickly. A solid matter fire is simulated. The in-stalled installations must withstand this full fire.Depending on the required classification, the test lastsbetween 15 and 120 minutes, usually in 15-minutesteps.

Besides the standard temperature-time curve, thereare various other fire course curves, e.g. for the simu-lation of tunnel or liquid fires. Construction productsand their construction types are tested according tothe STC, as solid matter fires can usually be assumedin normal buildings.

Natural fire course - development of the testing temperature curve:

Tem

pera

ture

Time

Start of the fire

Fire creation phase

Flash-over

Fully developed fire

Start of the cooling phase

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t: Time in minutesΔϑ: Temperature increase in Kelvin

Standard temperature-time curve (ETK) according to ISO 834-1 and DIN 4102 Part 2 [10]

Fire

roo

m tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Time (min.)

Different fire course curves for testing purposes [11]

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Comparison of classificationsAfter successfully passed tests, they are documentedby the testing institutes and the systems classified ac-cording to the results of EN 13501. In most Europeancountries, the European classification reports can beused as a proof of suitability in conjunction with themanufacturer's mounting instructions.

However, some countries demand further approvaldocuments. This can be applied for with the testingdocumentation and classification report at an approvaloffice accredited by the European Organisation forTechnical Approvals (EOTA). Materials are classifiedaccording to Table 3 in accordance with their fire be-haviour.

The abbreviations s (= Smoke) and d (= Droplets)stand for the smoke development and the drip behav-iour of the substance. For example, s1 = low smokedevelopment and d0 = No burning drips of the materi-al during defined testing time periods.

The properties and thus the performance of the con-struction product in the event of a fire is classified ac-cording to EN 13501-2 [12]. These values are reflect-ed in the labelling of the construction products andmust be named in the manufacturer's performancedeclaration.

Construction requirementsAdditionalrequirementNo smoke

Additional requirementNo falling or dripping ofburning material

European classes accord-ing to DIN EN 13501-1

Class accordingto DIN 4102-1

Non-combustible X X A1A1A2

- Minimum X X A2 - s1 d0A1A2

Hardly flammable X X B, C - s1 d0 B1

Hardly flammable XA2 - s2 d0A2, B, C - s3 d0

B1

Hardly flammable XA2 - s1 d1A2, B, C - s1 d2

B1

- Minimum A2, B, C - s3 d2 B1

Normally flammable X

D - s1 d0 - s2 d0 - s3 d0E

B2

- Minimum E - d2 B2

Easily flammable F B3Table 3: Construction material classes according to EN 13501-1 [13]

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Proofs of applicationConstruction products to be installed in structuresmust possess a technical proof according to the con-struction products regulations, which confirms theirsuitability for the appropriate purpose. Here, the Euro-pean regulation requires a European TechnicalAssessment (ETA for short). Systems tested accord-ing to national standards cannot receive an ETA.

The abbreviations after EN donot name the component but

the properties!

Short code Description Application examples

R Load-bearing capacity Description of the fire resistance ability of components and installations

E Room end (Étanchéité) Description of the fire resistance ability of components and installations

I Heat insulation Description of the fire resistance ability of components and installations

PMaintenance of electrical func-tion (power)

Cable systems

15, 20...120 Fire resistance period in minutes

Indices

Veho Vertical/horizontal installation possible Ventilation flaps, installation ducts

- S Limitation of the smoke leakage rate Doors, ventilation flaps

i → oi ← o i ↔ o

Impact direction of the fire resistanceduration(inside/outside)

Ventilation flaps, installation ducts

U/UU/CC/U

Closing of pipe ends (uncapped/capped)

Pipe insulation

Table 4: Fire protection classifications and abbreviations according to EN 13501-2

Installation Classification to EN 13501 Classification to DIN 4102

Cable/combination insulation EI 90 S 90

Pipe insulation EI 90 U/U R 90

Installation ducts EI 90 (veho i ↔ o) I 90

Maintenance of electrical function P 90 E 90Table 5: Comparison of the labels according to EN and DIN (Examples)

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1.4 Fire protection conceptsWhen planning a building project, it is important to es-tablish which protection aims are actually required. Ispersonal protection the key aim, e.g. in meetingplaces, or is it protection of property? The possiblerisks and dangers must be weighed up.

In Germany, a fire protection concept is required forthe issuing of a construction approval for specialstructures.

Economic aspectsIt is wise to combine the maximum of risk reductionwith the minimum of financial cost. For example, aproduction facility in the chemical industry must beprotected against failure for the sake of the operator,though there is no public interest. However, the insur-ance companies may require special fire protectionmeasures.

1.4.1 Planning and contentsFire protection concepts are used to view a building inits entirety and to record all the risks and dangers.The protection aims for the building are derived fromthese definitions. The consequence: Definition of spe-cial and general fire protection measurements and im-plementation of the same for the operation of thebuilding. The most important basic principle is thatsafe, risk-free operation must be possible.

1.4.2 Handling deviations and compensationsThe proofs of suitability, in conjunction with the decla-rations of performance, help clients and planners inselecting the approved construction products and sys-tems for new buildings. The construction law regula-tions are tailor-made for this. If planned correctly, theconstruction product with the required capabilityshould be installed. Should, during mounting, theerection engineer keep to the mounting instructionsand the manufacturer's specifications, the describedperformance is reached without deviations. Buildingwork can take place according to the approval.

The situation is different in existing buildings: Due tothe structural situation, it is often not possible to installavailable fire protection systems according to the ap-proval. Here, the planner must define which protectionaim they wish to achieve with the measure. Deviationsfrom valid construction regulations or proofs of suit-ability are then documented in the fire protection con-cept. Measures defined to compensate for deviationsand to achieve the protection aim are also a compo-nent part of the fire protection concept and also of theconstruction approval.

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Construction fire protec-tion

System fire protection Overall concept Combative fire protection

Company-organised fireprotection

Interaction of all fire protection measures in a fire protection concept

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2 36Maintenance of the fire sections – protection aim 12.1 36Components closing rooms – firewalls2.2 36Requirements for cable penetrations - insulation2.2.1 38Spacing regulations2.2.2 38Exceptions regarding fire-resistant walls2.3 39Proofs of usability2.3.1 40Tests2.3.2 41Classifications and certificates2.3.3 42Obligation to labelling2.3.4 42Documentation2.4 42Construction types of cable and combination insulation2.4.1 44PYROMIX® mortar insulation system2.4.2 44PYROPLATE® Fibre mineral fibre insulation system2.4.3 45PYROSIT® NG fire protection foam2.4.4 45PYROPLUG® foams2.4.5 48PYROBAG® cushion insulation2.4.6 48PYROCOMB® Tubes pipe sleeve2.4.7 49PYROCOMB® pipe sleeve2.4.8 49PYROCOMB® Intube pipe shell2.4.9 50Conlit® fire protection bandage2.4.10 50Small insulation PYROMIX Screed®

2.4.11 51DSX insulation forming material2.5 52Applications and special applications2.5.1 52Assignment rule2.5.2 53Installations2.5.3 54Distances and support measures2.5.4 56PYROBAG® cushion insulation2.5.5 57Insulation in system floors and underfloor ducts2.5.6 59PYROLIQ® shipbuilding and offshore casting compound 2.6 60Selection aid and OBO Construct BSS2.7 62Building in old buildings2.7.1 62Building stock2.7.2 63Ceiling types2.7.3 64Special solutions2.8 65Cable bandages2.8.1 67Benefits compared to coatings2.8.2 68Basic principle2.8.3 68Testing2.8.4 69PYROWRAP® Wet WLS cable bandage2.8.5 69PYROWRAP® Wet WB cable bandage2.8.6 70Distances to combustible materials2.8.7 70Special applications

Chapter 2: Maintenance of the fire sections - protectionaim 1

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Chapter 2 | Maintenance of the fire sections - protection aim

Firewalls prevent the spread of fire

2 Maintenance of the fire sections – protection aim 1The construction limitation of the fire to specific sec-tions, so-called fire sections, means that the remainingbuilding sections are protected from fire for a specificperiod of time. The fire brigades can secure furtherbuilding sections through extinguishing measures.This helps to protect people and property.

In particular, insulation helps to maintain the fire sec-tions, thus limiting the spread of fire and smoke.

2.1 Separating components - firewallsFunction of firewallsFire sections are created with firewalls. They are madeof non-combustible substances and should ensurethat a fire cannot pass to neighbouring buildings orbuilding sections. The construction design of thesefirewalls - materials, fire resistance classes, stress val-ues - is regulated by the appropriate building regula-tions and standards.

2.2 Requirements for cable penetrations - insulationElectrical cables and pipes may only be run throughwalls and ceilings at the ends of rooms, althoughthere must be no opportunity for fire and smoke tospread. This requirement is fulfilled by insulation sys-tems. These permit the reliable sealing of the ceilingand wall penetrations required for installations againstfire and smoke.

Special requirementsThe following requirements apply to cable penetra-tions with cable insulation:

• The spread of fire and smoke must be prevented• Room closure must be guaranteed• On the side of the insulation away from the fire,

the surfaces of cables, pipes, cable support sys-tems and the surface of the insulation must notheat up strongly to an impermissible level.

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Ceiling and wall penetrations can be sealed reliably against fire and smoke

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Construction part (e.g. concrete, ma-sonry)

Fire protection compound or mineralsubstance

Cable of various diameters

2.2.1 Spacing regulationsIf only individual cables or small cable bundles arerun through fire-resistant components, they can berouted through individual holes with an appropriatespacing. The individual holes must be closed off withmineral substances or substances which foam up in afire. In so doing, the greatest diameter defines the dis-tance to the smaller cables. The risk of fire spreadingdoes not increase. Individual cables without a diame-ter limit are permitted without insulation - a ring gapclosure around the cable is sufficient.

2.2.2 Exceptions regarding fire-resistant wallsIn fire-resistant walls (30 minutes of fire resistance), itis possible to close off openings, through which ca-bles are passed, with mineral wool (melting point >1,000 °C). Filling with mineral substances or sub-stances forming an insulation layer ensures smokeprotection.

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2.3 Proofs of usabilityThe effect or application of insulation systems re-quired by law must be proven through tests. Thesefire tests are carried out by official materials testing in-stitutes or accredited testing institutes all over theworld on the basis of testing standards. The fire testsare the basis of the approval as a construction prod-uct that can be used as an insulation system. Besidesthe testing norm EN 1366 "Fire resistance tests for in-stallations, Part 3 – Insulation", introduced in Europein 2009, there are additional, internationally recog-nised standards, according to which such systems aretested and approved. The insulation tested accordingto ANSI/UL1479 [14] is accepted in many parts of theworld, particularly in the USA and Canada.

Contents of the approvalsThe certificates of approval specify the following crite-ria, among other things, for the application area andinstallation:

• Fire resistance class (e.g. EI 90 or F/T rating)• General installation conditions (e.g. installation in

concrete walls, etc.)• Maximum insulation dimensions• Minimum cable insulation thickness• Minimum ceiling/wall thickness• Materials to be used to create the insulation• Approved installations (e.g. cables or cable support

systems, pipes)• Sequence and type of installation• Execution of a retroinstallation• Data on the manufacturer's duty to train people who

create the insulation

Currently, various documents are valid proofs of us-ability: like national proof documents such as the Ger-man "General construction approval" according to DIN4102 Part 9 [15] or approval documents of the Asso-ciation of Cantonal Fire Insurers VKF in Switzerland. Inaddition, in the coming years, the European TechnicalApprovals (ETA), based on EN tests, will increasinglyreplace national approvals. Systems tested accordingto the European standard EN 1366-3 can be used inall member states, whose standardisation organisa-tions are a part of the European Committee for Stan-dardisation, CEN. The insulation systems can also beused in other countries accepting this standard.

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Fire test on mortar insulation

2.3.1 TestsThe testing of the insulation takes place in special testfurnaces, in which the sample installations to be test-ed are heated up according to a standard tempera-ture-time curve. This curve is internationally standard-ised according to ISO 834-1 and used around theworld for fire tests. It forms the so-called "flash-over",which is the most critical phase of a fire. After thesmouldering fire phase, all the combustible gases lo-cated in the fire chamber ignite suddenly, meaningthat the temperature rises very quickly.

The installed installations must withstand this full fire.Depending on the required classification, the test willlast between 15 and 120 minutes, usually divided into15-minute steps. In particular, the following are tested:• Whether the escape of fire and smoke is prevented

from the fire area,• and whether the surface temperature on the side of

the insulation away from the fire does not rise bymore than 180° Kelvin above the starting tempera-ture.

This test always takes place under the worst possibleinstallation conditions (e.g. lowest insulation thickness,largest insulation height or width). In addition to thetemperature, the pressure conditions in the furnaceare specified according to the standard.

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Test structure of wall insulation

Path of the water jet during test-ing

Water jet with pressure monitor-ing

d Defined spacing of the jet pipefor the test structure

Hose stream test

Systems tested according to ANSI (American NationalStandards Institute)/UL1479 (Underwriters Laborato-ries) possess a special feature: During testing, a wa-ter jet test (the "Hose Stream Test") is carried out, dur-ing which a high-pressure water jet is pointed at theinsulation. This situation is comparable to an extin-guishing attack by the fire brigade. The insulationmust not be destroyed by the water jet and must notlose its room-closing function.

2.3.2 Classifications and certificatesAfter successfully passed tests, the results are docu-mented by the testing institutes and the systems are

classified, e.g. according to the results of EN 13501.In most European countries, this classification reportcan be used as a proof of suitability in conjunctionwith the manufacturer's mounting instructions. How-ever, some countries require a general constructionapproval. This can be applied for with the testing doc-umentation and classification report at an approval of-fice accredited by the European Organisation forTechnical Approvals (EOTA). Classifications accord-ing to UL (Underwriters Laboratories) deviate fromthis. The following table provides an overview of thepossible classifications of insulation systems.

Classification to (examples):Fire resistancein minutes DIN 4102-9 EN 13501-2

End of roomEN 13501-2Insulation

EN 13501-2Combination

ULTemperature

ULEnd of room

≥ 30 S 30 E 30 I 30 EI 30 T ½ hr F ½ hr

≥ 60 S 60 E 60 I 60 EI 60 T 1 hr F 1 hr

≥ 90 S 90 E 90 I 90 EI 90 T 1½ hr F 1½ hr

≥ 120 S 120 E 120 I 120 EI 120 T 2 hr F 2 hrTable 6: Fire resistance classes and their abbreviations

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2.3.3 Obligation to labellingEach piece of insulation must be permanently labelledwith a sign. This labelling must contain the followinginformation:

• Name of the builder of the insulation (installationengineer)

• Head office of the installation engineer• Insulation designation• Approval number, issued by the accredited testing

office• Fire resistance class• Year of manufacture

The labelling is necessary, on the one hand, to provethat an approved valid insulation system was used.On the other hand, it is used to identify the system forany later installations. The systems were constructedand tested using different materials and can prove thefunction of these special material combinations. Ifcombined with other components which do not belongto the system, then this can have a negative impacton behaviour if there is a fire. This must be avoided.The requirement of the approval offices for user train-ing courses is derived from this. The users shouldknow the basic principles of construction law and befully able to handle the insulation materials.

2.3.4 DocumentationAccording to the proof of usability, a declaration ofconformity must be completed for each piece of insu-lation installed. This certificate confirms that the in-stalled system corresponds to the conditions of theapproval and that the installation engineer has com-plied with all the specifications. The confirmationshould then be handed over to the client for presenta-tion to the construction authorities. In future, digital ap-plications will almost certainly replace documentationin paper form.

2.4 Construction types of cable and combination in-sulationVarious components require appropriately suitable in-sulation measures. The selection of the matching insu-lation system is dependent on various parameters.The application options range from solid walls andceilings made of masonry and concrete through todry-construction partitions. The installations which canpass through can be made up of cables and cablesupport systems, combustible and non-combustiblepipes or a combination of both.

Identification plate for insulation

There are requirements, for example, for a dust and fi-bre-free installation, destruction-free retroinstallationand certain pressure resistances. Various cable, pipeand combination insulation is available to close open-ings in ceilings and walls with fire protection classifica-tion. These fulfil the necessary standards and possessthe appropriate approvals. In addition, the number ofsystems tested according to the European standardEN 1366-3 and UL (Underwriters Laboratories) isgrowing.

Typical insulation systems consist of:Mortar, mineral fibre plates with coating, fire protectionfoam, single-component compounds, foams and fit-tings, boxes, silicones and special rubbery modules.

All the systems possess special fire protection compo-nents and additives, which fulfil a safe function in theevent of a fire in accordance with the testing standard.

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2.4.1 PYROMIX® mortar insulation systemThe PYROMIX® system from OBO is used to createcable and combination insulation made of a mineralfibre-free special mortar. Depending on the amount ofwater added, the finished compound can be appliedto openings by hand, with pumps or with presses. The

high level of substrate adhesion makes lining unnec-essary for small insulation areas. The porous consis-tency of the mortar means that retroinstallation iseasy. If there is a fire, the fire protection mortar reli-ably prevents the spread of fire and smoke.

2.4.2 PYROPLATE® Fibre mineral fibre insulationsystemThe PYROPLATE® Fibre system from OBO is used tocreate cable and combination insulation. The core ofthe system is the mineral fibre plate coated with amoisture-resistant ablation coating. When there is afire, the fire protection coating creates an insulatingcarbon foam and, in combination with the mineral fi-bre plate, prevents the spread of fire and smoke. Ac-

cording to the construction approval, in addition to thecables, pipes made of steel, copper or various plas-tics may also be run through the same insulation. Forpipelines, additional fire protection measures, such assection insulation and pipe sleeves, are required. Themortar or soft insulation made of PYROPLATE® Fibreis a combination insulation which is appropriate for di-verse structures.

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2.4.3 PYROSIT® NG fire protection foamThe PYROPLATE® NG system from OBO is used tocreate cable and combination insulation made of fireprotection foam. The special recipe of the 2-compo-nent foam allows simple, "pinpointed" processing. Thegood substrate adhesion prevents the foam from run-ning out of the opening. Work can easily be interrupt-ed to carry out checks. The system can be installedwithout dust and fibres. Surface coating is not neces-

sary. According to the construction approval, in addi-tion to the cables, pipes made of steel, copper or vari-ous plastics may also be run through the same insula-tion. The PYROSIT® NG insulation is suitable as com-bination insulation for different units. Due to the softconsistency, the insulation made of PYROSIT® NGcan be reassigned simply. The insulation system canbe combined with the PYROPLUG® Block foam block.

2.4.4 PYROPLUG® foamsPYROPLUG® Block foam blocksThe PYROPLUG® Block system from OBO is used tocreate cable and combination insulation from fire pro-tection foam blocks. If there is a fire, the foam blocksexpand without any significant pressure build-up, cre-ating an insulating plastic foam. This prevents reliablythe penetration of fire and smoke through the insula-tion. According to the construction approval, in addi-tion to the cables, combustible pipes without a pipesleeve and pipes made of steel and copper, with andwithout section insulation, may be run through the

same insulation. If the component opening is only ac-cessible from one side, e.g. in a shaft, then all themeasures to close off the opening can take placefrom one side. The PYROPLUG® Block insulation iscompletely dust- and fibre-free. Necessary retroinstal-lations can be created simply and without a greatdeal of dust formation, which is important, for exam-ple, in IT and laboratory rooms. According to ETA, theinsulation system can be combined with thePYROSIT® NG fire protection foam.

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PYROPLUG® Peg foam plugsThe PYROPLUG® Peg system from OBO is used tocreate cable insulation with fire protection foam plugs.The foam plugs are ideal for closing core drill holes insolid walls and concrete ceilings. The foam plugs aremade of permanently elastic, closed-pore foam, whichexpands in the event of a fire without any significantpressure build-up, thus creating an insulating plasticfoam. This reliably prevents the penetration of fire and

smoke through the cable insulation. The PYROPLUG®

Peg insulation system can be used without difficulty inareas of data processing and in laboratories, asmounting is completely clean and is free of dust andfibres. This also applies to any necessary cable instal-lations at a later date. Special tools are not requiredfor processing, a knife is sufficient.

Boxes made of PYROPLUG® Box foamThe PYROPLUG® Box system from OBO is used tocreate cable insulation with boxes made of foam. Thesystem is particularly suitable for simple mounting ofcable insulation in lightweight partitions. No layering isrequired. Installation in solid walls and solid ceilings isalso possible and approved. The insulation systemconsists of a two-part frame and two matching internalpieces. The permanently elastic, closed-pore foam

material expands in the event of fire without any sig-nificant pressure build-up, thus creating an insulatingplastic foam. This reliably prevents the penetration offire and smoke through the cable insulation. The us-able area of the boxes corresponds to the maximumapproval cable assignment area of 60%. It is thus im-possible to over assign it with cables.

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Mini pipe shell for PYROPLUG® Shell box drill holesThe OBO PYROPLUG® Shell system is specially de-signed for cable insulation in box drill holes in light-duty partitions. The insulation system consists of apipe shell and two matching plugs. The material ismade of permanently elastic, closed-pore foam, whichexpands in case of fire without any significant pres-

sure build-up, thus creating an insulating plastic foam.This reliably prevents the penetration of fire andsmoke through the cable insulation. The ratio of theexternal diameter to the internal diameter of the pipeshell ensures that over assignment with cables is notpossible, even at full assignment.

PYROPLUG® Mini fillerThe OBO PYROPLUG® Mini system is ideal for small,round cable insulations up to a diameter of 8 cm. Itonly consists of the one-component filler PYROPLUG®

Screed. In light-duty partitions, the empty mini pipe

shell of the PYROPLUG® Shell system is used as lay-ering. The interior of these pipe shells may be com-pletely assigned. Only the residual joints must befilled with the filler.

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2.4.5 PYROBAG® cushion insulationThe PYROBAG® system from OBO is used to createdcable insulation from fire protection cushions. The fireprotection cushions, which can be shaped in any way,are stacked simply and quickly on top of each other,allowing absolutely tidy and dust-free mounting. Thecushions can be used for permanent or temporary in-sulation in walls and ceilings, e.g. during renovations.The fire protection cushions are an ideal solution for

frequent retroinstallations. Additional cables can be in-stalled quickly, neatly and economically at a later datebecause the cushions can be used several timesover. The cushions consist of a close-knit, dense andmechanically solid glass fabric with a special filling.The shell and the filling are free of mineral fibres andare also weatherproof and waterproof. Neither paint-ing nor the use of filler are required.

2.4.6 PYROCOMB® Tubes pipe sleeveThe PYROCOMB® Tubes system is used to create ca-ble insulation with pipe sleeves. The system compris-es multiple sizes of the pipe sleeve, type TCX. This al-lows simple insulation of bundles of plastic electricalinstallation pipes, rigid or flexible, up to a size of M63.It is irrelevant whether the pipes are filled with cables

or are empty. In a fire, the fire protection material in-serted within the seal foams up after a few minutesunder high pressure, closing the softened bundles ata high pressure. This safely prevents the spread offire and smoke, should a fire occur.

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2.4.7 PYROCOMB® pipe sleeveThe PYROCOMB® system can be used as indepen-dent pipe sealing for combustible pipes (e.g. sanitarywastewater pipes). It is primarily made up of the pipesleeves, type TCX. In a fire, the fire protection materialinserted within the seal foams up after a few minutesunder high pressure, closing the soft plastic pipes.This prevents the spread of fire and smoke safely,

should a fire occur. With wall mounting, the pipesleeves are mounted on both sides of the wall withmetal anchors. Ceiling penetrations only have a tubeseal from the underside. In light-duty partitions, thepipe sleeves are fastened on passed-through thread-ed rods and connected together.

2.4.8 PYROCOMB® Intube pipe shellThe PYROCOMB® Intube system is used to create ca-ble insulation with pipe shells or half shells. The pipeshell is particularly suitable for core drill holes andcan very easily be installed in solid ceilings or wallsand also light-duty partitions. For this, two half pipesleeves are clicked together and bedded in mortar inthe core hole. Then the pipe sleeves are closed withseals and the surface is sealed with ASX ablationcoating. The cables do not require any coating. The

half shell can be used particularly well in the under-floor area. It is sealed on one side with fire protectionplugs and sealed with ASX ablation coating. In a fire,the inner coating of the pipe shells or the half shellexpands and, in so doing, closes the opening cross-section completely. The transfer of fire and smoke isthus safely prevented. With the PYROCOMB® Intubesystem, 100% assignment of the interior is possible.

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2.4.9 Conlit® fire protection bandageThe Conlit® system, consisting of the fire protectionbandage, type CL-KS, is used within buildings as ca-ble insulation for individual cables, cable and electri-cal installation pipe bundles (EIP). The flexible ban-dage is simply laid around the installations and fixedwith a wire. Cable bundles and rigid EIPs must bewound with at least 2 layers of the bandage and flexi-

ble EIPs with at least 3 layers. In a fire, the materialfoams up and closes the opening cross-section. Thefire protection bandage is suitable for cable and elec-trical installation pipe bundles up to 100 mm diame-ter. For many insulated pipes, no separation distancebetween cables is required. The system insulates firesections for a period of max. 90 minutes.

2.4.10 Small insulation PYROMIX Screed®

Small insulation for cables is created using thePYROMIX® Screed system. It consists of OBO's insu-lation forming material, type DSX, and the MIW miner-al wool. As the insulation basis, the opening is firstfilled using the non-combustible mineral wool (meltingpoint ≥ 1,000 °C). Then, both sides of the opening

are sealed with the DSX insulation creator. If there is afire, the filler foams up, preventing penetration by fireand smoke. When the material foams up, heat is alsodrawn from the cables, thus considerably reducingthe transfer of heat via the copper cores.

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2.4.11 DSX insulation forming materialThe type DSX insulation forming material from OBOcan be used to fill ring gaps around individual cablesor multiple cables of a small cross-section routedalongside one another. The ring gap around the cablemust be filled with fire protection filler along the entire

wall thickness. If there is a fire, the filler foams up,preventing penetration by fire and smoke. When thematerial foams up, heat is also drawn from the ca-bles, thus considerably reducing the transfer of heatvia the copper cores.

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Component open-ing

Installations

A maximum of 60% of the area may be assigned with cables, support systems, pipes, etc.

2.5 Types of application and special applicationsThe testing standards for insulation systems define thestandard application in walls and ceilings. In mostcases, the possible installations, electrical and sani-tary, are covered by the specifications of the standard.However, today, no two buildings are alike, meaningthat applications may occur which are not defined bythe standard. Such deviations from the standard canonly be interpreted through surveys. Often, a reportfrom the manufacturer is sufficient here, as they areable to evaluate whether an insulation material can al-so function with the appropriate deviation. However, insome situations it can happen that, due to the con-struction environment, a survey from an independentmaterials testing institute is required. For positive mea-sures, these provide a surveyor's report for the appro-priate construction project. This ensures that both theerection engineer and the operator of the building arethen on the safe side.

2.5.1 Assignment ruleClassic insulation is created according to the so-called 60% assignment rule. This means, from thecomponent opening through which the installationsrun, a maximum of 60% of the area may be assignedwith cables, support systems, pipes, etc. The remain-ing area, the remaining 40%, must be filled with fireprotection material which is "active" in case of fire orbe closed off. In this case, "active" does not mean thatthe material must react chemically. It must only ensurethat the heat transmission via the media and the trans-mission of fire and smoke are prevented. This cantake place through chemical reactions, but alsothrough good acceptance of the heat energy and theresulting cooling effect.

Some systems can be "fully"assigned. However, they mustbe tested and approved for

this application.

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Cable Ducts made of plastic or met-al

Cable bundle Metal pipes with insulation

Fibre-optic cables Plastic pipes for wastewater

Hollow shaft conductor Drink hoses

Plastic electrical pipes Speedpipes for fibre-optic ca-bles

Bundle of plastic electricalpipes

Air-conditioning unit connec-tion cables

Steel electrical pipes Solarthermal cables

Cable support systems Hydraulic hoses

2.5.2 InstallationsAll the insulation systems are tested with variousspecified installations, in order to cover different appli-cation areas. There are pure cable insulations whichcan be mounted by any electrical installation engineer,but there are also so-called combination insulations.Plastic and metal sanitary pipes can be run throughthese together with electrical cables.

In addition, some insulation has been tested for spe-cial cables, e.g. hollow shaft cables or bundled pipes(speedpipes). The approved installations differ fromsystem to system.

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Spacings between the installations and to the component

2.5.3 Distances and support measuresBesides the possible installations, the proofs of suit-ability of the insulation systems also describe the re-quirements for how the installations should be ar-ranged. Working spaces must be maintained whichare the result of the arrangement of cable support sys-tems to pipes and further installations during testing.This ensures that the passed-through cables andpipes do not impact on each other.

Cable support system

Metallic pipes with insulation

Sanitary pipe made of plastic with pipesleeve

Electrical installation

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Threaded rods with profile rails Wall brackets with profile rails

Suspended supports with brackets

Wall/ceiling component

Insulation

Installation, e.g. cable support sys-tem

d First support at distance d accord-ing to the approval

Examples of support structures

If there is a fire, large forces impact on the installa-tions. For this reason, fastenings of support systemsmay fail and the insulation may be subjected to me-chanical loads. To prevent this, additional supports forthe passed-through installations must be mounted at adefined spacing (d) in front of the surfaces of the insu-lation. The material used must be load-bearing andnon-combustible. As support, mounting componentsof steel cable support system are a good choice:

• Suspended supports with brackets• Profile rails with threaded rods• Mounting rails• Fire-tested anchors

The constructions are not defined exactly in the ap-provals. The load capacity of the above-named com-ponents was proven in the fire tests for the mainte-nance of electrical functionality, meaning that theyhave also proven themselves in practice for the sup-port of insulation.

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2.5.4 PYROBAG® cushion insulationThe PYROBAG® system for cable insulation, made upof fire protection cushions, is the ideal solution for in-sulation in PVC and metal cable routing ducts. Thefire protection cushions, which can be shaped in anyway, are stacked simply and quickly on top of eachother, allowing absolutely tidy and dust-free mounting.As the cushions are only used within the ducts, thecable insulation cannot be seen from the outside –

this is an advantage for cable ducts, which are usuallysubjected to particular optical requirements. Thecushions can be used for permanent or temporary in-sulations in walls and ceilings. Additional cables canbe installed quickly, neatly and economically at a laterdate because the cushions can be used several timesover. Neither painting nor the use of filler are required.

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Upperfloor

Upperfloor

Cellar

Insulation required

System floor

System floor

Insulation required

System floor

User A

User B

Insulation in system floors: When is insulation required?

2.5.5 Insulation in system floors and underfloorducts and trunkingInsulation must also be installed in so-called systemfloors - cavity floors and raised floors. If underfloorducts and trunking run beneath walls with a fire resis-tance period, insulation measures must be taken.Screed-covered underfloor ducts are insulated startingfrom the closest connection sockets, as the wall open-ing can no longer be reached directly due to thepoured screed. The distances between the connectionsockets are irrelevant. Of importance is the smokegas-tight and fireproof closure, in order to prevent thespread of fire. In the case of open trunking with freelyaccessible wall openings, insulation can be placed di-rectly in the opening area.

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PYROSIT® NG fire protection foamThe fire protection foam of the PYROSIT® NG systemcan be used to create cable insulation quickly andeasily in underfloor ducts. If, during an electrical in-stallation, underfloor ducts pass below walls classifiedfor fire protection, then the ducts must be closedagainst smoke gas penetration and fire. With an opentrunking system, the trunking cover is removed onboth sides of the wall and the fire protection foam in-serted. With a screed-covered underfloor duct, the fireprotection foam can be inserted through the under-floor boxes on both sides of the wall. Empty plastic

pipes can also be foamed in for later retroinstalla-tions. The good substrate adhesion prevents the foamfrom running out of the opening. Work can easily beinterrupted to carry out checks. The system can be in-stalled without dust and fibres. Surface coating is notnecessary. Due to the soft consistency, the insulationmade of PYROSIT® NG can be reassigned simply.The possibilities for using the PYROSIT® NG systemfor cable insulation in underfloor ducts and trunkingare covered by surveyor's reports.

PYROPLUG® Block foam blocksThe fire protection blocks of the PYROPLUG® Blocksystem are the ideal solution for cable insulation inunderfloor ducts. If, during an electrical installation,underfloor ducts pass below walls classified for fireprotection, then the ducts must be closed againstsmoke gas penetration and fire in the area of the wallpenetration. With an open trunking system, the trunk-ing cover is removed on both sides of the wall and

the fire protection blocks inserted. With a screed-cov-ered underfloor duct, the fire protection blocks canonly be inserted through the underfloor boxes on bothsides of the wall. If retroinstallations are necessary, in-dividual blocks can be removed simply or empty plas-tic pipes inserted. The system can be installed withoutdust and fibres.

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PYROCOMB® Intube half shellThe half shell of the PYROCOMB® Intube system isvery suitable for cable insulation in underfloor areas.The insulation can be installed directly with mortar orcast in concrete and screed. If raised floors abut onto,for example, escape routes with poured screed, thenthere must be at least partial insulation beneath thesmoke protection door or fire protection door. In mostcases, the insulation can only be worked from oneside. In these cases, the PYROCOMB® Intube system,cable insulation with a half shell can be used. The half

shell is laid around the cables and positioned in theinsulation area using adhesive tape on the floor. Thenthe half shell is closed on one side with a foam plugand the surface is sealed with ASX ablation coating.The cables do not require any coating. In case of afire, the inner coating of the half shell expands and, inso doing, closes the opening cross-section com-pletely. The transfer of fire and smoke is safely pre-vented. With the PYROCOMB® Intube system, 100%assignment of the interior is possible.

2.5.6 PYROLIQ® shipbuilding and offshore castingcompoundThe PYROLIQ® system is used to create cable insula-tion under the toughest environmental conditions,such as in industry, shipshipbuilding and in offshoreapplications. Here, casting cables is the most secureway. The PYROLIQ® system consists of a castingcompound, which is gas-tight, water-tight and fire-re-sistant. The proven fire resistance class A60 accord-

ing to maritime testing criteria and the approval byDNV GL document its high level of safety. The insula-tion is water-tight up to 2.5 bar and gas-tight up to 30mbar. In comparison with modular insulation, the useof PYROLIQ® does not require any major planningwork and the casting compound is very easy and safeto use.

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2.6 Selection aid and OBO Construct BSSOBO provides a selection aid, in order to help youfind a suitable, approved insulation system for any ap-plication. An overview presents different installationswith the possible insulation systems, which fulfil thecorresponding requirements.

The online tools Construct BSS and the BSS app forinsulation systems can be used to determine the rightmaterials. With just a few questions, the user is guidedtowards the solution to their fire protection problemand the suitable system.

Construct BSS works on any computer with Internetaccess and simplifies the material calculation and se-lection of the systems. After the basic data has beenentered, the user obtains an overview of the approvedinsulation systems, as well as of necessary and op-tional system accessories. Shopping lists can be cre-ated, edited and exported. The approval documentscan be reached via a link.

The Construct BSS app contains the same scope offunction as the web application, simply in a mobileversion. The calculated materials can be summarisedon the shopping list and sent via e-mail.

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Component properties Installations

System overview

Approved insulation system

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2.7 Building in old buildingsThe following applies to all old building ceilings andwall constructions made of special components (sand-wich elements): Mounting of insulation systems is ap-proved when this kind of application is included in theapproval. In conjunction with the construction authori-ties, systems can be used, which, according to the ap-proval, are approved for a similar application, e.g.within a layer of non-combustible materials.

However, before mounting, always obtain the approvalfrom the client, e.g. construction supervision or firebrigade.

2.7.1 Building stockA large amount of the fire protection measures con-cern existing buildings. Besides the installations,which may no longer correspond to current rules, thebuilding stock can cause a lot of problems during ren-ovation. For example, the old structure of ceilingsmean that they cannot be assigned to a fire resistanceclass. To be able to perform an evaluation, the stockmust be inspected by statics engineers or construc-tion experts. Only then can suitable fire protectionmeasures be implemented as part of a concept.

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Wooden beam ceiling without fire protection ceiling

Cap cover

Cavity chamber ceiling

2.7.2 Ceiling typesIn many existing buildings, we can find components inwhich insulation systems may exist but do not con-form to the approval. The components are not de-scribed in the approvals, e.g. wooden ceilings. This iswhy the insulation in these components do not have aproof. Here, the appropriate insulation is selected ac-cording to the approvals which is then documented inthe fire protection concept.

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Insulation in existing ceiling as special solution

2.7.3 Special solutionsThe following applies to ceilings in existing buildingsand to wall constructions made of special compo-nents (e.g. sandwich elements): Insulation systems,tested and approved for this application, can be in-stalled. As these special tests rarely exist, insulation isused in accordance with the approvals, whose func-tion is proven in layers made of non-combustible ma-terials, e.g. in lightweight partitions. Before mounting,clarify the application with a surveyor.

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2.8 Cable bandagesTo prevent the fire expansion within fire sections, exist-ing cable support systems are bandaged with a coat-ed mesh, which restricts a cable fire to a local area. Inmany cases, the total of the routed cables representsa "fuse wire", which runs through the building. Particu-larly critical are rising sections, as the flames spreadmost quickly in a vertical direction. Bandaged cablebundles or rising sections do not burn over a greatperiod of time and thus limit the damage.

The cable bandages are also used in industrial build-ings and systems, in order to fulfil construction lawprotection aims. The requirements for components inthe industrial sector do not differ in this regard tothose in other types of buildings.

Besides a material classification, the cable bandagesalso have an application approval. Additional proofcertificates are, for example, reports on the basis ofan IEC test. These documents describe the provenfunction.

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1

2

Ablative coatingInsulating crust

Intumescent coatingInsulating carbon foam

Reaction of coating compounds

Before cable bandages were developed, (intumes-cent) substances creating an insulation layer or abla-tion coatings were used to coat cables and preventthe spread of fire. If there is a fire, substances creat-ing an insulation layer for cable coating foam up with-out any major pressure formation, forming an insulat-ing protective layer. Ablation coatings cool the materi-als around them in the event of a fire. The ablationcoating PYROCOAT® ASX for cable and combinationinsulation is approved for this application.

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Fixing of the bandage with a max. spacing of 50 cm

Minimum bandage overlapping 5 cm

Cable bundle or cable support system

Use of cable bandages

2.8.1 Benefits compared to coatingsFrequently, cables are additionally given fire preven-tion coatings. The problem here is the major work ofthe wet application. In addition, it must be ensuredthat the dry layer thickness corresponds to the pre-scribed data. By contrast, bandages have the follow-ing advantages:

• Mechanically applied coating guarantees the neces-sary dry layer thickness

• Dry routing• Simple fastening and lock with tightening strap• Simple retroinstallation through opening of the tight-

ening straps (reusable)• Easy to mount thanks to differently coloured sur-

face• Surface is PU-coated and washable

2.8.2 Basic principleUnprotected cable bundles facilitate the rapid expan-sion of fire and make it particularly hard for firebrigades to fight the fire. At temperatures of 150 °Cand upwards, the insulating material in the cable ban-dages that faces the cables foams up, thereby dis-placing the oxygen. The plastic insulation of the ca-bles cannot ignite and the fast expansion of the fire isprevented. Moreover, the creation of thick blacksmoke will also be inhibited.

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Testing of the cable bandage

2.8.3 TestingFire protection bandages are subjected to a cablebundle test on a vertically arranged test body. Thistest is stored in the testing standard IEC 60332-3-22,Cat. A:2000 [16] and the identical EN 50266-2-2:2001 [17]. A defined, approved burning height mustnot be exceeded during a period of 40 minutes.

Cutaway through the test body

Structural principle, IEC test

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2.8.4 PYROWRAP® Wet WLS cable bandageThe PYROWRAP® Wet FSB-WLS system can be usedto wrap large cable bundles or cable support systemswithin the fire sections, in order to prevent the spreadof a fire. The mesh possesses a fire protection coat-ing, which stops a fire in its tracks at an early stage,e.g. in the case of a short-circuit. If there is fire comingin from the outside, the material is not involved in thecourse of the fire, effectively preventing the spread ofthe fire, both in vertical and horizontal directions.

In the escape and rescue routes of small buildings,the mounting of a cable bandage is permitted, as onlylow smoke development is to be expected and only asmall number of people must be evacuated. In largerbuildings, the residual risk of smoke development isaccepted, even if considerably more people must beevacuated. Here, the fire protection bandage frequent-ly presents the only economic solution compared tofire protection ceilings or panelling with plate materi-als.

2.8.5 PYROWRAP® Wet WB cable bandageThe PYROWRAP® Wet FSB-WB system comprises afire protection bandage, which is used in areas withspecial environmental conditions. The fire protectionbandage can be used to wrap large cable bundles orcable support systems, in order to prevent the spreadof fire. The bandage is made of a weatherproof mate-rial, which is insensitive to various chemicals and oils.It has construction approval from the DIBt as a highlyflame-resistant material according to DIN EN 13501-1.When the fire protection coating foams up in the eventof fire, this safely prevents the spread of fire via thecables.

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Cable support system with small distance to roof cupola

2.8.6 Distances to combustible materialsWith certain structure conditions, a distance (a) to thecombustible materials must be maintained. For exam-ple, if there is a fire, no smoke may enter in inflow airopenings of ventilation systems. Combustible materi-als may not always be located near roof cupolaswhich can be opened. However, installations are of-ten already there, meaning that the cable routes can-not be changed. Here, only bandaging cables canhelp, in order to avoid ignition of the installations.

2.8.7 Special applicationsSpecial applications for the cable bandages can befound in the fields of photovoltaics, wind power, tun-nels, shipbuilding or in existing buildings, e.g. inwooden constructions in attics. Here too, the protec-tion aim is: Prevent the spread of fires. Whether this isfor personal protection or system protection dependson the appropriate installation.

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Bandaged cables routed over a firewall

Bandaged rising section in the tower of a wind power plant

Use of the bandage in aggressive environments, e.g. offshore

Bandaged cable support systems in areas with many com-bustible materials

Use in escape and rescue routesBandages are used in escape and rescue routes if thefollowing measures are not possible due to local cir-cumstances or insufficient space:

• Mounting of fire protection-classified suspendedceiling

• Panelling with plates• Installation of a fire protection duct

In so doing, the bandages match the route of the pre-viously installed cables, which is not possible withoutadditional work in the case of fire protection ducts.

As cable bandages are a combustible, althoughflame-resistant, material, they may formally not beused in escape and rescue routes due to theirflammability. The following applies: Fire load throughinstallations in escape and rescue routes = 0 kWh/m².On account of the function and the proof of the firebehaviour, the cable bandage is often the last eco-nomic option. In this case, before mounting, alwaysobtain the approval from the client, e.g. constructionsupervision or fire brigade.

CAUTION!The cable bandages were originally developed inorder to prevent fire expansion within fire sections.The effectiveness of the cable bandage can there-fore not be compared to the performance of a fireprotection duct in escape and rescue routes.

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3 75Protection of escape routes – protection aim 23.1 75What is an escape and rescue route?3.1.1 76Problem: Fire loads3.1.2 77Approved installation options3.2 78Installations in lightweight partitions3.3 80Installation in false ceilings3.3.1 81Tests and documentation3.3.2 83RKSM cable trays3.3.3 84SKSM/SKS cable trays3.3.4 85MKSM/MKS cable trays3.3.5 86GRM cable trays3.3.6 87Grip M grouped supports3.3.7 87Pressure clips3.3.8 88Selection aid3.3.9 89Existing systems3.4 91Installations in underfloor systems3.4.1 92EÜK screed-covered duct system3.4.2 92OKA open trunking systems3.5 93Shielding with plate material3.6 94Cable routing in fire protection ducts3.6.1 94Tests and proofs of application3.6.2 96Versions3.6.3 96Support systems for fire protection ducts in escape and rescue routes3.6.4 97PYROLINE® Rapid3.6.5 97PYROLINE® Con D3.6.6 98PYROLINE® Con S3.6.7 98PYROLINE® Fibre Optics3.6.8 99PYROLINE® Sun PV3.6.9 101Selection aid

Chapter 3: Securing of emergency and escape routes -protection aim 2

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Chapter 3 | Protection of escape routes – protection aim 2

In the event of a fire, escape andrescue routes are the central life-line and must always remain us-

able.

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3 Protection of escape routes - protection aim 2Some 95% of all deaths during fires are caused bysmoke poisoning. To be able to evacuate people safe-ly out of the building during a fire, escape and rescueroutes must always stay free of smoke and fire. In afire, escape and rescue routes are the central lifelineand must always remain usable.

3.1 What is an escape and rescue route?There must be routes in buildings, which not only per-mit access to the building in a horizontal and verticaldirection in normal situations, but which also offer theoption of rescue in a fire. It is therefore obligatory toequip buildings with at least one constructive escapeand rescue route. Additional escape and rescueroutes may also be necessary, depending on the typeof building. These include:

• Necessary staircases (vertical access)• Connecting rooms between the necessary stair-

wells and exits to the outside• Necessary corridors (horizontal access)

There must be a guarantee that, if there is a fire, theseroutes can be used to leave the building without anyrisk. In addition to evacuation, the escape and rescueroutes also aid the local fire brigades as a point of at-tack.

In principle, the escape and rescue routes representareas free of fire, i.e. installations consist of non-com-bustible or flame-retardant materials, in order to pre-vent the spread of a fire. The fire resistance period ofthe surrounding components is at least 30 minutes(flame-retardant). Staircases and the vestibules be-tween a staircase and the exit into the open air mustbe designed to be fire-resistant, with a fire resistanceof 90 minutes.

Area to be protected (orange) in an escape route

90 m

inut

es

30 minutes

30 minutes

30 minutes

90 minutes

EXIT EXIT

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3.1.1 Problem: Fire loadsIn the area of escape and rescue routes, an installa-tion must not pose an additional fire load. This re-quirement must be fulfilled with the appropriate instal-lation types:

• Concealed installation• Use of non-combustible materials• Installation above suspended fire protection ceilings• Installation in underfloor ducts• Installation in fire protection ducts

However, there are exceptions here: The cables re-quired for the operation of an escape and rescueroute may be routed in the open. For example, a lumi-naire in a corridor is made of combustible plastic. Theshort branch cable to supply the luminaire barely in-creases the risk of a fire and is thus approved. Evenspot fire loads, such as Wi-Fi routers or devices forhousehold and fire brigade radio, do not represent anincreased risk. Spot fire loads do not contribute to thefire spread in the straight direction along the corridor.

A massive volume of cables, routed openly in a corri-dor to supply other areas of the building, is not ac-cepted. These installations make a considerable con-tribution to fire spread, as they run like fuse cordsalong the corridor. Systems tested and approved forfires must be installed here.

Fire load through installationsin escape and rescue routes

= 0 kWh/m²

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Open routing with non-com-bustible components

Routing in the plaster or be-hind mineral plates

Routing in steel pipes orducts

3.1.2 Approved installation optionsAs, in most corridors, the installations of all the differ-ent networks meet - electrics, sanitation, ventilationand air-conditioning - the electrical installation is aspecial case. Electricity is the #1 cause of fire, whichis also responsible for the ignition of combustible ma-terials, such as cable insulation, insulation layers ofpipes, etc. Under normal circumstances, a correctlyexecuted electrical installation with a correctly select-ed wire cross-section, correct fuses and avoidance ofdamage during drawing in would not be dangerous.Excessive heating due to improper design and dimen-sioning of the cables or damage to the insulation havefrequently been the cause of fires.

The following cable installations are permitted in es-cape and rescue routes:

• Individual, also arranged next to one another, fullyconcealed

• In solid components with milled slots, with 15 cmplaster coverage or cover with 15 mm-thick, non-combustible plates

• Within light-duty partitions, however only for the sup-ply of consumers mounted on this component

Electrical cables may be installed uncovered, if theyare only used to supply rooms and corridors or arenon-combustible. However, such cables do not occurin practice.

For fastening, the cable routing ducts or electrical in-stallation pipes, made of non-combustible materials(steel), must be used. Accordingly, steel anchors areused for fastening.

The option of open routing plays no role with, for ex-ample, non-combustible sanitary pipes made of steel,copper and cast materials, etc. However, if they pos-sess combustible insulation, this makes things moredifficult. Aid can be obtained through metal panelling,replacing the insulation with non-combustible insula-tion or using tested and approved fire protection ceil-ings. These separate the areas with combustible in-stallations above the false ceiling from the escape andrescue route.

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Partition construction with plasterboard plates

3.2 Installations in lightweight partitionsFrequently, lightweight partitions in stand-off designare installed in escape and rescue routes. The wallsare made of metal profiles, which are closed on bothsides with two sides of plasterboard of 12.5 mm thick-ness. Filling the interspace with mineral wool can be afire protection or noise protection requirement. Thisdesign fulfils fire resistance periods of at least 30 min-utes.

The recesses in the metal profiles are used to routecables. If switches or sockets are inserted in the light-weight partitions, then cavity wall sockets are used.The cavity wall sockets may be used on one side with-out special measures. The internal mineral wool maybe compressed to a thickness of 30 mm. Opposinginstallation in flame-retardant walls is not approvedwith standard cavity wall sockets. Here, special fireprotection cavity wall sockets are required, whichhave been proven to be tested for this application.

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Use of special fire protection cavity wall sock-ets, installed on the other side next to doorswith fire resistance.

Unapproved installation of opposing standardcavity wall sockets in lightweight partitions withfire resistance.

Offset installation of standard cavity wall sock-ets in a lightweight partition, separated by metalstands.

Approved installation of opposing standard cav-ity wall sockets besides doors without fire resis-tance.

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F30 ceiling with fire from below

3.3 Installation in false ceilingsIf corridors are used for the routing of the whole build-ing technology, suspended fire protection ceilings areoften used. If there is a fire, the systems, tested at thetop and bottom for fire loads, safely shield the falseceiling areas created. If there is a fire in the cables in-stalled there, the escape and rescue route can still beused. However, there must be a guarantee that thesuspended ceilings are not subjected to additionalmechanical loads through, for example, falling cablesor parts of the support system. In addition, the fire pro-tection ceilings protect the combustible installationsagainst a fire from below, preventing the fire fromspreading along the corridor via the burning installa-tions.

F30 ceiling with fire from above

Only the following systems for electrical installationsabove suspended fire protection ceilings in the area ofescape and rescue routes:

• Routing systems for the maintenance of electricalfunctionality, tested according to DIN 4102 Part 12[18]

• Special routing systems, tested for fire protectionfor this application

Systems that maintain the electrical functionality havestrictly regulated system parameters, which is whythey can only be used with restrictions for electrical in-stallation in false ceilings. In order to offer practical in-stallation options for intermediate ceiling mounting,proofs for special routing systems with high load ca-pacities and their deformation behaviour in case of fireare available.

Escape route with false ceiling

Systems for the maintenance of electrical functionality only carrylow loads

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Cable tray with high mechanical load before...

...and after fire testing

3.3.1 Tests and documentationSuspended ceilings with fire protection properties (fireprotection ceilings or F 30 ceilings) often possessgeneral construction test reports and classification re-ports according to the relevant testing and classifica-tion standards. There are various manufacturers andproviders for these. However, the situation is rather dif-ferent in the case of support systems above fire pro-tection ceilings.

To be able to offer practical solutions conformant withthe directives for electrical installations above sus-pended fire protection ceilings, fire tests are carriedout according to DIN 4102 Part 12 and Part 4 [19].The following are tested, for example:

• Cable support systems for wall and ceiling mount-ing

• Grouped supports for wall and ceiling mounting• Pressure clips for ceiling mounting• Ceiling supports for ceiling mounting• Cable systems for suspending cable trays

All the systems are usually made of steel, as non-com-bustible materials are required. The appropriate fas-tening anchors are also subject to this requirement.Chapter 5 "Anchorings" deals with this in more detail.

The following requirements for false ceiling systemsare tested in case of fire:

• High mechanical load• Stability of the routing system• Deformation of the routing system

The tests are carried out using the standardised tem-perature-time curve. A full fire is then simulated in thefalse ceiling area. In most cases, the fire resistancelength is set at 30 minutes, but, in special cases, itcan be 90 minutes. The test results can be used tomake statements on practical execution, e.g. on com-pliance of spacing distances to the false ceiling.

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There is no testing standard for installations above fireprotection ceilings and thus no classification is possi-ble. Test criteria are the deformation of the supportsystems, as well as possible falling due to heat. Thetests need not be carried out by an accredited testinginstitute but can, in principle, be carried out and docu-mented by the manufacturer themselves.

The manufacturer's documentation should contain allthe relevant parameters, such as the maximum me-chanical loads, support spacings, securing measuresand deformation behaviour. Such a system then fulfilsconstruction law requirements, e.g. those of the cablesystem directive.

All the OBO routing types are tested in accordancewith DIN 4102 Part 12. In so doing, the mechanicalresistance above fire protection ceilings is investigat-ed and the deformation behaviour recorded. Fire testreports of the Braunschweig Materials testing Instituteand test reports from OBO Bettermann document theresistance and deformation behaviour of the routingvariants, clearly proving the applicability of the sys-tems tested in this way.

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3.3.2 RKSM cable traysThe tested RKS-Magic cable tray system is suitablefor installation in the false ceiling area of escape andrescue routes. In a fire, the system has a proven me-chanical stability of 30 minutes. The RKS-Magic® ca-ble tray can be mounted under the ceiling or on thewall with brackets. The brackets are additionally se-cured on the ceiling with a threaded rod to preventthem bending in cases of fire. A further option for ceil-ing mounting is the support of the cable tray on pro-file rails, each mounted under the ceiling with two

threaded rods. As the cable tray deforms in the even-t of a fire, sufficient distance to the false ceiling mustbe maintained. This minimum distance is documentedin the proof of testing for the various versions of theRKS-Magic® cable trays. If the cable loads and traywidths listed in the proof of testing are maintainedand the minimum spacings to the false ceiling takeninto account, then multi-layer variants can also be im-plemented.

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3.3.3 SKSM/SKS cable traysThe tested SKS-Magic® and SKS cable tray systemsare suitable for installation in the false ceiling area ofescape and rescue routes. In a fire, the systems havea proven mechanical stability of 30 minutes. The SKS-Magic® and SKS cable trays can be mounted underthe ceiling or on the wall with brackets. The bracketsare additionally secured on the ceiling with a threadedrod to prevent them bending in cases of fire. As thecable trays deform in the event of a fire, sufficient dis-tance to the false ceiling must be maintained. Thisminimum distance is documented in the proof of test-ing for the various versions of the SKS-Magic® andSKS cable trays.

If the cable loads and tray widths listed in the proof oftesting are maintained and the minimum spacings tothe false ceiling taken into account, then multi-layervariants can also be implemented. A further option forceiling mounting is the support of the cable trays onprofile rails, each mounted under the ceiling with twothreaded rods. Even with this mounting variant, suffi-cient distances to the false ceiling must be main-tained. A two-layer arrangement of the cable trays ispossible, providing that the approved tensile stress inthe threaded rods is maintained in case of fire.

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3.3.4 MKSM/MKS cable traysThe tested MKS-Magic® and MKS cable tray systemsare suitable for installation in the false ceiling area ofescape and rescue routes. In a fire, the systems havea proven mechanical stability of 30 minutes. The MKS-Magic® and MKS cable trays can be mounted underthe ceiling or on the wall with brackets. The bracketsare additionally secured on the ceiling with a threadedrod to prevent them bending in the event of a fire. Asthe cable trays deform in a fire, sufficient distance tothe false ceiling must be maintained. This minimumdistance is documented in the proof of testing for thevarious versions of the MKS-Magic® and MKS cabletrays.

If the cable loads and tray widths listed in the proof oftesting are maintained and the minimum spacings tothe false ceiling taken into account, then multi-layervariants can also be implemented. A further option forceiling mounting is the support of the cable trays onprofile rails, each mounted under the ceiling with twothreaded rods. Even with this mounting variant, suffi-cient distances to the false ceiling must be main-tained. A two-layer arrangement of the cable trays ispossible, providing that the approved tensile stress inthe threaded rods is maintained in case of fire.

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3.3.5 GRM cable traysThe tested GR-Magic®mesh cable tray system is suit-able for installation in the false ceiling area of escapeand rescue routes. In the event of a fire, the systemhas a proven mechanical stability of 30 minutes. TheGR-Magic® mesh cable tray can be mounted underthe ceiling or on the wall with brackets. The bracketsare additionally secured on the ceiling with a threadedrod to prevent them bending in cases of fire. As themesh cable tray deforms in a fire, sufficient distanceto the false ceiling must be maintained. This minimumdistance is documented in the proof of testing for thevarious versions of the GR-Magic® mesh cable tray. Ifthe cable loads and tray widths listed in the proof oftesting are maintained and the minimum spacings tothe false ceiling taken into account, then multi-layervariants can also be implemented.

A further option for ceiling mounting is the support ofthe mesh cable tray on profile rails, each mounted un-der the ceiling with two threaded rods. Even with thismounting variant, sufficient distances to the false ceil-ing must be maintained. A two-layer arrangement ofthe cable trays is possible, providing that the ap-proved tensile stress in the threaded rods is main-tained in the event of a fire.

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3.3.6 Grip M grouped supportsThe tested Grip M grouped supports are suitable forinstallation in the false ceiling area of escape and res-cue routes. In the event of a fire, the grouped sup-ports have a proven mechanical stability of 30 to 90minutes. They can be mounted under the ceiling or onthe wall. The grouped supports are made of sheetsteel and can be opened and closed easily without

the use of tools. To allow simple cable insertion, thesupports remain open during cable routing. Then, thegrouped supports are closed through simple locking.The construction of the grouped support and weightof the installed cables prevent the lock from openingitself unintentionally.

3.3.7 Pressure clipsThe tested pressure clips are suitable for installationin the false ceiling area of escape and rescue routes.In the event of a fire, the pressure clips have a provenmechanical stability of 30 minutes. They are mountedunder the ceiling. The pressure clips are made of

sprung, rustproof steel. For installation, the hips of thepressure clips are simply bent downwards withouttools and the cables pushed in from the side. Theedges of the clip are sloping to exclude the possibilityof damage to the cables.

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3.3.8 Selection aidYou can choose between the following when selectingthe suitable system for fireproof fastening of large ca-ble loads:

• Determine the cable volume• Determine the required space• Specify the distances to the fire protection ceiling• Select the routing system

With a small amount of cables, this produces the se-lection of grouped supports, pressure clips and ceil-ing supports. For high cable loads cable support sys-tems are used.

The basic data was determined in the fire tests.This data allows the design of various variantsif, for example, there is no mounting space avail-able at the side or if deformation should be re-stricted further.

Two layerson top of each other

Symmetricalon both sides

Two trayson one bracket

Height available

Low height available

No height available

Deformation "a" smaller than base



Side space requirement ↓Distance "a" ↓



Use of the variants

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3.3.9 Existing systemsIn existing systems, it is important to check whichcomponents were used in the existing support sys-tems: Were steel components and steel anchors used

consistently? Are the cable trays screwed together?Are the support spacings comparable to those of thetested systems?

If these basic requirements are fulfilled, then the exist-ing systems can be used. It is possible that the addi-tion of extra fastening points will be sufficient to pre-vent slippage or excessive deformation in the event ofa fire.

CAUTION: Tested false ceiling systems do notfulfil the requirements for the maintenance ofelectrical functionality!

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EÜK screed-covered duct system

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3.4 Installations in underfloor systemsUnderfloor systems are frequently routed in systemfloors. System floors are floor constructions with amodular design, which consist of a sub-constructionand a carrier layer, which are routed on the floor cov-erings. The cavity under the carrier layer can be usedfor installations for data and power supply for all kindsof supply and disposal lines.

In Germany, the Sample System Floors Directive (M-SysBöR) [20] applies for fire protection measures inunderfloor systems. It should be regarded as a sup-plement to the cable systems directive and deals pri-marily with the installation of underfloor systems inemergency and escape routes. However, other roomsof a building may be subject to fire protection require-ments for the system floors.

System floors are primarily approved in the necessarystaircases, in rooms between necessary staircasesand exits to the open air, as well as in the necessarycorridors and other rooms. System floors are forbid-den in safety stairwells. The system floors directivedistinguishes between cavity floors and raised floors.

Whilst cavity floors have a poured support layer madeof screed, with a maximum cavity of 200 mm, raisedfloors are made of prefabricated support plates on astand structure. In most emergency and escaperoutes, poured floors are used. If underfloor systemsare used here to supply electrical energy, these ductsmust fulfil certain requirements. Only inspection open-ings are permitted in these areas.

Jointless cast support layermade of screed with a cavityclearance of up to 200 mm

Prefabricated system floors,consisting of support plates

and stands

Definition of system floors: Cavity floor (left), raised floor (right)

Outside the emergency and escape routes, systemfloors only have few fire protection requirementsplaced on them. The fire loads installed beneath thefloor are assigned fully to the room. With raised floorsof a height greater than 500 mm, the support struc-ture must have a fire resistance period of 30 minutes.This is intended to prevent the rescue teams of thefire brigade from falling through the floor when enter-ing the building. Raised floors, also those used for

room ventilation, must be equipped with smoke detec-tors. These must switch off the ventilation system. Tominimise the risk of fire through the electrical installa-tion, cables are routed beneath the raised floor in fireprotection ducts. If there is a cable fire, these classi-fied ducts ensure that the fire and smoke cannotspread unimpeded in the raised floor.

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EÜK screed-covered duct system

OKA open trunking system

3.4.1 EÜK screed-covered duct systemThe screed-covered duct system is suitable for allscreed types in all routing types, also in hot screed.The electrical installation ducts form a tight, hidden ca-ble routing grid in the screed. Underfloor sockets al-low the expansion with device installation units andaccess to the electrical installation.

3.4.2 OKA open trunking systemThe electrical installation trunking can be adjusted tothe millimetre to the upper edge of the screed. OKAtrunking is suitable for screeds in all routing types,with the exception of heated screed. The benefit whenchanging the use of the room: The screed-flush electri-cal installation trunking can be opened along their en-tire length, allowing flexible cable routing. Dependingon the screed height, device installation units are ei-ther installed in the trunking route or in extension unitswhich are mounted at the side.

Raw floor

Insulation

Floor

Duct, screed-covered

Underfloor box

Open trunking

The EÜK underfloor ducts andthe OKA open trunking fulfil thefire protection requirements for

escape and rescue routes:They close tightly and possess

non-combustible covers.

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Installation

Plate material

Fastening against kinks

3.5 Shielding with plate materialOne option for fireproof encapsulation of fire loads isto shield installations with special plate material. Forexample, the entire cable support system is surround-ed by fire protection plates. This type of mounting iscommonly used in old buildings. However, there mustbe no mechanical load on the plates meaning that theinstallations are secured against fire within the plates.This shielding involves large amounts of work which isdone by drywall engineers and insulation engineerson the construction site. These constructions mustpossess proof of usability. Often, this is a general con-struction test report of a materials testing institute.

Escape route with lined cable support system

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3.6 Cable routing in fire protection ductsFire protection ducts are particularly suitable for instal-lations in escape and rescue routes. The ducts offerprotection against the effects of a cable fire, in whicha lot of very dense, black smoke is created. They areavailable in various designs as • Metal duct with linings made of calcium silicate or

mineral wool plates• Metal duct with intumescent inner coating• Prefabricated, stable lightweight concrete ducts• Self-build ducts made of non-supporting, coated

mineral fibre plates• Self-build ducts made of silicate plates

The dimensions of the variants are dependent, on theone hand, on the construction, but, on the other, alsoon the fire resistance class they must fulfil.

3.6.1 Tests and proofs of applicationFire protection ducts are tested in an independent ma-terials testing institute. The electrical cables areburned within the duct. During the entire classifiedtime specified by the testing standard, neither fire norsmoke may escape from the duct system. Cable exitsare also tested. In this manner, it is possible to provethat the fire load is effectively encapsulated in the ductand that the fire protection duct offers secure protec-tion of escape and rescue routes against the effectsof a cable fire.

In Germany, fire protection ducts for use in escapeand rescue routes are classified as I ducts accordingto DIN 4102 Part 11 [21]. There are I30 (fire-retar-dant) to I120 (fire-resistant) versions. According to theEuropean Classification Standard EN 13501, ductscan have the properties EI 90 (i↔o) (see Chapter 1).Here, "i↔o" stands for the flaming direction: Testedand approved with a fire load from the interior to theexterior and vice versa. The applicability is again doc-umented in a test report, a classification report from amaterial testing institute or a European Technical Eval-uation.

Escape route with fire protection duct

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Metal duct with mineral fibre plates

Metal duct with calcium silicate plates;blunt connection

Metal duct with calcium silicate plates;connection with tongue and groove

Metal duct with intumescent inner coat-ing

Duct made of fibre-glass reinforced light-weight concrete

Duct made on construction side of fireprotection plates

Space requirement with the same usable cross-section: Comparison between a coated metal duct and afire protection duct lined with plates.

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3.6.2 VersionsThe PYROLINE®fire protection ducts are available invarious versions and classification combinations.

All the cables are approved according to DIN 4102Part 11 as the escape and rescue route ducts for theencapsulation of the fire load. The lightweight con-crete ducts BSK (H) 09 and BSK 12 were tested andapproved for the maintenance of electrical functionali-ty to DIN 4102 Part 12.

3.6.3 Support systems for fire protection ducts inescape and rescue routesSupport systems for fire protection ducts in escapeand rescue routes must carry almost only the cableand duct weight. Neither the support systems nor theanchors used come into contact with the high temper-atures if there is a fire. The cable fire occurs within theduct. For these reasons, the load capacity values ofthe "cold" state are completely sufficient. It is still wiseto use fire-tested mounting systems and anchors, asthey form part of safety-relevant systems.

Classification as an escape route duct

Classification for the maintenance of electricalfunctionality

t Time in minutes

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3.6.4 PYROLINE® RapidOBO's PYROLINE® Rapid fire protection duct is madefrom sheet steel with a profiled lid closing contourand an intumescent interior coating. If there is a fire,this provides active fire load encapsulation and safeprevention of the fire spread. This means that the es-cape and rescue routes remain free from fire andsmoke. The PYROLINE® Rapid is tested and ap-proved as an escape route duct for the classes I 30to I 120. The shape matches the standard Rapid 80cable routing duct. The fire protection duct can be in-

stalled directly on the wall or the ceiling. Mounting onwall brackets or on a support system suspended fromthe ceiling is also possible. The lids can be engagedeasily in the base, simultaneously creating the equipo-tential bonding. The connectors can also be used forsuspension. Even overhead mounting is possible, asspecial brackets keep the cable load away from en-gaged lids. All the components are prefabricated.There are also no screw ends in the interior of theducts, meaning that cables cannot be damaged.

3.6.5 PYROLINE® Con DThe PYROLINE® Con D fire protection duct consists offibre-glass light concrete fire protection plates whichare resistant to water and frost. The fire protectionplates, which are classed as non-combustible (materi-al class A1), have a compacted surface, which is thushard, smooth and wear-resistant. The OBOPYROLINE® Con D is used as an I duct to protect es-cape and rescue routes against the effects of a possi-ble cable fire. This means that the escape and rescue

routes remain free from fire, smoke and heat. As an Educt, PYROLINE® Con D allows the maintenance ofelectrical functionality of the safety-relevant circuits.The fire protection duct is mounted directly on wallsand ceilings. Possibly necessary fittings can be creat-ed simply and flexibly on-site according to require-ments. The fire protection ducts can be painted or pa-pered over, as required.

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3.6.6 PYROLINE® Con SThe PYROLINE® Con S fire protection duct, like thePYROLINE® Con D, consists of fibre-glass light con-crete fire protection plates which are resistant to waterand frost. The OBO PYROLINE® Con S is used as an Iduct to protect escape and rescue routes against theeffects of a possible cable fire. This means that theescape and rescue routes remain free from fire,smoke and heat. As an E duct, it allows the mainte-nance of electrical functionality of the safety-relevant

circuits. The fire protection duct can be installed onwall brackets or on one of the support systems sus-pended from the ceiling. Mounted connectors permitquick connection of the duct sections in situ, whileloosely placed covers permit quick inspection and re-assignment. The duct allows elegant avoidance of ob-jects from other areas such as heating, ventilation andsanitary applications.

3.6.7 PYROLINE® Fibre OpticsThe PYROLINE® Fibre Optics fire protection duct isused to install and route fibre optic cables. It is usedas an E duct for the maintenance of electrical func-tionality (class E30–E90) according to DIN 4102-12.PYROLINE® Fibre Optics consists of fibre-glass lightconcrete fire protection plates, which are resistant towater and frost. The fire protection plates, which areclassed as non-combustible (material class A1), havea compacted surface, which is hard, smooth andwear-resistant. An ablation coating is applied to the in-ner sides of the fire protection duct as additional heatinsulation in the event of a fire. The PYROLINE® Fibre

Optics fire protection duct is mounted directly eitheron solid walls and ceilings. Possibly necessary fittingscan be created simply and flexibly on-site accordingto requirements. A second variant of the PYROLINE®

Fibre Optics fire protection duct is installed on wallbrackets or on a support system suspended from theceiling. Mounted connectors permit quick inspectionand reassignment. The fire protection ducts can bepainted or papered over, as required. The minimumapproved bend radii for fibre optic cables can easilybe maintained in the fire protection ducts.

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3.6.8 PYROLINE® Sun PVThe PYROLINE® Sun PV fire protection duct is the ide-al fire protection duct for fireproof routing of photo-voltaic DC cables. If there is a fire, its non-conductivesurface ensures protection against dangerous contactvoltages. In addition, the duct fulfils the requirementsas an I duct according to DIN 4102 Part 11 for cableinstallations in emergency and escape routes. In addi-tion, it meets the requirements of the VDE application

rule AR 2100-712. The fire protection duct can be in-stalled directly on the wall or the ceiling. The appropri-ate connection armatures mean that suspendedmounting is also possible. The duct is made of waterand frost-resistant glass fibre lightweight concrete fireprotection plates (non-combustible, material classA1), meaning that it is suitable for external areas.

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70 x 40 110 x 70 250 x 100

60 x 50

110 x 50

210 x 50

160 x 105

260 x 105

60 x 50

110 x 50

210 x 50

160 x 105

260 x 105

60 x 50

110 x 50

210 x 50

160 x 105

260 x 105

BSKM I duct

BSK09 I/E duct Internal dimen-sions

BSKH 09 I/E duct Internal dimen-sions

BSK 12 I/E duct Internal dimen-sions

Internal dimen-sions

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Escape and rescue routeProtection against the effects of cable fires for safe use of escape and

rescue routes

Fire protection duct Type Class "I"[minutes]

MountingDirect

MountingSuspended

PYROLINE®Sun PV BSKP 0406 30

PYROLINE®Con D - BSK 09... 90

PYROLINE®Con S BSKH 09... 90

PYROLINE®Con D - BSK 12... 120

PYROLINE®Rapid BSKM... 120

Fire in the duct - Class "I"

Maintenance of the electrical supplyMaintenance of the electrical supply to safety-relevant systems if there

is a fire on the outside

Fire protection duct Type Class "E"[minutes]

MountingDirect

MountingSuspended

PYROLINE® Con D - BSK 09... 30

PYROLINE® Con S BSKH 09... 30

PYROLINE® Con D - BSK 12... 90

PYROLINE® Fibre Optics BSKF 0808 90

PYROLINE® Fibre OpticsPYROLINE®Fibre Optics

90

Table 7: Selection aid, fire protection ducts

Fire outside the duct- Class "E"

3.6.9 Selection aidWhen selecting the suitable fire protection duct sys-tem, the following questions must be asked first:• Should the duct protect the escape route against

the effects of a cable fire?• Must the duct protect the cables of a safety-relevant

electrical system against a fire?• Are they fibre optic cables, which must be routed in

a manner that is protected against fire?• Are the routed cables DC cables for photovoltaic

systems?

After determining the expected cable volume, you canselect the appropriate duct size. Here, attention mayneed to be paid to the existing installation space: Withthis decision, the ratio of the external dimensions tothe capacity is at the forefront.

Some 90% of the fire protectionducts are used in escape and res-

cue routes. However, in recentyears, they have increasingly beenused to protect the cables against

fires from the outside.

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4 104Maintaining the electrical supply for safety-relevant electrical systems − protection aim 3 4.1 104Where is the maintenance of electrical functionality required?4.2 105Tasks of maintaining electrical functionality4.3 106Cable systems with integrated maintenance of electrical functionality4.3.1 106Definition of a cable system4.3.2 106Testing and classification standards4.3.3 107Fire tests4.3.4 108Cables4.3.5 112Classifications and certificates4.4 113Systems with maintenance of electrical functionality with fire protection ducts4.4.1 114PYROLINE® Con D/S4.4.2 114PYROLINE® Fibre Optics4.4.3 114Support systems for fire protection ducts in maintaining electrical functionality 4.5 115Systems with maintenance of electrical functionality with cable support systems4.5.1 115Standard support constructions4.5.2 120Cable-specific routing types4.5.3 124Individual routing systems4.5.4 127FireBox connection technology4.5.5 128Difficult installation situations4.5.6 128Cable load per layer4.6 130Special features of vertical routing4.6.1 132LG/SLM/SLS rising sections4.6.2 133Effective support4.7 134Exceptions to maintaining electrical functionality4.8 136Limits of maintaining electrical functionality4.8.1 136Unsuitable components4.8.2 137Solution options

Chapter 4: Maintaining the electrical supply for safety-relevant electrical systems − protection aim 3

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103

Chapter 4 | Maintaining the electrical supply for safety-relevant electrical systems - protection aim 3

4 Maintaining the functionality of safety-relevantelectrical systems − protection aim 3If there is a fire, escape and rescue routes must re-main usable and important technical equipment, suchas emergency lighting, fire alarm systems and smokeextraction systems, must continue to function. In addi-tion, certain technical systems must support the firebrigades in fighting fires for a sufficiently long periodof time. To guarantee the power supply, meaningthat the electrical functionality is maintained with thetechnical equipment and systems if there is a fire, theappropriate installations must be equipped with spe-cial cables and routing systems.

4.1 Where is the maintenance of the electrical sup-ply required?Technical equipment that maintains the electrical func-tionality is required for the following buildings and ar-eas: Hospitals, hotels, restaurants, tower blocks, meet-ing places, shops, closed indoor car parks, metro sys-tems, the chemical industry, power stations and tun-nels. These buildings are frequently visited by largenumbers of people, creating an increased safety riskfor gatherings of people. However, with certain sys-tems, property and the environment must also be pro-tected.

The requirement for electrical installations that main-tain the electrical functionality is a component part ofthe construction regulations. Maintaining the electricalfunctionality only relates to those areas which providethe power supply to safety-relevant electrical systems,such as emergency lighting, alarm systems, fire alarmsystems, automatic extinguishing systems, smoke ex-traction systems, etc. Here, the regulations requirethat the power supply must be guaranteed for a spe-cific period of time, even if there is a fire.

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4.2 What should the maintenance of electrical func-tionality achieve30 minutes: Maintenance of the electrical supply forrescue and a safe evacuation.

The first 30 minutes after the start of a fire play an im-portant role when clearing the affected building. Dur-ing this time, the maintenance of the electrical supplymust be guaranteed for the following units:• Safety lighting systems• Lifts with fire control• Fire alarm systems• Alarm systems and systems for issuing instructions• Smoke extraction systems

60/90 minutes: Maintenance of the electrical function-ality for effective firefighting and difficult evacuation

To support firefighting operations, it is imperative thatcertain technical equipment is supplied with sufficientpower for 60 or 90 minutes after a fire breaks out in abuilding. This equipment includes:• Automatic extinguishing systems• Water pressure increase systems for fire water sup-

ply• Mechanical smoke extraction systems and smoke

protection pressure systems• Fire brigade lifts• Bed lifts in hospitals and similar equipment

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105


=+

Cables with integratedmaintenance of electrical

functionalityRouting systems

Cable system with inte-grated maintenance of

electrical functionality ac-cording to DIN 4102 Part

12

4.3 Cable systems with integrated maintenance ofelectrical functionality4.3.1 Definition of a cable systemA cable system with integrated maintenance of electri-cal functionality is, according to DIN 4102 Part 12, thecombination of the routing system (cable ladder, cabletray, etc.) and special cables.

4.3.2 Testing and classification standardsThere is currently no European standard on the main-tenance of electrical functionality, but there are somenational test regulations, e.g. according to PAVUS inthe Czech Republic. The most widely spread and ac-cepted is testing according to DIN 4102 Part 12.Work is currently being carried out on the Europeanstandards. The appropriate proofs of suitability are is-sued on the basis of this standard.

In future, safety cables and support systems will be in-spected separately, so that components can be com-bined which have the same maintenance of electricalfunctionality class.

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Test structure of a cable system that maintains electrical func-tionality

Furnace at a testing office

4.3.3 Fire testsThe proof of the maintenance of functionality of electri-cal installation material must be obtained by a firetest, carried out by an independent materials testingagency.

The test body, i.e. the cable system, must have a test-ing length of at least 3,000 mm and is installed in aspecial oven. The cables are routed on the supportsystems. According to the standard, two testing ca-bles of the same type are used. In order to cover across-sectional range in a test, the smallest andlargest desired wire cross-section are tested. In mostcases, 50 mm² of copper is chosen for the largestcross-section, which, subject to agreement betweenall the testing institutes, covers all the cross-sectionsabove it with sufficient safety. The test voltages are400 V for the power cable types, e.g. NHXH, and 110V for data and telecommunications cables, e.g. oftypes JE-H(St)H. The test criterion is: No failure of thecables through short-circuits or conductor breaks dur-ing the required testing time.

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Safety cables before...

...and after fire testing

4.3.4 CablesIf there is a fire, the cables are subjected to extremeloads from flames and heat. Nevertheless, cablesused for a safety installation must be able to with-stand temperatures of up to 1,000 °C and higher fora specific period of time, without there being a short-circuit of the copper conductors. As the copper con-ductors may begin to anneal at these extreme tem-peratures, thus impairing their own mechanical stabil-ity, the support system serving as a "support corset"has a special significance.

Due to the temperature development in the cable, inthe case of cables that have integrated maintenanceof electrical functionality, the insulation has a special

role to play. There are two construction types: The ca-bles possess a special coil around the copper con-ductors made of glass silk or mica tape. If there is afire, then the cable insulation burns completely, creat-ing an insulating layer of ash. This is kept together bythe coils and ensures that the copper conductors arekept apart and that no short-circuit of the support sys-tem can occur. More modern cable types use specialceramising plastic insulation instead of the coils. Themain component of the insulation is aluminium hy-droxide, which forms a soft ceramic sleeve when itburns. This creates the desired insulation of the wirescarrying current, both between each other and natu-rally also to the support system.

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≥750°C

U

Testing of the insulation maintenance on a cable

Measurement of the pH value when burning the insulating mate-rial

Insulation maintenanceSo-called insulation maintenance, i.e. how long the in-sulation around the cables can resist the tempera-tures, is tested in a special process. However, thereare many misunderstandings here, which can becaused by the abbreviations "FE 90" and "FE 180".They do not stand for "Maintenance of electrical func-tionality for 90/180 minutes" but for "Flame exposure".

The "flame impact time" is a testing criterion accord-ing to DIN VDE 0472-814 [22] and IEC 60331-11, -12and -13 [23]. Here, cable samples are subjected to di-rect flaming at a constant temperature of at least 750°C for a period of 90 minutes (IEC) or 180 minutes(VDE). During this time, none of the fuses monitoringthe individual wires may drop. This test of "insulationmaintenance" may not, under any circumstances, beconfused with the test of the maintenance of electricalfunctionality of cable systems and only applies tosmall wire cross-sections.

Cables with improved behaviour in case of fireCables that have integrated maintenance of electricalfunctionality are ranked amongst cables with improvedbehaviour in a fire. They are always manufacturedfrom halogen-free plastic. These materials, which con-tain neither chlorine, bromine nor fluorine, do not formany corrosive fire gases on combustion. This isproven through the combustion of the insulation mate-rial and measurement of the pH value and the con-ductivity according to EN 50267-2, -3 [24] / IEC60754-2 [25].

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Smoke density measurement

Testing of the vertical fire spread

In addition, cables that have integrated mainte-nance of electrical functionality produce low smokelevels and reduce the spread of fires. These additionalpositive properties in case of fire are also checked us-ing fire tests on cable samples. The smoke density ismeasured according to IEC 61034-1 and -2 [26] andEN 61034-1, -2 [27]. The light intensity is measuredusing photoelectrics, whereby the minimum value maynot fall below 60% of the nominal output of the lightsource due to the created smoke.

The spread of fires is tested in a vertical arrangementaccording to EN 50266-2-4 [28] and IEC 60332-3-24Cat. C [29]. Cable bundles are flamed on a verticalsection. After the prescribed length of 20 minutes, theflames must go out by themselves and there may beno damage up to 2.5 m above the burner. Cables areconsidered construction products and must be testedand evaluated according to European criteria regard-ing the fire behaviour. According to EN 13501-6 [30],they receive the abbreviations shown in Table 8, de-pending on their fire behaviour. The smoke develop-ment (-s), drip behaviour (-d) and corrosivity (-a) areevaluated.

In future, the European classes B2ca and Cca will be-come the standard for cable installations in specialconstructions.

Euro class Additional class Safety requirement

Flame spread/heat development

Smoke creation/density

Burningdrops

Acid development/corrosivity

Aca Very high

B1ca Very high

B2ca s1 d1 a1 Very high

Cca s1 d1 a1 High

Dca s2 d2 a1 Medium

Eca Low

Fca NoneTable 8: Euro classes of fire behaviour of cables with assignment to building requirements

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Smallest bend radius for cable diameter in mm

Smoke Ø ≤ 8 8 < Ø ≤ 12 12 < Ø ≤ 20

Cable withrigid conductors

When used correctly 4 x Ø 5 x Ø 6 x Ø

Careful bending 2 x Ø 3 x Ø 4 x Ø

Cable withflexible conductors

Fixed routing 3 x Ø 3 x Ø 4 x Ø

Flexible application 4 x Ø 4 x Ø 5 x ØTable 9: Guide values for bend radii

External diameterof the cables in mm

Maximum distance in mm

Horizontal Vertical

≤ 9 250 400

9 < Ø ≤ 15 300 400

15 < Ø ≤ 20 350 450

20 < Ø ≤ 40 400 550Table 10: Guide values for fastening spacings

Increased resistance of the electrical conductors ina fireIf there is a fire, the temperature of the copper con-ductor increases, also meaning a change to the spe-cific electrical resistance. In consequence, the cablecross-section may no longer be sufficiently large. Dueto the resistance increase, the voltage drop also in-creases and the required power cannot be providedfor the electrical system. The cable manufacturers of-fer calculation programs for this, which take the fireand the necessary cross-section increase into ac-count. This means that the cable system can be de-signed safely for safety-relevant systems.

Directives for fastening spacings and bend radiiThe electrical regulations specify the values for themaximum fastening distances and bend radii of thecables. The parameters in Tables 9 and 10 apply ac-cording to DIN VDE 0100-520 [31]. The fasteningspacings determined during the fire tests may deviateconsiderably from the data of the electrical regula-tions. However, the testing standard indicates that ac-companying standards must be complied with. In con-sequence, the lowest tested or standardised fasteningspacings must be complied with.

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Classification to (examples):

Maintenance of electrical functionality in minutes DIN 4102-12 NBN 713.020 NEN 2535 EN 13501-2

≥ 30 E 30 - FB 30 P 30

≥ 60 E 60 Rf1 FB 60 P 60

≥ 90 E 90 Rf1½ FB 90 P 90Table 11: Maintenance of electrical functionality classes and their abbreviations [32;33]

4.3.5 Classifications and certificatesDepending on the length of time achieved, the cablesystems are assigned to the classes E 30 to E 90 ac-cording to DIN 4102-12. According to the Europeanclassification standard EN 13501, a cable system isgiven the abbreviation "P" and "PH" with the appropri-ate time in minutes after a successfully completedtest. In Germany, the result of the fire test is docu-mented in a construction test certificate. For cablesystems, this test certificate is considered the proof ofthe maintenance of electrical functionality in combina-tion with the listed cables.

Test certificate, NRW materials testing institute

After erection, each cable system must be permanent-ly labelled with a sign. This labelling must contain thefollowing information:• Name of builder of the cable system (installation

engineer)• Maintenance of electrical functionality class

"E" or "P"• Test certificate number• Owner of the test certificate• Year of manufacture

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4.4 Maintenance of the electrical supply with fireprotection ductsCable systems according to DIN 4102 Part 12 also in-clude cable ducts. The different construction types ofthe ducts must ensure that the cables routed in the in-terior continue to function in a fire on the outside. Thisis ensured using different duct materials (see alsoChapter 3).

Therefore, no special cables that maintain the electri-cal function need be routed in fire protection ductsand it is possible to use normal, PVC-insulated cables,tested according to the standard. As cables with inte-grated maintenance of electrical functionality are usu-ally created with a nominal voltage of 0.6/1 kV, thereare no options in the field of cable systems for routingmedium-voltage cables that maintain electrical func-tionality, for example. However, these cable types canbe routed in the fire protection duct, achieving the pro-tection aim of the safe supply of a safety-relevant sys-tem.

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4.4.1 PYROLINE® Con D/SThe PYROLINE® Con D/S fire protection duct consistsof fibre-glass light concrete fire protection plateswhich are resistant to water and frost. The fire protec-tion plates, which are classed as non-combustible(material class A1), have a compacted surface, whichis thus hard, smooth and wear-resistant. The OBOPYROLINE® Con D/S is used as an I duct to protectescape and rescue routes against the effects of apossible cable fire. This means that the escape andrescue routes remain free from fire, smoke and heat.As an E duct, PYROLINE® Con D/S allows the mainte-nance of electrical functionality of the safety-relevantcircuits. The fire protection duct is mounted directly onsolid walls and ceilings. Possibly necessary fittingscan be created simply and flexibly on-site accordingto requirements. The fire protection ducts can bepainted or papered over, as required.

4.4.2 PYROLINE® Fibre OpticsCommunication systems must continue to functioneven if there is a fire. Ever more often, they areequipped with fibre optic cables, in order to processlarge data volumes securely. In industrial systems too,optical data transmission systems are used forprocess control. In the event of a fire, the processesmust be ended in a controlled fashion, in order to pre-vent damage to people and the environment. For thisreason, the fibre optic cables must be routed withspecial protection in a fire.

Fibre optic cables cannot be evaluated according tothe testing standard DIN 4102 Part 12, as the basiccriteria only relate to copper conductors. ThePYROLINE® Fibre Optics fire protection ducts protectthe fibre optic conductors against an external fire for aperiod of 90 minutes. The achieved class of mainte-nance of electrical functionality is "E 90".

4.4.3 Support systems for fire protection ducts insystems that maintain electrical functionalityFor the maintenance of electrical functionality, the sup-port structures are not defined exactly in the approvalsof the fire protection ducts. With these mounting vari-ants, it must be ensured that the ducts do not slide offthe support systems. For pendulum suspensions orsuspended support-bracket combinations with addi-tional threaded rod locking at the bracket tip, the elec-trical maintenance of functionality was proven in firetests. In practice, these support systems have alsoproved their worth in the suspension of fire protectionducts.

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4.5 Maintaining the electrical function with cablesupport systemsThere are various routing options for routing cableswith integrated maintenance of electrical functionality.Besides the type and number of cables to be routed,economic aspects are naturally also of importance.There are many variations, from the tried and trustedstandard support structures with which planning ispossible, irrespective of the cable type, right throughto economical, cable-specific solutions.

4.5.1 Standard support structuresThe standard specifies that not just the cables them-selves maintain the functionality of an electrical ca-bling system but also the routing systems do. Withstandard support structures, it is possible to select thecables required for the installation freely. This is possi-ble, as all the cable manufacturers have proved themaintenance of electrical functionality of their safetycables for the standard support systems.

DIN 4102 Part 12 defines three standard routing sys-tems:• Routing on cable ladders• Routing on cable trays• Individual cable routing under the ceiling

The individual clips or profile rails and clamp clips,with and without long troughs, belong to the individualrouting of the cables under the ceiling defined in teststandard DIN 4102 Part 12.

The parameters of the horizontal routing types weretransferred to vertical installations, making the use ofvertical sections possible.

Cable tray Cable ladders Rising sections

Fastening spacings [m] 1.2 1.2 1.2

Width, maximum [mm] 300 400 600

Maximum cable load [kg/m] 10 20 20

Max. number of layers 6 3 1

Threaded rod locking Yes Yes -Table 12: Parameters of the standard support structures - cable trays and ladders

Individual clips Clamp clipswithout long troughs

Clamp clipswith long troughs

Fastening spacings [m] Horizontal 30 30 60

Vertical 30 30 -

Cable diameter [mm] Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited

Cable bundle, maximum [n x mm] 3 x 25 3 x 25 3 x 25Table 13: Parameters of the standard support structures - individual routing with clips

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Benefits of standard support structures• Free choice of cables• No binding to specific cable types• Ideal for smaller projects• Countless installation variants

OBO Bettermann offers the following systems as stan-dard support structures with the maintenance of elec-trical functionality classes E 30 to E 90 according toDIN: • Cable trays SKS• Cable ladders LG• Rising sections in light-duty and heavy-duty ver-

sions• Single and clamp clips, types 732/733 and

2056(U)M• Strain relief ZSE90 as effective support for vertical

routing

SKS cable tray with U suspended supportThe routing type of cable trays of type SKS with Ususpended supports under the ceiling fulfils all the re-quirements of DIN 4102 Part 12 as a standard sup-port structure for the maintenance of electrical func-tionality classes E 30 to E 90. The cable trays can bemounted on the U suspended support on one or bothsides with up to six tray layers. The threaded rod lock

is fastened with a maximum spacing of 100 mm be-side the bracket. For this, the ABR connection compo-nent should be screwed under the tray base. The po-sition of the joints between the individual supportpoints can be chosen freely. The cable trays arescrewed on using connectors in the side rail and anadditional joint plate in the base of the tray.

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SKS cable tray with U transverse profileThe routing type of cable trays of type SKS with Utransverse profiles under the ceiling fulfils all the re-quirements of DIN 4102 Part 12 as a standard sup-port structure for the maintenance of electrical func-tionality classes E 30 to E 90. This routing variant is aparticularly space-saving routing type: The construc-tion height of the transverse profile is just 30 mm.

Versions with one or two-layer mounting variants areapproved. The position of the joints between the indi-vidual support points can be chosen freely. Connec-tors are screwed into the side rails and an additionaljoint plate to the base of the tray, in order to intercon-nect the cable trays.

SKS cable tray, wall mountingThe routing type of cable trays with wall brackets onthe wall fulfils all the requirements of DIN 4102 Part12 as a standard support structure for the mainte-nance of electrical functionality classes E 30 to E 90.When the cable trays are mounted on the wall, up tothree tray layers can be arranged vertically. Thethreaded rod lock is fastened vertically under the ceil-ing with a maximum spacing of 100 mm beside thebracket using an ABR connection component

screwed on beneath the tray base. In the case of one-layer section mounting, the threaded rod lock can al-ternatively be created using sloping connection com-ponents at a angle of 45° to the wall. Joints can bepositioned freely between the individual supportpoints. Connectors are screwed into the side rails andan additional joint plate to the base, in order to con-nect the cable trays.

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LG-VSF cable ladder with U suspended supportThe routing type of cable ladders of type LG with Ususpended supports under the ceiling fulfils all the re-quirements of DIN 4102 Part 12 as a standard sup-port structure. The cable ladders can be mounted onthe U suspended support on one or both sides withup to three layers. The threaded rod lock is fastenedwith a maximum spacing of 100 mm beside thebracket. The ABL connection component need simply

be attached to the lower flange of the ladder rail.Mounting of the threaded rod secures the connectioncomponent against slipping. The rung spacing in thecable ladder is 150 mm. Therefore, no additional rungsupport plates are required. The position of the jointsbetween the individual support points can be chosenfreely.

LG-VSF cable ladder with U transverse profileThe routing type of cable ladders of type LG with Utransverse profiles under the ceiling fulfils all the re-quirements of DIN 4102 Part 12 as a standard sup-port structure for the maintenance of electrical func-tionality classes E 30 to E 90. The threaded rod sus-pension from the ceiling on both sides and the lowconstruction height of the cross-section, just 30 mm,means that this routing type saves a lot of space. Ver-

sions with one or two-layer mounting variants are ap-proved. The rung spacing in the cable ladder is150 mm. Therefore, no additional rung support platesare required. The joints of the ladder rails are con-nected using external connectors, which are screwedto the rails. The position of the joints between thecross-sections can be chosen freely.

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LG-VSF cable ladder, wall mountingThe routing type of cable ladders of type LG with wallbrackets on the wall fulfils all the requirements of DIN4102 Part 12 as a standard support structure. Whencable ladders are mounted on the wall, up to two lay-ers can be arranged on top of one another. Thethreaded rod lock to the ceiling is fastened verticallywithout screws using the ABL connection component

attached to the lower flange of the ladder rail. Themaximum distance between the connection compo-nent and the bracket may be 100 mm. When onlyone cable ladder is mounted on the wall, the threadedrod lock can alternatively be created using slopingconnection components at an angle of 45° to thewall.

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4.5.2 Cable-specific routing typesCable-specific support systems require specific ca-bles. Any proof is only valid for the actually testedcombination of laying variant and cable. There aremany tested combinations. With these systems,economical routing is paramount.

Thus, they differ considerably from standard sup-port constructions. Cable-specific systems differfrom the standard, e.g. in the fastening spacingdistances of the clips. Thus distances of 80 cm areno rarity with specific cable types. When cablesare routed on cable trays, the support spacing dis-tances and load capacities are increased. In addi-tion, with some systems, there is no need for theattachment of a threaded rod lock near the brackettip. The great advantage of this is that cables neednot be threaded through on retroinstallation.

The possibilities of the combination of cables andsupport systems are fully exploited – the systemsare optimised for the appropriate application.

Advantages of cable-specific routing types• Low material and mounting costs• Planned systems: Support systems are clearly as-

signed to defined cable types• Large selection of approved cable types• Ideal for larger buildings (project business)

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The following cable-specific support systems can beconsidered for an economical electrical installationthat maintains electrical functionality: Cable trays withand without threaded rod lock, mesh cable trays, ca-

ble ladders, individual clips, grouped supports andpressure clips. Even electrical installation pipes inproven variants can be mounted.

When selecting the products approved for the mainte-nance of electrical functionality, observe the specifica-tions of the planner and the details of the test certifi-cates. All the parameters on mounting and the usablecomponents must be taken from the test certificates.The approved combination with tested cables must beobserved rigidly.

Data for cable cross-sections, distances and maxi-mum loads may vary depending on the cable typeand cable manufacturer. The maximum approved ca-ble load may not be exceeded during installation.Even in the case of retroinstallation in cable-specificrouting types, observe the approved cable types. Thesystems were tested at German testing institutes incooperation with renowned manufacturers of safetycables (Dätwyler Cables, Kabelwerk Eupen, LeoniStuder, Nexans and Prysmian). In addition, certainrouting types were tested and approved appropriatelyat local testing offices along with cable manufacturersfrom other countries according to DIN 4102 Part 12.

The following cable-specific support structures androuting types are available:• RKSM cable trays• GRM and G-GRM mesh cable trays• LKM cable routing ducts• SL cable ladders• VA support structure, e.g. for tunnels

Many combinations with cable spacing clips andclamp clips with larger fastening spacing distanceswere tested and proven by the various cable manufac-turers. Even the routing of cables that maintain theelectrical functionality in pipes was covered. To obtaina clear overview, OBO compiles a so-called cable listwith the tested and approved routing systems and ca-ble combinations available at regular intervals.

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RKS-Magic® cable trayThe RKS-Magic® cable tray has been tested as a ca-ble-specific support construction for the maintenanceof electrical functionality according to DIN 4102 Part12 and approved for maintenance of electrical func-tion classes E 30 to E 90. Threaded rod locking is notrequired at the tip of the bracket. This saves not justmaterial but also considerably simplifies and speedsup the installation of cables. The screwless connec-tion system allows interconnection of the RKS-Magic®

cable trays without tools and in a particularly quickand economic manner. To ensure the maintenance ofthe electrical supply, only the locking lugs in the baseneed to be bent after the trays have been connected.The double material thickness in the joint area andthe beading in the base mean that the cable tray hasa very high load capacity. The installation of fittings inthe section route is permitted, as is the mounting ofseparating retainers.

RKS-Magic® VA cable trayon suspension clamp AHB-TThe RKS-Magic® cable tray, made of rustproof steelwith the AHB-T suspension clamp, has been tested asa cable-specific support structure for the maintenanceof electrical functionality according to DIN 4102 Part12 and approved for maintenance of electrical func-tion classes E 30 to E 90. The rustproof steel versionpermits mounting in areas with more aggressive at-mospheres, e.g. in road tunnels. The design of thesuspension clamp means that it can be mounted on

straight, slanting or curved ceilings, thus allowing sim-ple, space-saving installation of the cable tray. Thebenefits of the screwless connection systems of theRKS-Magic® cable trays also apply to this routingtype. This makes mounting of RKS-Magic® cabletrays, for example in the installation of long sectionsin increased corrosion protection requirements, aneconomically viable routing variant. The installation offittings in the section route is permitted, as is themounting of separating retainers.

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GR-Magic® mesh cable trayThe GR-Magic® mesh cable tray has been tested as acable-specific support construction for the mainte-nance of electrical functionality according to DIN4102 Part 12 and approved for the maintenance ofelectrical functionality classes E 30 to E 90. Thethreaded rod lock is mounted directly on the tray rail,using the ABG connection component. This is just at-

tached to the side lengthwise wires of the mesh cabletray. When the threaded rod has been mounted, thecomponent is secured against unintentional release.The screwless connection system of the GR-Magic®

mesh cable trays ensures toolless, and thus particu-larly rapid and economic, mounting.

GR-Magic® VA mesh cable tray on AHB-T suspen-sion clampThe GR-Magic® mesh cable tray, made from rustproofsteel, has been tested as a cable-specific supportstructure for the maintenance of electrical functionalityaccording to DIN 4102 Part 12 and approved for themaintenance of electrical functionality classes E 30 toE 90. The rustproof steel version permits mounting inareas with more aggressive ambient conditions. Thedesign of the AHB-T suspension clamp means that itcan be mounted on straight, slanting or curved ceil-

ings, thus allowing simple, space-saving installation ofthe mesh cable tray. The benefits of the screwlessconnection systems of the GR-Magic® mesh cabletrays also apply to this routing type. This makesmounting of mesh cable trays, for example in the in-stallation of long sections in increased corrosion pro-tection requirements, an economically viable routingvariant. With this system, the mounting of separatingretainers and lids is permitted.

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4.5.3 Individual routing systemsClamp clips with profile railsThe routing types with clamp clips fulfil all the require-ments of DIN 4102 Part 12 as a standard supportstructure for the maintenance of electrical functionalityclasses E30 and E90. Mounting as a cable-specificrouting type is possible, depending on the specifica-tions of the cable manufacturer. The clamp clips canbe used for horizontal cable routing on walls and ceil-ings and vertical routing on walls. The clamp clips are

made of sheet steel with a riveted metal pressuretrough. Long troughs made of galvanised sheet steelcan be used to increase the support area for the ca-bles. These are inserted loosely between the cablesand the metal pressure troughs of the clamp clips.Bundling of up to three cables in a clamp clip is pos-sible. The individual diameter of the bundled cablesmay not exceed 25 mm. If only individual cables areinstalled, then there is no limit to the cable diameter.

Screw-in spacer clip 732/733The routing types with single clips fulfil all the require-ments of DIN 4102 Part 12 as a standard supportstructure for the function maintenance classes E 30, E60 and E 90. In addition, mounting of the single clipsas a cable-specific routing type is possible, depend-ing on the specifications of the cable manufacturer.The screw-in spacer clips can be used for horizontalcable routing on walls and ceilings and vertical rout-ing on walls. The closed screw-in spacer clips are

made of galvanised sheet steel. Mounting is carriedout either by pushing through the slots of the clips orby screwing onto a fire protection anchor with thread-ed tip M6. Bundling of up to three cables together ina single clamp clip is possible for mounting as a stan-dard support structure. The individual diameter of thebundled cables may not exceed 25 mm. There is nolimit to the diameter of installed individual cables withscrew-in spacer clips.

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Grip M grouped supportsCable routing with metal grouped supports is ap-proved as a cable-specific routing type for the mainte-nance of electrical functionality classes E 30, E 60and E 90 according to DIN 4102 Part 12. The collect-ing clamps used are made of sheet steel and can beopened and closed easily without the use of tools. Toallow simple cable insertion, the supports can remain

open during cable routing. Grouped supports for walland ceiling mounting are suitable. Depending on thetested cables and the grouped supports used for thetests, fastening spacings of maximum 0.8 m and acable assignment of up to 6 kg/m are permitted. Theinstructions of the various cable manufacturers shouldbe complied with.

Pressure clipsCable routing with rustproof steel pressure clips is ap-proved as a cable-specific routing type for the mainte-nance of electrical functionality class E 30 accordingto DIN 4102 Part 12. This routing variant is idealwhen there is only little mounting height available un-der the ceiling. With just small additions, fire alarm ca-

bles and also power cables for safety lighting systemscan be routed in a space-saving way. For installation,the hips of the pressure clips are simply bent down-wards and the cables pushed in from the side. Theclamping area can be expanded with spacers.

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LKM cable routing trunkingCable routing with metal cable routing trunking, typeLKM, is approved as a cable-specific routing type forthe maintenance of electrical functionality classes E30, E 60 and E 90 according to DIN 4102 Part 12.The trunking may be routed horizontally on the wall orunder the ceiling and offer additional mechanical pro-tection of the installed cables. This installation variantis also used if, for reasons of appearance, open rout-

ing of the cables with maintenance of electrical func-tionality is not wanted. A retaining clamp is availableas an installation aid for the trunking type LKM60100.This prevents cables from falling out in the case ofwall and ceiling mounting. When cable installation hasbeen completed, the trunking cover is locked onto thetrunking base.

Steel pipeCable routing in the steel pipe, in combination withclamp clips or with screw-in spacer clips, fulfils the re-quirements of DIN 4102 Part 12 as a cable-specificrouting type for the maintenance of electrical function-ality classes E 30, E 60 and E 90. The steel pipesmay be routed horizontally on the wall or under theceiling and offer additional mechanical protection ofthe installed cables. Sheet steel clamp clips are used

together with a riveted metal pressure sleeve and theappropriate profile rails, or closed screw-in spacerclips made of galvanised sheet steel. Refer to theavailable test certificates of the cable manufacturer forthe maximum possible dimensions of the pipes, themaximum fastening spacing of the clips and the num-ber of cables to be run in the pipe.

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4.5.4 FireBox connection technologyJunction boxes of the FireBox series are available forconnecting and branching safety cables. These areequipped with a high temperature-resistant connec-tion unit with ceramic terminals and offer terminal ar-eas of 0.5 mm² to 16 mm² of copper cross-section.The T series FireBoxes possess all the benefits ofthermoplastic cable junction boxes. These include thehigh IP protection rating of up to IP66 and the maxi-mum impact resistance of up to IK10 and a high re-sistance to breakage. Boxes with soft plug-in seals orclosed variants are available. Here, the cable glands

can be located freely. Fastening either takes place onthe outer straps or through the box base with fire pro-tection screw ties. The high temperature-resistant ter-minals are pre-mounted on the connection unit. Theprotective conductor terminal is connected to the sup-port clamp, meaning that covers of the metal partsare not required. The FireBox is tested and approvedas a connection socket for maintenance of electricalfunctionality to DIN 4102 Part 12 with the classesE30, E60 and E90. A separate fuse holder allows pro-tection of a branch.

Clamping capacity of the ceramic terminals

0.5 mm² 1.5 mm² 2.5 mm² 4 mm² 6 mm² 10 mm² 16 mm²

4 mm² - - -

6 mm² - -

10 mm² - -

16 mm² -

Table 14: Clamping capacity of the ceramic terminals

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4.5.5 Difficult installation situationsLocal factors on the construction site sometimes re-quire special measures, in order to prevent or com-pensate impairments of the cable system through sur-rounding components.

Space with plenty of girdersIf there are height jumps, the installed cables must besupported. This may be required when cables withlarge cross-sections are no longer on the support sys-tem. For this, additional profile rails or brackets couldbe mounted, in order to accept the cable load.

Combination with other systemsVentilation systems, pipes, etc. may not be installedabove the electrical installation with maintenance ofthe electrical functionality, as parts may fall down ifthere is a fire, damaging the cables that maintain theelectrical supply. For this, these cables must beplaced directly under the ceiling or on the wall.

Limited spaceIf there is limited space, then multiple solutions arepossible: The cables are either mounted directly underthe ceiling using clips or pressure clips, or multiplenarrow cable sections are installed on top of eachother, instead of on a wide section.

Problematic substrateThere are problematic substrates, such as old ceilingstructures, where the load capacity cannot be deter-mined definitely. Therefore, wall mounting is recom-mended (e.g. for restoration projects) in this case.

4.5.6 Cable load per cable tray layerThe support systems are designed for exactly definedloads. This also results in a differing quantity of super-imposed layers of cable trays and ladders.

The proven possible mechanical loads for cable sup-port systems that maintain electrical functionality arevery low, in comparison to cable systems for the"cold" state. For this reason, they may only be as-

signed to a low level. This poses the risk that cabletrays, which are visually still free, are used for retroin-stallations. This could mean that the approved cableweight is exceeded. The following diagrams showhow the maximum weight per tray can be reachedwith just a few safety cables. It is therefore very impor-tant to plan the cable volume exactly.

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Standard support structure with cable tray SKS E 90

Quantity: 10Weight: 5.06 kg/m


Cable tray300 mm widemax. 10 kg/m

Total weight 9.8 kg/m

For comparison

Cable-specific support structure with cable tray RKSM E 90



Cable tray400 mm widemax. 20 kg/m

Total weight 20.0 kg/m

For comparison

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4.6 Special features of vertical routingCables that maintain the electrical functionality cableson rising sections must be effectively supported in thetransition area between vertical and horizontal routing,to prevent bending or sliding. Continuous vertical ca-ble systems only receive the appropriate maintenanceof electrical function classification when there is effec-tive support or strain relief at a spacing of max. 3.5 m.Strain relief measures can be provided in the variantsdescribed below.

Strain relief through loopsTo ensure that cables do not break through their ownweight during a fire, DIN 4102 Part 12 requires thatthey be routed in loops. The maximum spacing be-tween the individual loops is 3.5 m. The minimumlength of the horizontally routed cables is 0.3 m. Thehorizontal fastening clips must, as with vertical mount-ing, also be mounted every 0.3 m. In addition, duringthe installation the permissible bending radii of the ca-bles mist be observed. If there is a fire, the cables de-posit themselves on the sides of the clip elements ontheir forming ash layer. This prevents tearing throughthe weight of the copper. However, in practice, thisvariant can often not be implemented due to the largeamount of space required at the side.

Strain relief through cable insulationAn additional strain relief option is the installation ofapproved cable insulations in the ceiling openings. Inso doing, the fire resistance length of the insulationsystem must correspond to the maintenance of electri-cal functionality class of the installed cable system. Insuch cases, the storey height may not exceed 3.5 m.If there is a fire, the copper weight is caught by the se-ries of clips located directly above the floor, as this re-mains cold due to the insulation function. The cablesare clamped according to the regulations and, at astorey height of maximum 3.5 m, "only" have a permit-ted weight of 3.5 m of copper.

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Effective support measureThe boxes, made of a non-combustible material withintegrated mineral fibre insulation and which aremounted directly over a series of clips, have proventheir worth as a practical solution. This allows avoid-ance of the difficult loops according to DIN 4102 Part12. The action principle is similar to that of the cableinsulation in the storey ceiling: If there is a fire, the se-ries of clips in the box remains relatively cold and thecables remain clamped, effectively preventing break-ing. This universally applicable solution is approved

for all types of vertical ladders and also for individualclips, which carry vertical cables. Ladder rungs canbe penetrated, so that mounting is also possible inexisting, continuous rising sections. There is no de-pendence on specific cable types or manufacturers.This means that DIN-conformant and effective supportof the vertically installed cables that maintain the elec-trical supply can be achieved in a way which is ex-tremely economic and space-saving.

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4.6.1 Rising sectionsLight-duty vertical ladderVertical ladders of type LG fulfil all the requirementsof DIN 4102 Part 12 as a standard support structurefor the maintenance of electrical functionality classesE 30, E 60 and E 90. The vertical ladders are fas-tened directly to the wall through the lower flange ofthe ladder rails at a spacing of maximum 1.2 m. Alter-natively, the vertical ladders can also be mounted withadditional fastening brackets, attached to the rail fromthe outside. Mounting of screwed-on connectors is

approved and they can be positioned freely. The rungdistance is 30 cm and the cables are fastened usingclamp clips, type 2056 M (clamp clips with metalpressure trough). Light-duty vertical ladders are avail-able in widths of 200 to 400 mm. Mounting of thestrain relief ZSE90 is approved for storey heights ofmore than 3.5 m. The vertical ladder need not be in-terrupted as the strain relief is mounted via the contin-uous vertical ladder.

Heavy-duty vertical ladderVertical ladders of type SLM fulfil all the requirementsof DIN 4102 Part 12 as a standard support structurefor the maintenance of electrical functionality classesE 30, E 60 and E 90. They are made of U profileswith screwed-on rungs. The vertical ladders are fas-tened directly to the wall through the ladder rails at aspacing of maximum 1.2 m. Individual lengths can bescrewed on with connectors. They can be positionedfreely. The cables must be fastened on each rungwith clamp clips of type 2056 UM with a riveted metal

pressure sleeve with a spacing of 30 cm. There is nolimit to the diameter of installed individual cables withclamp clips. Bundling of up to three cables is possi-ble with this standard support structure. Heavy-dutyvertical ladders are available in widths of 400 to600 mm. Mounting of the strain relief ZSE90 is ap-proved for storey heights of more than 3.5 m. The ver-tical ladder need not be interrupted as the strain reliefis mounted via the continuous vertical ladder.

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Industrial vertical laddersIndustrial vertical ladders of type SLS fulfil all the re-quirements of DIN 4102 Part 12 as a standard sup-port structure for the maintenance of electrical func-tionality classes E 30, E 60 and E 90. They are madeof I profiles with screwed-on rungs. The vertical lad-ders are fastened at a spacing of maximum 1.2 m us-ing fastening brackets, which are screwed to the lad-der rails. When mounting rungs, maintain a spacing ofmaximum 30 cm. The cables must be fastened on

each rung with clamp clips of type 2056 UM with ariveted metal pressure sleeve. There is no limit on theexternal diameter of individual cables. Up to three ca-bles can be bundled together under a clamp clip. Theindustrial vertical ladders are available in widths of400 to 600 mm. For storey heights of more than 3.5m, the strain relief ZSE90 may be mounted over thevertical ladder. The vertical ladder need not be inter-rupted for it.

4.6.2 Effective supportStrain relief ZSE90In the case of continuous, vertical routing of cablesthat maintain electrical functionality cables accordingto DIN 4102 Part 12, the standard requires effectivecable support at a maximum spacing of 3.5 m. Thisrequirement can be fulfilled with the OBO ZSE90strain relief. The ZSE90 is approved for all mainte-nance of electrical functionality classes E 30 to E 90in combination with standard support structures. Itcan be used for all rising section widths and also forvertical single-clip installations. The ZSE90 strain relief

covers the fastening point of the cables on profilerails, rungs or with single clips. In case of fire, it pre-vents direct fire loads on the clips, meaning that theystay "relatively" cold. The weight of the cable is dissi-pated safely. There is no risk of the cables tearingthrough their intrinsic weight if there is a fire. Thisguarantees secure maintenance of electrical function-ality. The strain relief can be fastened using slide nutson profile rails, on the rungs of vertical ladders or onthe wall next to installed cables.

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Smoke detector

Pushbutton alarm

No safety cables

E30 safety cables

4.7 Exceptions to the maintenance of electrical func-tionalityIf fire alarm systems are installed in the building, it ispossible to waive cabling with maintenance of electri-cal functionality class E 30 in certain areas. These in-clude, for example, branch cables to fire alarms locat-ed in a fire section. Here, routing of E 30 cables to thefirst fire alarm is sufficient. If the fire alarm system wascreated with loop technology, then no E 30 safety ca-bles at all are required. The system detects interrup-tions if cables fail during a fire and automaticallyswitches the signal paths.

If cables of the fire alarm system are run through mon-itored areas into a final fire section, then there is noneed for E 30 cabling. If the bridged fire sections arenot monitored, then safety cables with maintenance ofelectrical functionality class E 30 must be installed.

The exceptions described above have no influence onthe supply of safety-relevant electrical systems withthe maintenance of electrical functionality classes E60 and E 90. The higher-level classes must be giventhe appropriate safety cables.

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Smoke detector

Firewall

No safety cables

E30 safety cables

Branch cablesBS

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Heat build-up under the ceiling in the event of a fire

4.8 Limits of maintaining electrical functionalityNot only surrounding installations can have a negativeimpact on the maintenance of electrical functionality,but also insufficient knowledge of local factors or evenincorrect planning can quickly limit implementation inaccordance with the approval. All too often, there ispoor matching of the networks, which are managedby different planners and installation engineers. It israre to find a technical building manager for fire pro-tection on construction sites. The responsibility for thisprimarily lies with the architects and construction engi-neers. If they do not employ a technical building man-ager, then they automatically fill this position. But plan-ners of technical building equipment will, in future,have to expand their knowledge of construction andsystem fire protection.

4.8.1 Unsuitable componentsIn many cases, the building structure often does notpermit the routing of an electrical functionality mainte-nance system which is conformant with the approval.Separating components, such as walls and ceilings,which do not have a supporting function in the eventof fire, are unsuitable for fastening cable systems withintegrated maintenance of electrical functionality ac-cording to DIN 4102 Part 12. Dry-construction wallswith metal stand constructions with a fire protection-classified version are the best example of this. Thestructure of these walls means that a spread load,such as a cable tray, cannot be mounted. If there is afire, then the structure of the normally plasterboardplates becomes brittle and breaks away from the sub-construction. So-called sandwich elements behave ina similar way; these are sheet steel walls with apolyurethane foam insulation. They have no fire resis-tance and are thus unsuitable as a fastening substratefor the maintenance of electrical functionality.

However, the greatest problems are caused by build-ings or halls with a steel support construction, pan-elling with sandwich elements (as described above)and a roof of trapezoidal plates. Unprotected steel hasno fire resistance duration. At a temperature of 500°C, which can be reached very quickly during a fullfire, it only retains half its strength. As such, fasteningto steel is not possible. Steel fire protection is imple-mented, for example, in the form of plate panelling orcoatings. However, these measures should primarilyprotect the building structure against early failure dur-ing a fire. If something is to be fastened to these pro-tected steel girders, then the panelling or coatingsmust ultimately be destroyed. Reworking is thus nec-essary and is usually very complex.

Even worse than steel girders are roofs made oftrapezoidal plates. In the event of a fire, the hot firegases rise. The upward movement draws a lot of oxy-gen from the environment into the fire. A so-called"ceiling jet" is created, which distributes the fire smokethroughout the whole building at great speed. Ther-mals cause the fire to be fanned further through thedraught and the smoke fills the entire building. Thiscauses the temperatures under the ceiling to rise veryquickly. This quickly causes a loss of strength in thethin trapezoid plates. Installations attached to the ceil-ing would then fall down at an early stage of the fire.

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Routing in the earth

Routing under the screed

4.8.2 Solution optionsThe simplest solution for approved mounting of sys-tems that maintain electrical functionality is the ar-rangement of the systems above the other buildingtechnology. Fastening on the raw ceiling or the high-est point on the wall means that, if there is a fire, noth-ing can fall on this safety-relevant equipment. Thismeans that there can be no influence from surround-ing components.

If other fire protection problems of a building areknown, then system safety for people and the environ-ment can still be achieved using compensation mea-sures. Firstly, the protection aims to be achieved mustbe considered. The higher the aim, the more compre-hensive the necessary fire protection measures willbe. Simple measures with regard to the implementa-tion of fire maintenance are, for example, cable rout-ing through non-dangerous areas: If no cable tray thatmaintains electrical functionality can be fastened to asteel girder, then a different route to the installationmust be found. This could be, for example, routing inthe earth outside the building or routing under thescreed.

Under certain circumstances, in agreement with all theoffices involved in construction, fastening on steelgirders or other components may be the only option.This deviation from the approved mounting substratecan be compensated through technical measures. Th-ese include smoke/heat extractors (RWA), sprinklersystems or full monitoring through a fire alarm system.If technical measures are implemented, then it is alsonecessary to document them in the fire protectionconcept of the construction system. In the case oflarger buildings, the fire protection concept is a com-ponent part of the construction approval and thusobligatory. It is important that the achievement of theprotection aims for the building is guaranteed, even ifthere are deviations from construction and system re-quirements.

As with all fire protection installations, it is dependenton suitable and approved fastening agents. The fol-lowing chapter is dedicated to this.

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5 140Anchorings5.1 141Fastening principles5.2 142Fastening substrates5.2.1 143Concrete5.2.2 144Masonry5.2.3 145Distances and setting depth5.2.4 146Failure criteria5.2.5 147Selection aid5.3 147Types of anchors5.3.1 148Metal spreading anchors5.3.2 148Injection mortar5.3.3 149Bolt tie5.4 150Fastening on steel structures5.5 151Fastenings on wooden components

Chapter 5: Anchorings

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Chapter 5 | Anchorings

5 AnchoringsOf equal importance to the selection of the cable sup-port system is the decision for the most suitable fas-tening system. Here, too, the individual factors on theconstruction site must be taken into account. Depend-ing on the substrate, many different anchoring sys-tems are available with fire protection suitability.

For system fastening, the approvals of the cable sys-tems with integrated maintenance of electrical func-tionality according to DIN 4102 Part 12 require metalanchors with a general construction approval or aEuropean Technical Approval/Evaluation. In contrastto normal "cold" fastening, these anchors must be setat least twice as deeply for a fire protection applica-tion. Alternatively, anchors are used which haveproven their load capacity and fire resistance length ina fire test. With these solutions, the necessary settingdepths according to the load are listed in the approvaldocuments or in the appropriate fire protection re-ports. It must also be noted for which substrates andresistance classes the anchors are approved.

The most important solutions for anchoring small tovery large loads in most substrates are:• Metal spreading anchors for use in concrete:

Heavy-duty anchors, nail ties, interior thread an-chors, cavity ceiling ties

• Injection ties for use in concrete, hollow brick and -porous concrete: Anchor rods inserted in plasticor metal sieve sleeves with special mortar

• Bolt ties for use in concrete and various types ofmasonry: Self-tapping concrete screws with varioushead shapes

• Wood screws with a large setting depth

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5.1 Fastening principlesThere are three types of force transmission from theanchor to the substrate:• Form fit• Adhesive bond• Friction bond

Anchors with form-fitting tap the substrate and supportthemselves on it. The anchor fits "tightly" into the com-ponent. Examples are back cut internal thread an-chors or cavity ceiling ties. The threads of the bolt tiesalso work according to this principle.

Firmly bonded anchors join chemically to the sub-strate, e.g. through sticking with special mortar. Adhe-sive cartridges or injection systems, in which a thread-ed rod is mounted, are included in these fastenings.Cleaning the drill holes is very important for these sys-tems, in order to prevent slipping out due to dust inthe drill hole.

When a frictional connection is made, a spreading ele-ment set on the anchor body ensures locking in thedrill hole. When mounted with the planned torque, thefriction ensures the high load values.

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5.2 Fastening substratesThe main differences are in the fastening substratesand load classes. While most anchors are suitableand approved for use in concrete, there are also spe-cial solutions for various masonry types, even for hol-low brick or porous concrete. With metal spreadinganchors, certain spacing distances must be guaran-teed, e.g. to the edge of a component. As the metalspreading anchors develop lateral forces when sub-jected to loads, break-outs may occur when the pre-scribed spacing distances are not complied with. Bycontrast, bolt ties and injection systems can be placedvery close to the edge, as they do not create any lat-eral forces.

Dry construction walls are, as already described, par-ticularly problematic. Due to their structure, it is notphysically possible to fasten installations to them se-curely for fire protection. Walls and ceilings in old ex-isting buildings are an additional obstacle. Due to theirconstruction, these can often not be allocated to fireresistance classes. All too frequently, so-called extrac-tion experiments are often required, in order to deter-mine the resistance and load capacity of the construc-tion.

Materials

Concrete Light construction materials

Normal concrete,e.g. C 20/25

Lightweight concrete,e.g. LC 20/22

Plates and panels,e.g. plasterboard

Wall materials

Full brick with dense struc-ture, e.g. brick

Hollow blocks with densestructure, e.g. hollow brick

Full bricks with a porousstructure, e.g. lightweightconcrete, expanded clay,

pumice

Plates with a porous struc-ture, e.g. hollow blocks

made of lightweight con-crete

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Pressure

Strain

Uncracked concrete(pressure zone)

Cracked concrete(tension zone)

5.2.1 ConcreteOne of the most frequently used construction materi-als is concrete. The load capacities are very high andthus ideally suited for the fastening of the technicalbuilding equipment. However, it is important to re-member that ceilings experience so-called tensionand pressure zones. Cracks can occur in the tensionzone, which reduce the load capacity. With an unsuit-able anchor, the fastened component can fall out ofthe drill hole. It must also be ensured that the anchorsare suitable for cracked concrete and are approved.

Uncracked concrete(pressure zone)

Cracked concrete(tension zone)

Cracks

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5.2.2 MasonryBesides concrete, various masonry types of differentstones play a special role in buildings. In order to fas-ten support systems or other loads on these walls, thestone types must have a minimum raw density and aminimum pressure resistance. If this data is not avail-able, then withdrawal experiments may need to beperformed, in order to determine the load capacity ofthe wall.

Stone types:

Lime sandstone Wall bricks Lime sandstone plate

Lime sandstone plate Hollow brick Hollow brick

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Component edge

Permitted edge spacings

Permitted axis spacings

5.2.3 Distances and setting depthEdge and axis distances play a major role when set-ting anchors. This means the distances to componentedges and distances from anchor to anchor. If theseare not maintained, then the load values are reducedand failure of the fastening is more likely. Of course,the setting depth is the main criterion for the maxi-mum load values. The deeper an anchor can be an-chored in the substrate, the greater the load to be fas-tened to it can be.

Deeper anchoring=

Greater concrete load capac-ity

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Steel break Pull-through Pulling out

Concrete break-out Columns

5.2.4 Failure criteriaDifferent failure criteria occur depending on themounting arrangement and load of the anchors. Un-der a tensile load, these are:

• Steel break• Pulling out• Pull-through• Concrete break-out• Columns

The anchors for mounting cable support systems un-der the ceiling must thus be designed exactly for thetensile loads.

The following reasons for failure occur with transverseloads:

• Steel break through shearing• Concrete edge break• Concrete break-out on the side away from the load

Wall mounting of cable trays on brackets causes hightorques and bending moments. The above-mentionedfailure causes will occur if the anchors are not dimen-sioned sufficiently.

Concrete edge break Steel break Concrete break-out on the side awayfrom the load

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5.2.5 Selection aidTo determine suitable anchors, basic parameters mustfirst be queried:• Fastening substrate• Application area• Load• Mounting type

All the data relevant to the mounting of anchors andbolt ties for the fastening of fireproof installations mustbe contained in the approval documents.

5.3 Types of anchorsBesides all the already described parameters, themeans of fastening must also be suitable for the ambi-ent atmosphere in which they are used. Many materi-als and surfaces are available, from electrogalvanisedanchors and bolt ties up to highly corrosion-resistantsteels.

Anchor selection

Tie base Application area Load Mounting type

Material• Concrete (tension or

pressure zone)• Masonry• Light-duty substances

Geometry of the compo-nent

Construction• Supporting• Unsupporting

City/town• Interiors (dry, moist,

aggressive)

Temperature

Size

Type• Resting• Non-resting

Direction• Central tension• Transverse and slop-

ing tension

Pre-mounting

Push-through mounting

Stand-off mounting

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5.3.1 Metal spreading anchorsOBO Bettermann's metal spreading anchors formounting on concrete were tested for fire protection.Appropriate proofs are available for the tests carriedout. Depending on the fire resistance length (up to120 minutes), a maximum load capacity was deter-mined when anchored in concrete. This load data iscontained in the appropriate European technical ap-

provals and appropriate test documentation. Althoughthe load capacity of the anchors during a fire is belowthe load capacity when cold, this load capacity iscompletely sufficient for fireproof fastening of the dif-ferent routing types. Special metal spreading anchorsare offered for false ceilings.

5.3.2 Injection mortarThe VMS Plus injection mortar system is particularlysuitable for fire protection fastening in hollow brick,concrete and porous concrete, calcareous limestone,sand-lime brick and masonry. The connection is freefrom spreading pressure and it is created through theform-fitting of the injection mortar with the substrateand a tie rod; the components are tested and ap-proved for a fire resistance period of 90 minutes. The

maximum load capacity depending on the fire resis-tance period and the fastening substrate is document-ed accordingly in the available fire protection certifi-cate. Although the load capacity of the injection mor-tar system is below the load capacity when cold, thisload capacity is completely sufficient for fireproof fas-tening of the different routing types.

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5.3.3 Bolt tieOBO Bettermann's fire protection bolt ties were fire-tested according to ETAG 001 Part 3 [34]. The maxi-mum load capacity, depending on fire resistance peri-ods of up to 120 minutes, was determined for differ-ent types of solid masonry. These values are docu-mented in the appropriate test certificates. Taking theoccurring loads for the maintenance of electrical func-tionality applications and for false ceiling mounting in-

to account, the determined load capacities for the dif-ferent masonry types are absolutely sufficient. The fireprotection bolt ties are screwed directly into the drillhole. There is no need for an additional anchor. Nospreading forces develop and mounting near mason-ry edges is not required. The bolt tie is equally suit-able for cracked concrete in ceilings.

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5.4 Fastening on steel structuresIn industrial construction, steel constructions are fre-quently used for the building structures. Steel girdersand supports can also be found in power stations.However, at approx. 500 °C, steel loses half of its re-sistance, so that, if there is a fire, the building struc-tures are exposed to a high risk. Thus, unprotectedsteel does not possess fire resistance, meaning thatspecial measures are necessary, such as treatmentwith fire protection coatings or lining with non-com-bustible plates.

At first, fastening of support systems to steel girdersseems barely possible. However, if the supportingsteel elements of the building are unprotected, othertechnical equipment, e.g. smoke extraction or auto-matic extinguishing systems, can compensate for thebad properties of the steel in case of fire by limitingthe critical temperatures.

As steel girders may usually not be drilled through,the only other option is fastening with clamping com-ponents. Thus, profiles can be used to mount aclamping unit, which neither destroys a fire protectioncoating nor plate panelling.

A further fastening type is the mounting of light-dutysuspension systems with steel girder clamps. Thefixed points on the steel girder may need to be re-worked with fire protection paints. It is not wise to usesteel girder clamps on supports lined with plates.

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5.5 Fastening on wooden componentsIn future, ever more buildings will be erected withwooden support structures. With suitable fire protec-tion measures, these buildings do not present agreater risk during a fire than buildings erected con-ventionally. In addition, hall structures with large spanwidths using glue binders are possible. And wood isalso becoming ever more popular as a sustainable re-source and, for environmental reasons, is increasinglyused in construction (structural engineering).

Wood is a combustible material and, as with steelconstructions, wooden components are firstly onlysuitable under certain conditions for the fastening of

fire-tested electrical installations. Coatings and pan-elling are also used in the constructions, in order toachieve a fire resistance class at all. However, if thereis a fire, wood has a very good property: When burn-ing, an insulated layer is created which delays furthercombustion. The wooden component must be dimen-sioned in such a way that failure of the carrying ca-pacity cannot occur at an early stage. The combus-tion rates are a standard means for calculating the re-quired wooden cross-section, depending on the de-sired fire resistance class. The combustion rates de-pend on the type of wood and the moisture content ofthe wood.

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Taking the combustion rates into account, various ca-ble support systems for electrical safety systems withthe maintenance of electrical functionality classes E30 and E 60 can be fastened to wooden components.Wood screws with a suitable steel cross-section andsufficient embedment depth are used for fastening.The long screws drill deep into the cross-section ofthe wooden beam, ensuring a secure hold of themounted support systems, despite burning. Variousmounting variants are documented in a fire protectionsurvey.

Wood type Structure Characteristic density[kg/m3]

Burn rate[mm/min]

Pine and beech Laminated timber ≥ 290 0.70

Solid wood ≥ 290 0.80

Hardwood Solid wood or laminated timber ≥ 290 0.70

≥ 450 0.55

Veneer timber ≥ 480 0.70

Plates (min. 20 mm) Wood panelling ≥ 450 0.90

Plywood ≥ 450 1.00

Wooden panels made of plywood ≥ 450 0.90Table 15: Burn rates of various wooden components according to EN 1995-1-2 [35]

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6 156Fire protection from OBO Bettermann6.1 156A short trip through the history of "BSS"6.2 158Engineering and support6.3 159Seminars

Chapter 6: Fire protection from OBO Bettermann

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Chapter 6 | Fire protection from OBO Bettermann

6 Fire protection from OBO Bettermann6.1 A short trip through the history of "BSS"OBO Bettermann has been working on the develop-ment of fire protection systems for more than 40years. In the 1970s, with its first proprietary insulationsystem "NEUWA/BAK", it entered new territory for safeelectrical installations. The tests at the materials test-ing office in Dortmund and the approval by the thenInstitut für Bautechnik, now Deutsches Institut fürBautechnik DIBt in Berlin, led to the market launch inthe early 1980s and represent a first step for OBO's"safety systems". This period also saw the first basicfire tests on cable support systems for the supply ofsafety-relevant electrical systems. The experimentsand experience gained were considered pioneeringwork and led to the involvement in the creation of atesting standard on the part of the OBO Bettermannexperts. The testing standard DIN 4102 Part 12, pub-lished in 1998, retains validity even today.

OBO Bettermann continuously expanded the productrange of the fire protection systems. Insulation sys-tems were added and lightweight concrete fire protec-tion ducts for installation in escape and rescue routesand for the maintenance of electrical functionality inthe event of a fire supplemented the portfolio. Afterthe catastrophic fire at Düsseldorf Airport in 1996,with 17 dead and 88 seriously injured, the construc-tion regulations for cable systems in false ceilingswere increased. OBO Bettermann took this opportuni-ty to check and document the cable support systemsfor their mechanical stability and the deformation be-haviour in a fire when used above suspended falsefire protection ceilings. These proven safe routing sys-tems again set a new standard in the field of electricalinstallations.

For years, OBO Bettermann has focused on interna-tionally proven fire protection solutions. Some of thesystems currently in the portfolio not only possess theproof of suitability for national use on the Germanmarket but are also suitable for global use, on ac-count of European and other international documents.

Test structure of the first OBO cable in-sulation

Start of the topic of fire protection at OBOFirst industrial projects in the field of insu-lationFirst fire experiments

Participation in the first Germanstandard for maintaining the supplyof electricityExecution of the first test for elec-tricity supply maintenance

First approval for mortar insula-tion Inclusion of further insu-

lation in the delivery pro-gramme

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Fire protection cushions in the area of the fireload post-activation

Simulation of the reaction behaviour of insulation material

First surveyor's report for stan-dard support structures formaintaining the electrical sup-ply

First testing of routing systems forfalse ceiling mounting in Germany First approval for cable

bandages

Fire insulation with UL ap-provalIntroduction of thePYROLINE® Fibre Opticsfire protection duct for fi-bre optic cablesOBO celebrates 40 yearsof fire protection!

Introduction of thePYROLINE® Con fire pro-tection duct

Participation in the first Euro-pean standard for maintainingthe supply of electricity in afire

Introduction of the PYROLINE® Rapidfire protection duct

OBO fire protection history by numbersBS

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Customer ServiceTel.: +49 23 73 89 - 17 00Monday to ThursdayFriday

7.30 a.m.–5.00 p.m.7.30 a.m.–3.00 p.m.

6.2 Engineering and supportThe fire protection experts at OBO Bettermann can al-so help if there are problems and deviations in theconception of fire protection measures. CompetentOBO field service employees are available for individ-ual consultation and construction site support. Theywill support you in working out the problem and offerthe first solution options. If the requirements becomemore difficult, fire protection product management atthe head office in Menden comes into play. Great ex-perience and direct contact to surveyors and the ma-terials testing institutes can often deal with deviationsfrom approvals and test certifications through the useof compensation measures. OBO has already imple-mented many special solutions in this field, in particu-lar in existing buildings and the renovation of build-ings.

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6.3 SeminarsThrough a comprehensive range of seminars andworkshops on the subject of fire protection in electri-cal engineering, OBO Bettermann supports users fromall branches of electrical installations, e.g. installationengineers, planners, workers in electrical wholesalers,architects and construction engineers. Current trendsand developments are explained along with informa-tion on the most important standards and regulations.As well as the theoretical principles, this concerns im-plementation in everyday situations. Specific customeror project seminar content is also possible.

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7 161Imprint7.1 162About the author7.2 165Sources

Chapter 7: Imprint

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Chapter 7 | Imprint

"We fire protection experts are al-so responsible for safe electricalinstallations."

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Stefan RingHead of the Fire Protection Systems Business UnitBSS at OBO Bettermann

7.1 About the authorAfter his studies as an electronics engineer for energydevices, Stefan Ring, who was born in 1968, studiedelectrical engineering at Fachhochschule Dortmund,with special emphasis on electrical energy technology,and was awarded the title of Diplom-Ingenieur (FH) inOctober 1994. He has worked as the fire protectionexpert at OBO Bettermann GmbH & Co. KG in Men-den, Sauerland, since 2005. He was first active in thefield of product management, but changed to thestrategic marketing division in 2014, in order to pro-vide help and assistance to OBO's sales companies.On 1 January 2016, Stefan Ring also took over theleadership of the Fire Protection Systems BusinessUnit (BU BSS) at OBO Bettermann.

As an expert in structural fire protection in electrical in-stallation technology, Mr Ring receives invitations totraining courses, seminars and trade fairs in Germanyand abroad. He thus supports the marketing activitiesof the company.

During his activities, Stefan Ring successfully complet-ed training as a specialist planner and surveyor forconstruction fire protection at the European Institutefor Postgraduate Education EIPOS e.V. in Dresden.

Besides his work activities, Stefan Ring has been ac-tive with the voluntary fire brigade in his home town ofBergkamen for over 30 years, as the Chief Fire Officerwith the Weddinghofen fire engine. In addition, he hasrun the BSB surveyor's office since 2013, also inBergkamen-Weddinghofen.

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7.2 Sources

[1] CTIF – World Fire Statistics 2014[2] MBO - Model Building Regulations (Germany)[3] Master Cable Systems Directive (MLAR) (Germany)[4] ÖVE ÖNORM E 8002 – Power installation and safety power supply in communal facilities (Austria)[5] CPR Construction Products Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011[6] EN 1363-1 Fire resistance tests – Part 1: General requirements[7] EN 1366-3 Fire resistance tests for service installations – Part 3: Penetration seals[8] EN 13501 Fire classification of construction products and building elements[9] ISO 834-1 Fire resistance tests – Elements of building construction – Part 1: General requirements[10] DIN 4102-2 Fire behaviour of building materials and building components; Building components; defini-tions, requirements and tests[11] Fire course curves:ISO 834-1 see [9]ZTV-ING – Additional technical terms of contract and guidelines for civil engineering works (Germany)HC – Hydrocarbon CurveHCM – Modified Hydrocarbon CurveRWS – Rijks-Waterstaat (The Netherlands)EBA – Temperature curve of the Federal Railway Authority (Germany)[12] EN 13501-2 Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 2: Classification usingdata from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services[13] EN 13501-1 Fire classification of construction products and building elements – Part 1: Classification us-ing data from reaction to fire tests[14] ANSI/UL 1479 – Fire Test of Through-Penetration Firestops[15] DIN 4102-9 Fire behaviour of building materials and elements; seals for cable penetrations[16] IEC 60332-3-22 Cat. A - Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Part 3-22: Testfor vertical flame spread of vertically mounted bunched wires or cables – Category A[17] EN 50266-2-2 see [16][18] DIN 4102-12 Fire behaviour of building materials and building components: Circuit integrity maintenanceof electric cable[19] DIN 4102-4 Fire behaviour of building materials and building components; synopsis and application ofclassified building materials, components and special components[20] System Floors Directive M-SysBöR (Germany)[21] DIN 4102-11 Fire behaviour of building materials and building components; pipe encasements, pipe bush-ings, service shafts and ducts[22] DIN VDE 0472-814 Testing of cables, wires and flexible cords; continuance of isolation effect under fireconditions[23] IEC 60331-11, -12, -13 See [22][24] EN 50267-2, -3 Common test methods for cables under fire conditions – Tests on gases evolved duringcombustion of material from cables – Part 2-1: Procedures; determination of the amount of halogen acid gas;Part 3-1: Determination of degree of acidity of gases for cables by determination of the weighted average of pHand conductivity[25] IEC 60574-2 See [24][26] IEC 61034-1, -2 Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions – Part 1: Testapparatus; Part 2: Test procedure and requirements[27] EN 61034-1, -2 See [26][28] EN 50266-2-4 Common test methods for cables under fire conditions – Test for vertical flame spread ofvertically mounted bunched wires or cables – Part 2-4: Procedures; Category C[29] IEC 60332-3-24 Cat. C - Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Part 3-24: Testfor vertical flame spread of vertically mounted bunched wires or cables – Category C[30] EN 13501-6 Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 6: Classification usingdata from reaction to fire tests on electric cables[31] DIN VDE 0100-520 Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 5-52: Selection and erection of electricalequipment - Wiring systems (HD 60364-5-52:2011)[32] NBN 713.020 Fire Fighting – Fire Performance of Building Materials and Products – Fire Resistance ofBuilding Materials (Belgium)[33] NEN 2535 Fire safety of buildings - Fire alarm installations[34] ETAG 001 Guideline for European Technical Approval of metal anchors for use in concrete - Part 3: Under-cut anchors[35] EN 1995-1-2: Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-2: General - Structural fire design

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Exclusion of liability§ 10 Liability exclusion and limitation, exclusion of acontractual penalty

(10.1) An explicit exception shall be made for the lia-bility exclusions and limitations below, the injury to lifeand health which is the result of an intentional (§ 276III of the German Civil Code) or negligent (§ 276 II ofthe German Civil Code) infringement of obligations bya legal representative or assistants (§ 278 of the Ger-man Civil Code) of the Seller and other damagecaused by a grossly negligent infringement of obliga-tions by the Seller or an intentional or grossly negli-gent infringement of obligations by a legal representa-tive or assistants of the Seller in the sense of §§ 309Nos. 7 a) and b) of the German Civil Code. In addi-tion, the liability exclusions and limitations below shallnot apply to the acceptance of a guarantee for thestructure or lifespan of the item in the sense of § 444of the German Civil Code and in the case of fraudu-lent suppression of a fault, in the case of forced liabili-ty according to the product liability act and in the in-fringement of an obligation, whose fulfilment enablesthe correct execution of the contract and compliancewith which the contractual partner has expected andexpects (key obligation / cardinal obligation). Thus,only the liability restrictions according to § 10.3 and10.4 shall apply.

(10.2) If non-essential contractual obligations are in-fringed, the Seller, their leading employees and simpleassistants shall only be liable in cases of intent andgross negligence.

(10.3) In the case of damage caused by negligence,the Seller, their legal representatives and assistantsshall only be liable in cases of the infringement of anobligation, the fulfilment of which permits the correctexecution of the contract and compliance with whichthe contractual partner has expected and expects (keycontractual obligation / cardinal obligation), althoughthe level shall be limited to the damage which wasforeseeable at the time of contract completion andwhich is typical for the contract.

The publisher hereby expressly declares that, at thetime of placing of links in this offering, no illegal con-tent was identifiable on the linked pages. The publish-er has no influence over the current or future design,content or authorship of linked pages. It thereforehereby expressly distances itself from all content of alllinked pages modified subsequent to the placing ofthe links. This statement applies to all links and refer-ences within the publisher’s own Internet pages andto third-party contributions to guest books, forums andmailing lists set up by the publisher. Liability for any il-legal, incorrect or incomplete content, and particularlyfor any loss resulting from the use or non-use of infor-mation presented in this way, shall be borne solely bythe provider of the site to which the references aremade, and not by the party who merely published alink to such content.

All brands named in the publisher’s Internet pages,which may or may not be protected by third parties,are subject without limitation to the provisions of therelevant trademark legislation and the rights of owner-ship of the respective registered owner. The merenaming of a brand shall not be construed as an indi-cation that the trademark is not protected by third-par-ty rights.

The copyright for content and objects published andproduced by the publisher itself shall remain solelywith the publisher. The reproduction or use of suchimages and text in other electronic or printed publica-tions is not permitted without the express consent ofthe publisher.

In situations where the publisher’s Internet pages offerthe opportunity to enter personal or business data (e-mail addresses, names, addresses), the divulgementof this data by the user shall be expressly on a purelyvoluntary basis. The availment of and payment for allservices offered shall be permitted – insofar as techni-cally possible and reasonable – even if the customerdoes not provide this data, or if they instead supplyanonymised data or a pseudonym. The use by thirdparties of the contact details published in the legaldata, or comparable information such as postal ad-dresses, telephone and fax numbers and e-mail ad-dresses, for the sending of information that has notbeen expressly requested, is forbidden. Where thisban is breached, the right is expressly reserved totake legal action against the sender of such “spam”communications.

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OBO Bettermann GmbH & Co. KGHüingser Ring 5258710 Menden, GermanyTelephone: +49 (0)2373 89-0Fax: +49 (0)2373 89-238E-mail: [email protected]: www.obo.de

Directors with Representation Authorisation:Ulrich Bettermann, Andreas Bettermann,Dr Jens Uwe Drowatzky, Prof Dr Robert Gröning

Registration court: Arnsberg district courtRegistration number: HRA 4854VAT ID number according to § 27 aVAT act:DE 811 792 270

Exclusion of liability

Data protectionAll the personal data collected on the website of OBOBettermann GmbH & Co. KG will be stored and pro-cessed solely for your individual support, the transferof product information or the provision of service of-fers. OBO Bettermann GmbH & Co. KG promises thatyour data will be treated confidentially, in accordancewith the valid data protection regulations.

CopyrightAll the texts, images and other works published on thewebsite are subject to ‒ unless otherwise indicated ‒the copyright of OBO Bettermann GmbH & Co. KG,Menden, Germany. Any copying, propagation, saving,transfer, sending and reproduction or forwarding ofthe contents is expressly forbidden without our writtenapproval.

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mailto:[email protected]

http://www.obo.de

OBO Bettermann Holding GmbH & Co. KGP.O. Box 112058694 MendenGERMANY

Customer ServiceTel.: +49 23 73 89 - 17 00Fax: +49 23 73 89 - 12 [email protected]

www.obo-bettermann.com

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Fire protection guide for electrical installations · 2 days ago · In the second edition of this fire protection guide, we have again compiled lots of useful information. The in-terconnections