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UNIT1.

RUSSIAN CUSTOMS

A man should know something of his

own country< too< before he goes abroad.

L.Sterne

PRE-READING

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What does the history of the Russian Customs Service date back to?

a) Peter the Great's reign

b) The Mongol-Tatar yoke

c) Ivan the Terrible's rule

d) Kievan Rus

2. What functions has the Russian Customs Service carried out at all times?

a) the fiscal function;

b) regulation of foreign trade;

c) collection of taxes and duties;

d) law enforcement;

e) collection of Customs statistics;

f) protection of the economic interests of the country;

g) protection of the national treasures;

h) regulation of economic activities.

Exercise 2. Write down all the words you can think of on the topic of Russian Customs.

Now check if any of the words below, taken from the text, are in your list.

Contraband

restrictions

control

export

duties

rates

to prohibit

to protect

to charge

UNIT1 RUSSIAN CUSTOMS

READING FOR ANALYSIS

TEXT 1.

RUSSIAN CUSTOMS

The current Russian word for Customs, tamozhnya, originated in the times of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The word tamga, in Tatar, meant "a Customs tax, the official who collected it, and the stamped seal or statement verifying that it had been paid". Each market had its tamozhnya, and the right to collect duties could be purchased from the State. This right was often acquired by powerful merchants.

The Russian Customs Service, however, predates even the Mongol Yoke (1237-1480). Some three centuries before, in Kievan Rus, taxes were collected for the transportation of goods through the frontiers of its individual princedoms.

Thus, Russia has had a Customs Service in some form for the past 1000 years. Moreover, for almost all of that history, it has been much more than a force for keeping out contraband. In fact, it has been a powerful, highly politicized administrative organ, serving mainly protectionist leaders.

The first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667. It was strict towards foreigners, who were allowed to trade only in frontier towns on pain of confiscation. A special tsar's certificate was required for trading further inside the country.

Such protectionism held sway for most of the next 300 years. Every tsar, from Peter the Great to Nicolas II, approved laws limiting the import of foreign goods and defending Russian producers.


During the Soviet period foreign trade was strictly monopolized in the USSR and Customs neither had any significant functions in the economy nor played any important roles.

The Russian Federation is in a transition period now and the role of Customs is to be a guide for the market reforms.

The Russian Customs Service is carrying out the same functions as the Customs of other developed countries: fiscal functions, regulation of foreign trade by means of tariff and non-tariff methods, law enforcement, collection and keeping of Customs statistics concerning foreign trade, etc.

However, the main task of Russian Customs is the protection of the economic interests of the country, national treasures and cultural and historical properties.

Customs policy has a far greater share and importance in Russia's regulation of economic activities than in industrial countries with developed market economics. Customs policy has already performed its historical role in Western European countries. The increasing integration and GATT / WTO development has brought to zero the average Customs duty payment (except for "sensitive" goods) in Europe. So, the Customs tariff, in practice, is not an economic and trade regulator any longer in Europe. The Russian Federation, on the other hand, is in its tariff renaissance period.

The Customs tariffs main advantage is that it brings only quantitative changes and does not break the link between the internal economy and world markets.

During the period 1991-94, much was done to create Customs legislation in Russia. Two important laws were put into power: "The Customs Code of the


Russian Federation" and "On Customs Tariff. All provisions and regulations in these documents are of the world standards.

Russia has the world's longest border to police, much of it newly created. The creation of Russian Customs was complicated by the fact that, after the disintegration of the USSR, the best-equipped and best-staffed Customs Services were outside Russia, which has acquired as a result 13,500 km of new borders with former Soviet Republics. Moreover the State Customs Committee has seen a five-fold staff increase over the past five years. This has been matched by growing organizational complexity. The ideological imperative has been replaced.

Today the Russian Federation has a modern, multi-functioning Customs Service which is able to take a deserving place in market economy regulation and is competent to help in rapprochement between the Russian and world economies. Everyone treats the Russian Customs Service as an equal and this means that the Russian Federation is becoming a full and equal member of the world community.

Essential words and phrases:

seal

fiscal function

enforcement law

enforcement Customs

legislation tariff method

non-tariff method

transition period

foreign trade r

egulation trade

regulation

клеймо, печать

налоговая (бюджетная ) функция

обеспечение соблюдения законодательства

правоохранительная функция

таможенное законодательство

тарифный метод

нетарифный метод

переходный период

регулирование внешней торговли

регулирование торговли


INCREASE YOUR VOCABULARY

Exercise 3. Find in the text the words which follow the verbs below,

a) to collect

b) to keep out

c) to approve

d) to limit

f) to bring

g) to create

h) to carry out

e) to defend

Exercise 4. Find the words/phrases in the text which have the following meanings.

A.

1. to give, to pass

2. to show the truth of

3. borders

4. at the risk of

5. function of public revenue

6. benefit, profit

7. to adopt (a law)

8. renewal of friendly relations

B. What words in the text mean:

a) to buy, to get

b) to keep safe, to guard

c) rule made by authority

Exercise 5. Match left and right.

1. The Russian Customs Service has been much more than...

2. Foreigners were allowed to trade only in frontier towns...

3. Every tsar approved laws defending...

4. Now the role of Customs is to be a guide for...

5. The main task of the Russian Customs is...

6. The Customs tariff, in practice, is not an economic and trade...

a) Russian producers.

b) the protection of the economic

interests of the country.

c) the internal economy and world

markets.

d) a force for keeping out contraband.

e) the world community.

f) market economy regulation.


7. The Customs tariffs main advantage is g) on pain of confiscation,

that it does not break the link between...

8. During 1991 -1994 the two important h) the market reforms,

laws were put...

9. Today the Russian Federation is able i) regulator any longer,

to take a deserving place in...

10.The Russian Federation is becoming j) into power, to be a full member of...

Exercise 6. Give the missing forms for the words from the text which are in the table below.

A.

Verb Noun Adjective

1. origin2. to administrate3. defensive4. legislative5. competence6. productive7. to equalize

B. Now fill in the blanks with the words from the table above.

1. Recognizing that together they most of the world's oil, OPEC decided in 1973 to raise the price for which this oil was sold.

2. Higher demand for these commodities encourages their ___ .

3. In every society governments provide such services as national ____, police, fire-fighting services, and the ____ of justice.

4. These reflect differences in the way different countries allocate their resources among _____users.

5. Comprehensive and _____ research can in principle resolve many of the outstanding issues in economics.

UNIT 1 RUSSIAN CUSTOMS

6. Safety regulations may prevent producers from using the most ____ process because it is dangerous to workers.

7. The participants of the meeting discussed further economic and _____ reforms so vital for the future of the country.

8. The privatization of the company has been put off indefinitely until parliament puts together necessary regulatory _____.

Exercise 7. Look up the word "fiscal" in a dictionary and write out all the meanings related to Customs issues

CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

Exercise 8. Study the patterns in the box: Participle I or Participle II as an attribute.

The word tamga, in Tatar, meant "a Customs tax, the official who collected it, and the stamped seal or statement verifying that it had been paid".

Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. Each time you have to put the verb in the correct form.

serve limit defendkeep develop increaseput multifunction deservehand down require bring

1. It has been a powerful administrative organ _____ mainly protectionist leaders.

2. Every tsar from Peter the Great to Nicolas II, approved laws ____ the import of foreign goods and _____Russian producers.

3. Customs was much more than a force for ____out contraband.

4. The Russian Customs Service is carrying out the same functions as the Customs of other _____countries.

5. The _____ integration and GATT/WTO development brought to zero the averageCustoms duty payments.

6. Today the Russian Federation has a modern Customs Service which is able to take a _____place in market economy regulation.

7. The first Russian Customs statute _____in 1667 was strict towards foreigners.

8. Foreigners needed a special tsar's certificate, _____ for trading inside the country.

9. The Customs tariff _____ only quantitative changes does not break the link between the internal economy and world markets.

10. The two important laws _____into power during 1991-1994 are of the world standards.

Exercise 9. Study the sentences from the text in the box. Pay attention to the use of "much" before comparative adjectives.

Customs policy has a much bigger share in Russian's regulation of economic activities.

For almost all of that history, it has been much more than a price for keeping out contraband.

Insert "much" + correct adjective: choose from the list that follows the sentences.

1. A special tsar's certificate was required for trading ____inside the country.

2. The two laws are_____.

3. _____merchants could acquire the right to collect duties.

4. The Customs Service has become a _____organization.

5. A _____amount of freight crosses the border on trains.

6. In order to have _____Customs control up-to-date Customs technology has been introduced.

7. Today the Russian Federation has a _____Customs Service.

8. In fact, the history of the Russian Customs Service is ______.

effective important

modern oldfurther powerful

large competent

UNIT 1 RUSSIAN CUSTOMS

Exercise 10. Complete the following sentences using the passive form of the right word from the box.

allow be collectpurchase treat requireput pay hand downdo

1. The word tamga meant "a Customs tax, the official who collected it, and the stamped seal or statement verifying that it ____".

2. The right to collect duties ____from the state.

3. In Kievan Rus taxes ____for transportation of goods through the frontiers of its individual princedoms.

4. The first Russian Customs statute _____in 1667.

5. The first Russian Customs statute was strict towards foreigners who ____to trade only in frontier towns.

6. During 1991-1994 a lot _____to create the Customs legislation.

7. The two important laws ____into power during 1991-1994.

8. The Russian Customs Service for almost all of its history, _____much more than a force for keeping out contraband.

9. A special tsar's certificate _____for trading inside the country.

10. The Russian Customs Service _____as equal.

Exercise 11. Present Perfect

There are two main uses or meanings of the Present Perfect.

1. A completed action connected with the present. For example:

The Customs policy has already performed its historical role in Western European countries.

2. A state continuing from the past up to the present time. For example:

Russia has had a Customs Service in some form for the past 1000 years. It has been much more than a force for keeping out contraband.

It has been a powerful, highly politicized administrative organ, serving mainly protectionist leaders.


Now read the following sentences and fill in the missing words with either the Present Perfect or the Past Simple form of the verbs below. Be prepared to explain why you have chosen each form.

turn collect befulfill increase bringbe approve adopt

can purchase

1. Some three centuries before the Mongol Yoke Russian tamozhnya ____taxes for transportation of goods through the frontiers.

2. The Russian Federation ____in transitional period for several years.

3. The Customs tariff____ its duty as an economic and trade regulator.

4. During 1991-1994 the Russian Customs Service _____two important laws.

5. The Russian Customs Service _____into a modern, multifunctioning one, which is able to take a deserving place in market economy regulation.

6. Every tsar from Peter the Great to Nicolas II ____ laws limiting the import of foreign goods.

7. The Customs tariff introduced some years ago _____a lot of changes.

8. The integration of West European countries _____ recently.

9. The main task of the Russian Customs _____always the defence of the economic interests of the country.

10. In Kievan Rus the official who collected a Customs tax _____this right from the State.

Exercise 12. Write out all the irregular verbs that you come across in the text. Make up sentences with these verbs in the Present Perfect Tense.

Exercise 13. Fill in the blanks with interest, interesting, interested.

1. -1 got interested in the Customs Reform and Modernization Programme.

- I'm glad you found it...

2. - My teacher encouraged my interest in law when I was at school.

- It's good that you got... in law while still at school.

3. - Did you find this book interesting?

– Yes, I read it with great... from the first page.

Exercise 14. Insert the right verb.

Say-tell-talk-speak

. "I work here.'

2. She that her name was Liz.

3. They never sense.

4. us a joke.

5. She where she worked.

6.1 can Spanish.

7. He is to earn $100,000.

8.1 was to be careful with the boxes

9. There were a

couple of men

10. She______ him where she worked.

11. to me.

12. something to him.

13. They were in French.

Did you кnоw ?

You can fool some of the people all the time, and all the people some of the time, but you can’t fool all the people all the time.

Abraham Lincoln

1. "Hello," she


READING FOR INFORMATION

TEXT 2.

NORTH-WESTERN CUSTOMS

Russia's Customs Service is a very effective organization. In the past six years the North-Western Customs Administration has established an optimal Customs infrastructure, but that does not mean changes will not be introduced to it. The Head of the North-Western Customs Administration of the Russian Federation has pointed out: "We strive to promote and facilitate the economic development of the region through its international trade connections".

A large amount of freight crosses the border on trains. Customs registration is carried out at 10 railway stations. The largest train-handling Customs offices are Vyborgskaya (25% of total volume) and Sebezhskaya (14%). To better co-ordinate its activities the Administration has signed an agreement to co-operate with the Oktyabrskaya Railway. The agreement is called "Customs and Railroad Transportation" and will be effective up to the year 2000.

"As part of the agreement we will participate with the Railway in the construction of new Customs points. Our organization has had experience in such projects - we have carried out the federal government's programme to set up Customs checkpoints at the borders with the Baltic states. In order to facilitate the flow of freight, to have effective Customs control, and to reduce the amount of lost freight, we have introduced up-to-date Customs technology. In co-operation with Finnish Customs we will transmit and receive preliminary electronic information in order to speed up the Customs process. We have access to fibre optics communications, which were introduced as part of the "Russian Customs in the 21st

Century" project. We have complete information about freight, its transfer and its storage."

St. Petersburg has become one of the first cities in Russia with a unified network of freight transport services. Agencies provide a full package of services to Russian and foreign freight shippers. Clients are now able to have their freight registered, expedited and passed through Customs. All they have to do is fax their order. The all-embracing service also takes care of everything between the train and warehouse.

Individuals are not subject to any Customs duties if the value of the items they are bringing with them doesn't exceed 200 dollars (US). Permanent residents of the Russian Federation who travel abroad and spend over 6 uninterrupted months in a foreign country, are permitted to bring in goods valued up to 5,000 dollars. Individuals may leave the country without having to pay any duties if the value of the goods doesn't exceed the value of 50 months' worth of minimum wage. Also exempt from Customs duties are individuals who temporarily enter or leave the country with goods not intended for productive or commercial purposes - items, that is, which are intended for their personal use.

CHECK WORK

Exercise 15. Look through text 2 again and underline the words essential for general understanding.

Exercise 16. According to the text, are the following statements true or false? If they are false, give the correct statement.

1. A large amount of freight crosses the border on trains.

2. New Customs checkpoints have been set up at the borders with the Baltic States.

3. The North-Western Customs Administration works in coordination with Finnish Customs.

4. Unfortunately the information about freight, its transfer and its storage is not complete.

5. St. Petersburg has a unified network of freight transport services.


6. Agencies provide some services to Russian and foreign freight shippers.

7. The all-embracing service takes care of everything between the train and warehouse.

8. Individuals are not subject to Customs duties if the value of the items they are bringing with them doesn't exceed 300 dollars (US).

9. All permanent residents of the Russian Federation are permitted to bring in goods valued up to 5, 000 dollars (US).

10. Individuals don't have to pay any duties if the value of the goods doesn't exceed the value of 15 months' worth of minimum wage.

Exercise 17. Look through the text again to answer the following questions.

1. What proves that changes will now be introduced by the North-Western Customs Administration?

2. What has been done to better coordinate the activity of the largest train-handling Customs offices?

3. Why is the introduction of up-to-date Customs technology so important?

4. What services have been introduced in St. Petersburg?

5. When are individuals not subject to any Customs duties?

6. Who is permitted to bring in goods valued up to 5,000 dollars (US)?

Exercise 18. Read the text and present the achievements of the North-Western Customs Administration in 6 -7 sentences.

* * *

Did you know?

Things do not change; we change.

Torah

FOLLOW'UP ACTIVITIES

1.) Punctuate the following text.

ANTI-DRUG ALLIANCE

Rostov Airport staff have joined the fight against drug smuggling sealing an alliance with Customs the airport authorities joined the battle against drugs when they signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Customs formally recognizing the need for close co-operation between the two organizations Rostov Airport is the third airport in Russia to enter into the anti-drug alliance with Customs after Moscow and St. Petersburg more flights and a greater number of passengers require increased vigilance by all parties and greater awareness of the potential for drug smuggling to prevent additional expense and delays to the airport and its customers the Memorandum will enable improved targeting of high-risk traffic missing delay and inconveniences to legitimate trade and transport airport staff as well as staff from other agencies and organizations working with aircraft and cargo operations will have increased awareness of drug smuggling and may help increase detection rates the airport will also be advised by Customs on how it can prevent its facilities being used by drug smugglers security and control procedures will be regularly reviewed to minimize unauthorized access to airport premises equipment and cargo shipment.

2.) Study the chart and pick the major problems affecting" the performance of Russian Customs. Establish your order of priority. Add your own ideas.

What are the major problems affecting the performance of Russian Customs?


Overall ranking of problems: 1....; 2....; 3....; 4....; 5.

(У)(У) Compare your results with your partner's answer.

©©© In buzz groups discuss and compare your rankings. Come to an agreement on the single most important issue:

Groups report back to the class on the single most important issue they picked. Challenge one another's choice and give reasons for your own.

©©© According to the class survey, the major problem affecting the ©© performance of Russian Customs today is:


3. Discuss with your partner the present-day economic situation in Russia and answer the following question.

What improvements have been seen lately in the Russian Customs Service in terms of:

- collecting more revenue;

- detecting more smuggling or a reduction in smuggling and fraud, because of greater compliance;

- better targeted training and technical assistance, and thereby better value for money;

- more accurate and timely statistics and management information;

- better planning and performance measurement?

4. ©© Translate into English.

МНЕНИЕ АМЕРИКАНСКОГО ТАМОЖЕННИКА

Таможенная служба РФ находится на достаточно высоком уровне, сообщил генеральный секретарь Всемирной таможенной организации Джеймс Шейвер, находившийся в Москве с рабочим визитом. Однако, отметил он, таможенным органам РФ «необходимо еще много работать для того, чтобы поднять структуру на мировой уровень».

По его мнению, для эффективности работы таможенных органов необходимо, чтобы они имели правовую базу, профессиональные кадры, высокое техническое оснащение и относительно упрощенные таможенные процедуры.

«Российская газета», 9 декабря 1995г.

5)©© Choose the best translation in class. Compare the chosen variant with the two translations in the key.


5. Discuss with your partner which of your colleagues...

1... .for a number of years headed a drugs team with distinction and determination.

2....is known for outstanding leadership qualities and total commitment.

3....played an influential role in developing his department's sports and social activities.

4....is respected for his exceptional planning and organizational skills, as well as his readiness to assist colleagues and become involved in his local community.

5....has special responsibility for Intrastat work.

6....is well known for his consistent enthusiasm, dedication and loyalty.

7....is always available to assist and encourage younger members of staff.

8....is consistently courteous in his dealings with both the general public and his Departmental (Customs) colleagues.

9....is known for his ability to put passengers at ease and, with a sense of humour, deal with the legitimate traveller.

10....has demonstrated a consistent and commendable ability to tackle each interception with a freshness which identifies the guilty and elicits support and co-operation from the innocent.

11....said: "We need to encourage staff to regard complaints as an opportunity rather than a nuisance which stops them getting on with their work."

6. Answer the questions.

1. What would happen if there were no Customs?

2. What would happen if heroin were legal everywhere in the world?

3. What would happen if every Customs administration leader were a woman?

4. What would happen if there were no laws against IPR?

5. What would happen if computers replaced Customs officers?

©©© Compare your answers with other students' ideas in class, express ©© your views on the problems, trying to prove your point of view.

7. Using- the following text as a plan, speak about your country.


MANAGEMENT PLAN

I. The Challenge ahead: for each of our tasks our goal should be to be the best in the world.

II. Strategy: Integrity, Impartiality, Courtesy, Helpfulness

Developing Professionalism and Responsibility

Developing skills Rewarding achievement

Setting clear personal objectives Team work

Delegation and Empowerment Gearing Resources to Risk

Risk-based control International co-operation

Quality intelligence Best use of technology

Improving Quality of Service and Co-operation

Working with business and travellers Minimizing bureaucracy

Providing help and information

III. Revenue

Aim: to collect the due amount of tax and duty at the right time and protect legitimate trade from unfair competition.

Objective: to improve the management of revenue by:

- assuring the accuracy of declarations;

- keeping to a minimum the outstanding revenue debt;

- identifying tax avoidance opportunities and taking the appropriate corrective action;

- maximizing the detection of revenue fraud (including smuggled goods) and pursuing appropriate cases successfully through to prosecution, compounding or the imposition of civil penalties;

- improving the timeliness and accuracy of collection, accounting and repayment of duties, levies and taxes.

Key priority: maintain revenue.


IV. Protection of society

Aim: to protect society by the enforcement of prohibitions and restrictions on the international movement of goods while minimizing the impact of illicit trade and international travel.

Objectives: to improve the effectiveness of drug enforcement, with particular emphasis on commercial smuggling and disrupting the international supply of drugs; to improve the effectiveness of enforcement action against paedophile materials, arms, strategic exports, etc.

V. Trade Statistics

Aim: to compile and supply trade statistics of the right quality to a timetable which meets the needs of users with the minimum inconvenience to businesses.

Objectives: to achieve the targets for timeliness, compliance by businesses and accuracy.

VI. Other key international objectives and operational support objectives.

Key priority: maintain anti-drug activities.

Objective: to prevent the importation of drugs to a street value of...

8. ©© Study the following text:

New Zealand Customs Service National Call Centre was opened in 1996. The Call Centre has been designed to answer all general enquiries from clients by employing experienced Customs officers and supporting their experience with a computer based business support tool which covers details like exchange rates, tariff, publications, contracts, prohibitions, etc. The tool provides quick access to information, assisting in answering all general enquiries.

Now, imagine you opened such a telephone line in your Customs. What are your answers to the following' questions:

1. How do I import a motor vehicle?

2. How do I import animal skins?

3. I'm a methadone user travelling overseas. I want the correct procedure for exporting a controlled drug.

4. How can I export a Christmas tree to my friends in France?

5. What is today's exchange rate?

6 (continue asking and answering questions).

9. ©© What do you chink about the following":

1. Is it vour view that for Customs modernization to succeed it is essential that new roles and structures are filled by people who are highly competent to perform in those roles and are motivated to make the new teams and processes work?

2. Choose key areas of change in your unit/office/department:

audit

increased automation

client service head office

passenger processing other

10. ©©© A student speaks for one minute (6o seconds) on one of the subjects given below. The rest of the group listen for 3 things: repetition, deviation, hesitation. If anyone hears one of these things, he interrupts the speaker and is asked to continue until he, in turn, may be interrupted. The student speaking within 60 seconds of speaking time is a winner.

Subjects to speak on:

1. Russian Customs need modernization.

2. Making decisions faster is the key to success.

3. At Sheremetjevo Customs, new opportunities arise continuously.

4. Tasks that face Customs officers every day.

5. The customer / passenger is always right.


6. Communication unites.

7. Hope is a good breakfast, but a bad supper.

8. Advertising plays a key role in trade.

9. Customs must be government-oriented.

10. To work at Customs is interesting.

Make use of the following helpful phrases:

Sorry for interrupting you, but...

Sorry to interrupt you, but...

By the way...

11. Write a good short Guide to English for your friends "who are going to visit London Customs, but do not speak English well.

1. What are 15 important questions for them to know?

1)

2)

etc.

2. What are the 30 most important vocabulary words?

3. What are 15 important sentences?

4. Ten foods and drinks?

5. Write down the five most important Russian customs.

6. Write down five important things to know about London.

12. Range the following issues in order of their importance for Russian Customs:

- implementation of the WTO Valuation Code;

- procedural change;

- standards for integrity within the Customs Service;

- intelligence and information exchange;

- commercial fraud programmes;


- IPR and copyright protection;

- anti-drugs programme in co-operation with trade and transport representatives;

- development of co-operative arrangements or MOU at bilateral administration-to-administration level;

- other.

13. ©© What do you think about these thing's? Write a sentence about each sentence.

Begin with: In my opinion ..., / think ..., / don't think ..., I'm against..., I'm in favour of..., I don 7 agree with ....

1. Terrorism in Russia.

2. Smoking in public places.

3. Bribes in Russian Customs.

4. Fraud in Russian Customs.

5. Capital punishment in Russia.

14. If you were to design a programme of reform and modernization in the Russian Customs Service (in your department), what would you start with? Make up your priority list:

* managing for integrity;

* extension of information technology applications;

* modernization of resource management system of resources;

* streamlining the organization and communication lines;

* formulation of a commercial fraud strategy;

* training and education;

* other.


15. Read the text.

Former Soviet Republics and Central and Eastern European countries embarked on transition from very different starting points. They have made great strides in liberalizing their domestic markets and foreign trade regimes and in freeing up entry into private business. Many are trying to define property rights more clearly and to privatize, to create or renew essential institutions to support efficient markets, and to reshape social services and the social safety net to conform to the needs of a market system.

Agree or disagree with the following".

1. Liberalization of markets, trade, and new business entry with reasonable price stability, can achieve a great deal - even in countries lacking clear property rights and strong market institutions.

2. Differences between countries are very important, both in setting the feasible range of policy choice and in determining the response to reforms.

3. Rapid reform works best.

4. Gradual reform works best.

5. An efficient response to market processes does not require clearly defined property rights.

6. Reform is badly needed because existing institutions were adapted to the needs of a very different economic system and because inadequate impose high economic costs.

7. Transition requires major reforms of education and training to enable it to provide the skills needed in a changing market economy.

8. The integration of transition economies into the global trading system will reduce the world trade.


9. Enlargement of the European Union to include some of the transition economies may involve more concentrated adjustment to trade flows in less important issues than the budgetary effects.

16. Give your comments:

History is philosophy teamed from examples.

Dionysius

17. If you were Chairman of the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation what chancres 'would you introduce in the Customs Service?

* Legislation

* Management Techniques

* Automation

* Customs Union

* Personnel Training

* other

18. Why do M. Lomonosov, D. Mendeleyev, G. Derzhavin, P. Tretyakov and S. Vitte deserve to be mentioned in the book about the history of Russian Customs?

19. Translate:

I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia.. It is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma.

W. Churchill

20. Explain the meaning- of the following^ proverb in English and translate it into Russian:

East or west, home is best.

21. Write down five words that best describe the Russian Customs Servise today.

Compare your list with your partner's words. Check your word lists with the given semantic map on Russian Customs.

1.____________________

2.___________________

3.___________________

4.___________________

5.____________________

Partisipate in the class discussion on the five words that best describe Russian CUSTOMS today.

Did you know ?

CHEAT

In English Feudal law, if a man died without proper heirs,

his possessions reverted to the lord. This transfer was

called “escheat”. Since all disappointed claimants

know that they have been defrauded of their just due,

the word came to have its present meaning, «cheat».

UNIT 2.

PASSENGER CONTROL

PRE-READING

Exercise 1. Read the following summary of the text about passenger control.

The dual-channel system was introduced at international airports to simplify Customs control and improve the flow of passengers. The system allows passengers to choose between red and green channels. In order to make their choice passengers must be well informed about the functioning of the system.

What else do you know about passenger control?

Exercise 2. Add five more words to the list given below.

English Russian

1. to declare

2. to be subject to

3. to select

4. to prohibit

5. baggage

6. free

7. goods

8. restrictions

9. Customs control

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

UNIT 2 PASSENGER CONTROL


TEXT 1.

DUAL-CHANNEL SYSTEM

The dual-channel or red/green system is a simplified Customs control which enables Customs authorities to improve the flow of passenger traffic at international airports and to deal efficiently with the increasing number of passengers without reducing the effectiveness of the control and without a corresponding increase in the number of Customs staff. It is not necessarily incompatible with the application of other controls, for example, exchange controls, unless the circumstances require full control of all passengers and their baggage.

The dual-channel system should be operated as outlined below. The system shall allow the passengers to choose between two types of channels:

a) one (green channel) for passengers having with them no goods or only goods which can be admitted free of import duties and taxes and which are not subject to import prohibitions or restrictions; and

b) the other (red channel) for other passengers.

Each channel shall be clearly and distinctively marked so that the choice between them can easily be understood by passengers. The basic distinctive marking shall be:

a) for the channel referred to as "green" - the words "Nothing to declare";

b)for the channel referred to as "red" - the words "Goods to declare".

In addition, the channels should be identified by an inscription including the word "Customs".


Passengers must be sufficiently well informed to choose between the channels. For this purpose it is important:

a) that passengers be informed about the functioning of the system and about the descriptions and quantities of goods they may have with them when using the green channel. This may be done by means of posters or panels at the airport or by means of leaflets available to the public at the airport or distributed through tourist agencies, airlines and other interested bodies;

b) that the route to the channels be clearly sign-posted.

The channels shall be located beyond the baggage delivery area so that passengers have all their baggage with them when choosing their channel. Moreover, the channels shall be so arranged that the passenger flow from that area to the airport exits is as direct as possible.

The distance between the baggage delivery area and the entrance to the shall be sufficient to allow passengers to decide which channel to and to move into that channel without causing congestion.

Passengers who have selected the green channel shall not be subject to: Customs formalities unless they are the subject of a spot check; in the red ските 1, passengers shall accomplish the formalities required by Customs.

words:

(of passenger traffic)

to enable делать возможным, давать право

flow (of passenger traffic) поток (пассажиров)

to reduce сокращать

staff персонал, штат (служащих)

incompatible несовместимый

circumstances обстоятельства

to require требовать, нуждаться


quantity

be available

dual-channel

spot check, at random check

baggage delivery area

congestion

to accomplish

количество

наличный, доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении

двойной коридор

выборочная проверка

место выдачи багажа

«пробка», затор

выполнять


Exercise 3. Write out all the international words from the text.

Exercise 4. Find the verbs and phrases in the text which correspond to the following definitions.

1. make something not so complicated;

2. give authority to do something;

3. make or become better;

4. be opposed to something in character;

5. be liable, dependent;

6. give, send out;

7. achieve, complete.

Exercise 5. Match the verbs to the nouns and expressions with which they are used in the text.

1. to improve 2. to deal with

3. to reduce

4. to require

5. to distribute

6. to cause

7. to select

a. the effectiveness of the control

b. leaflets

c. congestion

d. the green/red channel

e. full control of passengers

f. Customs authorities

g. the flow of passenger traffic

8. to accomplish

9. to enable

h. thein me increasing number of passengers

i. formalities

Exercise 6. You know that many English words can be used as either a verb or a noun without any change in form. Here are such words from the text. Mark how they are used in the text. V- verb; N- noun.

Note

to in'crease (v) but increase (n)

A.

1. control

2. flow

3. deal

4. increase

5. exchange

6. mark

7. function

8. use

9. interest

10. signpost

11. move

B. Now complete the following sentences using the words from the list above. Change the form of the words where necessary.

1. The red/green system enables Customs authorities ___passengers.

2. The number of passengers at international airports ____recently.

3. ____ of the dual-channel system shall improve the flow of passenger traffic.

4. There must be clear ____on the route to the channels.

5. It is in ____of Customs authorities that passengers must be well informed about the new system.

6. Customs authorities have to spend a good _____of money to introduce the new system.

7. Customs services of different countries met _____their experiences.

8. The dual-channel system can ____without any increase in the number of Customs staff.

9. It's difficult to value goods if they have ____ no trade towards improving the flow of

10. A simplified Customs control is another ____ passenger traffic.

Exercise 7. Insert the right word, Choose from the list below.

1. passengers

2. duties


3. airlines

4. their baggage

5. the entrance

6. the passenger flow

7. taxes

8. restrictions

9. tourist agencies

10. "Nothing to declare"

11. the baggage delivery area

12. the increasing number of passengers

13. interested bodies

14. quantity

15. "Goods to declare"

16. the description

17. prohibitions

1. The dual-channel system enables Customs authorities to improve ( a) and to deal with (b).

2. Sometimes the circumstances require full control of all ( a ) and ( b ).

3. The green channel is for passengers with goods that are not subject to import ( a ) or (b).

4. Passengers must be informed about ( a ) and ( b ) of goods they may have with them when using the green channel.

5. Leaflets may be distributed through ( a), ( b) and other ( с ).

6. The distance between ( a ) and ( b ) to the channel shall be sufficient to allow passengers to decide which channel to choose.

7. The basic distinctive marking of each channel shall be ( a) or ( b ).

8. There must be a list of goods which can be admitted free of import ( a ) and ( b ).


1. Passengers can use the green channel

2. Each channel shall be clearly marked

3. Special leaflets shall be available to the public

4. Passengers going through the green channel shall not be subject to any Customs formalities

5. The channels shall be located beyond the baggage delivery area

a) so that passengers are informed about the functioning of the system.

b) so that passengers have all their baggage with them.

c) unless the circumstances require full control of all passengers and their baggage.

d) unless they have something to declare.

e) so that passengers have time to decide which channel to choose.


6. The dual-channel system saves time f) so that the choice between them can

and effort easily be understood.

7. The distance between the baggage g) so that they can be sure in making their

delivery area and the entrance to the choice.

channel shall be sufficient

8. Passengers should know the h) unless they are the subject of a spot

description and quality of goods they check.

have with them when using the green channel

Exercise 9. Look up the word "to prohibit" in a dictionary and write out all the meanings related to Customs issues.

CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

Exercise 10. How many irregular verbs can you find in the text? Write them out.

Exercise 11. Study the chart of modal verbs used in the text. Then fill in the following sentences with the right modal verb from the chart.

Modal verbs

Uses Examples

can ability Customs authorities can improve the flow of passenger traffic by introducing the dual-channel system.

may permission possibility

Passengers are informed about the description and quantity of goods they may have with them when using the green channel.

must strong necessity Passengers must be well informed to choose between the channels.

should advisability and expectation

The dual-channel system should be operated as outlined below.

shall decision or determination with regard to the future

The system shall allow the passengers to choose between the two types of channels.


1. The green channel is for passengers having with them only goods which _____ be admitted free of import duties.

2. Each channel _____be clearly and distinctively marked.

3. In addition, the channels _____ be identified by an inscription including the word "Customs".

4. Passengers _____ have information about the functioning of the system.

5. This _____be done by means of posters or panels at the airport or by means of leaflets.

6. The route to the channels _____be clearly sign-posted.

7. The channels _____ be located beyond the baggage delivery area.

8. The distance between the baggage delivery area and the entrance to the channel _____be sufficient to allow passengers to choose the channel.

9. In the red channel, passengers _____ accomplish the formalities required by Customs.

Exercise 12. Make as many sentences as possible connecting the figures (1-8) with the letters (a-h).

Should after It is important

1. It is important

2. It is necessary

3. It is requested that

4. It is recommended

5. It is obligatory

a) Customs authorities should deal efficiently

with the increasing number of passengers.

b) the channels should be easily identifiable.

c) passengers should have all information

about the system.

d)the route to the channels should have distinctive marking.

e) the passenger flow to the exits should be as direct as possible.


6. It is desirable

7. It is of vital importance that

8. It is essential

f) passengers should move into the chosen channel without causing congestion.

g) in the green channel passengers should not be subject to any other Customs formalities unless they are the subject of a spot check.

h) special leaflets should be available to the public at the airport.

Exercise 13. Study:

Nouns as attributes in preposition

passenger traffic

passenger flow

baggage delivery area

A. Now make phrases by matching words from the left with words from the right and translate them.

exchange agencyimport areatourist flowdelivery prohibitionsspot controlbaggage productionpassport inspectiondrug dutiesairline checkpassenger restrictions

B Translate the following sentences using the phrases from exercise

1.Такие товары подлежат запрету к ввозу или ограничению импорта.

2. Пункт выдачи багажа расположен до входа в «красный/зеленый коридоры».

3. Двойной коридор облегчает работу таможенников особенно в международных аэропортах, где поток пассажиров постоянно возрастает.


4. Даже при выборе «зеленого коридора» пассажиры могут быть подвержены выборочной проверке.

5. Было отобрано несколько чемоданов для досмотра на предмет обнаружения наркотиков.

6. Информация о новой системе должна быть в распоряжении туристических агентств, авиакомпаний, аэропортов и других заинтересованных организаций.

7. Особенно тщательную проверку проходит багаж пассажиров, прибывающих из районов, производящих наркотики.

8. Российские таможенные службы отмечают, что за последнее время значительно увеличился поток наркотиков.

Exercise 14. Translate the following questions.

1. Что дает таможенным службам возможность эффективно справляться с растущим числом пассажиров, следующих через международные аэропорты?

2. Как должен действовать двойной коридор?

3. Как должны быть оформлены оба коридора?

4. Почему пассажиры должны быть хорошо проинформированы для того, чтобы выбрать один из коридоров?

5. Где пассажиры могут получить информацию о том, как действует система двойного коридора?

6. Почему двойной коридор должен быть расположен позади пункта выдачи багажа?

7. Почему важно, чтобы расстояние между пунктом выдачи багажа и входом в коридор было достаточным?

8. Проходят ли пассажиры, выбравшие «зеленый» коридор, какие-либо другие таможенные формальности?

9. Какие формальности должны выполнять пассажиры, избравшие «красный коридор»?

10. Совместима ли система двойного коридора с применением другого таможенного контроля?

Exercise 15. Answer:

What is it that never "was", never "will be", and yet "is" ?



TEXT 2.

EFFECTIVE PASSENGER AND BAGGAGE CONTROL

In dealing with any passenger, the single most important point to establish is "Why has this passenger travelled?" You should: - Establish reasons for travel.

- Examine passport to ascertain previous and current journeys from drug production or suspect areas. If the passenger is a frequent traveller establish reasons for frequency of travel.

- Examine ticket to ascertain method of payment and whether ticket matches the passenger's journey. (Remember: Late booked or cash tickets are often used by smugglers.)

All the above should be carried out for all passengers stopped to satisfy you as to their reasons for travelling. Your basic questions:

- Is this all your baggage? Did you pack it yourself?

- Do you know what the baggage contains?

- Are you carrying any items for anyone else? Are you travelling alone?

- Do you know what the Customs allowances are? (Check that the passenger has correct baggage reclaim tags.)

Practical examinations:

- Passenger travelling on business: - Examine any documents in order to verify whether the passenger is engaged in legitimate business. Make sure that documents relate to up-to-date transactions.

- Visitors or residents returning from holidays: - Look for gifts, clothing, souvenirs and the usual items you would normally expect to find with this type of passenger. These will link passengers to the baggage and reasons for travel. (Be suspicious of


passengers arriving with only light baggage containmg few, if any, articles of personal nature.)

- All passengers: - a) Always check baggage for concealments, b) Regularly examine articles within the baggage by X-ray and/or opening them (e.g. tinned goods, toiletries, cigarette cartons, etc.). Don't overlook the commonplace.

Search of person: - Carry out a search of person where suspicion still exists. Points to remember prior to baggage examination:

- Adopt a positive approach. You must believe that if there are goods concealed, you will find them.

- You are a representative of this department and in the public eye. At all times, act with courtesy and diplomacy. Be firm, but fair and confident.

- Do not be drawn into arguments. Remain calm however provoked.

- Do not hesitate to seek assistance or advice from colleagues.

Experience has proved that goods, and in particular drugs, can be concealed within baggage and its contents in many different ways. Remember the basic concept that wherever there is a space there can be a concealment.

Helpful hints:

The examination of baggage can be separated into two clearly defined areas; the contents and container.

Contents.

Remove the contents carefully and systematically. Examine individual items as necessary during this process. Separate any items worthy of closer attention and place out of the passenger's reach.

To facilitate the examination of certain articles, each baggage station should have a comprehensive selection of tools and other equipment including an X-ray machine.

You should make full use of the equipment at your disposal. When using tools to examine contents, exercise care to minimize damage. If it is necessary to damage an article, try to establish its value prior to examination.

CHECK WORK


Exercise 17. Scan the text and write down what a Customs officer should do (be) and should not.

SHOULD DO (BE) SHOULD NOT

______________ ___________

Exercise 18. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the most important point in dealing with a passenger?

2. What questions are supposed to be asked by a Customs officer?

3. Why is it important to verify whether a passenger is engaged in legitimatebusiness?

4. Why should a Customs officer be suspicious if a passenger returning from holidays has only light baggage?

5. What points are of major importance prior to baggage examination?

6. What can make the examination of baggage more successful?

7. What technical equipment is necessary for a better examination?

8. What precautions should be taken when using tools to examine contents?

Exercise 19. Read the text again and make a short review (10-12 sentences) on how to make passenger and baggage control effective.

* * *


FOLLOW-UP

1. Unjumble the following' sentences (l - 12) to make up two texts: "KEEN INTEREST" and "CUSTOMS".

1) Customs is very proud of its accomplishments in enforcing drug interdiction and import and export laws. 2) Wales, the West and the Borders surveyor Mark Bullen has long had a keen interest in the history of Customs and Excise and smuggling. 3) As the primary border enforcement agency, Customs has the major responsibility for protecting the public from the illicit entry of prohibited and harmful substances, and for guarding the nation's trade and business community from a proliferation of illegal international trade practices. 4) Over the past 20 years his collection of books and prints on the subject has risen to nearly 400 and now Mark has had a book of his own published. 5) The solution was the Coast Blockade. 6) Established in 1817, this short-lived (six years) service assisted the various revenue forces in their fight against smuggling. 7) Illustrations in Mark's book include reproductions of cigarette cards on the subject produced in the 1930s. Contraband Country - Sussex Smuggling in the 19th Century describes the life and times of the little-known Coast Blockade. 8) At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy found itself with more ships and men than it could cope with. 9) The challenge of fulfilling this responsibility in the

face of increasing workloads, expansive border areas, complex international relationships, and changing smuggling threats dictates that Customs be in the vanguard of law enforcement techniques and strategies. 10) "It's the research I enjoy the most," Mark said. 11) Customs is not only striving to keep pace with today's enforcement demands, but often sets the standards for others to follow. 12) Mark's next book will be Grave Smuggling Tales, which will look at the history of smuggling through the tombstone of revenue men and smugglers.


2. Read the following- article and underline all the Customs tools mentioned in the text.

X-RAY MACHINE

For any Customs officer that has ever searched a vehicle, Cargosearch is a dream come true. It is a giant X-ray machine that can examine an entire vehicle.

Cargosearch is proving to be a very valuable tool in the detection of narcotics. In its first three months of operation, it has been credited with no less than ten drug seizures, including one in which $ 16 million worth of cocaine and marijuana were found in the steel frames of a 40 foot flatbed trailer as well as the tires.

Cargosearch is housed in an equipment building with an adjacent X-ray bay that vehicles are taken through by means of a transport mechanism.

The transport lifts the front of the vehicle about two inches off the cement and carries it through the bay, stopping automatically at the end of the scan.

It can rapidly scan and clear a truck much more efficiently than hand searching, utilizing fewer inspectors per search.

When a suspect area is found, conventional means including the canine enforcement officer teams and inspectors armed with density meters, laser range finders, fiberoptic scopes and dielectrometers are used to further detect any contraband.

After that comes the hard work of inspectors with metal saws, tire breakdown machines and cutting torches.

Describe to your classmates one of the tools mentioned in the text without giving" its name. Let your partner guess which tool you mean.

Discuss with your partner when and where these tools are used by Customs officers.


3. Match the words on the left (a-j) with their Russian translations on the rig-ht (1-10).

a) Gas Proof Torch

b) Heavy duty pliers

c) Wire snips

d) Shifting spanner

e) Screw driver

f) Gimlet holesaw

g) Rivet gun and rivets

h) Tuck stick

i) Steel wire

j) Jimmy

1. Тяжелые плоскогубцы

2. Разводной ключ

3. Буравчик

4. Щуп

5. Заклепочный молоток и набор заклепок

6. Ломик «фомка»

7. Стальная проволока

8. Ножницы для проволоки

9. Газобезопасный фонарь

10. Отвертка

4. Translate the Russian words in the following- text into English.

CARGO-PROCESSING

Usually when people think of таможня they think of пассажир processing. That is our public image. But most of the доход and the largest enforcement actions occur in груз processing.

Таможенники speak of "working cargo" as if it were a distinctly different работа from "clearing" пассажиры. They are alike, however, in that we are actually only interested in the things being imported, whether as багаж or as груз. They are alike also in that the admissibility or durability of items is the same: if an item is запрещен in багаж then it is запрещен in груз; if it is free in багаж then it is also free in груз. Nevertheless there are различия. The major различие is that the things imported in багаж accompany а пассажир, while all cargo is несопровождаемый. It is brought into the country by a carrier. Some of the exemptions in passenger processing also apply in cargo situations, but others do not. Detailed процедуры will


vary according to the обстоятельства, but the fundamental patterns of груз processing are identical in every ситуация.

Choose from:

baggage; cargo; circumstances; Customs; Customs inspectors; differences; job; passenger; prohibited; revenue; situation; unaccompanied.

5. Tick the correct answer.

1. Transportation is a ____ industry.

a) light

b) heavy

c) service

d) manufacturing

e) processing

2. Computerized tracking of cargo and spare capacity is:

a) now commonplace in Russia.

b) still rare to find in Russia.

c) the dream of the coming generation.

d) widely used in CIS countries driven by customer demand.

3. For rapid document delivery the answer is:

a) fleets of aircraft speeding mail internationally.

b) the adoption of new technology in electronic mail.

c) to make better use of airline cargo capacity.

4. The advent of container shipping, computers and other technological innovations have:

a) increased cut-throat pricing.

b) reduced transport time with no change in costs.

c) radically reduced both transport time and cost.

d) reduced transport time but increased costs.

Check your answers with your partner's and then with the KEYS.


6. Read the following text. Explain what the sixth sense is and name the other five.

The most impressive thing from my point of view the staff on the front-line; their capacity to recognize danger when they see it. We’re never even going to be able to do away with that sixth sense that Customs staff have developed. It’s sort of a culture that has developed, and it’s one that is amazing to see in operation.

N.Kirton

7. What questions would you ask passengers on arrival?

Where have you arrived from? What is your wife’s name?

Do you need a doctor? Are you travelling alone?

How many foreign languages do you speak? Do you use any drugs?

What is your home address? What types of business are you involved?

What time is by your watch? Is your suitcase very heavy?

Is it your dodge? How much do you earn per hour?

Is this all your baggage? Is it real turquoise in your ring?

What is your occupation? What is the purpose of your visit?

What has taken you aback? When did you buy your ticket?

Check your answers with your partner’s. Discuss. Give your reasons for and against.

8. Define the following Customs terms.

prohibited goods equivalent goods


bond

office en route

pallet

surety

fastening

relief consignments

release

samples

money laundering

guaranty

stores

issuing association

9. Make up sentences with the given Russian phrases. Ask your partner to translate them into

В

в аэропорту

во вред

в год

в случае неисполнения

в надлежащий срок

в назначенный срок

в подтверждение чего

в пределах согласованного срока

в разумный срок

в силу

в течение 12 дней с даты получения счета

в течение 2 месяцев с даты подписания контракта

в уплату за

в урегулирование претензии в установленный срок

English.

at, in, on, within

at the airport

in prejudice of

per annum

on default of

in due course

at the fixed (appointed)

in witness whereof

within the agreed period

within a reasonable time limit

in virtue of

within 12 days of receipt of invoice

within 2 months of signing a contract

in satisfaction of

in settlement of a claim

at the fixed time

10. Read the following text and discuss with your partner what you would have done in 1909 and what you would do today if you were there?

PASSENGER CONTROL

Mr. BLERIOT

In 1909, less than 90 years ago, on the white cliffs of Dover3 an aviator by the name of Bleriot became the first man to fly across the Channel from France to England. This was the first international arrival by air into the UK. A milestone in aviation history and one of many such challenges for Customs. No one had considered the possibility that an aeroplane might arrive from another country and, of course, there were no procedures laid down to deal with it. After some difficulty the Customs Officer, who had been hastily summoned from the docks at Dover decided to treat the plane as a yacht and Bleriot as its master and issued maritime clearance papers.

The local Customs managers in reporting this incident to the Board of Customs in London4 advised them that there was no need to change because this method of transport was very unlikely to catch on!

Perhaps it is worth considering what Mr. Bleriot would have thought should he have travelled through time and landed his airplane at London's Heathrow5 today.

He would be met by flexible anti-smuggling teams, risk analysis, covert surveillance teams and sniffer dogs. His documents would be processed through state-of-the-art computer technology. Let's make sure that if he continued to travel in time to the next century and landed anywhere in the world he would encounter a professional and proud Customs Service that constantly changes to meet modern demands.

11. Comment:

Truth exists, only falsehood has to be invented.

G. Braqiie 6


12. Students bring articles about Customs to class. One article Is chosen by the teacher. The headline, the first paragraph (or sentence), the last paragraph (or sentence) and some key words are taken from the article and given to the students. The task Is to predict the rest of the article and write the missing part.

13. Prove:

Law is bottomless pit J.Arbuthnot.

14. Insert the right word. Choose from:

checked, checks up, control, examination, inspection, investigation, search, supervise, surveillance, test, verified

1. A ____tower is a building at an airport from which air traffic is watched and directed.

2. Customs stopped us and ____our bags for alcohol and cigarettes.

3. Police said there would be a full ____of the incident.

4.1 thought it was paint at first, but on closer blood. I realized it was dry.

5. The police conducted an exhaustive ____ of the premises but they failed to find any drugs.

6. _____is a way of discovering what someone or something can do or is like.

7. These figures in the contract are surprisingly high and they'll have to be _____.

8. Customs had a suspicion that the certificate was a forgery, but on closer _____, it seemed okay.

9. To ________ ________ means to watch over at activity or job to make certain that it is done correctly.

10. If the inspector ____ on you and finds you've been falsifying your statements you're going to be in trouble.

11. The police are using an electronic ______ system to catch drivers who commit motoring offences.

15. Fill in the table "False Friends". Consult the dictionary if necessary.

FALSE FRIENDS

Russian English False Friend Russian

консервы tinned food conserve

магазин shop magazineмануфактура textile mill

textilesmanufacture

партия (товаров) batch of goods partyрецепт prescription

recipereceipt

техника engineering technology equipment machinery

technique

фабрика factory fabric

16. Agree or disagree:

EXAMPLES OF GROUNDS FOR DETENTION

1. Brown was found to be wearing a body belt containing a resinous substance, suspected to be cannabis resin. Brown claims he thought it was money. The officers doubt this. Detention is necessary to secure or preserve vidence and to obtain evidence by questioning.

2. A search of the detainee's baggage in the Green Channel revealed a quantity of a white powder, suspected to be cocaine, hidden in a shampoo bottle. Detention is not necessary.


3. Black was stopped in the Green channel and found to be in possession of pornographic videos. He also admitted to having additional videos at home. Detention is not necessary.

4. White was stopped in the Green channel. He claims to be here for 3 days to buy car parts. He travelled on a cash paid ticket and has £50 sterling and a cheque for £5,000. He appears to have little knowledge of cars and parts and does not have contacts in this field in this country. He is due to return to Nigeria on Monday and as today is Friday seems to have little time to cash the cheque and carry out his planned intentions. The officer suspects that due to the unrealistic intentions revealed by questioning, the story is a cover to conceal the possibility that he may be carrying goods of Customs interest, in particular, drugs internally. Detention is not necessary.

17. Translate:

The only drug-sniffing dog with a 100 per cent arrest record was a German shepherd of the US Army called "General". During the period April 1974 to March 1976 this canine detective and his handler, Michael R. Harris of the 591st Military Police Company in Fort Bliss, Texas, carried out 220 searches for narcotics, arrested 220 people for possession and uncovered 330 caches of drugs.

18. Explain the meaning of the following" proverb in English and translate it into Russian:

Actions speak louder than words.

19. Learn the following poem by heart:

Tobacco is a filthy weed,

That from the devil does proceed;

It drains your purse, it burns your clothes

And makes a chimney of your nose. B Waterhouse

20. Write down five words that come to your mind when you hear the words Customs Control.

Compare your list with your partner's. Check your word list with the given semantic map on Customs Control.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

©©© Report to the class on the five words you picked. Challenge one

©© another's choices and give reasons for your own.

©

DID YOU KNOW?

CHALLENGE

This word has travelled, via Old English 'calenge', Old French 'calonge' from

Latin 'columnia', false accusation. The original sense remains in the

English 'calumny'; but with the shifting forms came a shifting

meaning. The first use in English was an accusation; but

since the old way of answering an accusation was

to fight a duel, to accuse was the same

as to summon to combat, to challenge.

UNIT3.

CUSTOMS PROCEDURES

The history of liberty has largely been the history of the observance of procedural safeguards. F.Frankfurter.

PRE-READING

Exercise 1. The text of Unit 3 continues the topic of Customs procedures and goes under the title "Clearance for Home Use". Read the phrases (in the box below) which come from the text and think about ideas the text will contain.

a Goods declaration assessment of import duties Customs formalities prohibitions and restrictions clearance of goods requirements of trade and industry

Exercise 2. Write down five more words which you expect to meet in the text.

English Russian

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

UNIT3 CUSTOMS PROCEDURES


TEXT 1.

CLEARANCE FOR HOME USE

Goods which are imported outright for use or consumption within the Customs territory must be declared for home use.

They may be declared for home use either directly on importation or after another Customs procedure such as warehousing, temporary admission or Customs transit.

The main obligations to be fulfilled by the declarant to obtain the clearance of goods for home use are the lodgement of a goods declaration with supporting documents (import licence, certificates of origin, etc.) and the payment of any import duties and taxes chargeable. Under certain conditions the payment of import duties and taxes may be deferred. Where appropriate, security may be required by Customs to guarantee payment of the import duties and taxes.

The measures taken by Customs in connection with clearance are: checking of the goods declaration and accompanying documents, examination of the goods, assessment and collection of import duties and taxes and release of the goods. Depending upon national administrative practice, these operations may be carried out in a different order from that shown above. Customs may also be responsible for obtaining the data required for trade

statistics and for the enforcement of other statutory or regulatory provisions relating to the control of imported goods. Other competent authorities may also carry out certain controls (veterinary, health, phytopathological, etc.) on goods declared for home use.

National legislation shall specify the conditions to be fulfilled and the Customs formalities to be accomplished for the clearance of goods for home use. National legislation may include prohibitions and restrictions in respect of the importation of certain categories of goods...

The Customs authorities shall designate the Customs offices at which goods may be cleared for home use...

In determining the competence of these offices and their hours of business, the factor to be taken into account shall include the particular requirements of trade and industry.

The competence of certain Customs offices may be restricted in terms of the mode of transport used or to specified categories of goods or to goods consigned to a specified region (e.g. the frontier zone or an industrial zone).

The Customs authorities may require that certain categories of goods (e.g. diamonds, antiques, works of art) be cleared for home use at Customs offices designated for that purpose.

Where corresponding Customs offices are located on a common frontier, the Customs authorities of the two countries concerned shall, as far as possible, correlate the business hours and the competence of those offices.

(based on the text: "International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures",

Kyoto, 1974)


clearance for home use

goods for home use or consumption

warehousing

temporary admission

выпуск товаров для внутреннего потребления/свободного обращения

товары для внутреннего потребления

складирование, хранение на складе

режим временного ввоза


to obtain the clearance of goods

the lodgement of a Goods declaration

supporting/ accompanying documents

import licence

certificate of origin

security

assessment of duties and taxes

release of goods

statutory or regulatory provision

to accomplish Customs formalities to designate mode of transport frontier

zone

произвести таможенную очистку товаров

предъявление грузовой декларации

сопроводительные документы

лицензия на импорт

свидетельство о происхождении товара

гарантия

начисление таможенных пошлин и сборов

выпуск товаров

законодательное или регулирующее положение

выполнить таможенные формальности определять, устанавливать вид транспорта приграничная зона


Exercise 3. Study the word "procedure". Work with different dictionaries. Report your findings to the class.

Exercise 4. Write all synonyms of the word "goods". Use a dictionary of synonyms.

Exercise 5. Find the words in the text which correspond to the following definitions.

1. using up, consuming (of food, materials, etc.);

2. storing goods before distribution to retailers;

3. a person, who makes a statement (to Customs officials) of dutiable goods brought into a country;

4. a certificate from Customs authorizing goods to enter or leave the country;


5. act of placing a document with proper authorities;

6. to appoint, to name for an office or duty;

7. to bring (a thing) into mutual relation (with another thing);

8. ability, skill, qualification.

Exercise 6. Match the nouns on the left with those on the right. Consult the text.

A.

1. assessment of

2. release of

3. clearance of

4. enforcement of

5. competence of

6. requirements of

7. certificates of

8. payment of

9. lodgement of

a) statutory and regulatory provisions

b) industry

c) a Goods declaration

d) import duties

e) goods

f) offices

g) taxes

h) trade

i) origin

B. Ask questions to elicit the underlined information.

1. In order to obtain the clearance of goods the declarant is to present a Goods declaration with supporting documents.

2. Under certain conditions the payment of import duties and taxes may be deferred.

3. Among measures taken by Customs in connection with clearance are: assessment of import duties and taxes and release of the goods.

4. Certain data is required for the enforcement of statutory or regulatory provisions.

5. The Customs authorities determine the competence of the Customs offices at which goods may be cleared for home use.

6. The particular requirements of trade and industry should also be taken into account to determine the competence of these offices.

7. The declarant should present the certificates of origin in order to obtain the release of the goods.

8. The lodgement of a Goods declaration is the essential requirement to be fulfilled to get the clearance.


Exercise 7. Find the odd ones out.-,

a) Customs procedures are:

1. warehousing;

2. enforcement of regulatory provisions;

3. lodgement of a goods declaration;

4. Customs transit;

5. temporary admission;

6. payment of duties and taxes;

7. determining the competence of the offices;

8. clearance for home use.

b) The measures taken in connection with clearance are:

1. examination of the goods;

2. release of the goods;

3. revenue collection;

4. assessment of import duties and taxes;

5. collection of duties and taxes;

6. determining the competence of the offices;

7. considering requirements of trade and industry;

8. checking of the goods declaration;

9. filling in a declaration;

10. checking the accompanying documents;

11. obtaining the data required for trade statistics;

12. consumption of goods;

13. veterinary control;

14. health control;

15. phytopathological control.

Exercise 8. Study the following example.

either... or

Indicates a choice or an alternative.


Example: They may be declared for home use either directly on importation or after other Customs procedures.

Connect the figures (1-6) with the letters on the right, using either ... or.

1. These operations may be carried out...

2. The competence of certain Customs offices may be restricted to goods consigned to...

3. Goods may be imported ...

4. Certain controls (veterinary, health, that etc.) on goods may be carried out...

5. Certain categories of goods (diamonds, antiques, works of art) may be cleared for home use...

6. Corresponding Customs offices can be located...

a) the frontier zone

b) for consumption within the Customs territory

c)by Customs

d) in this order

e) at Customs offices designated for purpose

f) in a different one

h)on a common frontier

h) an industrial zone

i) by other competent authorities

j) for temporary admission

k) in a specified region

1) at any Customs office at which goods are cleared for home use

Exercise 9. Look up the word "clearance" in a dictionary and write out all the meanings related to Customs issues.

CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

Exercise 10. Are there many irregular verbs in the text? Name them.

Exercise 11. Use "may" to give* the following statements the meaning of possibility. Translate them into Russian.

MAY - to express possibility


1. Goods are declared for home use directly on importation.

2. Under certain conditions the payment of import duties and taxes are deferred.

3. Sometimes security is required to guarantee payment of the import duties and taxes.

4. These operations are carried out in a different order.

5. Customs are responsible for obtaining the data required for trade statistics.

6. Other competent authorities also carry out certain controls on goods declared for home use.

7. National legislation includes prohibitions and restrictions in respect of the importation of certain categories of goods.

8. The competence of certain Customs offices is restricted in terms of the mode of transport.

9. The Customs authorities require that certain categories of goods be cleared for home use at Customs offices designated for that purpose.

10. Such Customs offices are located on common frontiers.

Exercise 12. Study the example with the infinitive as an attribute.

The infinitive as an attribute

Example: The main obligations to be fulfilled are the lodgement of a Goods declaration with supporting documents.

Now insert the right infinitive: choose from the list below.

a) to guarantee

b) to be taken into account

c) to be cleared

d) to obtain

e) to be taken

f) to be imported

g) to carry out

h) to be fulfilled

i) to limit

j) to be accomplished

k) to clear

1. National legislation shall specify the conditions and the Customs formalities _____for the clearance of goods for home use.

2. The factors _____shall include the particular requirements of trade and industry.

3. Goods _____ for use or consumption must be declared for home use.


4. The Customs authorities shall designate the Customs offices ____ goods for home use.

5. There are certain categories of goods _____ at Customs offices designated for that

purpose.

6. Security _____ payment of the import duties and taxes may be required by the

Customs.

7. The main measures ____ in connection with clearance are the following.

8. National legislation may include restrictions _____ the importation of certain

goods.

9. There are other competent authorities _____ certain controls on goods declared for

home use.

10. It is the Customs responsibility ______the data required for trade statistics.

Exercise 13. Group the following nouns according to their usage. L Nouns used only in the singular. II. Nouns used only in the plural.

1. news 8. clothes 15. cash

2.luggage 9. manners (behaviour) 16. valuables

3. goods 10. permission 17. furniture

4. auspices 11. advice 18. premises

5. money 12. outskirts 19. equipment

6. belongings 13. headquarters 20. accommodation

7. progress 14. resources

14. Word formation

Change the following verbs to nouns by adding one of the given endings and fill in the table below.

to designate

to clear

to pay

to enforce

to divide

to prohibit

to perform

to require

to connect

to accept

to accomplish

to decide


to legislate to assess

to appear to lodge

to restrict

- merit - once - tion - sion


1. Какие обязательства должен выполнить декларант в целях таможенной очистки товаров?

2. Какие документы должны быть приложены к грузовой декларации при ее подаче?

3. При каких обстоятельствах могут быть отсрочены таможенные платежи?

4. Что могут потребовать таможенные власти для обеспечения гарантии выплат импортных пошлин и сборов?

5. Какие меры принимаются таможней в связи с очисткой товаров?

6. Какие ограничения и запреты могут быть в национальном законодательстве в отношении импорта товаров?

7. Какие требования принимаются во внимание таможенными властями при определении тех таможенных постов, которые могут производить очистку товаров?

8. Чем может быть ограничен круг обязанностей таможенных постов?

9. Где могут проходить таможенную очистку для реализации на внутреннем рынке определенные категории товаров, такие, как предметы искусства, антиквариат, бриллианты и т.д.?

10. Как могут сотрудничать таможенные посты двух стран, расположенные на одной границе?

Truth is the only merit that gives dignity and worth to history.

J. Edwards

UNIT3


TEXT 2.

CUSTOMS WAREHOUSES

The Customs warehousing procedure is a facility granted to those involved in external trade to place their goods temporarily in Customs warehouses, without the payment of duties and taxes and, at times, without the application of economic restrictions and prohibitions, until the manner in which the goods are to be disposed of is finally decided.

The Customs warehousing procedure can be utilized to develop a country's entrepot trade. Goods can be imported for storage in warehouses and re-exported in the same state without the payment of duties and taxes and normally without being subjected to import or export licensing requirements. Operations permitted in a Customs warehouse are those required to improve the packaging and marketable quality of the goods and to prepare them for shipment. Such operations include re-packing, sorting and grading, breaking bulk, grouping of packages, and operations intended to keep the goods in the same state.

Entrepot trade operations not only provide employment opportunities, to some extent, but are also a means of earning foreign exchange when payments are received for handling and similar services rendered at these warehouses, and for other tertiary services provided, such as transport. An additional advantage is that an importer/exporter can keep his goods in the country until he can re-negotiate sales abroad on more favourable terms. This is particularly the case when persons using this warehousing facility import goods in bulk, at discounted prices, and re-export such goods in similar quantities at higher prices, thus making net foreign exchange gains. Such entrepot trade is only possible if there is exemption from the payment of duties and taxes and from import/export licensing, as is available under the warehousing procedure.

In certain instances, exporters are permitted to use the warehousing facility to

CUSTOMS PROCEDURES

combine domestic goods with identical imported goods so that a single export order can be satisfied. For this purpose, firms import goods from their subsidiaries which are located abroad, or from establishments in other countries which produce or manufacture goods for them under contract. Thus, when domestic production falls short of targeted output, goods can be imported to meet contractual export obligations without incurring duty or other liabilities. This does not, however, apply in cases where the origin of goods is a consideration to satisfy quota or tariff requirements.

The Customs warehousing procedure can be used to promote transshipment operations; this again enables a country to earn foreign exchange for the service provided.

The warehousing procedure can also be used to assist manufacturers in processing goods for export. In some countries there are traders who, acting as agents for manufacturers who manufacture goods for export, consolidate import orders and import their consignments in bulk. Goods so imported are subsequently released to manufacturers who operate under the inward processing procedure. These traders, who specialize in wholesale trade, are therefore able to import goods in bulk at the most favourable terms, which are not normally available to importers of smaller quantities. Such bulk importations are made possible only by taking advantage of the warehousing procedure. Consequently, such traders are in a position to offer their goods to manufacturers at prices lower than what they would get had they to import their consignments individually.

The Customs warehousing procedure helps exporters obtain refunds or drawbacks of import duties and taxes without having to await actual exportation of the goods, thereby facilitating their cash flow. Thus, in several countries, immediately after exporters place their goods in Customs warehouses they are entitled to refunds or drawbacks of import duties and taxes or discharges of furnished financial guarantees.


CHECK WORK


Exercise 17. Read the text and answer the questions.

1. What are the advantages of placing goods temporarily in Customs warehouses?

2. What operations are permitted in a Customs warehouse?

3. Are operations intended to keep the goods in the same state permitted in a Customs warehouse?

4. Who is interested in entrepot trade operations?

5. What are exporters permitted to use the warehousing facility for?

6. What is the inward processing procedure?

7. Are exporters permitted to use the warehousing facility to combine domestic goods with imported goods?

8. Can warehousing procedure be used to promote transshipment operations?

9. What privileges do traders who specialize in wholesale trade enjoy?

10. How does the Customs warehousing procedure help exporters?

Exercise 18. Sum up in 5-7 sentences the main functions of the Customs warehousing procedure.

DID YOU KNOW?

AUDIT

The earliest examining of accounts was done orally

the bookkeeper was given a hearing (Latin,audire,-to hear).


1. © Study the following extract from the EC Customs Code.

".. .Customs-approved treatment or use of goods" means:

a) the placing of goods under a Customs procedure;

b) their entry;

c) their re-exportation;

d) their destruction;

e) their abandonment to the Exchequer.

"Customs procedure" means:

a) release of goods;

b) transit;

c) Customs warehousing;

d) inward processing;

e) processing under Customs control;

f) temporary admission;

g) outward processing;

h) exportation...

Translate the given extract into Russian.

Discuss with your classmates if the differentiation described above is ©© the same in the Russian Customs Code.

2. © Insert the missing words in the following text.

BONDED WAREHOUSE

(...) usually have to pay (...) to the government when they import goods. They declare the goods and the (...) collect the duty. When the importer doesn't pay the (...) immediately, the goods are stored in a (...). The importer has to pay (...)- the


cost of keeping the goods in the warehouse and the importer can't take the goods out of the (...) until he pays the (...). Choose from:

importers, duties, bonded warehouse, Customs officials, storage charges

() Compare your results with your partner's. Learn the text by heart.

3. () Punctuate the following1 two texts.

Text 1

Customs warehouse may be either a public warehouse or a private warehouse "public warehouse" means a Customs warehouse available for use by any person for the warehousing of goods "private warehouse" means a Customs warehouse reserved for the warehousing of goods by the warehousekeeper the warehousekeeper is the person authorized to operate the Customs warehouse the depositor is the person bound by the declaration placing the goods under the Customs warehousing procedure or to whom the rights and obligations of such a person have been transferred operation of a Customs warehouse is subject to the issue of an authorization by the Customs authorities unless the said authorities operate the Customs warehouse themselves any person wishing to operate a Customs warehouse must make a request in writing containing the information required for granting the authorization in particular demonstrating that an economic need for warehousing exists.

Text 2

Where the purpose of the processing operation is the repair of temporary export goods and such repair is carried out in return for payment the partial relief from import duties is granted by establishing the amount of duties

applicable on the basis of,the taxation elements pertaining to the compensating products on the date of acceptance of the declaration of release for free circulation of those products and taking into account as the Customs value an amount equal to the repair costs provided that those costs represent the only consideration provided by the holder of the authorization and are not influenced by any links between that holder and the operator.

) Compare your results with your partner's.

4.) Finish the two sentences:

1. "Supervision by the Customs authorities" means ...

2. "Control by the Customs authorities" means ...

Choose from:

a) ... the performance of specific acts such as examination of goods, verifying the existence and authenticity of documents, examining the accounts of undertakings and other records, inspecting means of transport, inspecting luggage and other goods carried by or on persons and carrying out official inquiries or other similar acts with a view to ensuring that Customs rules and, where appropriate, other provisions applicable to goods subject to Customs supervision are observed.

b) ... action taken in general by the authorities with a view to ensuring that rules and, where appropriate, other provisions applicable to goods subject to Customs supervision are observed.

Compare your results with your partner's. Translate the two sentences into Russian.

Choose the best translation in class.


5. Read the following' text. The first sentence in the text is missing*.

Choose the appropriate sentence among the variants (1-4 ) given after the text.

A very large element of this problem is the difficulty in identifying the consignments for what they are, as it is possible to describe them in numerous ways. Having identified one chemical the examining officer is faced with the use of numerous synonyms for the same product. For example, ether which is used in the production of both heroin and cocaine, has 21 other names across Europe alone.

1. It is generally agreed that modern Customs administrations have two main tasks.

2. Access to knowledge and importation is not only a right, it is a necessity in all fields of activity.

3. The World Customs Organization in Brussels recognizes that Customs Services worldwide have a very important role in the efforts to combat diversion of drug-associated chemicals.

4. Customs administrations need to maintain the appropriate balance between facilitating legitimate trade and travel while ensuring compliance with the laws and regulations they enforce.

Check your answer with your partner's answer and the key.

6. Translate into Russian in written form.

I

The focus of Customs administrations worldwide is one of greater facilitation for the legitimate movement of trade and people. On the other hand, there are increasing demands for greater community protection from ordinary citizens and we have an important and continuing role to play in this regard.

II

As we approach the millennium, it is anticipated that the Asia Pacific region will account for over 50 per cent of the world's air passenger traffic. Reliable forecasts for Australia suggest around seven per cent growth per year in international air passenger traffic which means that by the year 2000 Customs will be processing nearly 18 million passengers compared with the current 10.5 million per year.

Give your text to your partner. Ask him to translate it back into English. Compare his translation with the text from the book.

7. Find the odd ones out:

- binoculars

-TV set

- refrigerator

- X-ray machine

- piano

- arms with ammunition

In addition to clothing, toilet articles and other articles of an obviously personal nature, the following shall, in particular, be considered to be personal effects (only seven items):

- personal jewellery

- portable musical instruments

- wheel-chairs for invalids

- table and 4 chairs for camping

- CD player

- sporting firearms

Compare and discuss your answers with your partner's.

8. Study the following.

GENERAL SAFETY WARNING!

When handling suspected material (chemicals):

- never taste or sniff suspected material;

- keep away from sources of ignition and heat (e.g. motors, lighters, direct sunlight, hot plates);

- wear safety goggles and suitable gloves;

- handle the material at a well ventilated place;

- take special care when transporting the material.

UN1T3 CUSTOMS PROCEDURES

Discuss with your partner what important "warnings" are missing- in the above list.

9. Translate into Russian.

- strip stamps on bottled alcoholic beverages;

- fiscal caps on wines;

- tax stamps on tobacco products;

- marking of mineral oils;

- audit-system controls with regard to warehouses;

- common chemical marker (Euromarker) to be used in fuels enjoying an exemption or a reduced rate of taxation.

These words were taken from the article about...

10. Make up sentences with the given Russian phrases. Ask your partner to translate them into English.

Ha

на дату отгрузки

на железнодорожной станции

на конец января

на 5 месяцев

на предъявителя

на расстоянии от

на сегодняшний день

на срок

на стадии рассмотрения

на суде

на усмотрение кого-либо

at, for, on, to, under

on the date of unloading

at the railway station

at the end of January

for 5 months

to the bearer

at the distance from

to date

for the period

under consideration

at the bar

at the discretion of somebody

UNIT3

11. Agree or disagree with the following- statements.

1. A system of flat-rate assessment should be applied to goods declared for home use under the facilities applicable to travellers, provided that the importation is of a non-commercial nature and that the aggregate value or quantity of the goods does not exceed the amount laid down in national legislation.

2. Where admission, free д(щщ[ flufe ОДЙ tffifeS, is claimed in respect of goods in a traveller's unaccompanied baggage, the Customs authorities may require proof that the person concerned is in fact arriving from abroad.

3. Non-residents who are only passing through the country are not allowed greater facilities.

4. Tents and other camping equipment are not considered to be personal effects.

5. The personal effects of non-residents cannot be granted temporary admission.

6. The Customs authorities should require a Customs document and security for the temporary admission of non-residents' means of transport for private use.

7. Fuel carried in the normal tanks of the means of transport shall be admitted free of import duties and taxes.

8. Travellers shall be permitted to export goods for commercial purposes, subject to compliance with the necessary formalities and payment of any export duties and taxes chargeable.

9. Transit passengers who do not leave the transit area are required to pass through the Customs control.

10. An importation is usually considered to be of a non-commercial nature when it is occasional and consists only of goods for personal use.

11. The proportion of consignments to be physically examined by Customs should be kept to a minimum.

12. Customs authorities should rationalize the cargo clearance process, which requires the intervention of several government agencies, in addition to Customs, not through coordinated interventions by the agencies concerned but


by investing responsibility for all cargo clearance activities in one single authority, i.e. Customs.

13. Customs authorities showed ensured maximum transparency and fluidity of Customs operations by providing the trading community with the necessary importation on Customs formalities and requirements.

14. A Customs Service starved of resources will certainly be an obstacle to trade.

15. Customs performance significantly affects the competitiveness of a country's economy.

16. Nothing creates delays and high costs in today's Customs procedures.

12. Students bring' in articles about Customs to class. One article is chosen for class activity.

The article is divided into four or five parts (paragraphs). The class is divided into a similar number of groups, each group receiving one section of the text. Each group tries to estimate the position of their section in the text as a whole - whether it is likely to be from the beginning, middle or end - and then they discuss the possible contents of the article.

After that the class negotiates the reassembling- of the article.

The group believing themselves to have the first part of the article © retells it for the rest of the class to record the essential points. The group believing themselves to have the second piece follows and so on. The class then goes on to discuss whether or not the correct order has been established and when an agreement is reached each student attempts to write the summary of the article in full.

13. Translate the following into Russian in written form.

We live in a world of continuous change - dynamic, inevitable and unpredictable. In this ever-changing environment, all players in the Customs and trade community need to be outwardly focused and prepared to continually reform and modernize the way they do business.


Give your Russian text to your partner. Ask him to translate it back into English without looking- at the English text in the book. Compare the two English texts.

14. ©© Who will be the first to solve the chain puzzle?

A E E T

M К D F

T T К

1. An amount granted, usually related to exemptions. 2. Any matter or fact from which an inference may be drawn to another matter or fact. 3. To send goods to a foreign country. 4. A list or system of duties imposed by a government

on imported or exported goods. 5. Deliberate deception. 6. A refund of Customs duty. 7. 2.2046 pounds. 8. A written instrument containing a true account of imported cargo. 9.Movement of merchandise through another country. 10. A name, a symbol or other device identifying a product.

15. Comment:

It takes a long time to bring excellence to maturity. P.Syrus

16. Insert the rig-ht word. Choose from:

belongings, cargo, commodities, effects,

freight, items, goods, merchandise, possessions,

property, shipment, stock, things, wares


1. There is a 15 % discount on all electrical _____ until the end of the month.

2. The country's most valuable _____ include oil and diamonds.

3. Shoppers complained about poor quality _____and high prices.

4. There are several _____on the table which belong to me.

5. A _____of urgent medical supply is expected to arrive very soon.

6. This aircraft is for passengers only, it doesn't take any ______.

7. It says on the form that insurance covers all personal _______.

8. She put a few personal ______ in a bag and left the house.

9. The company must do more to promote their ______ overseas.

10. This railway line is used mainly by ______ trains.

17. Describe:

pocketknife, scalpel, Swiss army knife, paper knife, flick knife, palette knife.

18. Answer the following- questions:

1. Will the level of checking goods at the time of entry and exit be reduced under the post clearance system?

2. How will controls carried out on the basis of risk assessment help to facilitate trade?

3. Is Russia an "importing country" or an "export-oriented country"?

4. Are there considerable differences between the GVA and Russia's national system of valuation?

5. Is Customs duty the main source of revenue for the Russian Government?

6. Must there be a gulf between winners and losers from transition in Russia?

7. How should Russia develop and strengthen the rule of law now?

8. How must Customs restructure itself to meet the needs of a market system?


9. Why is international integration so vital for transition, and what are the implications for trading partners and Customs procedures?

10. Are all Customs well equipped to reach the dual objectives of exercising efficient control and keeping trade moving as fast and smoothly as possible?

11. Has the rapidity of changes in laws on revenue and trade-related legal matters added to the burden on Customs departments?

12. Is it possible today to quantify the accumulated damage caused by fraud, corruption and unintentional administrative errors?

13. Are most of international transit operations still monitored by Customs officials using only paper documents?

14. Do you agree that under Russia's current valuation system the price actually paid for the imported goods is often accepted as the basis for duty assessment?

15. Has Russian Customs developed a comprehensive automated system of pricing information as part of its risk assessment strategy to target declarations for verification?

19. Explain the meaning" of the following proverb in English and translate it into Russian:

Old birds are not to be caught with chaff.

20

Do you know 15 Customs regimes presented in the Russian Customs Code? Make a list in written form. Consult the Russian Customs Code if necessary.

Translate your list into English. Compare your translation with your partner's.

UNIT 4.

FREE ZONES

The best things in life are free. W.Churchill

PRE-READING

Exercise 1. Look at the words given below and mark (*) those which might be used in the text about free zones.

English Russian English Russian English Russian

neutralize reduce encourage

build process investcheck up luggage external tradeconcessions marketable qualitydeclaration storage assembly

investment

Exercise 2. Fill in the table about free zones below:

A. Facts you know B. Facts you are not sure of C. Facts you want to know

1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

4. 4. 4.

5. 5. 5.

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES


TEXT 1.

FREE ZONES

Free zones are established, inter alia, in order to afford Customs-privileged facilities to neutralize the cost-raising effects of tariffs and other regulatory measures in the operation of export-related activities. Free zones serve the purpose of facilitating the operation of import-dependent export activities by instituting procedures which are simpler than other temporary admission procedures, thereby significantly reducing costly and cumbersome administrative requirements.

Thus, with a view to encouraging the development of their international commerce, several countries grant indefinite relief from import duties and taxes, and provide other concessions in respect of goods introduced to a part of their territory which is generally regarded as being outside the Customs territory. This part of the territory is referred to as a free zone. These free zones may be termed free ports, free warehouses or industrial processing zones.

A distinction is also made between commercial and industrial free zones. In commercial free zones, the permitted operations generally extend to those necessary for the preservation of goods and the usual forms of handling to improve their packaging or marketable quality. Operations which prepare the goods for shipment, such as breaking bulk, grouping of packages, sorting, grading and re-packing, may be undertaken. Other operations in connection with the transport of goods, such as loading, unloading, transshipment and storage, may also be performed in commercial free zones. In industrial free zones, manufacturing, processing or assembly operations are performed with goods being imported for these purposes. Goods of domestic origin or in free

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

circulation in the Customs territory may be allowed into free zones for manufacturing, processing and assembly. In certain countries, the commercial and industrial activities are combined in the same free zone .

Apart from enhancing the development of a country's external trade and commerce, industrial free zones, in particular, are increasingly viewed as an effective means of attracting export-oriented industries which are expected, through their investment and operations, to provide investable resources, technology and employment to the host country. Establishment of free zones

Free zones are established by making formal provision in national legislation.

Free zones are generally established at seaports, river ports, airports and

places with similar geographical advantages. Easy access to places of entry and exit within the country eliminate the need for goods to cross the Customs territory, thereby reducing the need to apply the usual Customs controls. However, due to the location of certain free zones it may be necessary for goods to be moved across the Customs territory when travelling to/from free zones, from/to seaports, airports or land frontiers (rail and road traffic). In such situations, goods can be permitted to move under a national or international transit procedure .

Free zones may cover the entire port area where several commercial activities are permitted.


Customs-privileged facilities благоприятные в таможенном отношении условия

costly and cumbersome procedures дорогостоящие и обременительные процедуры

administrative requirements административные требования

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

to encourage external trade

international commerce

to grant relief from import duties and taxes

to provide concessions

industrial free zone

commercial free zone

packaging quality

marketable quality

to break bulk

to grade

loading (unloading)

transshipment

storage

goods of domestic origin

in free circulation

manufacturing

processing

assembly

access to

international transit procedure

поддерживать (поощрять) внешнюю торговлю

международная торговля

предоставлять освобождение от таможенных пошлин и сборов

идти на уступки; предоставлять льготы

промышленная свободная зона

торговая свободная зона

качество упаковки

товарный вид

начинать разгрузку

сортировать

погрузка (выгрузка)

перевалка, перегрузка

хранение

товары местного производства

в свободном обращении

производство

переработка

сборка

доступ к, подход

процедура международных транзитных перевозок


Exercise 3. Write out and study all the international words from the text.

Exercise 4. Match the words from the text with their corresponding definitions.

1. facilitate a) fit to be sold

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

2. cumbersome

3. relief from

4. marketable

5. apart from

6. host

7. advantage

8. eliminate

9. thereby

10. entire

b) by that means, in that connection

c) independently, leaving on one side

d) remove, get rid of

e) benefit

f) complete, full

g) inconvenient, clumsy

h) a person who initiates any social gathering

i) help, ease

j) setting free from obligation, duty

Exercise 5. Find the odd ones out. A. Free zones are supposed:

1. to improve the flow of passenger traffic

2. to neutralize regulatory measures

3. to facilitate export activities

4. to impose duties and taxes

5. to reduce costly administrative requirements

6. to encourage the development of external trade and international commerce

7. to work out Customs regulations

8. to neutralize the cost-raising effects of traffic

9. to provide accommodation

10. to introduce simpler procedures

11. to provide investable resources, technology and employment

12. to deliver goods to foreign partners

B. In commercial free zones, the permitted operations are:

1. breaking bulk

2. grouping of packages

3. transit

4. sorting

5. checking up

6. marketing

7. grading

8. re-packing

9. constructing

10. loading

11. transshipment

12. smuggling

13. storage

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

С In industrial free zones, the following operations are performed:

1. sale

2. manufacturing

3. assessment

4. loading

5. processing

6. assembly

7. packaging


1. Free zones are established ...

2. A free zone is generally regarded as ...

3. In commercial free zones certain operations are performed with goods ...

4. Goods of domestic origin may be allowed into free zones for...

5. Industrial free zones are expected ...

6. Free zones are established by ...

7. Free zones are established at...

8. Goods can be permitted to move under...

9. Free zones may be termed ...

10. Free zones may cover the entire port

a) manufacturing, processing and assembly.

b) making formal provision in national legislation.

c) to afford Customs-privileged facilities.

d) seaports, river ports, airports and places with similar geographical advantages.

e) being outside the Customs territory.

f) a national or international transit procedure.

g) being imported for these purposes.

h) to provide investable resources, technology and employment to the host country.

i) several commercial activities are permitted.

j) free ports, free warehouses or industrial processing zones.

Exercise 7. Match the verbs with nouns and expressions.

1. to establish a) relief from import duties and taxes

2. area where... b) development

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

3. to grant

4. to improve

5. to enhance

6. to attract

7. to provide

8. to neutralize

c) technology and employment

d) free zones

e) the cost-raising effects of tariffs

f) administrative requirements

g) marketable quality

h) export-oriented industries


1. Для чего создаются свободные зоны?

2. Каким путем промышленные свободные зоны способствуют развитию внешней торговли страны?

3. Как можно нейтрализовать повышение стоимости в результате введения тарифов и других регулирующих средств?

4. Какие процедуры могут значительно сократить дорогостоящие административные требования?

5. Почему некоторые страны дают освобождение от уплаты таможенных пошлин и сборов?

6. В какой свободной зоне можно улучшить товарные качества?

7. Почему свободные зоны рассматриваются как эффективное средство размещения отраслей промышленности, ориентированных на экспорт?

8. Что может обеспечить занятость и усовершенствовать технологию в принимающей стране?

Exercise 9. Look up the word " encourage" in a dictionary and write out all the meanings related to Customs issues.

CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

Exercise 10. Write out all words ending in -ing. To what grammatical categories does each word belong?

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

Exercise 11. Noun modifying another noun

Transit procedure - a procedure that is used during transit

Find the noun constructions in the text corresponding to the following definitions.

1. effects that raise costs;

2. facilities that have some Customs privileges;

3. activities that are related to export;

4. activities that are connected with export and dependent on import;

5. procedures that are used during admission;

6. industries that are oriented towards export.

Exercise 12. Speak about free zones using the following sentence as a model:

Model: Free zones are supposed to simplify the usual Customs control.

expect

consider

think

suppose

know be

likely be

sure

to neutralize the cost effects of tariff

to facilitate import-dependent export activities

to reduce costly administrative requirements

to encourage the development of a country's external trade and international commerce

to be an effective means of attracting export-oriented industries to

provide technology and employment to the host country to

simplify the usual Customs control

Exercise 13. Study the following table on page 87.

Preposition + -ing

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

the purpose of introducingby ', reducingas groupingfor sorting

apart from processinga means \ of loading

by gradingencouraging

Make sentences putting the words in the right order.

1. the purpose, requirements, costly, of, free zones, administrative, reducing, serve.

2. is, as, the Customs territory, regarded, outside, a free zone, being.

3. may, such, loading, grading, be, operations, as, undertaken, re-packing, unloading.

4. into, for, are, some, packaging, free zones, goods, allowed.

5. free zones, external, the development, of, apart from, provide, encouraging, technology, a country's, trade.

6. established, provision, legislation, in, introducing, formal, by, are, free zones, national.

7. simpler, Customs control, make, to apply, free zones, the, procedure, the, admission, usual, temporary, by, the need, reducing.

8. international commerce, with a view, open, encouraging, to, countries, free zones.

9. an effective means, viewed, the cost-raising effects, of, free zones, are, tariffs, of, as, neutralizing.

10. the goods, several, there, preparing, forms, for, are, shipment, of.

Exercise 14. Complete the sentences using the verbs below and modal verbs to express possibility or probability.

These free zones may be termed free ports, free warehouses or industrial processing zones.

Goods can be permitted to move under a national or international transit procedure.

undertake

cover

establish

perform

combine

use

allow

encourage

make

expect

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

1. Free zones _____at seaports, river ports and airports.

2. Operations which prepare the goods for shipment ______.

3. Free zones ______the entire port area.

4. Goods of domestic origin ______ into free zones for manufacture, processing and assembly.

5. Other operations in connection with the transport of goods _____ free zones.

6. Industrial free zones in commercial _____ to attract export-oriented and industrial zones.

7. A distinction _____ between commercial and industrial zones.

8. The commercial and industrial activities _____ in the same free zone.

9. In commercial free zones the usual forms of handling good _____ to improve their marketable quality.

10. Free zones _____the development of a country's external trade.

IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW

Of the nearly 319,000 importers who shipped goods into the United States in 1994,

115,000, or 36percent, were one-time importers. Only 350 repeat importers account

for a full 50 percent of the total value of merchandise shipped into the country.

(facts from "gtobal (Trade Tafl& VoC6, No.2 1996,(Washington, (DC)

Joke-break

Customer Remember that cheese you served me?

Waiter Yes, sir

Customer Did you say it was imported or deported from Switzerland?

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES


TEXT 2. EXPORT INCENTIVES

There are several Customs procedures, contained in the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (the Kyoto convention), which when incorporated in national legislation enable countries to provide Customs facilities to, neutralize the cost-raising effects of tariffs and other controls on export industries which require imported production inputs, thereby enabling national enterprises to offer their products or services on foreign markets at competitive prices. Consequently, more employment opportunities are provided for the national labour force, scarce foreign capital is attracted to generate more economic activity and net inflows of foreign exchange are evinced.

A brief description of the Customs procedures which provide these incentives is given below.

Outright exportation is the Customs procedure applicable to goods which, being in free circulation (goods which may be disposed of without Customs restriction), leave the Customs territory and are intended to remain permanently outside it, excluding goods exported or with repayment of import duties and taxes.

Customs warehousing is the Customs procedure under which imported goods are stored under Customs control in a designated place (a Customs warehouse) without payment of import duties and taxes.

Drawback is the Customs procedure which provides, when goods are exported, for a refund (total or partial) to be made in respect of the import duties and taxes charged on the goods, or on materials contained in them or used up in their production.

Temporary admission of goods is the procedure under which certain goods can be brought into a Customs territory conditionally relieved from payment of

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

import duties and taxes; such,goods must be imported for a specific purpose and must be intended for re-exportation within a specified period and without having undergone any change except normal depreciation due to the use of the goods.

Temporary admission for inward processing is the procedure under which certain goods can be brought into a Customs territory conditionally relieved from payment of import duties and taxes; such goods must be intended for re-exportation within a specific period after having undergone manufacturing , procession or repair.

Duty-free replacement of goods is the procedure permitting the importation, free of import duties and taxes, of goods equivalent (i.e., identical in description, quality and technical characteristics) to those which were in free circulation and which were processed into products previously exported outright.

Temporary exportation of goods for outward processing is the procedure under which goods in free circulation (goods which may be disposed of without Customs restriction) in a Customs territory may be temporarily exported for manufacturing, processing or repair abroad and then re-imported with total or partial exemption from import duties and taxes.

Free zones. A free zone is a part of the territory of a state where any goods introduced are generally regarded, insofar as import duties and taxes are concerned, as being outside the Customs territory and are not subject to the usual Customs control.

In commercial free zones, goods are admitted pending subsequent disposal, and processing or manufacture is normally prohibited. Goods admitted to industrial free zones may be subjected to authorized processing operations.

CHECK WORK

Exercise 15. Look through text 2 again and underline the words essential for its general understanding.

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

Exercise 16. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. What procedure is applicable to goods which are intended to remain permanently outside the Customs territory?

2. Are import duties and taxes paid for the goods stored under Customs control?

3. When is refund made in respect of the import taxes charged on the goods?

4. What are the conditions under which goods brought into a country can be relieved from payment of import duties?

5. What happens to goods that are temporarily exported?

6. What are free zones?

7. What is the difference between commercial and industrial free zones?

8. What is the Kyoto Convention devoted to?

9. What does the Kyoto Convention enable countries to do?

10. What opportunities are provided due to the Kyoto Convention?

Exercise 17. Name two things (facts) from the text which are new to you.

Exercise 18. Present your views to the class on the most important Customs procedures for Russia.

* * *

DID YOU KNOW ?

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

FOLLOW UP ACTIVITIES

1. Look throug-h the text "Free Zones" again. Underline the word "import". In the two columns below write the sentences from the text in which the word "import" is i) used as a noun and 2) used as a verb.

NOUN VERB

___________________ ________________________

____________________ ______________________________

2.Insert the missing' words in the following' two texts. Choose from:

I 1) container 2) containers 3) containerize4) containerized 5) containerization.

II l)Balance of trade 2) Balance of payments

Text 1

Although ( a ) has many advantages, it has some disadvantages too. And that is why many ports are still not specially adapted to ( b ) traffic.

Now, you need a lot of special equipment for handling ( с ) and this is very expensive. Some countries haven't got enough money to buy the equipment to ( d ) their ports. Also, ( e ) means that there is more unemployment, because the equipment does the work that people do in conventional ports. And most countries don't want a lot of people out of work, so they don't want their ports to be ( f).

Text 2

The difference between the amount a country spends on visible imports and the amount it receives for visible exports is its Balance of ( a ) . The difference between the total amount a country spends on imports (both visible and invisible)

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

and other payments abroad, and the total amount it receives, from exports (both visible and invisible) and other receipts, is its Balance of ( b ) .

Compare your results with your partner's. Translate text 2 into Russian.


3. Punctuate the following- text.

BELARUS - THE FIRST STEPS

The Customs Service of the Republic of Belarus has increased the number of its officers from 1,500 at the time of its creation to the current 5,000 in just three years of existence this rapid increase in staff coupled with the pressures to

upgrade the standard of performance of the service present the Customs Administration with considerable challenges one of which is the creation of a national training system other priorities have been identified as the creation of a well-equipped press centre drug dog service export control systems effective revenue collection systems statistical information processing systems and preparation of the groundwork necessary for the Republic of Belarus to accede to international Customs Conventions the accomplishment of these tasks requires a strong and skilled management structure and one of the staff development goals is the organization and execution of a Diagnostic Study of the Customs Service the achievement of all this calls for a step by step approach and long term planning the Customs Administration of the Republic of Belarus will count on international co-operation to achieve these goals so far the Administration has received a lot of assistance and the State Customs Committee of the Republic of Belarus expresses its appreciation for the

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

assistance already provided by the European Community and the following Customs Administrations Belgium France Germany Italy the Netherlands Russia United Kingdom and United States.

Compare your result with your partner's.

Discuss Customs Services in other CIS countries.

4. Read the brief description of the existing" infrastructure at the border posts.

Kalvarija/Lazdijai

Kalvarija is a new border post which has recently been opened with limited facilities to increase capacity on the Lithuanian/Polish border. The border post is situated on the Via Baltica where it is planned to provide a more direct route for traffic. At present only temporary buildings are being used on both sides of the border while new facilities are under construction. Use of temporary facilities is currently restricted to TIR and freight other than food stuffs and agricultural produce which must use the Lazdijai border post where the veterinary and phyto-sanitary controls are still based. The traffic flow (per day) on these border posts is as follows:

Kalvarija

150 lorries

0 - buses

0 - passenger cars

Lazdijai

250 lorries

100 buses

700 passenger cars

Panemune/Kybartai

Panemune is located on the north side of Kaliningrad on the main road to Riga. The river Nemunas forms the boundary between Lithuania and Russia and the border

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

posts are located at either side of the river. The facilities on the Lithuanian side are permanent brick and concrete buildings with two lanes provided in each direction. One lane is used for cars and buses, the other for trucks only. Kybartai is located on the eastern edge of Kaliningrad and lies on the main route east to Kaunas. This post is in the centre of Kybartai town near the narrow bridge over the river. The buildings are of a temporary design without proper heating and lighting. The construction of a new bridge would also be desirable. The traffic flow (per day) on these border posts is as follows:

Kybartai

100 lorries

30 buses

450 passenger cars

Panemune

80 lorries

20 buses

400 passenger cars

Briefly explain the situation described in the above texts to your partner and ask him what could be done to improve the situation.

5. Put "yes" or "no" after each sentence.

1. Facilitation of trade and compliance are mutually exclusive, i.e. more facilitation means less control and/or compliance.

2. The needs of business and trade for fast clearance of import and export traffic have to be considered alongside the need for Customs compliance checks on goods and people.

3. Many initiatives and measures fail through lack of support at the highest level.

4. Customs Services play a key role in achieving national objectives in the areas of revenue collection, trade and industry policy and community protection.

5. The direction and the shape of a Customs Service is decided by its staff.

6. The Russian Customs Service must develop as an authority and not as an administration or service.

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

7. Customs organization must pay little attention to offering a service to the trade or the public.

8. Customs organization must work only in the interests of government.

9. Customs Service must recognize and meet the needs of its clients and stakeholders.

10. Society expects Government, through Customs, to provide protection at coasts and borders against traffic in illegal or restricted goods, such as drugs, firearms, heritage items, endangered species, pornography, etc.

11. NAFTA, OPEC and TIR are trading blocks.

12. Customs is a statement of a nation's sovereignty.

13. There are 13 members in the World Customs Organization today.

14. "The love of liberty is the love of others; the love of power is the love of ourselves." (W. Hazlitt3)

Compare your answers with your partner's. Give your reasons.

Discuss items l, 2, 4, 6, 8 with your classmates.

6. Find the odd ones out.

The declarant is normally required to declare the following items:

- transport-unit (type, identification No.) - declarant's telephone number

- marks, numbers; numbers and kind of packages

- description of goods

- gross weight per consignment in kilos

- declarant's passport

- list of documents attached

- place, date and signature of declarant

- name and address of consignor

- name and address of declarant

- name and postal address of consignee

- mode of transport

- identification of means of transport

- photo of containers

- seals,etc, affixed

- place of loading

- driver's licence

- office of destination

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

Check your answers with your partner's.

Pairs report back to their classmates.

7. True or false.

1. Foreign free zones are enclosed areas which are considered outside Russian Customs territory and in which duties on merchandise are deferred, reduced or, in some cases, eliminated. Domestic and foreign merchandise can be brought into a foreign free zone for the purpose of storage, manufacturing, assembly, salvage, re-packing, repair, re-export, transshipping, exhibit and other operations. Customs duty on products manufactured, assembled or rocessed in foreign free zones excludes labour, facility and overhead costs as well as profit.

2. In Russia customhouse brokers are licensed by the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation. Brokers must pass an examination and obtain a licence from the Personnel Department to do business. Brokers are to consult with Customs to determine the proper rate of duty or basis for appraisement. Brokers are required to maintain strict confidence about business and transactions. Customs officers and employees may not only offer advice and assistance but also act as brokers for importers and forwarders.

3. A warehouse is primarily used for the receipt, temporary storage and distribution of goods en route from the production site to the point of consumption. Companies may have their own private warehouses, use public warehouses or use contract warehousing. A public warehouse is one that is managed by the state and which offers rental space on a long-term basis.

4. In general, warehouses do not do basic manufacturing, handle hazardous materials (except in special circumstances) or store goods for extended periods of time (dead storage). Usually services provided by warehouses include storage,

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

shipping, receiving, assembly, inventory control, "pick and pack" operations, labelling, export packaging, repacking, handling returns, special packaging, disposal of damaged goods, repair of damaged goods, return of damaged goods, trucking, billing, order formulation and high security areas.

5. Duty must be paid immediately on goods "entered for consumption". Most duties in Russia are a percentage of the invoiced value of the shipment and are collected by the Russian Customs Service. Customs should be contacted before goods are sent to Russia to determine if other government agencies regulate the products to be imported. Goods that do not conform to the regulation of these agencies may be seized by Customs.

Discuss your answers with your partner. Give your reasons. If the statement is false, give the correct statement.

Participate in the class discussion.

8. Translate the following- into Russian.

■ Customs regime - a combination of provisions determining the status of goods and transportation vehicles transferred across the Customs border for Customs purposes.

■ "Free trade is not a principle, it is an expedient." (B. Disraeli4)

Compare your translation with your partner's.


9. Answer the following questions. Make notes in your workbook for further reference.

1. Into what two categories do goods (that are traded internationally) fall?

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

2. What are "commodities" and "commodity markets"?

3. Do manufacturing processes contribute much to the value of primary goods (such as crude petroleum and cotton)?

4. What do you know about a futures contract?

5. What is the purpose of trading in futures?

6. In what cases would speculation become too difficult and risky?

7. Is monopolistic control of demand/supply favourable to the operation of a futures market?

8. Why is there no market in diamonds?

When you have finished reading your answers to another pair, compare and discuss your answers.

Go around the class and talk to three different people. Ask them three questions from the above list. Compare your own notes with their answers and then with the Key. Discuss the results in class.

10. Make up sentences with the given Russian phrases. Ask your partner to translate them into English.

По

по желанию по закону

по истечении срока действия контракта

по истечении срока, превышающего 2 недели

по контракту

по наступлении срока платежа

по обвинению в

по праву

по предъявлению

под принуждением

по сдаче

after, at, by, on, through, under

at will

by law, in law

after expiration of contract

after a lapse of time of over 2 weeks

under the contract

at maturity (date)

on a charge of by

right at sight

under coercion on

delivery

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

по телексу

по уплате

по усмотрению

по преступной халатности

by telex

on payment

at pleasure

through negligence

11. Students bring in articles about Customs to class. Each 12-th word is taken from the article. The task is to write (insert) the missing words. Students exchange articles and supply the keys.

12. Fill in the table "False Friends". Consult the dictionary if necessary.

FALSE FRIENDS


вагон railway carriage wagon

конкурс competition concourse

кабинет office, study cabinet

машина car, lorry, vehicle machine

облигация bond obligation

ордер warrant order

спекулировать profiteer gamble misuse

speculate

13. Read the texts again before answering the questions.

What information is given in the text about the following?

1) The Kyoto Convention

2) Outwright exportation

3) Inward processing

4) Russian Customs

What are we told in the text about the following:

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

1) Free zones_

2) Commercial free zones

3) Industrial free zones_

4) International transport procedure

14. Study the following' list of twelve items. Then fill in the boxes in the table below with the correct items under the different heading's.

Exports

Visible Invisible

Imports

Visible Invisible

1. Canadian vacuum cleaner bought by a housewife in Russia.

2. Russian car sold in Finland.

3. Russian tourist in France.

4. Dutch tulips sold in Russian shops.

5. Russian coal sold in China.

6. Russian computer used in America.

7. Russian piano bought by a housewife in Estonia.

8. Spanish tourist in Russia.

9. Greek ships carriers of Russian goods.

10. French perfume sold in Russia.

11. Russian insurance company insures an Italian ship.

12. Belgian beer sold in Russia.

UNIT 4 FREE ZONES

15. Study the following chart. Translate the words into Russian and use them in sentences of your own.

16. Explain the meaning of the following proverb in English and translate it into Russian:

You can’t eat your cake and have it.

17. Write down five words that come to your mind when you hear the words Free Zones.

Compare your list with your partner's. Check your word list with the given semantic map on Free Zones.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

UNIT 5. CUSTOMS DOCUMENTS AND STATISTICS

There are three kinds of lies lies, damned lies, and statistics.

B. Disraeli

PRE-READING

Exercise 1. Read the following words and phrases from the text and predict what the text may be about.

X-ray

a terminal

smuggler

drugs dogs

to examine

suspect containers

to check up documents

to accommodate vessels

high/medium/low-risk countries

high/medium/low-risk containers

Exercise 2. Use your own experience and knowledge to answer the following questions.

1. How do specially trained dogs help prevent drug smuggling?

2. What else can help Customs officers detect smuggled articles?

UNIT 5 CUSTOMS DOCUMENTS AND STATISTIC

R E A D I N G F O R A N A L Y S I S

TEXT 1.

SHIPPING MANIFESTS

The port of Felixstowe2 is a "happy place". Ranked first in the UK, fourth in Europe and fifteenth in the world, the

port has gone from strength to strength.

Trinity terminal is the most advanced container terminal in the country, providing 2,084 meters of continuous quay

which can accommodate many vessels simultaneously. It handles just under two million containers a year.

Felixstowe was the birthplace of a new way of working with containers -undertaking credibility checks and assessing

risks before a container has even arrived in the country - and these methods developed over the years.

In the late 1770s, task forces at Felixstowe were mainly looking at revenue work, but with the Investigation

Division, they started to look at shipping manifests, as opposed to shipping entries, prior to arrival, identifying

suspect containers for examination.

The manifests - documents supplied by the shipping companies - contain information such as the origin and the

destination of the goods, which can give vital clues to a preventive officer's assessment.

That particular way of working - looking at ships' manifests prior to arrival, doing credibility checks on importers

and identifying specific containers - was extremely successful.

The work starts at shipping manifests, where team members make their credibility checks on incoming traffic and

determine which containers to target for examination. With structured risk testing, containers are identified from high-

risk, medium-risk and low-risk containers. Further checks can be made on

UNIT 5 CUSTOMS DOCUMENTS AND STATISTICS

the suppliers or companies receiving the goods. Contact is also made with police officers throughout the country

who build up local knowledge of the businesses in their patch and can verify whether a trader is legitimate, suspect

or unknown.

But testing the risk is not just a simple matter. It would be all too easy for the potential smuggler to transit his goods

through a known low-risk country to avoid Customs checks.

"South Africa was listed as a medium-risk country," says a senior officer of Felixstowe container team. "But we have

had one seizure of cannabis, one of half a million cigarettes, and having considered South Africa, we wrote up the

project saying what we had done, and then recommended it to be seen as a high-risk area."

Preventive officers are also encouraged to use their own initiative when it comes to establishing targets. Any

information which can throw more light on the company or individual responsible for an incoming container is

useful.

The container team also works in close co-operation with other teams in Felixstowe and the National Investigation

Service to target suspect containers. Once a target has been established a team will either go out to examine the

container or have it brought into their own shed.

Health and safety is an important part of an examination - a container could be unstable, or could contain infested

products or hazardous substances -so teams adhere to stringent checks before undertaking the examination.

Teams have the use of drugs dogs at Felixstowe as well as mobile X-ray vans.

Felixstowe is the largest user of X-ray in the country. They use four vans there and they are used virtually non-stop.


Containers are also subjeeted to physical examination by team members, (based on "Portcullis"3, HM Customs &

Excise, Nov., 1996)


shipping manifest

to assess risks

shipping entries

shipping companies

to identify suspect containers

the origin and the destination of the goods

a preventive officer

to target (containers) for examination

risk testing

legitimate

container team

seizure

The National Investigation Service

infested products

hazardous substances

to be subjected to examination

грузовой манифест

определять риск

грузовые / отгрузочные документы

судоходная компания

определять подозрительный контейнер

происхождение груза и место его назначения

таможенный досмотрщик

определять (контейнеры) для проверки

проверка на степень риска

законный

команда по досмотру контейнеров

конфискация, захват

Национальная служба расследования

зараженные продукты

опасные вещества

быть подверженным досмотру


Exercise 3. Write synonyms of the word "investigation". Work with different dictionaries.

Exercise 4. Find words in the text which correspond to the following definitions.

1. operating at the same time;


2. to estimate, to decide;

3. list of cargo or passengers carried by a ship;

4. place to which a person or thing is going;

5. fact or idea giving a guide to the solution;

6. in accordance with a law;

7. contaminated (products);

8. dangerous, being a source of danger.

Exercise 5. Substitute the underlined words or phrases with the words from the text.

1. Team members determine which containers to mark to choose for later examination.

2. Contact is also made with police officers who build up local knowledge of the business in their region.

3. Preventive officers are also urged to use their own initiative when it comes to establishing targets.

4. The container team also works together with other teams in Felixstowe.

5. The team can either go out to examine the container or have it brought into their own building for storage.

6. A container could be unstable, or could contain dangerous substances.

7. So teams stick to stringent checks before undertaking the examination.

8. Trinity terminal is the most progressive container terminal in the country.

9. The terminal manages just under two million containers a year.

10. With structured risk testing, containers are described (recognised) as high-risk, medium-risk and low-risk.

Exercise 6. Find the odd ones out. The port of Felixstowe, the most advanced container terminal in the country,

1. handles under two million containers a year.

2. undertakes credibility checks.

3. improves goods for marketable quality.

4. assesses risks before a container has even arrived in the country.

5. identifies suspect containers for examination.


6. delivers goods to their destination.

7. negotiates different contracts.

8. does credibility checks on importers.

9. identifies specific containers.

10. adopts new regulations.

Exercise 7. Match left and right

1. Containers are ...

2. The container team is ..

3. Trinity terminal can ...

4. The manifests are...

5. Further checks can be .

6. Health and safety is ...

7. A container could ...

8. Felixstowe is ...

9. Four X-ray vans at Felixstowe are...

10. Teams have ...

a) made on the suppliers or companies receiving the goods.

b) contain infested products or hazardous substances.

c) subjected to physical examination by team members.

d) an important part of an examination.

e) the largest user of X-ray in the country.

f) accommodate many vessels simultaneously.

g) responsible for targeting suspect containers.

h) the use of drugs dogs as well as mobile X-ray vans.

i) documents supplied by the shipping companies.

j) used virtually non-stop.

Exercise 8. Supply the correct adjective or adverb from the box for each space in the sentences given below. Use each word only once.

a. further e. responsible i. simultaneouslyb. preventive f. hazardous j. mediumc. suspect g. mainly k. vitald. the most h. extremely 1. legitimate1. Trinity terminal is advanced container terminal in the country.

2. The terminal can accommodate many vessels _______.

3. Before, task forces at Felixstowe were ______looking at revenue work.

4. The manifests contain information which can give _____clues to a preventive officer's assessment.


5. That particular type of work was ______ successful.

6._____ checks can be made on the suppliers or companies receiving the goods.

7. Police officers who build up local knowledge of the business in their patch can verify whether a trader is _____, suspect or unknown.

8. South Africa was listed as a ______-risk country.

9. _______ officers are encouraged to use their own initiative when it comes to establishing targets.

10. Any information which can throw light on the company ______ for an incoming container is useful.

11. The container team also works in close cooperation with other teams to target ______ containers.

12. A container could contain infested products or _______ substances.

Exercise 9. Look up the word "framework" in a dictionary and write out all the meanings related to Customs issues.

CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

Exercise 10. Write out all irregular verbs from the text.

Exercise 11. Review the Present Perfect Tense.

The port has gone from strength to strength.

Complete the following sentences using the verbs below either in Present Perfect or Past Simple.

Develop

Have

Be

Start

check

arrive

establish

write up

become

develop

recommend

1. They undertake credibility checks before a container _____ (even) in the country.

2. Later with the Investigation division they _____ to look at shipping manifests.


3. New methods _____ recently to make work more successful.

4. "We _____ one seizure of cannabis", says a senior officer of the Felixstowe container team.

5. Once a target _____, a team will go out to examine the container.

6. They _____ the project concerning South Africa and ______ it to be seen as a high-risk area.

7. They begin physical examination after the documents ______.

8. The port of Felixstowe ______ one of the largest in Europe.

9. New methods ______ over the years.

10. Testing the risk ______ (never) a simple matter.

Exercise 12. Review the superlative degree of adjectives.

Trinity terminal is the most advanced.

Felixstowe is the largest user of X-ray.

Exaggerate the following statements using the superlative degree of the adjectives.

Model: The port of Felixstowe is a "happy place".

The port of Felixstowe is the "happiest place".

1. The manifests contain information which can give important clues to a preventive officer's assessment.

2. That particular type of warning was extremely successful.

3. They could contain products of a very high risk.

4. Testing the risk is a very difficult matter.

5. Information which can throw more light on the company is very useful.

6. The container team works in close co-operation with other teams in Felixstowe.

7. Containers coming from a high risk country are considered to be very suspicious.

8. Health and safety is an important part of an examination.

9. Hazardous substances were discovered in the container.

10. Mobile X-ray vans are very effective.


Exercise 13. Degrees Of Certainty : present and future.

Uncertain More certain Certain

may might do could be

must (do, be) to be sure (to do, to be)

Model: A container could be unstable or could contain infected products.

Free zones may cover the entire port. Felixstowe must be the largest user of X-ray.

Make the following statements sound uncertain or more certain.

1. The port of Felixstowe is a "happy place".

2. The terminal is the most advanced container terminal.

3. South Africa is a high-risk area.

4. Close co-operation between different teams in Felixstowe and the National Investigation Service helps a lot to target suspect containers.

5. A container contains hazardous substances.

6. Teams use drugs dogs or mobile X-ray vans.

7. Potential smugglers have information about low-risk containers.

8. The port handles two million containers a year.

Exercise 14. "Whether" introducing object clauses

Police officers can verify whether a trader is legitimate, suspect or unknown.

Make the following questions indirect. Start with "I wonder/It's interesting .whether..."

1. Is the port of Felixstowe the largest in the UK?

2. Can it handle two million containers a year?

3. Was Felixsowe the birthplace of a new way of working with containers?

4. Did the new methods develop over the years?



TEXT 2.

TRADE STATISTICS IN GREAT BRITAIN

1996 saw the 300th anniversary of official trade statistics in Great Britain.The history of overseas trade information can be traced to medieval times, when Customs records were used to provide estimates of imports and exports of cloth and wool, which accounted for the majority of English trade in the 13th century. But it was not until 1696 that the Government created the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations to look into English trade. They were asked to supply an annual report of imports and exports, but the amount of work involved necessitated the appointment of a specialist officer and clerks.

The first inspector general, William Gulliford, was appointed in September 1696 and he was paid the then princely sum of £ 500 per year.

Details of imports and exports were initially recorded in yearly ledgers, replaced in 1774 by a new kind of statistical table.

The present form of monthly and annual accounts dates back to 1871, when the statistical office was formed following a Treasury inquiry into the statistical branches of Customs "to ascertain whether the required information could not be obtained more accurately and less expensively".

The statistical office was formed from the merger of the office of the Inspector General, the examiner's office and the bill of entry. The bill of entry was originally a private concern and sold trade statistics data. It came under control in 1881 after its patent expired. This patent may have been a reward for loyal service to the Crown, as it gave a named individual exclusive right of access to all official documents relating to Customs reports.

In the 18th century, substantial errors in trade information were detected as a result of traders' deliberately entering inflated figures in order to deceive their


competitors. The Inspector General tried to get the practice stopped but was unsuccessful in the face of opposition from merchants.

In 1920, the statistical office dragged itself into the merchandised age with the introduction of a punch-card accounting system (which at that time was the largest in use anywhere in the department).

1966 saw the introduction of a new computer for which a special annex had to be prepared. The computer was huge, with punch-card, paper-type reading and time¬sharing capacity and 800 line — a — minute printers. For the very first time, data was held on magnetic tape.

Since then there have been numerous developments, both technological and economic, affecting the statistical office, not least the UK's entry into the European Union and the introduction of the European Single Market.

Although no Customs barriers to trade exist within the EU, there is still a need for comprehensive statistical information, now provided under the INTRASTAT system.

Technological changes include the facility for electronic transfer of information to reduce the amount of paper entries requiring sorting, microfilming and keying, and the proposed introduction of optical character readers so that information can be scanned onto the system rather than being keyed in.

In 1989, responsibility for the production and distribution of the tariff was given to the statistical office which then became the Tariff and Statistical Office (T & SO). The tariff itself celebrates its 500th anniversary in 2007.

Now 500 staff process over 24 million trade items a year. Today UK trade statistics are claimed to be the best in the EC, and among the best in the world.

The statistical office can look forward to meeting the increased need for trade statistics into the new millennium, and achieving its mission to provide the right statistics to the right people at the right time.


CHECK WORK

Exercise 16. Note at least one thing (fact) mentioned in the text which is new to you.


Exercise 18. Answer the following questions.

1. What were the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations created by the Government in 1696 responsible for?

2. What time does the present form of monthly and annual accounts date back to?

3. What is the bill of entry?

4. When was a punch-card accounting system introduced?

5. What did the computer introduced in 1966 look like?

6. What developments have there been recently in the UK and Europe?

7. What information is provided under the INTRASTAT system?

8. What are the advantages of the facility for economic transfer of information?

9. What office is now in charge of the production and distribution of the tariff?

10. What mission can the statistical office of the UK look forward to achieving?

Exercise 19. What do you know about trade statistics in Russia? Present your information to the class.

* * *translate and comment

I know nothing except the fact of my ignorance.

Socrates7


3. (У)(У) Study the Customs forms 'printed by US Customs. Are there such documents in Russia?

C.F. Number

19

301

353

1301

1302

1303

1304

3299

3461 ALT

5291

7505

7507

7509

7511

Title

PROTEST CUSTOMS

BOND

U.S./CANADA FREE-TRADE AGREEMENT EXPORTER'S CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN

GENERAL DECLARATION

CARGO DECLARATION

SHIP'S STORES DECLARATION

CREW'S EFFECTS DECLARATION

DECLARATION FOR FREE ENTRY OF UNACCOMPANIED ARTICLES

ENTRYAMMEDIATE DELIVERY

POWER OF ATTORNEY

DUTY PAID WAREHOUSE WITHDRAWAL FOR CONSUMPTION

GENERAL DECLARATION (OUTWARD/INWARD)

AIR CARGO MANIFEST

NOTICE OF EXPORTATION OF ARTICLES WITH BENEFIT OF DRAWBACK

4. ©© Look through the text "Trade Statistics in Great Britain" and note three thing's in the text which were new to you.

5. ©© Look through the following terms on economics. Underline seven terms that you know pretty well. Encircle three terms which are new to you.

asset balance

sheet

off shore bank

pyramiding


bank draft

cashiers check

common stock

draft

holding company

letter of credit

shell

tax avoidance

tax evasion

transfer agent

wash trading

wire transfer

Show your results to your partner. Compare your lists of words. Study the economic terms.

ASSET BALANCE - property and claims against others.

SHEET - an accounting statement which shows the amount of a company's assets, liabilities and capital as of a given date.

BANK DRAFT - a negotiable security in which the maker is a bank, but the instrument is drawn against funds on demand - it differs from a cashier's check in that it is not a primary obligation of the bank, as it is drawn against a depositor's funds. It differs from an ordinary check in that the maker is a bank instead of an individual.

CASHIERS CHECK - checks issued by banks themselves and signed by designated bank officers as makers - they can be purchased by bank customers and have the advantage of being safer than personal checks or other instruments in that the bank against which the check is written stands behind it.

COMMON STOCK - securities which represent the primary ownership interest of a corporation. The owners of these securities vote for the directors of the company.

DRAFT - a draft is an order in writing signed by one party (the drawer) requesting a second party (the drawee) to make a payment in lawful money at a determinable future time to a third party (the payee).

HOLDING COMPANY - a corporation which owns controlling interests in at least one but usually several other companies.


LETTER OF CREDIT - banking instrument issued by a bank on behalf of a buyer (usually of commercial goods) which specifies the terms and conditions of the product to be purchased from the seller, a bank that is chartered in a country where banking regulations are lax. More often than not, offshore banks are no more than "paper" institutions.

OFFSHORE BANK - using paper profits as the basis of additional margin with which to finance the purchase of more stock. The term also applies to the piling of one holding company on top of another.

PYRAMIDING - using paper profits as the basis of additional margin with which to finance the purchase of more stock. The term also applies to the piling of one holding company on top of another.

SHELL - a company that at one time was trading on a stock exchange but for some reason became defunct. A shell corporation will have no assets but will have stock outstanding in the hands of shareholders.

TAX AVOIDANCE - managing of financial matters so as to lower taxes as much as is legally possible.

TAX EVASION - not paying taxes owed. This is illegal.

TRANSFER AGENT - the person or firm who accounts for the changes of ownership in a company's shares and makes certain that shares redeemed and issued are genuine.

WASH TRADING - entering into transactions for the purpose of giving the appearance that purchases and sales are being or have been made.

WIRE TRANSFER - a transfer of funds by bank to bank credits.

6. Look through-h the texts 1, 2 again and write out all nouns which are economic terms.

7. In pairs decipher the following- abbreviations used in telexes, as in the given model:


1. Model:

- What does SOONEST mean?

- / think it means "as soon as possible".

2. Model:

- Do you know what these abbreviations stand for?

- I think, GB stands for Great Britain.

$ sq. UK m GBapprox. К p. m. % EEC

3. Model:

- Do you know the abbreviations for these words?

- Yes, I do. For example, "Mr" is for "Mister".

avenue Centigrade

Misterpound

limited Fahrenheit

company degree

Televisionand

8. (У) Look through the following excerpts from Customs documentation. From what documents have they been taken?


Prepare a short talk (about a minute) on what each document is used for.

Begin with: I think ..., I believe ..., As far as I could gather from the clipping..., If I'm not mistaken ..., It seems to me ..., etc.

9. Look through text 2 and write out all words and expressions connected with "statistics". Translate them into Russian.

10. What is "punch-card accounting system" and in what connection

does the word combination appear in text 2?

11. © Study the given diagram below and read the text following it.


1. ORDER 2. INVOICE 3. DELIVERY INSTRUCTION 4. TRANSPORT INS. 5. INFO. 6. MANIFEST 7. GOODS DECL. 8.INFO. 9. GOODS DECL. 10 &11. GOODS RELEASE.

CUSTOMS EDI RELATIONSHIPS

It is well known that international trade is a complex web of procedures and documentation. The movement of goods from buyer to seller also necessitates the transfer of vast quantities of data not only between those two parties but also between a large number of other trade participants of which Customs is one.

International trade places a very serious responsibility on Customs as the world moves away from paper and towards EDI.

Many large companies which trade internationally have adopted EDI that is often linked to a chain in which the links are the various trade participants. So, if one of those participants or links is not an EDI user then the consequences for the others are extremely serious. If that participant is Customs then a great many of the potential benefits of EDI for all concerned will be lost. It is absolutely vital therefore that Customs administrations around the world consider EDI not only in the light of the benefits it can bring to themselves and to the trading community but also take account of the consequences of their not adopting EDI on international trade in general and on the economy of their country in particular.

©©© Discuss with your classmates the consequences of not adopting EDI

©© on international trade in general and on the economy of your country © in particular.

12. Scan the following texts and write down the names of all the documents mentioned in the two texts.

I

The letter of the State Customs Committee of the RF of 6 November 1997 states that in accordance with the

"Procedure for Returning Excessively Paid or Collected Customs Payments", a decision on refunding excessively paid

or collected Customs payments may be adopted upon mandatory submission of the following documents to the

Customs authority:

- written application of the taxpayer with a request for a refund, with indication of

the reason for excessive payment or collection of Customs payments;

- copies of the documents on the basis of which Customs payments were calculated

and collected;

- payment document confirming the payment of due Customs, with a note of

execution from the authorized bank.

II

The directions of the State Customs Committee of the RF of 17 October 1997 ensure confirmation of the actual

export of goods and vehicles outside the Customs territory, when the applicant submits the following documents to

the Customs in the area of activity:

- written application with a request for confirmation of export of goods, with

the mandatory indication of the name of the Customs office which clears the goods,

description and quantity of the goods, the number of the cargo Customs declaration,

the name of the clearance check-point, the date of the actual border crossing, etc.;

- copy of the cargo Customs declaration returned to the declarant upon

clearance of goods.

©©© Compare your work with other students' answers in class.

©©

©


13. Where do you come across the following inscriptions? Give Russian equivalents.

I

English Russian

net weight

consignor

country of destination

contract No....

package No....

port (station) of destination

consignee

II

contract No....

trans. No....

case No....

net weight

gross weight

dimensions of the case in cm.

III

top

handle with care

do not turn over

counterfeit, deceit, deceived, fabrication, dummy, fake, faking, falsehood, forged,

forger, forgeries, fraudulent, imitation, manipulation, sham, simulation

14. (У)(У) Insert the right word. Choose from:

1. Immigration control noticed the ________ passport.


2. The paintings had been produced by a clever art __________.

3.This watch made by a _________ , but it looks like the original.

4. __________ is an object which is made to look real or valuable to deceive people.

5. These banknotes are ___________.

6. I had no way of knowing if a gun in his hand was a ________or real.

7. The evidence he gave in court was complete _________.

8. _________is keeping the truth hidden, especially to get an advantage.

9. The story is about money laundering, fraud and ________on an incredible scale.

10. ___________means lying. It is often used by politicians to avoid accusing people of lying.

11. That jewelry looks __________ to me.12. They claim that the fall in unemployment is based on a ___________of statistics.

13. It is not real silk - it's just __________.14. Is that real fur on your coat? - No, it's___________.15. He admitted to________ famous pictures and selling them around the world.16. He was quite _________ by her _________ of sorrow.17. The police suspect that the device is not a real bond but a ____________.18. The __________Squad is a department in the British police force which discovers and takes action against business __________.

15. Chain translation (Eng-lish-Russian-Eng-lish).

When goods are brought into the UK from third

countries they are subject to a number of customs and other requirements prior to their release to the importer. These requirements involve the provision of information to

Customs in order that the goods be properly controlled, accounted for and the customs charges secured before they leave the Customs area of the port/ airport.



Second thoughts are best.

17. Translate and explain the meaning of the following words and phrases.

The total value of all goods sold in a trading period is called

a) gross profit

b) total markup

c) turnover

d) net profit

18. Give your comments.

If a nation anything more than freedom, it will lose its freedom; and the irony of it is that if it is comfort or money that it values more, it will lose that too.

W.S.Maugham

Write down five words that come to your mind when you hear the words Customs documents.

19. Compare your words with your partner's choice. Check your word lists with the given semantic map on Customs Documents.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

UNIT 6. HARMONIZED SYSTEM

inconsistencies of opinion, arising from changes of circumstanced, are often justifiable.

D. Webster

PRE-READING

Exercise 1. The text on the following pages gives a brief history of how the Harmonized System was developed. Look at the words and phrases given below. All of them come from the text. Use them to predict what sort of ideas you think the text will contain.

to adopt

to complete

to result in

to facilitate international trade

Exercise 2. List five more words which you might meet in the text.

English Russian

1. _________ __________

2. _________ ___________

3. _________ __________

4. _________ __________

5. _________ ____________

to classify to harmonize standardization commodity goods

UNIT 6 HARMONIZED SYSTEM


TEXT 1. HARMONIZED SYSTEM

From the earliest times, there has existed an interest in classifying goods. This interest usually arose from a desire on the part of authorities to impose taxes or tolls on goods being moved within their territories or across their territorial boundaries. Later, with the development of industrialized societies, it became important to know the level of such trade.

The first "goods classification systems" were very simple in nature, introducing an alphabetical list of goods to which a particular tax or toll (rate of duty) was applied or which were exempt from such levies. Later, it was realized that a goods classification system based on criteria other than the same tax treatment would be advantageous, and Customs tariffs based on the nature of the goods were developed, particular products being identified for differential tax or other treatment within this classification system.

At the same time, as the level and importance of international trade increased, everyone concerned became aware of the difficulties caused by differences in national Customs tariffs.

The efforts to produce a common world nomenclature designed to facilitate international trade spanned more than a century. They had led to the introduction of nomenclatures that at times had been used for both tariff and statistical purposes.

In 1831 Belgium presented its foreign trade statistics under three general headings: raw materials, produced and manufactured articles. In 1885 the International Institute of Statistics was founded to carry on the work of the


International Statistical Congresses held at the Hague (1869), St. Petersburg (1872) and Budapest (1876). However the first uniform statistical nomenclature to have been approved by international Convention was adopted at the Second International Conference on Commercial Statistics, held in Brussels (1913).

The idea of a common framework for Customs tariffs was put forward at the World Economic Conference (1927) and a draft Customs Nomenclature (the first version of which was completed in 1931 and revised in 1937) was prepared.

This Nomenclature, which came to be known as "The Geneva Nomenclature", comprised 991 headings, arranged in 86 chapters which were themselves grouped into 21 sections.

The drive for economic reconstruction and the desire for greater freedom of trade which characterized the post-war period created favourable conditions for the standardization of Customs tariffs. The work done by the European Customs Union (from 1948 onwards) was based on the Geneva Nomenclature, which was the only standard framework of its kind available at that time. Nevertheless, considerable amendments were made to the Geneva text, partly to reflect technical progress and partly because of shortcomings revealed by the experience of countries which had already adopted Geneva-type tariffs. It was decided that the headings of the Nomenclature should be established by a Convention. It was thus this 1949 draft which, re-arranged, abridged and simplified, was incorporated into the Brussels Convention of 15 December 1950 on "Nomenclature for the Classification of Goods in Customs Tariffs", initially known as the "Brussels (Tariff) Nomenclature" (BTN); but in 1974 it was renamed the "Customs Co-operation Council Nomenclature" (CCCN).

129

In the late 1960s there was a growing awareness amongst all concerned with international trade of the need to rationalize and harmonize trade


documentation data and, in particular, to harmonize the designation and coding of countries, units of quality, modes of transport, transport hauling requirements and, not least, commodities. Indeed, it had been found that a commodity could be categorized up to 17 times in the course of a single international transaction. The exploratory studies and preparatory work carried out under the auspices of the CCC resulted in the completion of the "Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System11 and the establishment of a new international Convention for its implementation (1983).


goods classification system

world nomenclature

draft Customs Nomenclature

common framework for Customs tariffs

to make amendments trade documentation data designation and coding of countries

hauling/ transportation requirements

Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS)

система классификации товаров международная номенклатура проект таможенной номенклатуры

общая структура для таможенных тарифов

вносить поправки

данные по торговой документации

обозначение и кодирование, принятое в разных странах

требование к транспортировке

Гармонизированная Система описания и кодирования товаров (ГС)


Exercise 3. Look through the text and write out all international words. Consult a dictionary.

Exercise 4. Write out all adjectives from the text. Translate them into Russian. Use a dictionary. Supply synonyms.


Exercise 5. Match the words from the text with their corresponding definitions.

1. toll

2. levy

3. nomenclature

4. framework

5. amendment

6. draft

7. commodity

8. adopt

9. approve

10. auspices

a) the basic structure, arrangement or system

b) any article of commerce

c) a correction, revision or change

d) payment, tax

e) confirm, agree to

f) collecting of a tax or another payment

g) to vote to accept

h) patronage, protection

i) system of naming

j) preliminary plan or sketch of writing

Exercise 6. Match the nouns to the verbs with which they are commonly used. The answers can be found in the text.

1. to impose

2. to facilitate

3. to adopt

4. to create

5. reveal

6. to make

7. to harmonize

8. to designate

9. to carry out

10. to result in

a) shortcomings

b) conditions

c) amendments

d) taxes and tolls

e) tariffs

f) international trade

g) a commodity

h) preparatory work

i) the completion

j) documentation data

B.

Use the expressions from the text to replace the words in italics in the following

sentences.

1. Considerable changes were introduced into the Geneva text.

2. From the earliest times there has been a desire on the part of authorities to pay

duties on goods being moved across their territorial boundaries.


3. A common world nomenclature was designed to help the international exchange

of goods.

4. Shortcomings of the Geneva-text were revealed by the experience of countries

which had already accepted Geneva-type lists of taxes.

5. The drive for economic reconstruction and the desire for greater freedom of trade

during the post-war period brought about favourable circumstances for the standardization of Customs tariffs.

6. It had been found that a product could be defined up to 17 times in the course of a

simple international transaction.

7. The experience of countries which had already adopted Geneva-type tariffs

showed the drawbacks of the Geneva text.

8. The exploratory studies of the CCC brought about the accomplishment of the

Harmonized System.

9. There was a growing awareness of the need to rationalize and bring into accord

trade documentation data.

10. Preparatory work was conducted under the auspices of the CCC.

Exercise 7. Find the words in the text which have similar meanings to those listed below.

A.

1. aim

2. established

3. beneficial, convenient

4. defects

5. accessible

6. plan

7. define, characterise

8. enlarge, grow

9. confirm

10. disclose

B. Now translate the following questions making use of the words above.

1. С какой целью используются номенклатуры?

2. Кто должен был одобрить первую всеобщую статистическую номенклатуру?


3. Когда был подготовлен первый вариант проекта Таможенной номенклатуры?

4. Что создало благоприятные условия для стандартизации таможенных

тарифов?

5. Какой документ был в распоряжении Европейского Таможенного Союза как

единственная основа для будущего Таможенного Тарифа?

6. Когда был основан Международный институт статистики?

7. Кем были обнаружены недостатки Женевского текста номенклатуры?

8. Почему было так важно создать международную систему для того, чтобы

классифицировать товары?

Exercise 8. Make sentences, putting words in correct order.

1. important, of, it, to know, trade, the, such, later, became, level.

2. goods, on, tariffs, the, nature, Customs, were, of, based, developed.

3. span, common, efforts, a, than, century, to produce, more, nomenclature, the,

world, a.

4. adopted, Brussels, statistical, the first, at, the second, in, uniform, was, conference,

nomenclature, international.

5. economic, favourable, the, Customs, drive, tariffs, standardization, the,

reconstruction, created, for, of, conditions, for.

6. amendments, to reflect, the, considerable, progress, Geneva, time, the, technical,

of, made, to, text, were, the.

7. it, headings, be, by, nomenclature, was, the, of, should, a convention, decided,

that, the, established.

8. need, there, trade, a, to harmonize, data, was, awareness, the, documentation,

growing, of.

9. can, a, designated, course, in, 17, of, single, transaction, times, commodity, be, up,

the, international, to, a.

10. the, CCC, studies, under, exploratory, out, of, auspices, the, were, carried, the.

Exercise 9. Look up the word "consignment" in a dictionary and write out all the meanings related to Customs issues.


CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

Exercise 10. Write out all the irregular verbs that you come across in the text. Make up sentences with these verbs.

Exercise 11. Read the following sentences from the text. Pay attention to the underlined participles.

The first "goods classification systems" were very simple in nature, introducing an alphabetical list of goods.

Later it was realized that a goods classification system based on criteria other than the same tax treatment would be advantageous.

Participle II

only passive

based

Participle I

active introducing

passive being introduced

Complete the following sentences on the left with the participle clauses on the right.

1. Customs tariffs____were developed.

2. Every one concerned became aware of the difficulties

3. In 1885 the International Institute of Statistics was founded to carry on the work of the International Statistical Congress .

4. The Geneva Nomenclature comprised 991 headings

5. The work was based on the Geneva nomenclature.

6. Considerable amendments were made to the Geneva text, partly because of shortcomings.

a) caused by differences in national Customs tariffs

b) done by the European Customs Union

c) based on the nature of goods

d) revealed by the experience of countries which had already adopted Geneva-type tariffs

e) carried out under the auspices of the CCC.

f) held at the Hague in 1869


7. There was a growing awareness' amongst all of the need.

8. This interest arose from a desire on the part of authorities to impose taxes on goods.

9. The exploratory studies and preparatory work resulted in the completion of the HS.

10. Particular products were given in this classification system.

11 .The efforts to produce a common nomenclaturespanned more than a century.

12.This 1949 draft was incorporated into the Brussels convention

g) initially known as the "Brussels (Tariff) Nomenclature"

h) designed to facilitate international trade

i) arranged in 86 chapters

j) being moved within these territories

k) being identified for differential tax or other treatment.

1) concerned with international trade.

Exercise 12. Read the text again, identifying which form of the article is used with the following nouns: the definite article (the), the indefinite article (a/an), or no article. Can you explain why? Fill in the table below.

the a/ an —

first, interest, nature, alphabetical list, international trade, Brussels, Brussels convention, Geneva text, common framework, only standard framework, economic restriction, raw material, Budapest, Belgium, Hague, second, Draft Nomenclature, post-war period, commodity, new convention.

Fill in the correct form of the article where necessary.

Later it was realized that ... goods classification system based on criteria other than ... same tax treatment would be advantageous, and ... Customs tariffs based on the nature of... goods were developed, particular products being identified r differential tax or other treatment within these classification systems.


Indeed, it had been found that... commodity could be designated up to 17 times in the course of... single international transaction. The exploratory studies and preparatory work carried out under ... auspices of... CCC resulted in the completion of ... "Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System" and the establishment of... new international Convention for its implementation (1983). In 1831 ... Belgium presented its foreign trade statistics under ... three general headings: ... raw material, produce and manufactured articles. In 1885 the International Institute of Statistics was founded to carry on ... work of the International Statistical Congresses held at... Hague (1869),... St. Petersburg (1872) and ... Budapest (1876).

Exercise 13. Read the following sentences from the text. Relative clauses are underlined.

The first "goods classification systems" were very simple in nature, consisting of an alphabetical list of goods to which a particular tax or toll (rate of duty) was applied or which were exempt from such levies.

They have led to the introduction of nomenclatures that at times have been used for both tariff and statistical purposes.

Choose the relative clause (a-g) which best completes each of the seven sentences (1-7) below.

a) which characterized the post-war period

b) which came to be known as "Geneva Nomenclature"

c) which was the only standard framework of its kind available at that time

d) which had already adopted Geneva-type tariffs

e) that was based on criteria other than the same tax treatment

f) that was carried out under the auspices of the CCC

g) which was incorporated into the Brussels Convention


1. Nevertheless, considerable amendments were made to the Geneva text, partly to

reflect technical progress and partly because of shortcomings revealed by the

experience of countries_____.

2. The exploratory studies and preparatory work ______ resulted in the completion of the HS.

3. The drive for economic reconstruction and the desire for greater freedom of trade ______ created favourable conditions for the standardization of Customs tariffs.

4. This 1949 draft ______ was renamed the "Customs Co-operation Council Nomenclature".

5. This Nomenclature, ______ , comprised 991 headings, arranged in 86 chapters which were themselves grouped in 21 sections.

6. Later it was realized that a goods classification system _______ would be advantageous.

7. The work done by the European Customs Union (from 1948 onwards) was based

on the Geneva Nomenclature,_______.

Exercise 14. Use the appropriate form of the verbs from the list to complete the sentences below (1 - 10). Use each verb only once.

Adopt

develop

create

complete

put forward

rename

make

carry out

found

incorporate

1. Customs tariffs based on the nature of the goods ______.

2. In 1885 the International Institute of Statistics

3.The first uniform statistical nomenclature _____ at the Second International Conference on Commercial Statistics.

4. The idea of a common framework for Customs Tariffs______ at the World Economic Conference in 1927.

5. The first version of a draft Customs Nomenclature ______ in 1931.

6. Considerable amendments ______ to the Geneva text.

7. "The Brussels Tariff Nomenclature ______ "The Customs Co-operation Council Nomenclature".


8. The exploratory studies and preparatory work _____ under the auspices of the ccc.

9. This 1949 draft ______ into the Brussels Convention of 15 December 1950.

10. Favourable conditions for the standardization of Customs tariffs _______.


1. Почему возникла необходимость классифицировать товары?

2. Какая система классификации товаров считалась лучшей (обладающей

преимуществами) ?

3. Почему было необходимо разработать общую международную

номенклатуру?

4. Когда и где была принята первая всеобщая статистическая номенклатура?

5. Что стали называть «Женевской номенклатурой»?

6. Что создало благоприятные условия для стандартизации таможенных

тарифов?

7. Почему в Женевский текст были внесены значительные поправки?

8. Что осознали все страны, заинтересованные в международной торговле, в

конце 60-х?

9. Почему было так важно гармонизировать систему определения и

кодирования разных стран?

10. Чем закончились исследования и подготовительная работа, проводимые

под эгидой СТС?

Did you know?

ALL GREAT charges are irksome to the human mind, especially those which are attended with great dangers and uncertain effects.

C Wieland



TEXT 2.

KEEPING THE HS ALIVE

The development of the Harmonized System (HS) as a multi-purpose goods nomenclature was one of the best achievements of the World Customs Organization (WCO). The HS is now used all over the world, in millions of transactions every day, for a variety of purposes. Customs tariffs, trade statistics, internal taxes, freight tariffs, trade policy formulation and negotiations and determination of the origin of goods are just a few examples. Another important area is the tracking and control of goods of environmental and social concern, for which the application of the HS as an indispensable tool has been widely recognized. This function is now being strengthened.

Given that the sphere of influence of the HS as the common economic language for goods is ever expanding, its uniform application (interpretation of the text) by all users is the key to its success. Misclassification of goods could lead to loss of revenue, evasion of trade controls, delays in clearance and distortion of trade data. Equally important is the periodic updating of the HS in order to prevent it from becoming obsolete.

The activities of the Harmonized System Committee, the Sub-Committees (Scientific Sub-Committee and HS Review Sub-Committee) and the Nomenclature and Classification Directorate are directed mainly towards the above objectives. Part of the working time of the HS Committee and the Directorate is devoted to the settlement of international classification disputes and problems which need resolution at international level. The Directorate continues to be faced with more of such disputes and enquiries as the number of Contracting Parties continue to grow.


The number of classification questions submitted to the Committee would be much higher but for the advice provided by the Nomenclature and Classification Directorate to administrations on about 500 enquiries received every year. These arise on account of disputes in classification between administrations and the trade. The Directorate's considered opinion is accepted in most cases.

The updating of the HS is a continuous process, requiring constant effort by the WCO in a rapidly changing trade environment. A considerable amount of time and resources have to be devoted to this work in order to take account of the latest developments in technology, patterns of trade and the special needs of HS users. If the WCO fails to

perform this task, the HS will soon become a useless, outdated instrument. The preparation of the 1996 version involved the improvement of more than ten percent of Nomenclature necessitating substantial amendments to relevant HS publications.

Timely implementation by all HS users is very important, in order to avoid having different versions in existence at the same time, and consequent confusions in trade circle which could affect the reputation of the HS. Measures to assist Members with implementation are being taken in order to avoid such a situation.

The promotion of the HS in order to increase the number of HS users is one of the ongoing activities of WCO which contribute to the harmonization of Customs procedures and facilitation of international trade. The HS continues to widen its horizons as the number of users continue to grow. More vigorous efforts will be needed in the future to sustain this success, of which the WCO and its Members can justifiably be proud.

CHECK WORK


Exercise 17. Look through the text to find the answers to the following questions.


1. What examples can you give to prove that the HS is now used for a variety of

purposes?

2. What is important for the HS in order to prevent it from becoming obsolete?

3. Do you agree that the HS is one of the most important achievements? Why?

4. What committees are responsible for the settlement of international classification

disputes?

5. Why is the updating of the HS a continuous process? What should be taken into

account in this process?

6. What is the WCO doing now in order to keep the HS from becoming a useless

instrument?

7. What activities of the WCO facilitate international trade?

8. What can the WCO and its members be proud of?

9. How do you understand the expression "trade environment" ?

10. When did Russia become a member of WCO? How did it influence the work of

the Russian Customs Service?

Exercise 18. Make a short report summarizing some of the main ideas of the text.

* * *

Did you know?

The Americans were the first nation that refused to pay the Mediterranean pirates to let their vessels pass unmolested. For many years, other peoples had been paying; and since many of the pirates ships had headquarters in TARIFA, North Africa, the payment of blackmail was called tariff. Arabic «tarif» means explanation, from «arafa», to make known. Its

first English meaning was an arithmetic table; hence, a schedule of rates.


Follow up activities

1. Punctuate the following' text.

SPANISH VERSIONS OF THE HS TO BE "HARMONIZED"

A single Spanish version of the Harmonized System is being finalized on the initiative of the Mexican Customs Administration the Mexican Administration in its capacity as Secretary of the Multilateral Agreement on Co-operation and Mutual Assistance among Latin American Spanish and Portuguese Customs Administrations has promoted a

project to create the "Single Spanish Text" of the Harmonized System Spanish versions of the HS had been developed in the past by the Spanish Administration and by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) though both were based on the official English and French versions of the HS there were variations in the texts due to differences in interpretation the Mexican initiative which received the support of the Spanish Administration the Organization of American States OAS and ALADI was designed to resolve the interpretation problems through a series of seminars and workshops attended by Spanish-speaking HS experts and to arrive at an integrated version of the HS in Spanish the new Spanish version is expected to facilitate the uniform application of the HS in all Spanish-speaking countries.

©© Compare your result with your partner's version.

2. ©© Look through the following* five texts and find their headlines.Choose from:

a) The HS and Waste Control

b) Notice to HS Contracting Parties

c) UN Trade Data

d) Now on Sale


e) Management through HS

f) On the Road to 1996

g) Focus on HS

h) GATT

NB: There are more headlines than texts.

Text l

At its April session, the Harmonized System Committee agreed to proceed in the direction of examining specific categories of hazardous and other waste products, with a view to their separate identification in the HS for monitoring purposes.

Certain categories of waste products of urgent concern such as household/municipal waste, sewage sludge, laboratory and chemical waste, waste oil, etc. have been marked by the Committee for further studies to be conducted in consultation with administrations and concerned international organizations. The crucial role of the Harmonized System in the successful management of waste was underscored by the 2nd Conference of Contracting Parties and was echoed by the Representative of the Basel Convention Secretariat at the last meeting of the HS Committee.

Text 2

The first edition of the Harmonized System (HS) Commodity Data Base on CD-ROM (chemical sector) was recently published by the CCC.

The CD-ROM contains English and French descriptions of about 112 000 chemical products - many with trade names - together with their 6-digit HS codes. . -e Data Base offers the most sophisticated search facilities. The HS code number be ascertained by just keying in the description of the commodity or its trade. The Data Base also incorporates the entire HS Explanatory Notes - over 1600 - in both the officials languages of the Council. The CD-ROM contains the necessary software for adding the user's own remarks, for printouts, for direct of the Explanatory Notes and file transfers.

CCC Member administrations as well as the public can purchase the Data Base on CD-ROM with a comprehensive User's Guide for 4500 BF for the single user version and 10000 BF for the network version.


Text3

The identification of important categories of waste in the Harmonized System in order to facilitate transboundary movements will be one of the major points for the next HS review, which is expected to start shortly. Separate identification of certain specific waste, laboratory and chemical wastes, sewage sludge, waste oils, etc. is already on the Agenda.

The Secretariat has continued its consultations with other international organizations dealing with the question of waste, with a view to formulating appropriate proposals. One of the items under examination is the correlation between the HS and the OECD System of wastes for recovery (the green, amber and red lists of wastes).

The Harmonized System Committee is currently considering the timing, scope and procedure for the next review cycle; and certain policy issues and methodologies concerning the separate identification of waste products in the HS.

Text 4

The Harmonized System (HS) is being incorporated into the United Nations international trade data base (COMTRADE). COMTRADE is maintained by the Statistical Division of the United Nations (UNSTAT) and is based on the SITC.

An Interagency Task Force on International Trade Statistics was set up in 1992 for improving the flow of trade statistics and the international comparability of trade data.

The Task Force has been looking into the question of incorporating the HS format into the COMTRADE data base. Work has already started and a test data base, consisting of the SITC data for EFTA and Latin American countries reformatted into the HS, has been made available on line to authorized users of COMTRADE for some time. The trial has not indicated any problems. It is expected that the production version of the modified COMTRADE data base will be ready for implementation shortly.


Text 5

Some 400 amendments have been made to the Harmonized System. In order to keep the Harmonized System truly harmonized it is necessary that Contracting Parties and other users of the HS implement the amendments in their Customs tariff and statistical nomenclatures on 1 January 1996, the date scheduled for simultaneous change - over to the new version.

In view of the extensive nature of the amendments, a large number of the present HS Codes will be non-existent in 1996, giving way to new codes and resulting in entirely different classifications for hundreds of products.

Thus, delayed implementation by administration could result in the existence of different versions at the same time. This would inevitably result in confusion in trade circles, delay and extra costs.

3. ©©© The class is split into 2 teams to play the "Terminology game". A ©© student who names the term faster than the others gets a point. © The team which has the greater number of points wins the game.

Terminology GAME

I. Name the term:

1) the process of releasing goods from Customs;

2) an agent who holds stocks of goods;

3) the area in which sales are made;

4) shops selling direct to consumers;

5) money which has to be paid when goods enter a country;


6) statement of price;

7) a reward to an agent in terms of percentage;

8) a place where building work is in progress;

9) not paying taxes owed. This is illegal.;

10) a firm owned by another firm;

11) a transfer of funds by bank to bank credits;

12) managing of financial matters so as to lower taxes as much as is

legally possible.

Say what the letters stand for:

l)cif

2)B/L

3) T.T.

4)ONARR.

5) MOM

6)EEE

7) DOCS

8)WCO

9)C/R

10)dis

11) GBP

12) DOC

13) DOT

14) CIS

15)GSP

16)HS

17)WIPO

4. © Translate the following into Russian in the written form on a separate sheet of paper.

The HS is now applied world-wide, every day, in millions of transactions, because of its status as the most modern, reliable and uniformly applied nomenclature.

Give your translation to your partner. Ask him to translate it back into English. Check his translation with the given text in the book.

5. Answer the following questions (make notes in your workbook).

1. WhatisGATT?

2. When and where was it signed?

3. What are the main principles underlying GATT?

4. What charges on imports are members of GATT entitled to levy?


©©© Go around the class and talk to' three different people. Ask them the

©© same questions (from the list above), write down their answers.

© Compare your notes with your classmates' answers. Do their answers

surprise you? Check the answers with the Key. Discuss the results in

class.

Make use of the following phrases:

If I'm not mistaken ... As far as I know ... I've heard that...

For all I know… In my opinion… I think...

6. Fill in the following- table.

How often do you do these things?

always usually often sometimes not often never

work on a computer

argue with peopletake riskstalk about HStell jokeswish things were different

act as coordinator for International export enforcementdirect screening and license review operations

7. ©© Read the following:

The HS (Harmonized System) is the international product nomenclature used by more than 150 countries as a basis for their national Customs tariffs and for the collection of trade statistics.


Now you have to find 13 users of HS in the following list:

- Customs administrations

- Sportsmen

- Customs brokers

- Importers and exporters

- Manufactures

- Freight forwarders

- Universities

- Transport organizations

- Intergovernmental organizations

- World Health Organization

- Pre-shipment inspection companies

- Customs lawyers

- Statisticians

- Economists

- Trade libraries

- Police

- Trade associations and organizations

- Dog handlers

8. ©©© Bring American and British publications containing the following ©© words to class. Read the article (document, report, letter, book ...) © to your classmates and ask them to translate orally.


9. Prove:

There is nothing more difficult to take in hand or more uncertain in its success than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things.

N.Machiavelli

10. Fill in the Cable "False Friends". Consult the dictionary if necessary.

FALSE FRIENDS


актуальный present current topical

actual

комбинация scheme petticoat combination

комплекция build constitution complexion

перспектива prospects plans perspective

оказия opportunity occasion

проблема concern responsibility

problem

проект plans scheme draft project



Birds of a feather flock together.

12. ©©© Complete the sentence:

©©

A bank is a place where __________________________________________

Now read what R. Frost thought about it.

A bank is a place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain

Robert Frost

13.Write down five words that come to your mind when you hear or come across the words Harmonized System.

Compare your list with your partner's words. Check your word lists with the given semantic map on Harmonized System.

©©© Discuss the results in class.

©©

©

1. ____________________________

2. ____________________________

3. ____________________________

4. ____________________________

5. ____________________________

#