Fire BeFire Beehavior &ehavior & Extinguishment Theory

. . . more than fighting fires. . . more than fighting fires

Fire BeFire BeExtinguishg

Instructor:Instructor:

MichaelMichael DaoustDaoustFirefighterFirefighter

Long Beach FireLong Beach FireLong Beach Fire Long Beach Fire DepartmentDepartment

Master Instructor Master Instructor State Fire TrainingState Fire Training

ehavior &ehavior & hment Theoryy


V

Fire &Fire &Fire & Fire & Video

ScienceScienceScienceScience#1#1


ObjecjDiscuss the type oDiscuss the type oDi th fi tDi th fi tDiscuss the fire teDiscuss the fire teIdentify the physicIdentify the physicwhich fuels are fouwhich fuels are fouDescribe the methDescribe the methDefine flash point,Define flash point,temperature as thtemperature as thtemperature as thtemperature as thfires.fires.

ctives (1 of 3)

of heat measurement.of heat measurement.t h dt h detrahedron.etrahedron.

cal states of matter in cal states of matter in und.und.hods of heat transfer.hods of heat transfer., flame point, and ignition , flame point, and ignition ey relate to liquid fueley relate to liquid fueley relate to liquid fuel ey relate to liquid fuel


ObjecjDefine the relationDefine the relationflammability limitsflammability limitsflammability limits flammability limits Define Class A, BDefine Class A, BDescribe the phasDescribe the phasDescribe the charDescribe the charstructure fire. structure fire.

ctives (2 of 3)

nship of vapor density and nship of vapor density and to gas fuel firesto gas fuel firesto gas fuel fires.to gas fuel fires., C, D, and K fires., C, D, and K fires.

ses of fire.ses of fire.acteristics of an interior acteristics of an interior


Objecj

Describe rolloverDescribe rolloverDescribe rollover Describe rollover Describe backdraDescribe backdraDescribe the prinDescribe the prinDescribe the prinDescribe the prinwithin a structurewithin a structure

ctives (3 of 3)

and flashover.and flashover.and flashover.and flashover.afts.afts.ciples of thermal layeringciples of thermal layeringciples of thermal layering ciples of thermal layering ..


IntroUnderstanding of Understanding of all firefighting prinall firefighting prinall firefighting prinall firefighting prinUnderstanding fireUnderstanding fire

ffknowledge of phyknowledge of phyprocesses of fire.processes of fire.

oductionfire behavior is the basis for fire behavior is the basis for

nciples and actionsnciples and actionsnciples and actions.nciples and actions.e behavior requires e behavior requires

ysical and chemical ysical and chemical


Types of HeySShhhhitit

LLsssssstoto

CSFM

eat MeasurementSpecific heat is the amount of Specific heat is the amount of heat a substance absorbs asheat a substance absorbs asheat a substance absorbs as heat a substance absorbs as ts temperature increasests temperature increases

Latent heat is absorbed as a Latent heat is absorbed as a substance is converted from asubstance is converted from asubstance is converted from a substance is converted from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid solid to a liquid or from a liquid o a gaso a gas


4 Types of HyCelsiusCelsiusK l iK l iKelvinKelvinFahrenheitFahrenheitRankineRankine

CSFM

eat Measurement


TA Celsius (centigrade)A Celsius (centigrade)degree (degree (°°C) is 1/100C) is 1/100ththdegree (degree ( C) is 1/100C) is 1/100the difference betweenthe difference betweenthe temperature of icethe temperature of icemelting & water boilingmelting & water boilingat 1 atmosphere at 1 atmosphere pressurepressure

00°°C=melting pointC=melting point100100°°C b ili i tC b ili i t100100°°C=boiling pointC=boiling point

CSFM

Typesy) ) A Kelvin degree (A Kelvin degree (°°K) is K) is

the same measurementthe same measurementn n

the same measurement the same measurement as the Celsius degreeas the Celsius degree

Zero on the Kelvin Zero on the Kelvin g g scale is scale is ––459.67459.67°°FF

Absolute lowest Absolute lowest

tt

achievable achievable temperaturetemperature

tt Used by scientistUsed by scientist


TA Fahrenheit degree A Fahrenheit degree ((°°F) is 1/180F) is 1/180thth thethe(( F) is 1/180F) is 1/180 the the difference between thedifference between thetemperature of meltingtemperature of meltingice & boiling water ice & boiling water (1atmosphere pressur(1atmosphere pressur3232°°F = melting pointF = melting point212212°°F = boiling pointF = boiling point

CSFM

TypesyA Rankine degree (A Rankine degree (°°R) R) is the same size as theis the same size as the

e e g g

is the same size as the is the same size as the Fahrenheit degreeFahrenheit degreeZero is Zero is --459.67459.67°°FF

re)re)Also provides an Also provides an absolute temperatureabsolute temperaturepp


HeJouleJouleJouleJoule

Energy at work; (1 NEnergy at work; (1 NWattWattWattWatt

Measure the rate of Measure the rate of Watt = 1 Joule per sWatt = 1 Joule per sWatt 1 Joule per sWatt 1 Joule per s

CalorieCalorieAmount of heat requAmount of heat requAmount of heat requAmount of heat requ11°°CC

British Thermal Unit (BBritish Thermal Unit (BAmount of hear to raAmount of hear to raCSFM

eat UnitsNewton) moves a body (1 inch)Newton) moves a body (1 inch)

f energy releasef energy releasesecond;second;second;second;

uired to raise 1 gram of wateruired to raise 1 gram of wateruired to raise 1 gram of water uired to raise 1 gram of water

BTU)BTU)aise 1 pd of water 1aise 1 pd of water 1°°FF


TemperaturExpansion of a solidExpansion of a solidCh f t tCh f t tChange of stateChange of state

Solid to liquidSolid to liquidEnergy changeEnergy change

Changes in electrChanges in electrChanges in electrChanges in electrpotential energy potential energy (Voltage)(Voltage)(Voltage)(Voltage)

CSFM

re Measurementd, liquid or gasd, liquid or gas

ricalricalrical rical


ThermLiquid expansionLiquid expansion

Consists of a tubeConsists of a tubeConsists of a tube Consists of a tube (partially filled with a(partially filled with aliquid) which liquid) which q )q )measures the measures the expansion and expansion and contraction of the contraction of the liquid with changes liquid with changes in temperaturein temperaturein temperature.in temperature.

CSFM

mometers

a a


Therm

CSFM

mometersBimetallicBimetallic

Contains strips of 2Contains strips of 2Contains strips of 2 Contains strips of 2 metals (laminated) metals (laminated) with different with different coefficients of coefficients of expansionexpansion


TherThis thermocouple wire This thermocouple wire used to measure the used to measure the diff r nc in t mp r tudiff r nc in t mp r tudifference in temperatudifference in temperatubetween its two between its two junctions.junctions. Its great rangIts great rangm k s it id l f m k s it id l f makes it ideal for makes it ideal for studying flame studying flame temperatures.temperatures.A temperature A temperature difference will cause a difference will cause a voltage to be developed voltage to be developed g pg pthat is temperature that is temperature dependent.dependent.CSFM

mocouple is is

r r re re

ge ge


Pyy

CSFM

rometerMeasures the intensity Measures the intensity of radiation from a hotof radiation from a hotof radiation from a hot of radiation from a hot object.object.


Types of HeyEssentially, ignition Essentially, ignition temperature by addtemperature by addtemperature by addtemperature by addfire extinguishment fire extinguishment through reduction othrough reduction oggthe heat. By understhe heat. By understhe measurement othe measurement obl t b t fibl t b t fiable to combat fire wable to combat fire w

removing substanceremoving substancetemperature units atemperature units atemperature units atemperature units aFahrenheit, and RaFahrenheit, and RaCSFM

eat Measurementis a matter of increasing is a matter of increasing

ding heat, whereas physicalding heat, whereas physicalding heat, whereas physical ding heat, whereas physical usually is accomplished usually is accomplished

of temperatures by removing of temperatures by removing p y gp y gstanding temperature and standing temperature and of heat, you will be better of heat, you will be better

ith th h tith th h twith the proper heat with the proper heat e. The four types of e. The four types of

are Celsius Kelvinare Celsius Kelvinare Celsius, Kelvin, are Celsius, Kelvin, nkine.nkine.


What is actually What is actually being burnedbeing burnedPhysical statesPhysical states

SolidSolidLiquidLiquidGasGas

Combustion occurs Combustion occurs when fuel is in a when fuel is in a gaseous state.gaseous state.

Fuel

. . . more than fighting fires. . . more than fighting fires Fuel


V

Only GaOnly GaOnly GaOnly GaVideo

ases Burnases Burnases Burnases Burn#2#2


HeaMeasurement of moMeasurement of mosubstancesubstancesubstancesubstanceWhen heat comes iWhen heat comes i

t tht thenergy supports theenergy supports theStates of matterStates of matter

SolidSolidLiquidLiquidLiquidLiquidGaseousGaseousCSFM

at Energygyolecular movement in a olecular movement in a

n contact with a fuel, the n contact with a fuel, the b ti tib ti tie combustion reaction.e combustion reaction.


SMost fuels are solidsMost fuels are solidsPyrolysis releasesPyrolysis releasesPyrolysis releases Pyrolysis releases molecules into molecules into atmosphere.atmosphere.

Converts solid to aConverts solid to agasgas

Solids with highSolids with highSolids with high Solids with high surface to mass ratiosurface to mass ratiocombust more easilycombust more easilyyyand rapidly.and rapidly.

Solidss.s.

a a

o o y y yy


SSolidsSolids

Definite size andDefinite size andDefinite size and Definite size and shapeshapeSurface area in Surface area in relation to massrelation to massIncrease in surface Increase in surface area to massarea to massarea to mass, area to mass, decreases the amoudecreases the amouof heat required to of heat required to qqcause ignition.cause ignition.CSFM

Solids

unt unt


LAssume the shapeAssume the shapeS ifi itS ifi itSpecific gravitySpecific gravity

Water has a speWater has a speSolubility in waterSolubility in waterLiquids with a highLiquids with a highLiquids with a highLiquids with a highvaporize and comvaporize and comrapidly.rapidly.rapidly.rapidly.

Liquidse of their containerse of their containers

ecific gravity of oneecific gravity of one

h surface to volume ratioh surface to volume ratioh surface to volume ratio h surface to volume ratio bust more easily and bust more easily and


LVaporization Vaporization

The release of aThe release of aThe release of aThe release of aliquid’s moleculeliquid’s moleculeinto the atmosphinto the atmosphinto the atmosphinto the atmosphAn increase in An increase in surface area tosurface area tosurface area to surface area to volume, increasevolume, increasethe rate of the rate of vaporization.vaporization.

Liquids

aaa a es es here.here.here.here.

es es

. . . more than fighting fires. . . more than fighting fires Vaporization


GHave neither shapHave neither shapA th hA th hAssumes the shapAssumes the shapExpand indefinitelExpand indefinitelFuel to air mixtureFuel to air mixturerange to combust.range to combust.ggVapor densityVapor density

Air has a vaporAir has a vaporAir has a vapor Air has a vapor

Gasespe nor volumepe nor volume

f th i t if th i t ipe of their containerpe of their containeryy

e must be within a certain e must be within a certain ..

density of onedensity of onedensity of onedensity of one


Sources o

ChemicalChemicalElectricalElectricalElectricalElectricalMechanicalMechanicalN lN lNuclearNuclear

CSFM

of Heat Energygy


Ch

CSFM

hemicalHeat of combustionHeat of combustionSpontaneous heatingSpontaneous heatingSpontaneous heatingSpontaneous heating

Oily rags (linseed)Oily rags (linseed)Heat of decompositionHeat of decompositionHeat of decompositionHeat of decomposition

Hay barnsHay barnsM l h ilM l h ilMulch pilesMulch piles

Heat of solutionHeat of solution


Ch

CSFM

hemical


ElResistance heatingResistance heatingDielectric heatingDielectric heatingDielectric heatingDielectric heatingInduction heatingInduction heatingLeakage currentLeakage currentLeakage current Leakage current heatingheatingHeat from arcingHeat from arcingHeat from arcingHeat from arcingStatic electricity heatinStatic electricity heatinLighteningLighteningLighteningLightening

CSFM

ectrical

ngng


El

CSFM

ectrical


Me

CSFM

chanicalHeat of frictionHeat of frictionHeat of compressionHeat of compressionHeat of compressionHeat of compression


Nuclear Release of large Release of large quantities of energyquantities of energyquantities of energy quantities of energy from the nucleus of thefrom the nucleus of theatomatom

FissionFissionSplitting of atomsSplitting of atomsp gp g

FusionFusionCombining of twoCombining of twoggatomsatomsCSFM

Heat Energygy

e e

ss

o o


Sources oThe process of comThe process of comlaws of the natural slaws of the natural slaws of the natural slaws of the natural senergy. It is a measenergy. It is a measmotion in a substanmotion in a substanmotion in a substanmotion in a substancommon sources ofcommon sources ofelectrical mechanicelectrical mechanicelectrical, mechanicelectrical, mechanic

CSFM

of Heat Energygymbustion follows the basic mbustion follows the basic sciences Heat is a form ofsciences Heat is a form ofsciences. Heat is a form of sciences. Heat is a form of surement of molecular surement of molecular nce There are fournce There are fournce. There are four nce. There are four f heat energy: chemical, f heat energy: chemical, cal and nuclearcal and nuclearcal, and nuclear.cal, and nuclear.


Oxygen and ygOxygen is requireOxygen is requirecombustioncombustioncombustion.combustion.Normal is 21%Normal is 21%

Minimum to alloMinimum to alloMaterials classifieMaterials classifiethe combustion ofthe combustion ofno oxygen is presno oxygen is presyg pyg pOxidizing agents aOxidizing agents a

Oxidizing Agentsg gd to initiate and sustain d to initiate and sustain

ow free burning is 16%ow free burning is 16%d as oxidizers will support d as oxidizers will support pppp

f other materials, even if f other materials, even if ent.ent.are Bromates & Chloratesare Bromates & Chlorates

. . . more than fighting fires. . . more than fighting fires Oxygen


Required to ignite Required to ignite componentcomponentcomponentcomponentIt causes pyrolysisIt causes pyrolysis& li id & d& li id & d& liquids & produc& liquids & producProvides the enerProvides the enerCauses the continCauses the continignitable vaporsignitable vaporsg pg p

CSFM

Heata fire, it is the energy a fire, it is the energy

s or vaporization of solids s or vaporization of solids i it bli it blces ignitable vaporsces ignitable vapors

gy necessary for ignitiongy necessary for ignitionnuous production of nuous production of


Energy to produceEnergy to producevariety of sourcesvariety of sourcesvariety of sourcesvariety of sources

Mechanical eneMechanical eneChemical energChemical energElectrical energyElectrical energygygy

Heate an ignition comes from a e an ignition comes from a ::::

ergyergygygyyyyy


Chemical CFlaming combustiFlaming combustienergy produces cenergy produces c

Called a chain rCalled a chain rEach reaction aEach reaction a

Example: RunExample: Runreactionreaction

Chain reactions coChain reactions cothere is sufficient fthere is sufficient fInterrupting the chInterrupting the chout.out.

CSFM

Chain Reactionon occurs when heat on occurs when heat continuous fuel vaporscontinuous fuel vaporsreactionreactiondds to the nextdds to the next

naway nuclear chain naway nuclear chain

ontinue to occur as long as ontinue to occur as long as fuel, oxygen, and heat.fuel, oxygen, and heat.

hain reaction puts the fire hain reaction puts the fire


Chemical C

CSFM

Chain Reaction


Fire TrianglegThree basic factors Three basic factors required for required for qqcombustion:combustion:

FuelFuelOxygen (oxidizing Oxygen (oxidizing agent)agent)HeatHeatHeatHeat

Chemical chain Chemical chain reactions keep the firereactions keep the firereactions keep the firereactions keep the fireburning.burning.

e and Tetrahedron

eee e


Fire Tetrahedron


Combustion PCombustion occursCombustion occursof certain elementsof certain elementsof certain elementsof certain elementsthat the removal of that the removal of will result in the extiwill result in the extiwill result in the extiwill result in the extiThese components These components tetrahedron Each ctetrahedron Each ctetrahedron. Each ctetrahedron. Each cplace for combustioplace for combustio

CSFM

Process Elements only during the presence only during the presence It must be understoodIt must be understood. It must be understood . It must be understood

any one of the elements any one of the elements inguishment of the fireinguishment of the fireinguishment of the fire. inguishment of the fire. are described as the fire are described as the fire

component must be incomponent must be incomponent must be in component must be in on to occur.on to occur.


Products TTdddd

aa

of CombustionThe specific products The specific products depend on:depend on:depend on:depend on:

FuelFuelTemperatureTemperatureAmount of oxygen Amount of oxygen ygygavailableavailable

Few fires consume allFew fires consume allFew fires consume all Few fires consume all available fuel.available fuel.


Products When a fuel burnsWhen a fuel burnsof combustionof combustionof combustionof combustion

Fire gasesFire gasesFlameFlameHeatHeatSmokeSmoke

CSFM

of Combustions there are four products s there are four products


Fire

CSFM

e GasesDetermined by the type Determined by the type of material, amount ofof material, amount ofof material, amount of of material, amount of available oxygen, rate available oxygen, rate of heating & of heating & temperature.temperature.Refer to as the Refer to as the vaporized products of vaporized products of combustioncombustionP ti l t iP ti l t iParticles contain Particles contain carboncarbon


FireThe most common fireThe most common firegases are:gases are:gases are:gases are:

Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxideCarbon dioxideCarbon dioxideCarbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

CSFM

e Gasese e


Other Gases

CSFM

Numerous gases are releasedNumerous gases are releasedduring all phases of during all phases of

b tib ticombustioncombustionSulfur dioxideSulfur dioxidePhosgenePhosgenePhosgene Phosgene Nitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxidesHeroleinHeroleinAmmoniaAmmoniaHydrogen cyanideHydrogen cyanideHydrogen sulfateHydrogen sulfateHydrogen sulfateHydrogen sulfateHydrogen chlorideHydrogen chlorideAsphyxiant gasesAsphyxiant gasesp y gp y gIrritant particlesIrritant particles


AsphyxyThose products of cThose products of ccentral nervous syscentral nervous syscentral nervous syscentral nervous sysof consciousness oof consciousness odepletiondepletiondepletiondepletion

Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxideHydrogen cyanidHydrogen cyanidCarbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

CSFM

xiant Gasescombustion that effect the combustion that effect the stem and can result in lossstem and can result in lossstem and can result in loss stem and can result in loss r death due to oxygen r death due to oxygen

eeee


IrritaAffectAffect

BreathingBreathingBreathingBreathingEyesEyesSkiSkiSkinSkin

ExamplesExamplesHalogen acidsHalogen acidsNitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxidesOrganic irritantsOrganic irritantsCSFM

ant Gases


FFlame is the luminousFlame is the luminousaspect of burningaspect of burningaspect of burningaspect of burningHotter flameHotter flame

Less luminousLess luminousLess luminousLess luminousMore complete More complete combustioncombustioncombustioncombustion

Not present during Not present during smoldering phasesmoldering phaseg pg p

CSFM

Flame


A form of energy thA form of energy thof temperature to siof temperature to siof temperature to siof temperature to siHeat is the combusHeat is the combus

ibl f fiibl f firesponsible for fire responsible for fire Direct cause of burnDirect cause of burnOther injuries are:Other injuries are:

Dehydration, heaDehydration, heaDehydration, heaDehydration, heatracttractCSFM

Heatat is measured in degrees at is measured in degrees ignify intensityignify intensityignify intensityignify intensitytion product most tion product most

d i b ildid i b ildispread in a buildingspread in a buildingn injuriesn injuries

at exhaustion, respiratoryat exhaustion, respiratoryat exhaustion, respiratory at exhaustion, respiratory


SAirborne productsAirborne productscombustioncombustioncombustioncombustionConsists of:Consists of:

ParticlesParticlesVaporsVaporsppGasesGases

Inhalation of smokInhalation of smokInhalation of smokInhalation of smokcause severe injurcause severe injurCSFM

Smoke of of

ke canke canke can ke can ries.ries.


SmokeIt is a mixture of oxygeIt is a mixture of oxygenitrogen, carbon dioxidnitrogen, carbon dioxidcarbon monoxide, andcarbon monoxide, anddi id d b ti ldi id d b ti ldivided carbon particledivided carbon particleContents of smoke varContents of smoke varbeing burned Can bebeing burned Can bebeing burned. Can be being burned. Can be

Liquid fuels give off Liquid fuels give off smokesmokesmoke.smoke.

CSFM

en, en, de, de, d mixture of finely d mixture of finely

( t)( t)es (soot)es (soot)ries with fuel ries with fuel hot and/or toxichot and/or toxichot and/or toxic.hot and/or toxic.dense, black dense, black


S

CSFM

SmokeSmoke vaporsSmoke vapors

S ll d l t fS ll d l t fSmall droplets of Small droplets of liquids suspended liquids suspended i ii iin airin airCan be oils from Can be oils from the fuel or water the fuel or water from suppression from suppression effortsefforts


SWhen a material buWhen a material buof combustion. Theof combustion. Theof combustion. Theof combustion. Theand smoke. Alone oand smoke. Alone ocause serious injurycause serious injuryj yj yunprotected fire fighunprotected fire fighasphyxiates or irritaasphyxiates or irritai t t th ti t t th timportant that we reimportant that we reinherent in the fire einherent in the fire eappropriate personaappropriate personaappropriate personaappropriate personaand equipment in oand equipment in oCSFM

Smokeurns, it gives off products urns, it gives off products se are gases, flame, heat,se are gases, flame, heat,se are gases, flame, heat, se are gases, flame, heat, or in combination, they can or in combination, they can y or death to the y or death to the yyhter. Many gases are hter. Many gases are ants. It is, therefore, ants. It is, therefore,

i th di th decognize the dangers ecognize the dangers environment and use the environment and use the al protective equipmental protective equipmental protective equipment al protective equipment rder to operate safely.rder to operate safely.


Smokes PhRelative ToxicityRelative Toxicity

Abilit f b tAbilit f b tAbility of substanAbility of substanbody measured inbody measured inPermissible expoPermissible expodetermined by ppdetermined by ppExampleExample

Carbon monoxCarbon monoxCarbon monoxCarbon monox•• PEL 35ppmPEL 35ppmCSFM

ysical Propertiesy

t d h ithi tht d h ithi thce to do harm within the ce to do harm within the n parts per million (ppm)n parts per million (ppm)

osure limits (PEL) osure limits (PEL) pmpm

ideideideide


Wateer solubilityyA liquid’s ability to mix A liquid’s ability to mix with waterwith waterwith waterwith waterWater soluble liquidsWater soluble liquids

AlcoholAlcoholAlcoholAlcoholCorrosivesCorrosivesPolar solventsPolar solventsPolar solventsPolar solvents

NonsolubleNonsolubleNonpolar solventsNonpolar solventsNonpolar solventsNonpolar solventsPetroleum productsPetroleum products


Vapo

Weight of a gas in Weight of a gas in g gg grelation to airrelation to air

Air = 1Air = 1

or Densityy


Vapor Densityyy Gases lighter than airGases lighter than airyHeliumHeliumAmmoniaAmmoniaHydrogenHydrogenAcetyleneAcetyleneMethaneMethaneIlluminating gasesIlluminating gasesg gg gNitrogenNitrogenCarbon monoxideCarbon monoxideEthyleneEthylene


VapoGases heavier than aiGases heavier than ai

Gasoline vaporGasoline vaporGasoline vaporGasoline vaporPropanePropane

or Densityyrr


V

VaporVaporVaporVapor####

Video

r & Firer & Firer & Firer & Fire#3#3#3#3


FlamRelates to flammabRelates to flammabrangerangerangerange

Flammable exploFlammable exploThe concentratThe concentratThe concentratThe concentratwhich it will burwhich it will bur

Flammable rangeFlammable rangeFlammable rangeFlammable rangeRatio of gas to Ratio of gas to combustion if ecombustion if ecombustion if ecombustion if esourcesource

mmabilityyble limits or flammable ble limits or flammable

osive limitosive limittion level of a substance attion level of a substance attion level of a substance at tion level of a substance at rnrne (FR)e (FR)e (FR)e (FR)air that will sustain air that will sustain

exposed to an ignitionexposed to an ignitionexposed to an ignition exposed to an ignition


WarninMost products of Most products of combustion have ancombustion have ancombustion have an combustion have an adverse affect on the adverse affect on the bodybodyBurning skinBurning skinBurning eyesBurning eyesg yg y

g PropertiesgIncrease respirationsIncrease respirations

Altered level ofAltered level ofAltered level of Altered level of consciousnessconsciousnessAcrid smellsAcrid smellsAcrid smellsAcrid smellsDizzinessDizzinessNauseaNauseaNauseaNauseaVomitingVomiting


Physical PropeyIt is crucial for the fire It is crucial for the fire recognize the commonrecognize the commonrecognize the commonrecognize the commonadverse effects. Manyadverse effects. Manycombustion do not havcombustion do not havfighter can be exposedfighter can be exposedmonoxide and not be amonoxide and not be afi fi ht t lfi fi ht t lfire fighter must also ufire fighter must also uand liquids weigh the sand liquids weigh the san integral part of firean integral part of firean integral part of fire an integral part of fire decisiondecision--making procemaking proce

erties of Combustionfighter to understand and fighter to understand and n combustion gases and theirn combustion gases and theirn combustion gases and their n combustion gases and their

y toxic byy toxic by--products of products of ve any warning signs. A fire ve any warning signs. A fire d to high levels of carbon d to high levels of carbon aware until it is too late. The aware until it is too late. The

d t d th t t lld t d th t t llunderstand that not all gases understand that not all gases same. This knowledge plays same. This knowledge plays fighter safety and thefighter safety and thefighter safety and the fighter safety and the ess.ess.


HeatCombustion givesCombustion givesother nearby fuelsother nearby fuelsother nearby fuelsother nearby fuelsHeat energy alwayHeat energy alwaycolder. Object wilcolder. Object wilcolder. Object wilcolder. Object wiltemperature if the temperature if the Three methods ofThree methods ofThree methods of Three methods of

Conduction Conduction ConvectionConvectionConvectionConvectionRadiationRadiation

t Transfers off heat which can ignite s off heat which can ignite s.s.s.s.ys flows from hotter to ys flows from hotter to l achieve the samel achieve the samel achieve the same l achieve the same remain in contact.remain in contact.

f heat transferf heat transferf heat transferf heat transfer


ConHeat transferred fromHeat transferred frommolecule to another molecule to another (direct contact)(direct contact)Conductors transfer Conductors transfer

llllwell.well.Example: Nails, SExample: Nails, Sbeams Metal pipebeams Metal pipebeams, Metal pipebeams, Metal pipe

Insulators do not tranInsulators do not tranheat well.heat well.

Example: FiberglaExample: Fibergla

nductionm one m one

heat heat

Steel Steel eeeensfer nsfer

assass

. . . more than fighting fires. . . more than fighting fires Conduction


ConMovement of heat Movement of heat through a fluid mediuthrough a fluid mediuggsuch as air or a liquidsuch as air or a liquidHeated air rises, cooHeated air rises, coo

i i ki i kair sinksair sinksPrimary cause of Primary cause of vertical and horizontvertical and horizontvertical and horizontvertical and horizontspreadspreadCreates convection Creates convection currentscurrents

nvection

um um dd

ol ol

alalal al

. . . more than fighting fires. . . more than fighting fires Convection


ConvectionHot gases rise, thenHot gases rise, thenG th b k dG th b k dGases then bank doGases then bank dooutside the room.outside the room.

HorizontallyHorizontallyVerticallyVerticallyyy

n within a Roomn travel horizontally.n travel horizontally.

llllown a wall or move own a wall or move


RaTransfer of heat in theTransfer of heat in theform of an invisibleform of an invisibleform of an invisible form of an invisible electromagnetic waveelectromagnetic waveHeat radiated to a Heat radiated to a nearby structure can nearby structure can ignite it.ignite it.Radiated heat passingRadiated heat passingthrough a window canthrough a window cani it bj ti it bj tignite an object.ignite an object.

adiatione e

g g

. . . more than fighting fires. . . more than fighting fires Radiation


HeatHeat is transferred Heat is transferred ways It may be conways It may be conways. It may be conways. It may be consubstance, convectsubstance, convectradiated from one sradiated from one sradiated from one sradiated from one sexample of conductexample of conductbowl of soup The hbowl of soup The hbowl of soup. The hbowl of soup. The hheat being conducteheat being conducte

CSFM

t Transferin three and only three in three and only three nducted through anducted through anducted through a nducted through a ted by a substance, or ted by a substance, or substance to another Ansubstance to another Ansubstance to another. An substance to another. An tion is a spoon in a hot tion is a spoon in a hot handle becomes hot by thehandle becomes hot by thehandle becomes hot by the handle becomes hot by the ed up the spoon.ed up the spoon.


Liquid FuA liquid must vaporizeA liquid must vaporizebefore it burns.before it burns.before it burns.before it burns.A minimum and A minimum and maximum concentratiomaximum concentratioof vapors must be of vapors must be present to ignite.present to ignite.Most flammable liquidsMost flammable liquidscan ignite well below can ignite well below th i b ili i tth i b ili i ttheir boiling point.their boiling point.

uel Fires (1 of 3)

e e

on on

s s


Liquid FuCoCoignignignign

FFffffAAssssSSbbbbaa

uel Fires (2 of 3)

onditions required for onditions required for nition:nition:nition:nition:FuelFuel--air mixture within air mixture within flammable limitsflammable limitsflammable limitsflammable limitsAn ignition source with An ignition source with sufficient energysufficient energysufficient energysufficient energySustained contact Sustained contact between ignition sourcebetween ignition sourcebetween ignition source between ignition source and fueland fuel--air mixtureair mixture


Liquid FuFlash pointFlash point

Lowest temperatureLowest temperatureLowest temperatureLowest temperatureFlame point (or fire poFlame point (or fire po

Lowest temperatureLowest temperatureLowest temperatureLowest temperatureare produced to supare produced to suptimetimetimetime

Ignition temperatureIgnition temperatureTemperature at whiTemperature at whiTemperature at whiTemperature at whispontaneously ignitspontaneously ignit

uel Fires (3 of 3)

e at which vapor is producede at which vapor is producede at which vapor is producede at which vapor is producedoint)oint)e at which sufficient vaporse at which sufficient vaporse at which sufficient vapors e at which sufficient vapors pport a small flame for a short pport a small flame for a short

ch the fuelch the fuel--air mixture willair mixture willch the fuelch the fuel air mixture will air mixture will ee


Gas FuVapor DensityVapor Density

Weight of a gas fWeight of a gas fWeight of a gas fWeight of a gas fGas with vapor dGas with vapor dl th 1 0 illl th 1 0 illless than 1.0 will less than 1.0 will Gas with vapor dGas with vapor dgreater than 1.0 wgreater than 1.0 wKnowing vapor deKnowing vapor dethe danger of ignthe danger of ign

el Fires (1 of 2)

fuelfuelfuelfuelensity ensity iirise.rise.

ensity ensity will settle.will settle.ensity helps predict where ensity helps predict where ition will be.ition will be.


Gas FuFuelFuel--air mixtures onair mixtures oncertain concentratiocertain concentratiocertain concentratiocertain concentratioFlammability/explosFlammability/explos

Below the lower fBelow the lower fToo little fuel = Too little fuel =

Above the upper Above the upper Too much fuelToo much fuelToo much fuel Too much fuel

el Fires (2 of 2)

nly burn when mixed in nly burn when mixed in onsonsons.ons.sive limitssive limitsflammability limitflammability limittoo leantoo leanflammability limitflammability limit= too rich= too rich= too rich= too rich


Exxplosion


ExA rapid release of hA rapid release of henvironmentenvironmentenvironmentenvironmentThe highThe high--pressure rpressure rf f h kf f h kform of a shock wavform of a shock wav

xplosionhighhigh--pressure gas into the pressure gas into the

release, dissipating in the release, dissipating in the veve


Types & CauyPhysicalPhysical

Most common typMost common typMost common typMost common typExternally heatedExternally heated

B ilB ilBoilerBoilerPressurized gaPressurized gaTrapped steamTrapped steamAny container tAny container tapplication of happlication of h

uses of Explosions

pepepeped containerd container

as cylinderas cylindermmthat will pressurize with the that will pressurize with the heatheat


BLEBBoiling oiling LLiquid, iquid, EExpaxpaO hO hOccurs when a Occurs when a tank storing tank storing liquid fuel under liquid fuel under pressure ispressure ispressure is pressure is heated heated e cessi ele cessi elexcessivelyexcessively

EVE (1 of 3)

anding anding VVapor apor EExplosionxplosion


BLESequence:Sequence:

Tank is heatedTank is heatedInternal pressureInternal pressureTank fails catastTank fails catastTank fails catastTank fails catastLiquid fuel at or Liquid fuel at or releasedreleasedreleasedreleasedLiquid immediateLiquid immediateexpanding cloudexpanding cloudexpanding cloudexpanding cloudVapor ignites intVapor ignites int

EVE (2 of 3)

e rises beyond ability to vente rises beyond ability to venttrophicallytrophicallytrophicallytrophicallyabove boiling point is above boiling point is

ely turns into a rapidly ely turns into a rapidly d of vapord of vapord of vapord of vaporto a huge fireballto a huge fireball


BLEBLEVEs can injureBLEVEs can injureand civiliansand civiliansand civilians.and civilians.

Fireball created Fireball created didiexpanding vapoexpanding vapo

Large pieces of Large pieces of distancesdistances

EVE (3 of 3)

e and even e and even killkill fire fighters fire fighters

by the ignition of by the ignition of rsrsthe tank propelled great the tank propelled great


V

BLBL####

Video

EVEEVE#4#4#4#4


PhysicyExternal heat requirExternal heat requirreactionreactionreactionreaction

Endothermic=absEndothermic=absChemical that absoChemical that absoa chemical reactiona chemical reactionChemical reaction cChemical reaction cwhich increases gawhich increases gagg

cal/chemicalred to cause endothermic red to cause endothermic

sorbs heatsorbs heatorbs external heat to create orbs external heat to create nncreates additional heat creates additional heat s pressures pressurepp


ChExothermicExothermic

P d tP d tProduces own temProduces own temDoes not requiDoes not requi

The higher the teThe higher the tereaction, the morereaction, the more

hemical

t it imperature increasemperature increasere external heat to reactre external heat to reactmperature, the faster the mperature, the faster the e gas is producede gas is producedg pg p


Chemistry of yExothermic reactionsExothermic reactions

Reactions that resuReactions that resuReactions that resuReactions that resuin the release of hein the release of heenergyenergyenergyenergy

Endothermic reactionsEndothermic reactionsReactions thatReactions thatReactions that Reactions that absorb heat or absorb heat or require heat to be require heat to be qqaddedadded

f Combustion (1 of 2)

ultultult ult eat eat

ss


Chemistry of yOxidationOxidation

Chemically combiChemically combiChemically combiChemically combisubstance to creasubstance to crea

CombustionCombustionRapid, selfRapid, self--sustainsustainoxygen with anothoxygen with anoththe release of heathe release of heathe release of heathe release of hea

PyrolysisPyrolysisDecomposition ofDecomposition ofDecomposition of Decomposition of heatingheating

f Combustion (2 of 2)

ning oxygen with anotherning oxygen with anotherning oxygen with another ning oxygen with another te a new compoundte a new compound

ning process that combines ning process that combines her substance and results in her substance and results in at and lightat and lightat and lightat and light

a material caused by externala material caused by externala material caused by external a material caused by external


Classess of Fire (1 of 2)

Fires classified Fires classified according to type of fuelaccording to type of fuelaccording to type of fuelaccording to type of fuelExtinguishing agents Extinguishing agents l ifi d t t hl ifi d t t hclassified to match classified to match

type(s) of fires they type(s) of fires they ti i hti i hextinguishextinguish

A fire can fit into more A fire can fit into more than one class.than one class.


ClassesFive classes of firesFive classes of fires

Cl ACl AClass AClass AClass BClass BClass CClass CClass DClass DClass DClass DClass KClass K

s of Fire (2 of 2)

s:s:


CFuel: Ordinary solidFuel: Ordinary solid

W dW dWoodWoodPaperPaperClothCloth

Extinguishing agentExtinguishing agentExtinguishing agentExtinguishing agentWater (cools the Water (cools the

Class Ad combustiblesd combustibles

ts:ts:ts:ts:fuel)fuel)


CFuel: Flammable oFuel: Flammable o

G liG liGasolineGasolineKeroseneKeroseneOilsOils

Extinguishing agentExtinguishing agentExtinguishing agentExtinguishing agentFoam or carbon dFoam or carbon dDr chemicalsDr chemicalsDry chemicalsDry chemicals

Class Br combustible liquidsr combustible liquids

ts:ts:ts:ts:dioxide dioxide


CFuel: Energized eleFuel: Energized ele

Underlying fuel isUnderlying fuel isUnderlying fuel isUnderlying fuel isSpecial classificaSpecial classificaelectrical hazardselectrical hazardselectrical hazardselectrical hazards

Extinguishing agentExtinguishing agentCarbon dioxideCarbon dioxideCarbon dioxideCarbon dioxideUse of water is Use of water is nono

Be sure toBe sure to shutshutBe sure to Be sure to shutshutwater.water.

Class Cectrical equipmentectrical equipments often Class A or Class Bs often Class A or Class Bs often Class A or Class Bs often Class A or Class Bation required due to ation required due to ssssts:ts:

otot advised.advised.t off powert off power before usingbefore usingt off powert off power before using before using


CFuel: Burning metaFuel: Burning meta

P t iP t iPotassiumPotassiumLithiumLithiumMagnesiumMagnesium

Extinguishing agentExtinguishing agentExtinguishing agentExtinguishing agentSpecial saltSpecial salt--basebaseDoDo NOTNOT se atese ateDo Do NOTNOT use wateuse wate

Class Dalsals

ts:ts:ts:ts:ed powders or dry sanded powders or dry sandererer.er.


CFuel: Combustible Fuel: Combustible

C ki ilC ki ilCooking oilsCooking oilsGreaseGrease

Extinguishing agentExtinguishing agentDesignation is neDesignation is neDesignation is neDesignation is nenew classificationnew classificationagentsagentsagentsagents

Class Kcooking mediacooking media

ts:ts:ew and coincides with aew and coincides with aew and coincides with a ew and coincides with a n of Class K extinguishing n of Class K extinguishing


Methods ofCool the burning Cool the burning material.material.material.material.Exclude oxygen.Exclude oxygen.Remove fuelRemove fuelRemove fuel.Remove fuel.Break the chemical Break the chemical reaction.reaction.reaction.reaction.

f Extinguishmentg


Methods off Extinguishmentg


ExtinguigWaterWater

E ti i h tE ti i h tExtinguishment pExtinguishment pCooling a solidCooling a solidCooling the flamCooling the flamDiluting oxygenDiluting oxygenDiluting oxygenDiluting oxygen

shing Agentsg g

i i li i lprinciplesprinciples or liquid or liquidme itselfme itselfnnnn


Waater UseClass A firesClass A firesClass B firesClass B firesClass B firesClass B fires

Certain instancesCertain instancesClass D firesClass D firesClass D firesClass D fires

Very limitedVery limited


Water PhyyFreezes at 32Freezes at 32°°F or 0F or 0°°CCBoils at 212Boils at 212°°F or 100F or 100°°Boils at 212Boils at 212 F or 100F or 100Weighs 8.34 pounds pWeighs 8.34 pounds pgallongallonNonNon--compressiblecompressibleHigh surface tensionHigh surface tensionTakes shape of contaiTakes shape of contaiNeeds expellant force Needs expellant force

ttmost casesmost casesExpands 1700:1, steaExpands 1700:1, stea

ysical PropertiesyCCCCCC

per per

inerinerin in

mm


Advantaages of WatergAbsorbs large amounts Absorbs large amounts of heatof heatof heatof heatPlentifulPlentifulCan be used withCan be used withCan be used with Can be used with specialized agentsspecialized agents


DisadvantConductor of electriConductor of electriHi h f t iHi h f t iHigh surface tensioHigh surface tensioFreezesFreezesReacts with Reacts with certain chemicalscertain chemicalscertain chemicalscertain chemicalsWeightWeight

tages of Watergicityicity

onon


Carbon DDioxide (CO2)( )Extinguishment Extinguishment principlesprinciplesprinciplesprinciples

Oxygen reductionOxygen reductionSmothering effectSmothering effectSmothering effectSmothering effect

Limited cooling Limited cooling effectseffectseffectseffects


COClass A firesClass A fires

Limited instancesLimited instancesLimited instancesLimited instancesClass B firesClass B firesClass C firesClass C firesClass C firesClass C fires

O2 Use


CO2 PhysyNormally a gasNormally a gasLiquefied underLiquefied underLiquefied under Liquefied under temperature & pressurtemperature & pressur1 ½ times heavier than1 ½ times heavier than1 ½ times heavier than1 ½ times heavier thanairairSolid belowSolid below -- 7979°°FFSolid below Solid below 7979 FF

sical Properties

rerennn n


AdvantagesAdvantagesHigh expansionHigh expansionHigh expansion High expansion rationration

1 pd liquid = 8 cf 1 pd liquid = 8 cf of gasof gas

Readily turns from Readily turns from liquid to gasliquid to gasliquid to gasliquid to gasProvides its own Provides its own pressurepressurepressurepressureNonconductorNonconductor

CO2

DisadvantagesDisadvantagesSlightly toxicSlightly toxicSlightly toxicSlightly toxicWater solubleWater solubleLimited effect onLimited effect onLimited effect on Limited effect on Class A Class A combustiblescombustiblescombustiblescombustibles


HalogenateHalogenate(Hed Hydrocarbonsed HydrocarbonsHalons)


HExtinguishment prinExtinguishment prin

Break the chain rBreak the chain rBreak the chain rBreak the chain rSome coolingSome cooling

H l bH l bHalos can be use oHalos can be use oClass A firesClass A fires

Special instancSpecial instancClass B firesClass B firesClass C firesClass C fires

Halonsnciplesnciplesreactionreactionreactionreaction

onon

cesces


PhasFour distinct phasesFour distinct phases

I itiI itiIgnitionIgnitionGrowthGrowthFully DevelopedFully DevelopedDecayDecayDecayDecay

ses of Fires:s:


IgnitigFirst phase of fire deFirst phase of fire de3 l t f fi3 l t f fi3 elements of fire 3 elements of fire are presentare present

FuelFuelHeatHeatHeatHeatOxygenOxygen

F el is heated to itsF el is heated to itsFuel is heated to itsFuel is heated to itsstarting the chemicastarting the chemica

on Phaseevelopmentevelopment

s ignition temperat res ignition temperat res ignition temperature s ignition temperature al chain reaction.al chain reaction.


Ignitionn Phase


GrowSecond phase of firSecond phase of firAdditi l f l i lAdditi l f l i lAdditional fuel involAdditional fuel involFire grows largerFire grows largerConvection draws mConvection draws mair into fireair into fireair into fireair into fireThermal layering:Thermal layering:

Hot gases collectHot gases collectHot gases collectHot gases collectdownward.downward.

wth Phasere developmentre development

ddvedved

more more

at ceiling and bankat ceiling and bank at ceiling and bank at ceiling and bank


GrowIncreasing heat begIncreasing heat beg

M h i &M h i &Mushrooming & rMushrooming & rProducts of comProducts of comwalls of the comwalls of the comProducts of comProducts of comceiling downceiling down

wth Phasegins to generategins to generate

llllrollover occurrollover occurmbustion reach the outer mbustion reach the outer mpartmentmpartmentmbustion bank from the mbustion bank from the


Growthh Phase


GrowIncreasing heat begIncreasing heat beg

Thermal layering:Thermal layering:Thermal layering:Thermal layering:Gases form in lGases form in ltemperaturetemperaturetemperaturetemperatureHottest gases oHottest gases oThe heat from rThe heat from rThe heat from rThe heat from rand heats uninvand heats uninvliberating flammliberating flammliberating flammliberating flammflashover & fireflashover & fire

wth Phasegins to generategins to generate::::layers according to layers according to

on top, cooler on bottomon top, cooler on bottomrollo er radiates back do nrollo er radiates back do nrollover radiates back down rollover radiates back down volved fuel sources volved fuel sources

mable gases contributing tomable gases contributing tomable gases contributing to mable gases contributing to fighter injuriesfighter injuries


GrowSmoke temperatureSmoke temperatureR h t ill iR h t ill iRoom heat will increRoom heat will incretime the fire burnstime the fire burnsFire gases being geFire gases being ge

Water vapor (HWater vapor (H2200p (p (Carbon dioxide (CCarbon dioxide (CSulfur dioxide (SOSulfur dioxide (SOSulfur dioxide (SOSulfur dioxide (SOCarbon monoxideCarbon monoxide

wth Phasee can be up to 900e can be up to 900°°FF

ti t l t thti t l t thease proportionately to the ease proportionately to the

eneratedenerated0)0)))COCO22))OO22))OO22))e (CO)e (CO)


GrowtGrowth Phaseh Phase


FlaThe third phase of fThe third phase of fT iti i t b tT iti i t b tTransition point betwTransition point betwfully developed phafully developed phaAll combustible matAll combustible matonce.once.Temperatures rangTemperatures rangFlashovers are deaFlashovers are deaFlashovers are deaFlashovers are dea

ashoverfire developmentfire development

th h dth h dween growth phase and ween growth phase and aseaseterials in a room ignite at terials in a room ignite at

e from 900e from 900°°F F –– 1,2001,200°°FF..dly!dly!dly!dly!


FlaSuperSuper--heated fire gheated fire gunburned combustiunburned combustiunburned combustiunburned combustifire gasesfire gasesWhen the temperatWhen the temperatWhen the temperatWhen the temperatpoint of another subpoint of another subchain reaction combchain reaction combadditional heat is adadditional heat is adsource of the firesource of the fireFlashover is not insFlashover is not insrapidlyrapidly

ashoverases have heated nearby ases have heated nearby bles liberating flammablebles liberating flammablebles liberating flammable bles liberating flammable

ure reaches the ignitionure reaches the ignitionure reaches the ignition ure reaches the ignition bstance in the room, a new bstance in the room, a new bustion site occurs and bustion site occurs and dded beyond the initial dded beyond the initial

stantaneous but occurs stantaneous but occurs


Flasshover


Fully Devy

Fourth phase ofFourth phase ofFourth phase of Fourth phase of fire development.fire development.All combustibleAll combustibleAll combustible All combustible materials in the materials in the room are burningroom are burningroom are burning.room are burning.

veloped Phase


Fully Devy veloped Phase

Heat produced atHeat produced atHeat produced at Heat produced at maximum ratemaximum rateOxygen consumed rapidlyOxygen consumed rapidlyOxygen consumed rapidlyOxygen consumed rapidlyFire will burn as long as Fire will burn as long as fuel and oxygen remainfuel and oxygen remainfuel and oxygen remain.fuel and oxygen remain.This fire is ventilation This fire is ventilation controlled.controlled.


Fully DeveFully Deveeloped Phaseeloped Phase


DecaFirth phase of fire Firth phase of fire developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopmentFuel/oxygen or bothFuel/oxygen or bothi l h t di l h t dis nearly exhaustedis nearly exhaustedIntensity reducesIntensity reducesEventually fire will gEventually fire will goutout

ay Phasey

h h dddd

go go


DecaThe fire is now contThe fire is now cont

FuelFuelFuelFuelSufficient oxygeSufficient oxyge

V til tiV til tiVentilationVentilationCompartment iCompartment iThere is plentyThere is plentytemperaturetemperature

•• BackdraftBackdraft

ay Phaseytrolled bytrolled by

en with low amount of fuelen with low amount of fuel

s not venteds not vented of fuel heated to its ignition of fuel heated to its ignition


V

PhasePhasePhasePhase####

Video

s of Fires of Fires of Fires of Fire#5#5#5#5


PhasFire development is deFire development is degrowth, flashover, fullygrowth, flashover, fullygrowth, flashover, fullygrowth, flashover, fullyphase presents dangephase presents dangeinjury or death to fire finjury or death to fire ffire transitions throughfire transitions throughto the next. During theto the next. During thed l idl thd l idl thdevelops so rapidly thdevelops so rapidly thfire to enter the fully defire to enter the fully defor the fire fighter to idfor the fire fighter to idfor the fire fighter to idfor the fire fighter to iddifferent phases to emdifferent phases to em

ses of Fireefined in five phases: ignition, efined in five phases: ignition, y developed, and decay. Eachy developed, and decay. Eachy developed, and decay. Each y developed, and decay. Each ers that can cause serious ers that can cause serious ighters and occupants. As a ighters and occupants. As a

h each phase, its dangers lead h each phase, its dangers lead e flashover phase, fire e flashover phase, fire

t it i h t ti f tht it i h t ti f that it is a very short time for the at it is a very short time for the eveloped phase. It is crucial eveloped phase. It is crucial entify and recognize theentify and recognize theentify and recognize the entify and recognize the

mploy proper fire attack tactics.mploy proper fire attack tactics.


Interior StructureInterior StructureFire is fully or partiaFire is fully or partiab ildingb ildingbuildingbuildingBuilding acts as a bBuilding acts as a bSpecial consideratioSpecial consideratio

Room contentsRoom contentsRoom contentsRoom contentsFuel load and fireFuel load and fireFlashover rolloveFlashover rolloveFlashover, rolloveFlashover, rollovelayeringlayering

Fire Characteristics Fire Characteristicsally contained within a ally contained within a

box.box.ons:ons:

e spreade spreader backdraft and thermaler backdraft and thermaler, backdraft, and thermal er, backdraft, and thermal


RoomMany fires burn onlyMany fires burn onlythe structure itselfthe structure itselfthe structure itself.the structure itself.Modern rooms contModern rooms cont

th ti t i lth ti t i lsynthetic materials.synthetic materials.Furniture may haveFurniture may havefrom flaming sourcefrom flaming sourceWall and ceiling finiWall and ceiling finigg

m Contentsy the contents, and not y the contents, and not

tain many plastic and tain many plastic and

e little resistance to ignition e little resistance to ignition es.es.shes can burn readily.shes can burn readily.yy


Fuel Load aTotal quantity of comTotal quantity of comD t i hD t i hDetermines how muDetermines how mube generatedbe generatedSize, shape, and arSize, shape, and araffect combustibilityaffect combustibility

and Fire Spreadmbustibles in a roommbustibles in a room

h h t d k illh h t d k illuch heat and smoke will uch heat and smoke will

rrangement of fuel will rrangement of fuel will y and fire spready and fire spread


Special CFour conditions parFour conditions paraffect fire fighter (anaffect fire fighter (anaffect fire fighter (anaffect fire fighter (an

FlashoverFlashoverFlameover (or rolFlameover (or rolBackdraftBackdraftThermal layering Thermal layering

H b f dH b f dHowever, before we dHowever, before we dmust discuss must discuss PyrolysPyrolys

Considerationsrticular to interior fires that rticular to interior fires that nd civilian) safety:nd civilian) safety:nd civilian) safety:nd civilian) safety:

lover)lover)

and thermal balanceand thermal balance

di th i d t ildi th i d t ildiscuss these in detail we discuss these in detail we isis..


PyyChemical decompoChemical decompoaction of heataction of heataction of heataction of heatAlso known asAlso known as

Pyrophoric actionPyrophoric actionPyrolysisPyrolysisy yy yPyrophoric Pyrophoric carbonizationcarbonizationcarbonizationcarbonization

yrolysisy yosition of matter through the osition of matter through the

nn


Pyrolysy yAs a fuel is heated tAs a fuel is heated tboiling point of wateboiling point of wateboiling point of wateboiling point of watereleasedreleasedA h ti tiA h ti tiAs heating continueAs heating continueprocess continuesprocess continuesEarly indications of Early indications of addition to steam isaddition to steam isdiscoloration of the discoloration of the

sis Processthe surface reaches the the surface reaches the er & water vapor iser & water vapor iser, & water vapor is er, & water vapor is

/i th d i/i th d ies/increases, the drying es/increases, the drying

the pyrolysis process in the pyrolysis process in s the darkening or s the darkening or

surface of the fuelsurface of the fuel

. . . more than fighting fires. . . more than fighting fires Pyrolysis Process


Pyrolysis A l i tiA l i tiAs pyrolysis continuAs pyrolysis continureleased and a blacreleased and a blacAs pyrolysis continuAs pyrolysis continugases are evolved tgases are evolved trich enough to supprich enough to supp

Process continued

b tiblb tiblues combustible gases are ues combustible gases are ck carbon residue remainsck carbon residue remainsues sufficient combustible ues sufficient combustible to produce an atmosphere to produce an atmosphere port combustion.port combustion.


Thermal LayeThermal LayeSuperheated gasesSuperheated gasesTemperatures are loTemperatures are loFire streams createFire streams createand rises.and rises.

ering & Balanceering & Balances collect near ceiling.s collect near ceiling.owest near floor.owest near floor.

e steam which expands e steam which expands


Thermal LayeThermal LayePrevention:Prevention:

Coordinate fire Coordinate fire attack with attack with ventilation.ventilation.Use straight Use straight streams to streams to minimize steam minimize steam formation.formation.

ering & Balanceering & Balance


RolloverWhen in a compartmWhen in a compartmcombustion are procombustion are procombustion are procombustion are proThe seat of the fire The seat of the fire gases to their ignitiogases to their ignitiogases to their ignitiogases to their ignitiospread across the cspread across the cHeat from rollover rHeat from rollover rHeat from rollover rHeat from rollover rheats nonburning mheats nonburning mThis radiant heat isThis radiant heat isThis radiant heat is This radiant heat is flashoverflashover

r (Flameover)( )ment, heated products of ment, heated products of ducedducedducedducedcontinues to heat these fire continues to heat these fire on temperature where theyon temperature where theyon temperature where they on temperature where they ceiling levelceiling levelradiates back down & furtherradiates back down & furtherradiates back down & furtherradiates back down & furthermaterialmaterial

a major contributor toa major contributor toa major contributor to a major contributor to

. . . more than fighting fires. . . more than fighting fires Rollover


RolloverA warning sign of imA warning sign of imLi k f fl i itLi k f fl i itLicks of flame igniteLicks of flame ignitesmokesmokeSituation calls for agSituation calls for agatmosphere, immedatmosphere, immedventilationventilation

r (Flameover)( )mminent flashovermminent flashover

b i fl i l fb i fl i l fe briefly in upper layers of e briefly in upper layers of

ggressive cooling of ggressive cooling of diate exit, or immediate diate exit, or immediate


DangergReduces chance ofReduces chance ofsurvivabilitysurvivabilitysurvivabilitysurvivabilitySlows interior fire Slows interior fire tt k t th t ftt k t th t fattack to the seat ofattack to the seat of

the firethe fireIncreases for potenIncreases for potenof vertical fire of vertical fire extensionextension

s of Rolloverf f

fff f

tial tial


Preventioon of RolloverApply short bursts of waterApply short bursts of waterto the upper levels of theto the upper levels of theto the upper levels of the to the upper levels of the thermal layerthermal layerV ti l til tiV ti l til tiVertical ventilationVertical ventilation

Removes superRemoves super--heated heated gases that contribute to gases that contribute to the ignition temperature the ignition temperature of combustiblesof combustibles


Rollover ThForms layers of heaForms layers of heatemperaturetemperaturetemperaturetemperature

Hottest gases in tHottest gases in tbottombottombottombottom

Also know as heat sAlso know as heat sbalancebalancebalancebalanceImproper water appImproper water appthermal layering, brthermal layering, brthermal layering, brthermal layering, brdown to the firefightdown to the firefight

hermal Layeringy gated gases according to ated gases according to

the top layer, cooler in the the top layer, cooler in the

stratification or thermal stratification or thermal

plication may disrupt the plication may disrupt the ing supering super--heated gasesheated gasesing supering super heated gases heated gases terter


RolloverRollover


Rollover Thhermal Layeringy g


FlaA transitional phaseA transitional phase& fully developed st& fully developed st& fully developed st& fully developed stExtension of open fExtension of open f

t th h tht th h throom out through throom out through thOpenOpen--flame combuflame combumaterials in a compmaterials in a comp

ashovere between the growth stage e between the growth stage tage of a firetage of a firetage of a firetage of a fireflames from the original flames from the original h ih ihe openingshe openingsstion of all combustible stion of all combustible

partmentpartment


Signs ogYou are not near thYou are not near this excessive heat inis excessive heat inis excessive heat inis excessive heat inThick, hot smoke unThick, hot smoke unRollover & fingers oRollover & fingers othermal layerthermal layer

of Flashovere seat of the fire, but there e seat of the fire, but there

n the smoken the smoken the smoken the smokender pressurender pressureof fire developing in the of fire developing in the


PreventioEarly recognitionEarly recognitionProper ventilationProper ventilationProper ventilationProper ventilation

VerticalVerticalHorizontalHorizontalHorizontalHorizontal

Proper use of hose strProper use of hose strgasesgasesgasesgases

Do not disrupt the thDo not disrupt the thStraight or solid streStraight or solid streStraight or solid streStraight or solid stre

Extinguish the seat of Extinguish the seat of

on of Flashover

reams to cool superreams to cool super--heated heated

hermal balancehermal balanceeams to limit steam productioneams to limit steam productioneams to limit steam productioneams to limit steam productionthe firethe fire


BackExplosion that Explosion that occurs when oxygeoccurs when oxygeoccurs when oxygeoccurs when oxygeis suddenly admitteis suddenly admitteto a confined areato a confined areato a confined area to a confined area that is very hot and that is very hot and filled withfilled withfilled with filled with combustible vaporscombustible vapors

kdraft (1 of 5)

nnn n d d

ss


BackUsually occurs wheUsually occurs whe(decay phase)(decay phase)(decay phase)(decay phase)

Room is filled witRoom is filled witth d t fth d t fother products of other products of

The oxygen is coThe oxygen is coconsumedconsumedSudden introductSudden introductfeed the fire.feed the fire.

kdraft (2 of 5)

en a fire is smoldering en a fire is smoldering

h carbon monoxide and h carbon monoxide and b tib ticombustion.combustion.

nsumed before the fuel is nsumed before the fuel is

tion of air will explosively tion of air will explosively p yp y


BackSigns of an impendingSigns of an impending

Little or no flame visLittle or no flame visLittle or no flame visLittle or no flame visSmoke emanating uSmoke emanating uNo large openingsNo large openingsNo large openingsNo large openings“Living fire” visible“Living fire” visibleU l i d hU l i d hUnexplained changUnexplained changGlass (windows) smGlass (windows) smSi f t hSi f t hSigns of extreme heSigns of extreme he

kdraft (3 of 5)

g backdraft:g backdraft:siblesiblesiblesibleunder pressure from cracksunder pressure from cracks

i l f ki l f ke in color of smokee in color of smokemoke stained or blackenedmoke stained or blackened

tteateat


BackSigns of an impendSigns of an impend

Ti htl l d bTi htl l d bTightly sealed buTightly sealed buSmoke pushing oSmoke pushing ohigh pressure andhigh pressure andfrom the bottom ofrom the bottom o

kdraft (4 of 5)

ing backdraft:ing backdraft:ildiildiildingilding

out the top of a window at out the top of a window at d being sucked back in d being sucked back in of the windowof the window

. . . more than fighting fires. . . more than fighting fires Backdraft


BackPrevention of backdPrevention of backd

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ft & Flashoverover are two very over are two very itions that can lead to fireitions that can lead to fireitions that can lead to fire itions that can lead to fire

eaths. It is crucial that fire eaths. It is crucial that fire he difference betweenhe difference betweenhe difference between he difference between draft. Although the draft. Although the are very similar backdraftare very similar backdraftare very similar, backdraft are very similar, backdraft ery different. ery different.


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ft & Flashovernsitional phase of fire nsitional phase of fire

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ft & Flashoverated with relatively no fire ated with relatively no fire combustion and unburnedcombustion and unburnedcombustion and unburned combustion and unburned their ignition temperature. their ignition temperature.

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SummTo be a successful To be a successful fire behaviorfire behaviorfire behavior.fire behavior.Characteristics of sCharacteristics of s

diff tdiff tare different.are different.Fire triangle and fireFire triangle and fireconditions necessaconditions necessa

mary (1 of 3)yfire fighter you must know fire fighter you must know

olids, liquids, and gases olids, liquids, and gases

e tetrahedron represent e tetrahedron represent ry for combustion.ry for combustion.


SummFive classes of fire Five classes of fire extinguishing methoextinguishing methoextinguishing methoextinguishing methoKnowledge of heat Knowledge of heat

d t d h fid t d h fiunderstand how fireunderstand how fireTypical fires pass thTypical fires pass thphases.phases.

mary (2 of 3)yrequire specific require specific odsodsods.ods.transfer is required to transfer is required to

ttes propagate.es propagate.hrough four distinct hrough four distinct


SummLiquid fuel fires, gasLiquid fuel fires, gasfires have unique chfires have unique chfires have unique chfires have unique chFlashover, rollover, Flashover, rollover, l i ditil i ditilayering are conditiolayering are conditiofighters and victimsfighters and victims

mary (3 of 3)ys fuel fires, and interior s fuel fires, and interior haracteristicsharacteristicsharacteristics.haracteristics.backdraft, and thermal backdraft, and thermal

th t th t fith t th t fions that threaten fire ons that threaten fire ..

Documents

Fire BeFire Beehavior &ehavior & Extinguishment Theory