Government at a Glance 2015

Country Fact Sheetwww.oecd.org/gov/govataglance.htm

G@G /data

G@G /data

Finland’s underlying fiscal situation is better than the OECD average, but its debt and deficit have grown considerably as a percentage of GDP

Finland’s gross debt has increased rapidly in recent years, though it remains well below the OECD average of 109.3%. Gross debt grew from 39.1% of GDP in 2007 to 64.8% in 2013 and 71.1% in 2014. The last year that Finland had a positive fiscal balance was in 2007, with 5.1% of the GDP. It has been in deficit each year since, registering -3.2% of GDP in 2014. In structural adjusted terms, the underlying fiscal deficit if some-what lower (-1.6% of potential GDP in 2014). This is below the OECD average (-3.6%), and is expected to further decrease in 2015 and 2016.

Chapter 2: Public finance and economicsGeneral government debt as a percentage of GDPGeneral government fiscal balance as a percentage of GDPGeneral government structural balance as a percentage of potential GDP

Requirements to disclose private interests are low across the public sector, with no require-ment for parliamentarians to disclose assets

Disclosure of private interests of public officials can be an effective tool, alongside other mechanisms, in managing conflict of interest. Legislated requirements of disclosure of private interests in Finland are below the OECD average for all three branches government (executive, legislative and judicial), as well as for “at risk” occupations such as procurement agents and tax and customs officials. Finland is one of only two OECD countries where there are no obligations for members of the legislative branch regarding asset declarations.

Chapter 7: Public Sector IntegrityLevel of Disclosure and public availability of private interests across branches of government

Finnish citizens are generally satisfied with their public services, particularly with education

Citizen satisfaction with the education system remains well above the OECD average, increasing 5 p.p. between 2007 and 2014. This coincides with above OECD average equality of educational opportunities in Finland, where socio-economic background is less of a factor for explaining student’s performance than on average in the OECD. Finnish students are also consistently among the top performers on PISA tests (al-though the average score has decreased compared to the early 2000s). Citizen confidence with the judicial system is also well above the OECD average, whereas citizen satisfaction with the health care system is very close to the OECD average in 2014 and has remained relatively stable between 2007 and 2014.

Chapter 12: Serving CitizensCitizens’ satisfaction with the health care systemCitizens’ satisfaction with the education systemPercentage of variance in PISA mathematics score explained by socio-economic backgroundEvolution of PISA mean score in mathematicsCitizens ‘confidence with the judicial system

Finland

Government revenues(2013, 2014)

Government expenditures(2013, 2014)

Government gross debt *(2013, 2014)

% of GDP % of GDP % of GDP

Source: OECD National Accounts Source: OECD National Accounts Source: OECD National Accounts

G@G /dataG@G /data

-15% -10% 0%-5% +5% +10% +15%

Finland

-4.2%-3.2%

2013 2013

-2.5%

2014

Fiscal balance *(2013, 2014)

% of GDP

Public investment(2013, 2014)

% of of total govt. expenditures

How to read the figures:

Finland

Country value in blue (not represented if not available)

Average of OECD countries in green

Range of OECD country values in grey

Public Finance & Economics Public Employment & Compensation

Public Finance and Economics

GOVERNMENT INPUTS: FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES

29.3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

62.5%Finland

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

2013

41.9%

58.7%(2014)

57.8%(2013)

Finland

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

2013

7.8%

7.1%(2014)

7.1%(2013)

Finland

64.8%

2013

71.1% 100%

0%2014

109.3%100%

0% 2013

0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%

Finland

Source: OECD National Accounts. * See Notes

Values have been rounded. n.a. refers to

data not available

Source: OECD/Eurostat National Accounts* SNA definition, see Notes

Public Employment and Compensation

G@G /data

58.0%

n.a.Finland

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Public sector employment filled by women (2013)

Source: International Labour Organization (database)

Share of women ministers(2015)

Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union Parline Database

Public sector employmentas % of total employment (2013)

Source: International Labour Organization (database)

21.3%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

n.a.Finland

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

2013

37.7%

55.5%(2014)

55.2%(2013)

Finland

GOVERNMENT PROCESSES

Institutions Regulatory Governance Public Procurement Public Sector Integrity Digital Government

Digital Gov.

High Moderate Low

30%59%11%

LowFinland

G@G /data

Level ofinfluence of the

Centre of Governmentover line ministries

(2013)

Institutions

Source: OECD 2013 Survey on Centre of Government

Women in Government

Primary lawsSubordinateregulations

Stakeholder engagement to inform o�cials about the problem and

possible solutions

Primary lawsSubordinateregulations

Consultation on draft regulations or proposed rules

For some primary laws

For all primary laws

For all subordinate regulations

For all primary laws /subordinate regulations

For major primary laws /subordinate regulations

For some primary laws /subordinate regulations

NeverNotapplicable

For some subordinate regulations

3%15%65%15%2%

6%9%

62%23%0%

68%6%

18%6%2%

53%18%24%5%0%

Finland

G@G /data

Source: OECD Regulatory Policy Outlook (forthcoming)

Stakeholder engagement and consultation (2014)

Regulatory Governance

Strategic public procurement - Objectives(2014)

G@G /data

Public Procurement

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

29.0%

50%

32.0%

Finland

Source: OECD National Accounts

Procurement expenditure(2013)

% of government expenditures

Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Public Procurement

Public Sector Integrity

2632

6444

Judicial Branch “At risk” areasLegislative BranchExecutive Branch

Low level

Medium level

High level

42

FinlandFinlandFinlandFinland

0

2717

Level of disclosure of private interestsacross branches of government

(2014)

Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Managing Conflict of Interest in the Executive Branch and Whistleblower Protection

0.58

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0.64Finland

OURdata Index:Open, Useful, ReusableGovernment Data (2014)

Composite indexfrom 0 lowest to 1 highest

Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Open Government Data

Support for greenpublic procurement

A strategy / policy has been developed by some procuring entities

A strategy / policy has been developed at a central level

Support forSMEs

Support for innovativegoods and services

13 26 1

A strategy / policy has been rescinded

A strategy / policy has never been developed

2 10 25 0 3 10 23 0 3

Finland

GOVERNMENT OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES

Notes Fiscal balance as reported in the System of National Accounts (SNA) framework, also referred to as net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of government, is calculated as total government revenues minus total government expenditures. Structural fiscal balance, or underlying balance, represents the fiscal balance adjusted for the state of the economic cycle (as measured by the output gap which resulted as the dif ference between actual and potential GDP) and one-off fiscal operations. Government gross debt is reported according to the SNA definition, which dif fers from the definition applied under the Maastricht Treaty. It is defined as all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. All debt instruments are liabilities, but some liabilities such as shares, equity and financial derivatives are not debt.

Core Government Results and Service Delivery

Out of pocket expenditure as a % of final household consumption Access to healthcare (2012)

Source: OECD Health Statistics 2014

Satisfaction and confidence across public services (2014)

71%

Judicial system

Education system

69%

20

40

60

80

100

Health care

67%81%

54%74%

National government42%47%

Finland

Average

Range

Source: Gallup World Poll

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

FinlandTop10%

1.5%

Bottom10%

0.2%

Top10%

Bottom10%

-1.6% -0.8%

Changes in household disposable income,by income group (2007-2011)

Source: OECD Income Distribution Database

Limited government powers(2014)

Finland0.88

0.76

[0.37-0.92]

Source: The World Justice Project

Equity in learning outcomes (2012)PISA mathematics score variance by socio economic background

14.8%

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

9.4%Finland

Source: OECD, PISA 2012 results: Excellence through equity, 2013

% of citizens expressing confidence/satisfaction

Government at a Glance 2015With a focus on public administration, OECD Government at a Glance 2015 provides readers with a dashboard of key indicators assembled with the

goal of contributing to the analysis and international comparison of public sector performance across OECD countries. Indicators on public finances

and employment are provided alongside composite indexes summarising aspects of public management policies, and indicators on services to

citizens in health care, education, and justice. Government at a Glance 2015 also includes indicators on key governance and public management

issues, such as regulatory management, budgeting practices and procedures, public sector integrity, public procurement and core government

results in terms of trust in institutions, income redistribution and efficiency and cost-effectiveness of governments.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/gov_glance-2015-en

The Excel spreadsheets used to create the tables and figures in Government at a Glance 2015 are available via the StatLinks provided throughout the publication:

For more information on the data (including full methodology and figure notes)and to consult all other Country Fact Sheets: www.oecd.org/gov/govataglance.htm

2.8%

0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%

2.9%Finland