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Financial Inclusion from Bank Indonesia
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5/19/2018 Financial Inclusion
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SINERGIPROGRAM KEUANGAN INKLUSIF
Layanan Keuangan Digital (LKD), Financial Identity Number (FIN) &
Sistem Informasi Harga Komoditi (SIHK)
Departemen Pengembangan Akses Keuangan dan UMKMFebruari 2014
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2
Latar Belakang
Know Your CountryApa Kata Ekonom
Benchmarking
Kenapa BI Perlu
Keuangan Inklusif Indonesia
Program
Koordinasi
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A LATARBELAKANG3
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1
4
by CGAP
by Wales Co-operative Center
by SBYGlobal Policy Forum Sep -2010
SimpananKredit
Asuransi
Transfer
Definisi di Strategi Nasional Financial Inclusion - Indo nesia
.....financial inclusion is about providing access to an adequate range of safe, convenient and
affordable financial services to disadvantaged and other vulnerable groups, including low
income, rural and undocumented persons, who have been underserved or excluded from the
formal financial sector. Financial inclusion can also be defined as ensuring access to financial
services at an affordable cost in a fair and transparent manner. By FATF - 2103
DefinisiLATAR BELAKANG
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PERSPECTIVE EXTERNAL : UNBANKED TINGGILATAR BELAKANG
Financial Inclusion Index
Sumber : Worldbank, Global Financial Inclusion Index , 2011
Total Dewasa Berbank Tidak Berbank
Orang Dewasa Dunia Berbank (milyar)
Sumber : Worldbank, Honohan, Human Development Index, 2008
G
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Relative Financial Inclusion Deficit and Surplus Countries
deficit
surplus
Source : Hariharan and Marktanner, ICA Institute
and Kennesaw State University , 2012
UNBANKED LEBIH TINGGI DI EMERGING MARKET
Sumber : Worldbank, Global Financial Inclusion Index , 2011
Orang Dewasa Punya Rekening diSektor Keuangan : Rural VS Urban
Orang Dewasa Punya Rekening diSektor Keuangan : Gender
LATAR BELAKANG
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B KNOW YOURCOUNTRY7
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Unbanked Tinggi1
orang dewasa di Indonesia memiliki rekening di Lembaga Keu. Formal20%
Saver
s Financial Inclusion Borrower
s Financial Inclusion
> 68% masyarakat menabung
> 48% hny menabung dilembaga keuangan > 17% pembiayaan dari bank
> 40% tidak bisa meminjam
> 36% meminjam dari informalsumber: Survei Neraca Rumah Tangga WB - 2011
sumber: World Bank, Global Financial Inclusion Index - 2011
Survey financial literacy LDFEUI, 2012
35,1%
KNOW YOUR COUNTRY
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SURVEY RT MISKIN INDONESIA (
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Tingkat Layanan Perbankan
10
Keterangan :
Penduduk miskin : penduduk yang memiliki ratarata
pengeluaran/pendapatan per kapita per bulan di bawah garis
kemiskinan disebut penduduk miskin. Garis kemiskinan Rp 259,520 per kapita perbulan (Sept
2012)
KNOW YOUR COUNTRY
sumber: Bank Indonesia, BPS, 2012
17.7
31.5
6.4
14.3
3.7
4.5
Branch Density
Sumber : WEF, Redefining the Emerging Market Opportunity, 2012
Persentasependuduk miskin,
Sep 2013
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
GINI Ratio VS GDP/Capital
Gini Ratio (LHS) GDP/capita (RHS)*
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.30
1.30
2.30
3.30
4.30
5.30
6.30
7.30
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Penurunan Jml Org Miskin VS GDP Grwoth
Delta Penuru nan org miskin (jutaan)-RHS
GDP Growth-LHS
Pertumbuhan tidak merata, inequality meningkatKNOW YOUR COUNTRY
Inequality
Low and Middle income trap
Sumber: Biro Pusat StatistikSumber : World Bank, Doing Business 2014, Indonesia, 2013.
The most problematic factors for doing business
5
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5 UKM Besar, belum digarap maksimalKNOW YOUR COUNTRY
Total kredit UMKM dalam kredit perbankan hanya
19,85%.
Pertumbuhan kredit UMKM sekitar 15%(yoy), kreditperbankan 21% (yoy).
Usaha menengah mendominasi kredit UMKM 51,40%dan share kredit mikro hanya 18,65%.
Jumlah unit usaha UMKMmencapai 56,53 juta mendominasiunit usaha dengan porsi 99,99%dari jumlah total pelaku usaha.
UMKM mempekerjakan sekitar97,16% dari total tenaga kerja
110,81 juta.sumber: Statistik MSMEs 2012, Kementerian Koperasi dan UMKM
sumber: Data Bank Indonesia, Juni 2013, diolah
UMKM adalah tulang punggung ekonomi Indonesia
Penyaluran kredit perbankan kepada UMKM masih rendah
UMKM memberi porsi sekitar 56% daritotal GDP 2012.sumber: Kementerian Koperasi dan UMKM, 2012
Rata-rata suku bunga kredit UMKM sangat tinggi > 22%.
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Sisi masyarakat & Penyedia JasaPENYEBAB
future:pelayanan informal lebih disukai 13
Hambatan-hambatan masyarakat dalam mengakses jasa keuangan (Honohan, 2004) :
1. Hambatan harga (price barriers);
2. Hambatan informasi (information barrier); dan
3. Hambatan desain produk dan jasa (product and service design barriers).
4. Hambatan channel
Masyarakat
Pendapatan yang rendah
Jarak yang jauh ke lokasi kantor bank
terdekat Mahalnya biaya unt transaksi & volume yg
kecil
Informasi yang masih terbatas
Tingkat pengetahuan keuangan yang rendah
Produk yang kurang sesuai
Psikologi, image dan budaya
Antrian yang panjang
Penyedia Jasa Keuangan
Pendirian kantor cabang bank mahal
Persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh regulator
Persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh bank
Proses yang kompleks
Formalitas tinggi
Prefer nasabah non-grass root
7
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LOAN/GDP & DEPOSIT/GDP RENDAHDAMPAK KE EKONOMI7
Dampak Exclusion:1. Ekonomi biaya mahal,
2. Sasaran eksploitasi oleh non formal
3. Memperbesar inequality
4. Rigiditas gap kemiskinan (low income trap)
5. Social problem
6. Memperlamban proses kesejahteraan keluarga7. Memperlamban pertumbuhan perekonomian lokal
Indikator
Jumlah
Penduduk
(juta)*
KC Bank per
100,000
Penduduk
Dewasa
KC Bank per
1,000 km2
ATM per
100,000
Penduduk
Dewasa
ATM per
1,000 km2
Penabung di
Bank per
1,000
PendudukDewasa
Peminjam di
Bank per
1,000
PendudukDewasa
Loan/
GDP (%)
Deposit/
GDP (%)
Bangladesh 154.7 8.08 64.72 5.03 40.32 513.31 87.10 55.50 68.93
Brazil 198.7 47.26 8.24 118.60 20.68 662.37 380.53 42.42 45.97
China 1.351 7.72 9.17 37.51 44.55 13.23 271.71 90.21 140.27
India 1.237 11.38 33.17 11.21 32.67 - - 54.24 68.64
Indonesia 246.9 9.59 9.24 36.47 35.15 341.57 32.85 39.13
Kenya 43.18 5.49 2.31 9.94 4.18 - - 44.56 59.81
Malaysia 29.24 19.91 13.00 52.94 34.56 - 389.34 117.09 146.93Mexico 120.8 14.52 6.41 47.33 20.89 291.40 228.62 17.29 20.76
Pakistan 179.2 8.97 13.40 5.42 8.10 268.30 25.69 18.97 33.23
Philippines 96.71 8.13 17.26 19.31 41.00 445.28 - 20.94 38.15
Sri Lanka 20.33 17.49 43.71 15.41 38.51 - - 44.83 46.38
Thailand 66.79 11.77 12.55 84.16 89.70 1,132.21 276.15 74.08 77.63
Vietnam 88.78 3.18 6.91 21.16 46.02 - - 111.88 119.67
Keterangan: Posisi 2012
Sumber: Financial Access Survey (FAS), IMF
*) Countries Data, World Bank
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CAPA KATAEKONOM15
1
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Sektor Keuangan & Ekonomi = postive corellation1 TEORI Sektor keuangan merupakan strong contr ibutor kepada pertumbuhan
(Baghehot, 1873; Schumpeter, 1912; Hicks, 1969 and Miller, 1998) Goldsmith (1969) melalui cross-country study menyimpukan size dari
sistem keuangan positif contr ibuteskepada pertumbuhan ekonomi.
King and Levine (1993) improve on the work of Goldsmith, menegaskan
bahwa terdapat strong posi t ive re lat ionshipantara 3 indikator
pertumbuhan (real per capital growth, growth in capital accumulation andtotal productivity growth) dan financial development measures (liquid
liabilities over GDP, bank credit over bank credit plus central bank
domestic assets and credit to private sector divided by GDP).
Levine (2005) menegaskan bahwa perkembangan sektor keuangan
contr ibuteskepada pertumbuhan karena menyediakan informasi akanproyek-proyek potensial, monitoring pelaksanaan investasi, memperluas
risk management dan diversifikasi, meningkatkan tabungan dan fasilitator
pertukaran goods and services.
TEORI
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Keuangan Infklusif & Stabilitas Sistem KeuanganTEORI
1. Financial crisis highlights perlunya customer protection,financial access danfinancial stability mutually reinforcing*)
2. Penurunan risiko likuiditas.3. Penurunan risiko kredit.4. Peningkatan kapabilitas pengelolaan keuangan via edukasi.5. Peningkatan persaingan.6. Peningkatan kesempatan untuk berinteraksi dengan sector
keuangan dan sistem ekonomi yang lebih luas.
7. Financial exclusion adalah risiko dalam usaha mencegahmoney-laundering and terrorist financing (FATF).8. Informal financial services dapat menjadi sumber
instabilitas.
1. Timothy Lyman, Windsor Global Leadership Seminar on Regulating Transformational Branchless Banking, Alliance for Financial Inclusion, Windsor,
March 9, 2009
2. Khan HR. Financial Inclusion and financial stability : are they 2 sides of the same coin?, Indian Banker Association, Chennai, 2011
3. Hawkins, Peneope (2006): Financial access and financial stability, in Bank for International Settlements, Central banks and the challenge of
development, pp 6579, www.bis.org/events/cbcd06.pdf.
4. Hannig, A. and Jasen, S. Financial Inclusion and Financial Stability: Current Policy Issues ADBInstutite ADBI working paper series , No. 259,
December 2010.
5. Cull, Robert, Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Timothy Lyman. Financial Inclusion and Stability: What Does Research Show?, 2012, CGAP
6. Cohen, Monique, Danielle Hopkins, and Julie Lee. 2008. Financial Education: A Bridge between Branchless Banking and Low-Income Clients.
Working Paper No:4. Washington, D.C.: Microfinance Opportunities.
7. Tadu, R. and Muyambiri, B. (2013). Financial Inclusion and Financial Stability: the important role of financial regulation in explaining the relationship.
Journal of Research in International Business and Mangement Vol. 3(4)pp 139-149, April 2013.
8. Dittus, Peter and Michael Klein. 2011. On harnessing the potential of financial inclusion. BIS Working Paper No:347. Switzerland: Bank for
international Settlement.
O
http://www.bis.org/http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Brief-Financial-Inclusion-and-Stability-What-Does-Research-Show-May-2012.pdf&ei=edCOUsyJG4X3rQelkoH4CA&usg=AFQjCNF_RvY1ucszFNCxbEiAU9SIpQOTxA&bvm=bv.57084495,d.bmkhttp://www.bis.org/http://www.bis.org/http://www.bis.org/http://www.bis.org/http://www.bis.org/5/19/2018 Financial Inclusion
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Keuangan Inklusif & poverty alleviationTEORI
Sumber : www.poverty-action.org/financialinclusion
Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirg-Kunt, and Ross Levine, 2007, Finance, Inequalityand the Poor, Journal of Economic Growth
Claessens, Stijn, and Erik Feijen, 2007, Financial Sector Development and theMillennium Development Goals, World Bank Working Paper No. 89 , WorldBank.
Claessens, Stijn, and Enrico Perotti, 2007, Finance and Inequality: Channels andEvidence, Journal of Comparative Economics , Vol. 35, No. 4.
Honohan, Patrick, 2004, Financial Development, Growth and Poverty: HowClose Are the Links? Policy Research Working Paper No. 3203, World Bank.
Honohan, Patrick 2005, Banking Sector Crises and Inequality, Policy ResearchWorking Paper No. 3659, World Bank.
Chibbaa, Michael, 2009, Financial Inclusion, Poverty Reduction andtheMillennium Development Goals, European Journal of Development Research
Vol. 21, 2
4 faktor utama dalam peningkatan financial
access, :
1. Keterlibatan swasta
2. Financial literacy,
3. Pembiayaan mikro
4. Public sector support
Faktor utama dalam pengurangan kemiskinan
(Jahan & McDonald, IMF 2011):
1. Stabilitas sistem keuangan dan macroeconomi
2. Easy doing business3. Legal environment yang kondusif
4. Financial market infrastructur yang mendukung
5. Financial access
6. Kompetisi
http://www.poverty-action.org/financialinclusionhttp://www.poverty-action.org/financialinclusionhttp://www.poverty-action.org/financialinclusionhttp://www.poverty-action.org/financialinclusion5/19/2018 Financial Inclusion
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D BENCHMARKING19
1
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20
Comprehensive VS Partial11. PENYUSUNAN STRATEGI FINANCIAL INCLUSION (edukasi, perlindungan konsumen,
delivery channel, produk, kebijakan,dll)
2. PELUNCURAN PROGRAM tertentu: DFS/MFS/Branchless Banking, basic saving, edukasi,P2P, dll
Region Negara yang Memliki Strategi FI*)
Asia Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan,
Philippines, Vietnam
Afrika Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo, Cte
d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Liberia, Madagascar,Mali, Malawi, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger,
Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Senegal, South
Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe
Eropa &
Central Asia
Kyrgyz Republic, Russia, Uzbekistan
Timur
Tengah
Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Yemen
*) Source: Ros Grady, Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation, Accelerating Financial
Inclusion in Asia and the Pacific: An Operational Dialogue on Innovative FinancialInclusion Policies, Hawaii, 15 September, 2011
Jumlah Negara yg Implementasikan Branchless
Banking/ Mobile Financial Services**)
**) Source: CGAP and Coffey International, data as of Q1 2012.
Produk sederhana
Prosedur sederhana
Menggunakan HP & agen
SOLUSI : International trend
FasilitasIntermediasi &
Distribusi
Kebijakan /PeraturanPendukung
PemetaanInformasiKeuangan
FasilitasKeuangan
Publik
PerlindunganKonsumen
EdukasiKeuangan
Lebih dari 140 implementasi branchless banking (http://www.cgap.org/topics/agent-networks)
SNKI
KEUANGAN INKLUSIF INDONESIA
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INOVASI: Mengapa Perlu ?KEUANGAN INKLUSIF INDONESIA
21
Large unbankedpeople
High inequality(giniratio 2012=0,41)
Lowfinancial
literacy Unsuitable products
and services
Complex businessprocess
No proper channel
Inovation
Easy
Low Price
Secure &
Reliable
Affordable
Challenge
Channel Products
Regulation Business Process Device Education Consumer
Protection Price
Outreach
Proportional
Solution
Convenience
1. Leadership. 2. Diversity. 3. Innovation. 4. Protection. 5. Empowerment6. Cooperation. 7. Knowledge. 8. Proportionality. 9. Framework.
Principles forInnovative FinancialInclusion (G20)
Agent, mobilephone, etc Basic saving, micro
insurance, etc
Simple CDD Tablet PC, EDC, RPID,
Mobile phone, etc Education trough
mobilephone, agent, etc Complaint mechanism in
agent Sinergy MNO & banks
Example
The fortune at bottom of the pyramid (CK Prahalad, 2004) : terdapat business yg menguntungkan dilevelmasyarakat yang kurang beruntung sepanjang korporasi dapat menemukan proses bisnis yang sesuai.
Portfolio of the poor (Collins, Morduch, Rutherford, Ruthven, 2010) : masyarakat kurang beruntung juga mampu
menabung dan active money managers. A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, Poor Economics (Abhiit, Banarjee & Duflos, 2011),
3
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22
Kebijakan untuk mendukung Financial Inclusion di beberapa negara:
UK
Financial Inclusion Task Force : menyediakan no-frills acccountoleh perbankan, kredit dan advise keuangan.
USCommunity Reinvestment Act (CRA) : melarang diskriminasiterhadap small account holders (min saldo=$0.10).
India
Khan Commission (2004) : memperluas jaringan perbankanmelalui penggunaan business correspondents(agen). UIDAI
Afrika Selatan Mzansi Initiative (2004): program yang melibatkanbank (5 bank) menyedikan tabungan bagi unbanked dan unserved.
Pendekatan branchless banking : Brazil (2004), Mexico (2008), Pakistan (2008), Bangladesh (2009),
Rusia (2009), Philipina (2003), Kamboja (2010), sebagian besar negara-negara Afrika.
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES3 EXAMPLE :
Nigeria : Strategi Nasional Keuangan Inklusif
Tanzania : Strategi Nasional Keuangan Inklusif, remittance troughmobile phone
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E KENAPA BI PERLU23
SBY Global Policy Forum Sep -2010
1 KEUANGAN INKLUSIF & BI
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Policy Objective Ultimate goal(level of impact)
Micro-prudential
Monetary Policy Price Stability
Stable economic growth
(economic system)
Macro-prudential Financial Stability
Soundness of financial
institutions
Conduct ofbusiness
Protection of
consumers
(individual
institution)
Adjust : Jeroen Kremers & Dirks Schoenmaker, Twin Peaks: Experiences in the Netherlands, Desember 2010
BI
OJK
Orderly markets and
fair treatment of
consumersIncreasing
Wealth
Payment system : cash less society
Keterkaitan dengan Moneter, SSK & SP1 KEUANGAN INKLUSIF & BI
KEUANGAN INKLUSIF & BI
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Surveillance
- SIFI
-Non SIFI
MacroprudentialPolicy
Market access &Development
Strengthened FS
Resilience
Balanced FinancialIntermediation
EnhancedFinancial Efficiency
Koordinasi&
Kerjasama
Diversifikasi
Monitoring institusi keuangan
sistemik
Monitoring
prosiklikalitas
Terdapat hubungan antara keuangan inklusif dengan stabilitas sistem keuangan. (Hawkins, Peneope (2006), Hannig, A.
and Jasen, S, (2010), Khan (2011), Cull, Robert, Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Timothy Lyman. (2012),Tadu, R. and Muyambiri,B. (2013) dll)
- Sumber dana retail
(menurunkan risiko
likuiditas
- Efisiensi pelayanan
- Market UMKM baru(diversifikasi risiko kredit)
- Edukasi (meningkatkan
kapabilitas).
- Peningkatan persaingan
Keuangan Inklusif & MakroprudensialKEUANGAN INKLUSIF & BI
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F KEUANGAN INKLUSIFINDONESIA26
SBY Global Policy Forum Sep -2010
STRATEGI NASIONAL KEUANGAN INKLUSIF
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STRATEGI NASIONAL KEUANGAN INKLUSIF
27
Mencapai kesejahteraan ekonomi melalui pengurangan kemiskinan, pemerataanpendapatan & stabilitas sistem keuangan di Indonesia dengan menciptakan sistem
keuangan yg dapat diakses oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat
MediasiPerbankan
TransparansiProduk
TabunganKu Branchless
banking Pembiayaan
Start-Up
Multilicensing Kebijakan
branchlessbanking
Kebijakankredit UMKM
Edukasi :PelajarMasyarakat lain
FinancialIdentityNumber (FIN)
Informasi
hargakomoditimelalui HP
PKH Jamkesmas BLT Bansos
BLSM
Stabilitas Moneterdan Nilai Tukar
Stabilitas SistemKeuangan
Sistem PembayaranAman & Efisien
TUJUAN
PRO
GRAM
PILA
R
TARGET
DAMPAK
Intermediasi seimbang, ketahanan sistem keuangan, market efisien
FasilitasIntermediasi &
Distribusi
Kebijakan/
PeraturanPendukung
PemetaanInformasiKeuangan
FasilitasKeuangan
Publik
PerlindunganKonsumenEdukasiKeuangan
27
5
KEUANGAN INKLUSIF INDONESIA
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Journey Financial Inclusion : a dream5
28
Feasible
Eligible
Bank
Agent
Mobile phone
Credit scheme
Basic Saving
& E-money
Financial track
record
Feasible andBankableBanking
Transaction
account Database
DebiturPotensial
Depositors(banked)
Branchless
Banking
= proces
= evolution
Unbankedpeople
SophisticatedDebtors
Unbanked Menabung Produk Keuangan Lainnya
loan
development,product,
infrastructure, etc
time
Kemampuan pengelolaan keuangan/ kesejahteraan
Financial Deepening for SME
UMKM
Keuangan Inklusif
Unbanked PeopleIndividu, unit usahaNasabah BankIndividu, Unit usaha Mikro, Kecil, Menengah
Nasabah UMKMProgram bantuan pemerintah (BLT, PKH, dll)
BankedPeople
Kredit ProgramTransfer
KEUANGAN INKLUSIF INDONESIA
PROGRAM UTAMA
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Digital FinancialService*)
Nomor Hand Phone
No HP LinkNo RekeningTabunganKu/
basic saving account
Financial
Identity
Number
Profil datanasabah
Credit Rating
(i.e non keuangan)
Website & Sistem InformasiKeuangan Inklusif
Kredit
Mikro
i.e penyaluran PKH
Bank Led/Telco Led
Pembuatandatabase
InformasiHarga (SMS)
EdukasiKeuangan
Moveable
CollateralE-KTP
sangat miskin, hampir miskin, miskin
G to P
AsuransiMikro
AKSESKAPABILITASMINIMUM ASSYMETRICPROGRAM UTAMA
*) Dulu branchless banking
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eGPROGRAM
30banking beyond bank branches, not banking without bank branches
DIGITAL FINANCIAL SERVICE1
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Perluasan poin akses keuanganDIGITAL FINANCIAL SERVICE1
Basic Saving Account
E-Money
Register No. HP
Nasabahdg KYCSederhana
Data
Pendukung
1
2
4
dan/atauAkunagen
Rekeningnasabah
Debit/
kredit
platform
Data
1
3
AkunTujuan
Rekeningnasabahdebit
kredit
platform
Mobile Account Transaction
Over the Counter Transact ion
2
buka akun, setor, tarik, permbayaran, pembelian
Transfer, pembayaran, pembelian
3
I
II
Deposit sbg agen
USSD & Notifikasi
2 otentifikasi5
5
2 authentification Real time
Notifikasi
Debit/kredit
2
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2 FINANCIAL IDENTITY NUMBER
32
CONTOH: FIN (8802110202012924)
88 02 11 02 02 01 2924
Tahun
Kelahiran
Bulan
kelahiran
Tanggal
kelahiranKode
Propinsi
Kode
Kabupaten
Codes for
sub-district
Unique
Number
2 Digit 2 Digit 2 Digit 2 Digit 2 Digit 2 Digit 4 Digit
9999
4 digit
from NIK
Berasal dari NIK
0 7 7 8 2 1 1 3 2 1Nomor yang bersifat unik , terhubung dengan NIKdan merupakan nomor handphone tunggal (tidak
melekat pada satu perusahaan telekomunikasitertentu) yang dapat digunakan sebagai identitas
keuangan
3
INFORMASI HARGA BAGI PRODUSEN KECIL
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3
33
mFisheries(Trinidad &
Tobago)
Beberapa KPWDN, swasta (ipasar) & berbagai negara menyediakan informasi
harga di sektor pertanian dan perikanan.
Devices: smartphones User: nelayan Informasi:
CuacaToolsNavigasiTips first aid Info perbaikan kapal daruratHarga ikan di berbagai pasar
Media: SMS ke local short code
mFisheries
INFORMASI HARGA BAGI PRODUSEN KECIL
EDUKASI KEUANGAN
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Meningkatkan kapabilitasEDUKASI KEUANGAN
Program &
TargetTujuan
Jangka
WaktuProgress Tindak Lanjut
a. Pelajar(SD, SMP,SMA/setingkat, Univ.)
Meningkatkanpengetahuankeuangan.
Materi edukasikeuangan masukkurikulumnasional.
Multi years :
Sampaidengan 2018
Integrasi kurikulum 156sekolah.
Pilot project di 7 IbukotaProv. (Mks, Bjm, Palu, Sby,Smr, Bdg, Mdn).
MoU dengan KanwilKemenag Jabar.
Penyempurnaan bahan ajar
& pelaksanaan ToT. Integrasi kurikulum
nasional 2013 (SMA).
Integrasi kurikulumnasional 2013 (SD &SMP).
Monitoring &evaluasi program.
Penyediaan bahanajar.
Monitoring :
Per semester
b. TKI Meningkatkanpengetahuankeuangan.
Materi edukasi
keuangan masukmateri pelatihankesiapan TKI
Multi years:
Sampaidengan 2018
Penyempurnaan bahanedukasi.
Penjajakan integrasiedukasi keuangan dalam
kurikulum dasar pelatihanTKI.
Integrasi kurikulumdasar pelatihan TKI.
Rencanapelaksanaan
edukasi (4 daerah &3 negara).
Monitoring:
Per semester
c. KelompokMasyarakatTertentu
Meningkatkanpengetahuankeuangan.
Multi years:
Sampaidengan 2018
Penyusunan materi danrencana pelaksanaan edukasi
Pelaksanaan edukasi
Monitoring:
Per semester
BASIC SAVING ACCOUNT5
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Produk Simpanan Yang SesuaiBASIC SAVING ACCOUNT5
Program &
TargetTujuan
Jangka
WaktuProgress Tindak Lanjut
TabunganKu
Masyarakat Umumdan Pelajar
Memperluasakses layanankeuangan bagimasyarakat,melaluipenyediaantabungan
murah.
Multi years:
Sampai dengan2018
Pencapaian TabunganKu(Apr 2013): 3,75 jutarekening dg saldo Rp4,18Triliun.
Survei TabunganKu (TAWorld Bank).
Penyusunan konsep
penyempurnaanTabunganKu.
Penyusunan usulankebijakan edukasi bagiperbankan.
PenyempurnaanTabunganKu.
Monitoring programoleh KPwBI-DN.
Finalisasi PBI edukasiyang mencakupkewajiban
penyediaan basicsaving acount.
Monitoring:
Per semester
Kampanye Gerakan Indonesia
Menabung
Masyarakat Umumdan Pelajar
Upayameningkatkankesadaranmasyarakatuntukmenabung.
Multi years:
Sampai dengan2018
Surat ke seluruh Bankuntuk mendukung HariRajin Menabung (HariRaBu).
Pemantauan komitmenperbankan.
PelaksanaanOlimpiadePerbankan ataukegiatan kampanyebersama perbankan.
Pelaksanaankampanye 3P dan
GIM diKP dan KPw.
Monitoring:
Per semester
PROGRAM G2P
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Non Cash-based ApproachPROGRAM G2P
Pemb. Rek otomatis
1
2
9
Pendamping
genResponden
Edukasi IEdukasi II
Bank PenyalurVerifikasi data (CDD)
RTSM
Data
validasi
8
3
4
Data
validasi
Bank Kemensos
Instruksi
pembayaran
transfer
ATM
Pengambilan
6
5
7
No HP
Sarana1. TabunganKu2. E-money
10Laporan
KC Bank
Atau
Atau
Via ATM/KC Bank:
- Dapat ditarik sewaktu2
dan dimana saja
1. HP2. Kartu Debit3. Buku Tabungan
SMS notifikasi :-Rekening dibuka-Dana sudah dikredit- Pengambilan sesuka hati
Laporan
Responden1. Aslut2. Aspaca
Pendamping
Telco
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H KOORDINASI37
1
BI & STAKEHOLDER
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1
DKSP
KPWDN
DPB
DHKDPAU
DPNP
DPBS
KEMENSOS
LPS
KEMEN
KOMINFO
OJK
BAPPENAS KEMENDAGRI
TNP2K
BI
-Aspek mikroprudensial
-Pengembangan kedepan
Penyaluran G2P
-KYC
-APU/PPT
-Limit transaksi
-Aspek penjaminan-Bukti kepemilikan
rekening
-Penyaluran G2P
-Penyaluran program
pemerintah lain
-Penjaminan
-Bukti kepemilikan rekening
Pengaturan mikroprudensial
Keikutsertaan BPR
-Hukum
-Ketentuan
Kriteria bank syariah-Kriteria bank
-Aspek mikroprudensial
Ketentuan sistem
pembayaran
-Registrasi agen
-Monitoring
-Review tk. Kejenuhan agen
-Analisa dampak thd perek. daerah
PPATK
Bappena
s/TNP2K
-Jaringan , pricing, ketentuan ITE
-Pengembangan kedepan
BI & STAKEHOLDER
FORUM INTERNATIONAL2
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FORUM INTERNATIONAL2No.
Organisasi
Internasional
Tahun
PartisipasiPeran BI
1.
2010 Co-chair Standard Setting Bodies Sub-Group of theGlobal Partnership on Financial Inclusion (GPFI)
Laporan monitoring & masukan perkembanganFinancial Inclusiondi Indonesia (berkala)
2.2010
Knowledge and experience sharing SMEs working group
Host APEC 2013- Workshop on Financial Inclusion
3.2011 Leadership in Financial Inclusion Inisiative
SMEs working group
4. 2011 BI ikut dalam program Indonesia Financial SectorStrengthening Trust Fund(IFSS TF) - WorldBank
5. 2011 BI sebagai anggota INFE (International Network onFinancial Education)
6. 2010 BI sebagai anggota Steering Committee(2013-2015) Ikut serta dalam komitmen Maya Declaration Co-chair SMEs working group Mobile Financial Services working group.
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TERIMA KASIH40
1
DIGITAL FINANCIAL SERVICE
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41
1
Di Indonesia, sekitar 255 juta pelanggan seluler.(http://www.bisnis-kti.com/index.php/2012/05/telekomunikasi-pelanggan-seluler-sentuh-255-juta-orang/).
240 jutapengguna
telepon
genggam
2 juta agen& retailer
telco
12,5 jutamobile
moneyditerbitkan
penetrasi handphone tinggi
240 jutapengguna
telepon
genggam
2 juta agen& retailer
telco
12,5 jutamobile
moneyditerbitkan
.penggunaan telepon genggam sebagai media transaksi keuangan berdampak positifpada perekonomian termasuk UMKM, lapangan kerja, kesejahteraan RT dan keuangan
inklusif ., Sridhar (2004), Waverman, Meschi and Fuss (2004), Lewin and Sweet
(2005),Chowdhury (2006), Jensen (2007), Tcheng (2007), Donner (2008), Venturini (2009),
Les, Levendies and Gutierres (2009), Hacker (2010), Aker and Mbiti (2010), Andrianaivo
and Kpodar (2012).
Sumber : Bank Indonesia Survey, 2012Sumber : Telcos Marketing Comparison Data, 2012
DIGITAL FINANCIAL SERVICE
1DIGITAL FINANCIAL SERVICE
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Informal Sektor Setempat1
Agen Individu Memiliki Usaha Badan Hukum
Jam kerja operasional tidak terbatas Jam kerja operasional terbatas
Informal dan fleksibel Lebih formal dan kurang fleksibelLevel engagementtinggi Level engagement tidak setinggi
Tidak ada turn over karyawan Turn over karyawan
Benefit dimiliki langsung Benefit lebih dimiliki pemilik
Level commitmentlebih tinggi Level commitmentsesuai kontrak
Risiko lebih tinggi dari badan hukum Risiko lebih rendah dari agen individu
Kemampuan terbatas Kemampuan lebih besar
%Penduduk >15 Tahun Bekerja di Sektor Formal & Informal
(BPS-Agustus 2013)
Perbedaan Agen Individu & Badan Hukum
DIGITAL FINANCIAL SERVICE
1 DIGITAL FINANCIAL SERVICE
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1Global Distribution of Growth Potentials from Financial Inclusion
Low growth potentialMedium growth potential
High growth potential
Source : Hariharan and Marktanner, ICA Institute and Kennesaw State University , 2012
I JAWA 19,104 423 5,888 136,604,953 88,383,555 57,184,160 11,436,832
II SUMATERA 6,656 93 2,060 54,563,410 31,068,816 20,101,524 4,020,305
III KALIMATAN 2,140 14 726 13,787,831 8,281,674 5,358,243 1,071,649
IV SULAWESI 1,742 23 924 17,027,267 10,207,694 6,604,378 1,320,876
V LAINNYA 2,190 57 1,149 19,239,451 11,380,969 7,363,487 1,472,697
31,832 610 10,746 241,222,912 149,322,708 96,611,792 19,322,358LEVEL NASIONAL
Unbankedadult
(LDFEUI, 2012)
TargetNasabah: 20%
Unbanked adult
No PropinsiJumlah
Kantor BU
(BI, 2013)
JumlahKantor BPR
(BI, 2013)*
Koperasi(Kemenkop,
2013)**
JumlahPenduduk
(BPS, 2010)
Pendudukdewasa
(BPS, 2010)
DIGITAL FINANCIAL SERVICEMarket bagi provider besar
PILOT PROJECT1
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Perkembangan S/D Oktober 2013PILOT PROJECT1
Jumlah UPLK semakin meningkat Animo masyarakat tinggi, ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan jumlah rekening (tabungan dan e-money) dan
transaksi yang cukup tinggi. Rata-rata menabung
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1 jumlah agen diberbagai negara
Source : PT Ruma
DIGITAL FINANCIAL SERVICE
FINANCIAL IDENTITY NUMBER
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Penyediaan data market unbankedFINANCIAL IDENTITY NUMBER
Program
Kementerian
Program - BI
Agen LKD
BI - Data Center
Hasilpengumpulan
data danpenilaian
Capturing
data
2
2
Kirim
Data pokok dankeuangan
1
Kartu FIN
3
4
1. PKH2. BLSM3. PNPM
1. Edukasi TKI
2. Pendampingan UMKM3. LKD4. Survey RT
Credit
rating
Pemberian layanan jasa dan produk keuangan internal rating
6
5
1
1
Analisaprofil risiko
Pemetaan profil
nasabah potensial
Masyarakatunbanked
Pengisian formulir
secara on line
psycometric
asssessmentVerifikasi
e-KTP
3
Notifikasi
3
Optional
INFORMASI HARGA BAGI PRODUSEN KECIL
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Meningkatkan bargaining positionINFORMASI HARGA BAGI PRODUSEN KECIL
Data HargaPedagang
Data Harga
Produsen
Data
storage
Input Proses Output
DataProcessing
ManualInput
Input viamobiledevice
VerifikasiData
Data o/Surveyor
DataKementan
DataKemendag
Alternatif data
I
Alternatif data
II
4 PROGRAM G2P
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4 PROGRAM G2PSumber : Rapat Persiapan Uji Coba Branchless Banking,
September 2013, Bappenas
25%
Sangat
Miskin
Miskin
Hampir
Misk in /
Rentan
7.00 %
11,37%
25.00%
40,00%
11.37%
Rumah TanggaPPLS 2011
PendudukTahun 2012
(15.5 Juta)
(28.07 Juta)(5.7 juta)
(24.7 Juta)
40.00%(98.1 Juta)
100,00% 100,00%(62 Juta)
(4.3 juta)7.00 %(17.2 Juta)
25%(61.3 Jt)
Garis Kemiskinan Juli 2013
Basis Data Terpadu berisikan daftar namadan alamat 40% penduduk Indonesiadengan status sosial ekonomi terendah.
Cakupan Program2 Perlindungan Sosial:Jamkesmas 30% (86,4 juta jiwa); Raskin dan BSM25% (15.5 Juta RT).
Berdasarkan data PPLS tahun 2011:
- 481 ribu (50,94% RT peserta PKH memiliki HP.