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Lauxaniidae
What do flies do?
SCHIZOPHORA
BRACHYCERA
CALYPTRATAE
TEPHRITOIDEA
SCIOMYZOIDEA
LAUXANIOIDEA
EPHYDROIDEA
TABANOMORPHA
ASILOIDEASTRATIOMYOMORPHA
BIBIONO-MORPHA
PSYCHODO-MORPHA
CYCLO-RRHAPHA
EMPI-DOIDEA
Hilarimorphidae
Finding the Fly Tree of Life
Ironomyiidae(ironic flies)
Nannodastiidae
Braulidae(bee lice)
Somatiidae
Marginidae
Canacidae(beach flies)
Syringogastridae
Neminidae(nobody flies)
Inbiomyiidae
Cypselosomatidae
Ulidiidae(picture-winged
flies)
Ctenostylidae
Neurochaetidae(upside-down
flies)
Strongylophthalmyiidae
Xenasteiidae
Australimyzidae
Anthomyzidae
Megamerinidae
Teratomyzidae(fern flies)
Gobryidae
Huttoninidae
FLIES & FLY DIVERSITY
Nothybidae
Tephritidae(true fruit flies)
Psilidae(rust flies)
Fergusoninidae(eucalypt gall flies)
Pantophthalmidae
Agromyzidae(leaf-mining flies)
Opomyzidae
Acartophthalmidae
Platypezidae(flat-footed flies)
Milichiidae(freeloader flies)
Sepsidae(ant-like scavenger flies)
Fanniidae(small house flies)
Blephariceridae(net-winged
midges)
Mystacinobiidae(New Zealand
bat flies)
Glossinidae(tsetse flies)
Coelopidae(seaweed flies)
Photo Credits: www.bugguide.net: Tom Murray (live shots, 55 families); Stephen Luk (Dixidae, Chamaemyiidae, Pipunculidae); Andrew Gale (Neriidae); Gayle & Jeanell Strickland (Calliphoridae, Sciomyzidae, Tanyderidae, Muscidae); Gary McDonald (Carnidae, Scatopsidae); Phillip Kline (Oestridae); Kevin Hall (Pachyneuridae); Lynn & Gene Monroe (Granite Ridge Nature Institute) (Apioceridae); Steve Kortum (Nemestrinidae); Edward Trammel (Acroceridae, Culicidae, Syrphidae, Xylomyidae); Ilona Loser (Anthomyzidae); Lynette Schimming (Platypezidae); Keith Bayless (NCSU) (Ropalomeridae, Richardiidae); Shaun Winterton (Apystomyiidae, Apsilocephalidae, Scenopinidae); Mike Boone (Pyrgotidae); www.diptera.info: Jorge Almeida (Phaeomyiidae, Helcomyzidae, Hippoboscidae); Dmitry Gavrushin (Canthyloscelidae); Vida van der Walt (Curtonotidae); Albert de Wilde (Heterocheilidae); Takeyuki Nakamura (Nymphomyiidae); Ramon Batlle (Vermileonidae); Ben Hamers (Opetiidae, Tanypezidae); Arthur Anker (Pantophthalmidae); Walter Pfliegler (Thaumaleidae); other sources: Karsten Sund (www.sciaroidea.info) (Ditomyiidae, Diadocidiidae); Alex Wild (www.myrmecos.net) (Cryptochaetidae, Odiniidae, Piophilidae); Matt Bertone (NCSU) (Chaoboridae, Lauxaniidae, Micropezidae, Rhinophoridae, Tabanidae); Alessandra Rung (Cal. Dept. Food & Agric.) (Aulacigastridae); Robert Copeland (ICIPE) (Mormotomyiidae); David McClenaghan (CSIRO Entomology) (Pelecorrhynchidae); Rod Morris, New Zealand Geographic (www.nzgeographic.co.nz) (Mystacinobiidae); www.munisanignacio.gob.pe (Tachiniscidae); Isaac Winkler (NCSU) (remaining specimen shots); from published literature: D.K. McAlpine (1997) Rec. Australian Mus. 49:167-194 (Gobryidae); Jaschhof & Didham (2002) Studia Dipt. Suppl. 11(Rangomaramidae); Colless (1990) Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 26:351-353 (Valeseguyidae); Geoffrey Attardo (2008) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2(3) (Glossinidae); Nadine Maynard, Zloty et al. (2005) Syst. Entomol. 30:248-266 (Oreoleptidae); Jill Marie Mullett, Yeates et al. (2003) Syst. Entomol. 28:417-431 (Evocoidae); F. Zeledón, Buck (2006) Syst. Entomol. 31:377-404 (Inbiomyiidae).
Asteiidae
Lonchaeidae(lance flies) Carnidae
Micropezidae(stilt-legged flies)
Aulacigastridae
Periscelididae
Neriidae(cactus flies)
decomposers
fungi
living plants
predators
invertebrateparasitoids
vertebrateparasites
aquatic
LARVAE: ADULTS:
pollinators
blood-feeding
predators
vertebrateparasites
When you think of a "fly," chances are you picture one of only a few common pest species: perhaps the house fly (Musca domestica), the laboratoryfruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), or the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae). In fact, there are over 154,000 known species of flies, most of which are rarely noticed by a
casual observer, and never bother humans. They are found nearly everywhere on earth, from Antarctica to the rain forest. Please take a minute to explore the fascinating diversity of flies.
What is a fly? Flies make up the order Diptera, meaning "two wings"; nearlyall other insects have four wings. "Higher" flies (Brachycera) havea highly developed flight mechanism, and some of these (such ashorse flies) are among the fastest and most agile insects in flight. Unlike other insects, adult flies cannot chew their food. Instead, their mouthparts are modified for either piercing and sucking (to feed on blood or nectar), or sponging (to lap up fluids). Fly larvae(maggots) are also distinctive in having no legs, and most alsohave no visible head. Apart from these basic features, flies comein a many different colors, shapes, and sizes.
The great biological diversity of flies makes them important to man andnature in many different ways. Although we may be disgusted by fliesbreeding in our waste and filth, they have a very important role as decomposers in nature. Others are serious agricultural pests, feeding on crops and livestock, or are beneficial parasites and predators of unwanted pests. In addition, flies serve as pollinators. Many plants, including cacao (the source of chocolate), are dependent on fly pollinators. Some flies do deservetheir bad name - bloodsucking flies such as mosquitoes serve as vectors for dangerous diseases, including malaria, yellow fever, and leishmaniasis, and are responsible for millions of deaths annually.
Dipterists (scientists who study flies) classify flies into about150 different families. Each of these has its own unique structureand way of life. The first flies appeared over 250 million years ago,before the time of the dinosaurs, and looked much like modern craneflies, but biggest "explosion" of fly diversity (especially in the group Schizophora) has happened in the last 70 million years. Possible relationships between fly families are shown on this phylogeny ("familytree"), based on new research by an international team of dipterists. Bycomparing anatomical structure and DNA sequences from each of the fly families, we are learning exciting new details about the evolution of flies.
The importance of flies Fly evolution
Poster: Isaac Winkler, North Carolina State University, Sept. 2011 (ver. 4)
This research was performed by the FLYTREE consortium, an international collaboration led by Brian Wiegmann (NC State University). Funding provided by the US National Science Foundation (EF-0334948)For more information, see: www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/FLYTREEWiegmann et al. (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1012675108
Helosciomyzidae
Natalimyzidae
XylophagidaeXylomyidae
Apioceridae
Asilidae(robber flies)
Pallopteridae(flutter flies)
PyrgotidaeTachiniscidae
Chamaemyiidae(silver flies)
Phaeomyiidae
Sciomyzidae(marsh flies)
Phoridae(scuttle flies)
Pipunculidae(big-headed flies)
Cryptochetidae
Bombyliidae(bee flies)
Acroceridae(small-headed flies)
Mydidae(mydas flies)
Nemestrinidae(tangle-veined flies)
Empididae(dance flies)
Syrphidae(flower flies)
Celyphidae(beetle flies)
Piophilidae(skipper flies)
Chyromyidae
Helcomyzidae
Diopsidae(stalk-eyed flies)
Ephydridae(shore flies)
SCIAROIDEA
Opetiidae
Chloropidae(grass flies)
Curtonotidae(quasimodo flies)
Drosophilidae(vinegar flies)
Dryomyzidae
Muscidae(house flies)
Cecidomyiidae(gall midges)
Platystomatidae(signal flies)
Ropalomeridae
Sarcophagidae(flesh flies)
3094spp.
Stratiomyidae(soldier flies)
Tipulidae (crane flies)
Mormotomyiidae
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Nymphomyiidae
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Trichoceridae(winter crane flies)
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Ptychopteridae(phantom crane flies)
74spp.
Chaoboridae(phantom midges)
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Dixidae(meniscus midges)
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Thaumaleidae(seepage midges)
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Psychodidae(moth flies, sand flies)
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Tanyderidae(primitive crane flies)
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Canthyloscelidae
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Axymyiidae
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Perissomatidae
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Corethrellidae(frog midges)
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Valeseguyidae
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Scatopsidae(minute black
scavenger flies)
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Anisopodidae(wood gnats)
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Bibionidae(march flies)
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Pachyneuridae
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Rangomaramidae
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Lygistorrhinidae
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Ditomyidae
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Keroplatidae(predaceous
fungus gnats)
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Mycetophilidae(fungus gnats)
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Evocoidae
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Apsilocephalidae
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Therevidae(stiletto flies)
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Scenopinidae(window flies)
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Rhagionidae(snipe flies)
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Oreoleptidae
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Vermileonidae(worm lions)
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Pelecorhynchidae
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Athericidae(watersnipe flies)
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Tabanidae(horse flies)
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Atelestidae
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Brachystomatidae
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Apystomyiidae
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Lonchopteridae(spear-winged flies)
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Tanypezidae
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Heleomyzidae(sun flies)
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Diastatidae
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Camillidae
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Odiniidae
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1992spp.
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Oestridae(bot flies)
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Rhinophoridae(woodlouse flies)
174spp.
Tachinidae
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Anthomyiidae(root maggots)
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Hippoboscidae(louse & bat flies)
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OESTROIDEA
23spp.
359spp.
5210spp.
Clusiidae(druid flies)
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59spp.
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Calliphoridae(blow flies)
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Scathophagidae(dung flies)
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Conopidae(thick-headed flies)
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Heterocheilidae
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Richardiidae
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Diadocidiidae
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Dolichopodidae(long-legged flies)
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Hybotidae
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Sphaeroceridae(small dung flies)
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Chironomidae(common midges)
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Simuliidae(black flies)
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Culicidae (mosquitoes)
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Ceratopogonidae(biting midges)
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CULICO-MORPHA
Deuterophlebiidae(mountain midges)
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Sciaridae(dark-winged fungus gnats)
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