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School of the Built Environment
Wealth Bringers:
The Sustainable Value of Disabled Entrepreneurs
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School of the Built Environment
Wealth Bringers:
The Sustainable Value of Disabled Entrepreneurs
Professor Erik Bichard and Dr. Pamela Thomas – University of Salford
For the North West Development Agency
July 2008
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Contents About the Authors.....................................................................................................4 Acknowledgements...................................................................................................5 1.0 Background to the Study...............................................................................7 2.0 Why Disabled Entrepreneurs? ......................................................................9
2.1 The Statistics ...................................................................................................9 2.2 The Value of Moving Potential Entrepreneurs off Disability Benefit ............... 10 2.3 Help to Make this Happen ............................................................................... 12
3.0 Understanding Disability .............................................................................20 3.1. Historical context............................................................................................... 20 3.2. Interpretations of disability ............................................................................... 20 3.3. Marginalisation ................................................................................................... 21 3.4. Disability as an equality issue ............................................................................ 22 3.5. Disability Research ............................................................................................. 23
4.0 Previous Research into Entrepreneurship .....................................................24 4.1. Measures of entrepreneurship............................................................................. 24 4.2. Self-employment and disabled people ................................................................ 25
5.0 Identifying the Participants............................................................................27 5.1 Definitions .............................................................................................................. 27 5.2. Conducting the interviews ................................................................................... 29
6.0 Experience of Disabled Entrepreneurs in North West England 31 6.1. Profiles of the Businesses .................................................................................... 31 6.2. Motivations for starting a business..................................................................... 33 6.3 Business Support................................................................................................... 36 6.4. The role of skills in business success ................................................................. 42 6.5. Skills or knowledge that would have been useful at the start.................................. 45 6.6. Contribution to the social sustainability of the region ............................................ 51
7.0 Conclusions ...................................................................................................56 8.0 Recommendations.........................................................................................59 References............................................................................................................... 61
Appendix 1 - Case Study: Lorraine Gradwell, Chief Executive of Breakthrough UK 63 Appendix 2 - Wealth Bringers 2 Questions for semi structured interview .................... 66 Appendix 3 – Participating Partners in the Wealth Bringers 2 Study ............................. 71
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About the Authors
Professor Erik Bichard
Erik Bichard is Professor of Regeneration and Sustainable Development at
the Salford University, in Greater Manchester. During his career, he has
worked as a sustainable development practitioner in the public, private,
third and now academic sector. Until June 2007, and for ten years, he was
Chief Executive of the UK National Centre for Business & Sustainability. In
addition to his role at Salford, he has his own practice; Positively
Responsible. In the past he has been Co‐operatives UK’s sustainability
advisor, and currently performs the same function for the City of Liverpool.
He is a member of the UK Sustainable Development Panel, and serves on
several company boards as a non‐executive director including the social
enterprise FRC Group, and Migrant Workers North West.
He is a frequent contributor to newspaper, TV and radio programmes
covering a range of sustainability issues from recycling and renewable
energy to social cohesion and responsible business issues. His most recent
written work includes texts on sustainable governance, social enterprise
and the recycling sector, and the relationship between health in the
workplace and business reputation on sustainable development.
Doctor Pam Thomas
Pam Thomas is a Research Fellow at the University of Salford. She
specialises in disability equality in interdisciplinary qualitative academic
research and teaching settings. She has a PhD in Inclusive Design (home
owner occupation and disabled people).
Formerly with Surface the Inclusive Design Centre, earlier research
includes Access to the Work Environment (disabled people’s experience of
barriers in the work place environment) and Building Opportunities Project
(young disabled people and barriers to careers in the construction
industry). Previously a qualified social worker, Pam also teaches health and
social care professionals about disability equality, independent living and
involving disabled people in service planning and delivery. Pam is a
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disabled woman with long term active involvement in community
organisations which are led by disabled people to campaign for equality.
6
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the North West Development Agency,
especially Yvonne Sampson, for providing the funding and support for this
study.
Particular thanks go to all those disabled people who took part as
interviewees, and those who made additional comments on elements of
the work.
The authors would like to acknowledge the tremendous contribution of
our partners who found most of the interviewees. These include
Breakthrough UK, In‐Biz, Blue Orchid, enterprise4all, mruk, UnLtd and JKP
Enterprises. A special thanks goes to Janet Houghton at A4e who
orchestrated much of the effort in the later part of the study.
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Foreword When the first Wealth Bringers report was published in 2005, it set out to
show how enterprising people with ethnic backgrounds were not only
enhancing the economic prosperity of the North West, but were enriching
the social fabric of society. This report, into the sustainable contribution of
disabled entrepreneurs continues to match evidence to the contention
that a sustainable society is one that not only recognises, but celebrates
and values the diversity of its citizens
This report contains the experiences of people that have achieved
remarkable things. And while they have achieved them within a
challenging context, they are recounted because of their enterprising
ideas, and not for any perceived heroic ability to overcome adversity. We
provide this evidence to help policy makers and programme managers to
take particular interest in providing support for start up propositions and
continued business advice for an existing group of people that could swell
into a significant economic force given the right conditions. The report
shows that there is an untapped source of innovation and productivity
ready to come to the fore, proving it is recognised and offered the
appropriate resources.
We are yet again extremely grateful to the North West Development
Agency for giving us the chance to show the potential of a group of people
that are eager to play their part in a prosperous society.
Professor Erik Bichard, July 2008
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1.0 Background to the Study This project follows on from the first Wealth Bringers report (WB) which
was completed in September 2005 and showed the sustainable
contribution that ethnic minority owned businesses make to the economy
and society of North West England.
The WB project was undertaken because there was a belief in the region
that a section of the entrepreneur community, namely those that had a
family background that did not originate in Britain, contributed a great
deal to the sustainable success of the North West. This belief was not
supported by the evidence prior to the study which was sparse, and
previous work had not explored issues such as the extent to which ethnic
minority owned businesses contributed to, and supported community life.
A research team from Sustainability Northwest, led by Erik Bichard and
funded by the North West Development Agency (NWDA), sought to
determine whether the assumption about the value of ethnic minority
entrepreneurs could be confirmed.
WB did indeed find that, far from being a drain on the economy and
society as some would claim; ethnically owned businesses were more
profitable, and just as generous as the average business in the region. The
report helped NWDA to direct support towards this valuable yet previously
under‐ supported group. However, it also led to new thinking about
whether other groups in North West society could be revealed to have
value far beyond the perceived view. Disabled people were the next
obvious group to attract interest because statistics indicate that many are
workless and on benefit.
However, perhaps against uninformed expectations, many disabled people
are self employed and some have set up successful businesses. The ability
to show the sustainable value of disabled entrepreneurs has suffered from
a severe lack of information about this productive group of people.
In association with NWDA, the second Wealth Bringers (WB2) project was
designed to assess the contribution made by disabled entrepreneurs to
the regional economy and society. This project, again with funding from
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NWDA and leadership from Erik Bichard (now a Professor at Salford
University), set out to discover whether another group of people assumed
to be a drain on the economic productivity of the region could have the
potential to contribute to closing the economic gap between the North
West and the South of England. The project had the dual aims of
investigating the contribution that disabled entrepreneurs make to the
North West economy, and ascertaining how useful disabled entrepreneurs
find existing business support mechanisms and programmes.
WB2 investigated the extent and range of businesses set up and owned by
disabled people in the North West by locating and interviewing
entrepreneurs. This was achieved, (following the methods of the original
WB study), by telephone and face‐to‐face questionnaires carried out by
agencies set up for, and often run by, disabled people.
The intension of WB2 was to reach a better understanding of disabled
people’s economic contribution, how they influenced wider society, and
why they came to set up their businesses. The study also sought to record
the experiences of disabled entrepreneurs during start‐up, and particularly
about the nature of the assistance that they received. Finally, the study
was interested to establish whether there were sufficient numbers of the
kind of role model that could motivate those currently on benefits to set
up their own businesses.
2.0 Why Disabled Entrepreneurs?
2.1 The Statistics Statistics are not absolute statements of fact, but they are useful
indicators of the situation under investigation. Two major government
surveys, the Labour Force Survey and the Family Resource Survey, were
used to establish the numbers of disabled people in Britain. The Labour
Force Survey (LFS) offers useful information about the numbers of disabled
people of working age in Britain. Since 1997, the LFS has defined disabled
people as:
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“…those with a long‐term health problem or
disability which is expected last at least a year or
more, and which either affects the amount / kind
of work the respondent might do and / or
substantially affects their abilities to carry out
normal day‐to‐day activities.”
The LFS is continually updated, and so provides more current information
than the 2001 census. The Survey offers comparisons with non‐disabled
people and regional variations. By comparison, the Family Resources
Survey does not provide information about employment. These surveys
were used by the Disability Rights Commission in an annual Disability
Briefing (Twomey, 2007). The last version was published in May 2007.
The Labour Force Survey indicates that there are 6, 871,000 disabled
people of working age in Great Britain, that is 19.3% of the population.
Approximately 8.9% of disabled people are from ethnic minority groups.
The survey shows that 873,000 (or 21%) of the population of the North
West of England are disabled people.
Of the 6.9 million disabled people of working age identified nationally,
50.4% are in employment and 14.4% of those in employment are self
employed. In the North West England, 45% of disabled people are in
employment compared with an 80.2% employment rate among the non‐
disabled population. While around half of disabled people of working age
in Britain are in work, 1.3 million disabled people are without a job, but
want to work (Twomey, 2007).
In the UK there are 2,640,000 (10% of the working age population) who
claim Incapacity Benefit (ONS, 2007). In North West England 419,000
people are claiming incapacity benefit. Only the North East has a higher
percentage (11%) of claimants (Twomey, 2007). Long term incapacity
benefit is paid at the rate of £81.35 per week. The government has
estimated that the cost of people claiming disability benefit (in 2006‐2007)
was £12.5 billion (BBC News, 2007)
We know that nationally at least one third of disabled people who are on
benefits would like to work, and would therefore expect that around
140,000 want to work in the North West.
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2.2 The Value of Moving Potential Entrepreneurs off Disability Benefit
The government has a stated aim to ‘help more people into paid work’.
The Department for Work and Pensions’ Document Ready to Work states:
Annual inflows to incapacity benefits have been
falling for the last 10 years: from around one
million in 1997 to around 600,000 currently.
However, we must further reduce the number of
people falling out of work onto benefits.
This will require a change of culture across
society: by healthcare professionals and the
providers of health services, by employers, line
managers, and by individuals themselves. The
2006 Green Paper and the 2005 Health, Work
and Well‐being Strategy set out the first phase of
our work across government, including the
devolved administrations in Scotland and Wales,
to bring about this change. (DWP, 2007: 67)
Having collected the statistics about disabled people both in work and on
benefit, it should be possible to construct an indication of how a shift into
self‐employment from the existing disabled workless population might
benefit both the region and the country. To do this, a number of the
variables need to be established. These include:
• An estimate of the numbers of workless, but willing to work disabled
people that would consider starting a business.
• The amount of benefit that would no longer be required to be paid to
disabled entrepreneurs that start their own business.
• The economic contribution (in terms of gross value added, or GVA)
that these new businesses would generate.
None of these statistics are readily available because of a lack of reliable
survey data, the variability of disability and the variability of the
productivity of small businesses. However, it is possible to employ a
12
number of assumptions in order to construct a useful figure that will
indicate the sustainable return on investing in this community.
The numbers willing to set up businesses can be taken as a nominal 10% of
those that want to work. As we have stated, in the North West, there are
140,000 people who want to work and therefore 14,000 that would
consider setting up a businesses. This is a conservative estimate based on
the 14.4% of disabled people who are self employed nationally. The
economic implications of shifting 14,000 people from benefit to generating
their own income through their businesses can be calculated using the
long‐term incapacity weekly rate of £81.35. The creation of 14,000 new
businesses would therefore represent a saving to the public purse of over
£59 million per annum in the North West alone.
Finally, there is the estimate of the added value to the regional economy.
It is assumed, and reinforced by the survey returns described later in this
report, that most new businesses set up by disabled entrepreneurs will be
micro‐businesses, employing less than five people, at least for the early
years of the life of the businesses. While there are no GVA figures per
employee for small business contribution to the economy, a crude
estimate can be constructed by adding typical labour costs together with
typical profits. For this, a conservative assumption might be that a two‐
person company could have labour costs of £37,500 and produce a 5%
profit on an annual turnover of £50,000. Both these assumptions are well
within the range of the responses gathered from this Wealth Bringers
survey.
The resulting GVA estimate for a new disabled entrepreneur business is
therefore £20,000 per employee. This is well below the regional average of
£33,800 (Regeneris, 2006) reflecting the lower productivity of any small
business. It should be said that this method of generating a GVA figure for
the contribution of small businesses is not comparable to the North West
Regional Accounts GVA produced by the Office for National Statistics
(ONS) due to the different methodologies. However, it does give a working
indication of the potential sustainable return on investment for this
community.
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When the GVA assumptions are multiplied by the potential numbers that
could be expected to set up their own businesses, the answer is that
14,000 new disabled entrepreneurs would add £280 million to the regional
economy. Taking the net gain of GVA and benefit savings together,
assistance to the prospective disabled entrepreneur community would be
worth a weighty £339 million, or over one third of a billion pounds to the
North West. Nationally, the corresponding numbers would produce 88,000
new entrepreneurs with a net economic benefit to the country of over
£2.1 billion.
2.3 Help to Make this Happen
One of the questions that WB2 sought to answer was whether existing
business support services were capable of assisting greater numbers of
disabled people to set up and run their own businesses. There is
undoubtedly a degree of encouragement from government for
entrepreneurship through the Department of Business Enterprise
Regulatory Reform (BERR)1:
BERR has lead responsibility for small business
and enterprise policy. The Department works
across Whitehall, the Regional Development
Agencies and key delivery partners to ensure that
government ‐ national, regional and local ‐
understands and responds to the needs of small
businesses and entrepreneurs. The Government's
aim is to make the UK the best place in the world
to start and grow a business. (Business Enterprise
Regulatory Reform)
The issue to be investigated was whether this general call to
entrepreneurialism could be translated to anyone, and disabled people in
particular. There are a number places where a disabled entrepreneur
might turn to for help. Most commonly these would be the publicly funded
Business Link and Job Centre Plus offices. However, others (including social
enterprises) that are also available providing they can be identified.
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2.3.1. Business Link
The first port of call for people setting up business is often Business Link,
which is a government funded business support service managed in the
North West of England by the North West Development Agency. Business
Link was reorganised in 2007 and is now ‘designed to promote enterprise
and individuals’ by providing businesses with ‘relevant services from the
broadest range of public and private sector business support services at a
national, regional and local level’ (www.businesslink.gov.uk). Customers
call Business Link if they want advice on how to set up a business, or how
to improve their existing businesses. A Business Link broker will try to
understand the customer’s particular query, analyse his or her need,
before directing the caller to a specialist advisor. Face‐to‐face meeting
may also be arranged in the callers’ area. The range of specialists is
maintained on a ‘knowledge platform’ which is regularly updated
depending on customer requirements.
Roger Mitchell, Operations Manager at Business Link North West explains
that brokers are required to be able to locate specialist help for all users of
the service. He confirmed that the reorganised service is committed to
helping any individual, regardless of their personal circumstances. A
prospective caller will initially encounter a broker from the ‘Universal
Services Team’. The broker will help callers to define their needs by asking
about the nature of the business (existing or proposed), determine the
level and degree of detailed advice they should receive and refer to the
appropriate solution.
The Targeted team at Business Link North West has approximately 140
business advisors to call upon once the nature of the query has been
established. These brokers are often sector experts. This allows the
Business Link service to match (for example) a person interested in help
with their sportswear business to be matched with an expert in the retail
clothing market. If a member of the universal team can not immediately
deal with the enquiry, the procedure is to take as many details from the
caller as possible, and to offer to contact the caller again when the broker
has been able to find an answer to their question. This may be in the form
of a referral to a specialist advisor once he or she has been sourced. The
broker will research the query and contact the caller with the results.
15
Roger Mitchell confirms that the Business Link system is designed to
ensure that all callers are treated equally. For example, for those enquiring
about a business, callers will be asked if they have a disability as there are
programmes of support for individuals meeting this criteria. The details are
then recorded. However, to date, brokers do not routinely collect
information about the entrepreneurs’ health or physical abilities of an
existing business. This could be about to change as Business Link works
closely with NWDA on developing a joint approach to ‘diversity’ and the
sensitivity that the service will need to monitor details of all applicants
more closely. However, the historic lack of data on disabled
entrepreneurs’ needs has resulted in a dearth of specialist providers
because the system has not recognised the need to keep them on the
knowledge platform.
Tom Bell, Relationships Manager at Business Link North West has a remit
for disability issues. He explains that the Business Link culture has changed
significantly since the organisation was re‐organised. Bell says that there is
more ‘blank sheet’ thinking that is more open to exploring what the
organisation needs to do to be more useful for its users. In particular there
is a willingness to engage with partner organisations that may be in a
better position to advise on the special needs of service users. He
emphasises that Business Link does not wish to replicate existing services,
but accepts that the organisation does not always know their full range of
expertise, or sometimes whether they exist at all.
Bell also elaborates on the point that Mitchell makes about monitoring
when he says that there is an intention in the future to ‘win’ more and
better information from callers. This needs to be done in a sensitive way.
For example, instead of asking if the caller is disabled, the broker may ask
if there are any specific personal factors that could be addressed in order
to improve the profitability of the business. Bell also confirms that training
brokers to be more sensitive and knowledgeable about the obstacles
facing disabled people will inevitably improve the service. He points out
that there are already two members of the Universal Service Team who
have received this training. However, he concedes that awareness of
individual training across the whole team was probably insufficient to
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guarantee that colleagues would automatically refer disabled callers to
these trained individuals.
The historical short‐comings of the Business Link service is not a
discrimination issue, but a in the system to identify a need. Business Link
has not been geared to cope with callers who may not be able to take
advantage of the advice because of their disability. In the ideal situation,
the universal team member would have a good enough understanding
about how different disabilities affect entrepreneurial individuals to know
how to sign‐post their query onto a qualified provider, or partner
organisation. This might be (for example) one the organisations contracted
by Job Centre Plus to assist disabled people into employment, or with
start‐up businesses.
In the main, Business Link deals with overall business issues of an
enterprise. Brokers will work with the owner/manager to identify
particular issues in the business which may include matters relating to
individuals in the business that have a disability. Roger Mitchell is
confident that, with better intelligence as a result of more comprehensive
monitoring, the Business Link system will be more responsive to disabled
entrepreneurs.
To date there has been very little research carried out into the
effectiveness of business support organisations and disabled people. A
2007 study by the University of Warwick, Aston Business School and
Kingston University into the Economic Impact of Local Business Link
(University of Warwick et al, 2007) provided information on the
experience of businesses which had used the service. The analysis took
into account age, ethnicity and gender in all English regions, however
disability what not considered at all. The website currently has a very small
font which would be difficult to read, and will be a particular issue for
people with visual impairments and others who cannot read small print.
2.3.2. Job Centre Plus Job Centre Plus (JCP) is part of the Department for Work and Pensions
(DWP, 2006) it has a priority to get people off Incapacity Benefit and into
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work. The Government Green paper, A New Deal for Welfare: Empowering
people to work (Department for Work and Pensions, 2006) set out the
policy intentions get disabled people into work. More recently another
report Ready for Work (DWP, 2007) set out the government programme to
implement the policy. However there tends to be a heavy focus on
employers and employment rather than self employment or encouraging
innovation and entrepreneurship.
JCP includes the scheme Access to Work which provides advice, support
and grants to employers and to self employed disabled people to pay for
reasonable adjustments. This may be equipment or practical assistance.
JCP has programmes that are intended to support people to come out of
welfare and into paid employment. This includes a tax free Return to Work
Credit of £40 per week for up to 52 weeks which provides added security
for those making the move into work. (DWP, 2007: 63). Two schemes
which are particularly targeted at disabled people are Pathways to Work:
Pathways to Work for new customers is built on
the foundation of Work Focused Interviews
where new Incapacity Benefit customers meet
with dedicated personal advisers to discuss their
work ambitions, their barriers to work, and the
support that is on offer. Personal advisers offer
customers access to a wide range of support
including the groundbreaking voluntary condition
management programmes which enable people
to understand and manage their health
conditions or disabilities. (DWP, 2007: 63)
and Workstep:
We know that these specialist services, such as
Work Preparation, Workstep, Access to Work and
Disability Employment Advisers help transform
the lives of many thousands of disabled people
every day – people who would otherwise struggle
to get a job or could be at risk of losing one they
already have. However, we also know from
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talking to disabled people and their
representatives, from independent research and
from analysis by the National Audit Office, that
there is scope to improve the service currently
offered. (DWP, 2007: 66)
These programmes are contracted out to private and third sector
businesses, although it is not always clear to the user that this is the case,
and there may be an impression that the organisations (sometimes
household name charities) are running schemes with their own resources.
For disabled people, there are several very large charities which have their
roots in paternalism and have been heavily criticised for their role in
maintaining disabled people’s dependence and marginalisation. Although
they have changed some aspects of their business there are still
unresolved issues. For example they are now criticised for outbidding
disabled people’s own organisations and free lance disabled people for
contracts.
JCP may also support test trading to facilitate people to move from
worklessness to self employment – this is not just for disabled people. The
JCP Prime Contract for self employment in the North West is with InBiz.
2.3.3. Financial incentives Disabled people who are in receipt of Incapacity Benefit may be concerned
that if they try to set up a business and it is unsuccessful, they would have
to reapply for benefit. They are often unaware of the linking rule, whereby
for the first year they are automatically entitled to claim the benefit
(PMSU, 2005:175).
Permitted work rules mean that people on incapacity benefit may work up
to four hours per week at the rate of the minimum wage, and up to 16
hours per week for the same money without having benefit reduced.
Supported permitted work allows claimants to earn up to and including
£72 per week for an indefinite period if they are receiving defined ongoing
support or supervision (PMSU, 2006: 177). Disabled people working over
16 hours per week may claim working tax credit which has a disability
element.
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2.3.4. Other sources of support There does not seem to be any organisations which are comparable to
those that specialise in supporting people in BME communities to take up
and maintain self employment. However one organisation was found in
North East England and this is described in Box 1.
Box 1: Idea Tree
In the North East of England, the Idea Tree, is active and current, it was set
up by a disabled man to offer support and advice to disabled people
wanting to set up social enterprises. David Colley, managing director of
Idea Tree in Newcastle upon Tyne, an organisation which specialises in
supporting disabled people to set up social enterprises commented:
“We have been operating for two years and have had contact with about
80 disabled people who are interested in setting up a social enterprise. Of
these about six are currently in the process of setting up. Feedback from
their clients has suggested Business Link support is geared toward
commercial rather than social business.
Organisations which may support social enterprise in setting up, such as
Social Firms UK, can view disability from a medical perspective, which
ignores disabling systems, practices and attitudes.
Because Idea Tree is run by disabled people and uses the social model of
disability, we are part of the same culture and use the same language as
other disabled people. We know without conscious effort what the
barriers are, and so we understand and accept what people are saying.
The importance of this should not be underestimated, the culture and
language of business which is used in other support agencies, which are all
run by non‐disabled people, do not seem to grasp the way in which the
business world maintains disabling barriers. Feedback from disabled
people shows that for these reasons they really appreciate support from
an organisation run by disabled people.
Disabled people have ideas for setting up services to support other
disabled people, but still think the most effective way to make this happen
is with grants. But this is not sustainable and disabled people are fearful of
20
business implications and business models. They are much more likely to
set up and be employed by a charitable organisation, rather than be self
employed, or directors of a social enterprise. “ (David Colley, 31st March
2008)
Extensive searches found that there is no similar organisation to Idea Tree
in North West England, and support for disabled people around innovation
and entrepreneurship is at best patchy. There are schemes and systems in
place to support disabled people into work. However the emphasis tends
to be focussed on disabled people as employees, and is less helpful for
those seeking to set up their own businesses.
Boylan and Burchardt (2002) noted the preference for salaried or waged
employment among disabled people and say the reason for this could be
the emphasis that is put on securing a job rather than self employment:
Disability employment policy has tended to concentrate on tackling
discrimination by employers and securing jobs, while advice and support
for self‐employment has been patchy. Business support agencies often
have limited awareness of the needs of disabled people. Some parts of the
social security system have been reformed with a view to easing the
transition into employment, but the specific needs to those starting a
business have received relatively little attention. (Page 18)
One organisation interviewed for this study and run by disabled people
and provides employment support specifically to disabled people, and this
is described in Box 2.
Box 2: Breakthrough UK
Breakthrough UK is a social enterprise in North West England which was
set up by a majority of disabled people with support from Manchester City
Council. This social enterprise was featured in the Prime Minister Strategy
Unit’s report Improving the Life Chances of Disabled People as a “Good
practice example of a social enterprise” (PMSU, 2005:179). Lorraine
Gradwell, the Chief Executive of Breakthrough UK, is a disabled woman,
with an entrepreneurial approach. She commented:
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“At the inception of Breakthrough UK it was recognised that support for
disabled people to develop their entrepreneurial ideas into a real business
is vital. So a key objective was and still is to have starter base and a
venture fund. However funding bodies have focussed on getting disabled
people into jobs and whilst this is a vital part of Breakthrough UK’s work,
funding to support self‐employment has simply not been available.
Disabled people are resourceful and encounter barriers everyday and have
to find ways around them. However the consequences of systems and
practices which exclude disabled people should not be glossed over,
disabled people make more effort for less reward.”
Lorraine Gradwell is not self employed but employed by the company. A
case study of her role as Chief Executive is in Appendix 1 of this report.
3.0 Understanding Disability
3.1. Historical context The meaning and status of disability in our modern western industrialised
society dates back to the industrial revolution. At this time the
requirement for a workforce that was dexterous, strong and quick became
the priority. Those that could not meet these criteria due to impairment or
long term illness were left out of the workplace, and the developing
infrastructure of transport, housing and education. They were left without
the means to support themselves, and their families needed to work long
hours to make ends meet. The workhouses provided support for those
considered to be deserving poor who included the infirm, defectives and
the chronically sick. This fostered assumptions that people in this cohort
were disabled by their individual conditions, and were incapable of work
and in need of care. This assumption lingers to this day:
Disability itself has come to mean ‘unable to
work’ and as non‐earners disabled people are
now fundamentally identified as incapable home
makers and unsuitable love partners.
(Finkelstein, 1991:29)
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Many disabled people have a separate existence because often
mainstream facilities are inaccessible. This has an impact on disabled
people’s ability to travel to work, have a home of their own and gain
qualifications. This exclusion is profound, for example disabled people with
mobility impairments are simply not present in many activities that others
enjoy, whether social, business or public and community life, simply
because of physical barriers created by the inaccessible built environment.
This in turn impacts on the extent and quality of important networks that
are vital to people in business. Disability is integral to systems which do
not take account of people with impairments or long term illnesses.
3.2. Interpretations of disability
3.2.1. Two main interpretations
In order to understand why disabled people are excluded from work and
other areas of life, it is necessary to know that there are several definitions
of disability that fall under two main headings. Firstly, the dominant
definition of disability is that it is caused by individual impairment or
health condition, and means that an individual is not employable. This is
an individual interpretation which is enshrined in legislation. For example,
the Disability Discrimination Act defines disability as resulting from an
individual’s inability to carry out normal day to day activities due to their
impairment. This medical, individualised definition is widely used.
The second major definition is that society does not take account of
people with impairments or long term health conditions, thereby creating
disabling barriers and perpetuating cultural exclusion. This is a social
interpretation of disability, often known as the social model of disability.
3.2.2. The use of individual interpretations and social interpretations Knowing the difference between the two interpretations is important
because it allows insight into the ways in which disabled people are
excluded. The move away from an individual definition to a social
interpretation is indicated in the definition of disability used in the Prime
23
Minister’s Strategy Unit’s report of 2005 ‐ Improving the Life Chances of
Disabled People:
Disability is defined as:
Disadvantage experienced by an individual
resulting from barriers to independent living or
educational, employment or other opportunities
that impact on people with impairments and/or
ill health.
A clear distinction needs to be made between disability, impairment and
ill‐health. Impairments are long‐term characteristics of an individual that
affect their functioning and/or appearance. Ill health is the short term or
long‐term consequence of disease or sickness. (PMSU, 2005:8 – their
emphasis)
This social interpretation is not well known
amongst the general population, or even
disabled people themselves.
3.3. Marginalisation The marginalisation of disabled people has been demonstrated in public
policy and research relating to improving employment which in the past
has not considered disabled people. However the government has started
to make changes in some of its major policy documents which have
recognised the profound exclusion of disabled people from mainstream
economic positions and networks. There is a growing recognition of the
way in which disabled people are marginalised into the realms of health
and welfare. A major shift has been set in motion following the Prime
Minister’s Strategy Unit report which states that:
Supporting and empowering disabled people to
help themselves will improve their participation
and inclusion in the community, in the labour
market and in wider society. This will deliver
24
social and economic benefits for all of society –
and all of society needs to be involved. (Page 53)
The report put forward four key areas for action to achieve this aim, one of
which is by:
Improving support and incentives for getting and
staying in employment by ensuring that support
is available well before a benefit claim is made;
reforming the gateway onto entitlements;
providing effective work‐focused training for
disabled people; and improving Access to Work
and other in‐work support – all of which will see
more disabled people in work, contributing to
the Government’s overall targets for
employment. (Page 8)
There is great emphasis on employment in this document, but it does not
refer to business enterprise, and self employment is mentioned only in a
list in relation to support from the Access to Work Scheme.
As a result of the Improving the Life Chances report, the Government has
set up an Office for Disability Issues (ODI):
The ODI takes the disability agenda forward
across government by joining up policy and
delivery and driving collective ownership to
ensure we deliver equality for disabled people. A
more progressive interpretation of the meaning
of disability has now been adopted, but only
fairly recently, and thinking does not seem to
have progressed to the point where it is likely to
be very helpful to those seeking to start their
own businesses.
3.4. Disability as an equality issue
The Equality Review (Cabinet Office, 2007) in line with the current political
agenda uses work as a good indicator of equality:
25
Work remains the best and fastest route out of
poverty. Its the most reliable way for an
individual to achieve economic independence
and prosperity. Its abundant presence is essential
to the health of a community. (Page 62)
In the same way that Black and Minority Ethnic, (BME) people, are less
likely to be in employment than white British people, disabled people are
less likely to be in employment than non‐disabled people:
When merely comparing employment penalties
at one point in time (in the 2001 Census) we find
that the largest employment penalty is
experienced by disabled people (as compared
with non‐disabled), followed by mothers of small
children (as compared with men) and Muslim
women, including those of Pakistani and
Bangladeshi origin (as compared with
Christian/white women). Muslim and Pakistani/
Bangladeshi men (as compared with
Christian/white men) and mothers of older
children (as compared with men) are in a middle
position in this ‘worse off’ comparison. (Berthoud
and Blekesaune, 2007: 87)
Disabled people experience exclusion, and research indicates that this is
institutionalised in employment systems and infra structure. This is
perpetuated by a culture and attitudes that accept the exclusion as natural
and inevitable. Yet any support which is offered is largely within welfare
and care systems, rather than from an economic, innovation or business
support perspective.
3.5. Disability Research
Disabled people have been the subject of research for decades. Many
disabled people and disabled academics have criticised this research as
serving the purposes of the researchers and funding bodes whilst disabled
people are no better off. Another criticism has been about the myth of
26
objectivity in research, most research about disabled people has been
from a non‐disabled perspective that is taken to be objective. This has
meant that research has contributed to rather than alleviated disabled
people’s exclusion (Oliver, 1992; Barnes and Mercer, 2004). The more
effective studies attempt to equalise the relationship between disabled
people and researcher. This includes ensuring the authentic voice of
disabled people is heard rather than their contribution being interpreted
(Shakespeare, 1996).
4.0 Previous Research into Entrepreneurship
4.1. Measures of entrepreneurship
4.1.1. Government figures
The self employed are a relatively small group compared to the whole of
the national working population. The Office for National Statistics confirms
that:
The proportion of people in employment who are
self‐employed remained steady, at just under 13
per cent throughout 2005 (ONS, 2006: 17).
This compares to 14.4% of disabled people in employment who are self
employed (Twomey, 2007: 7).
4.1.2. The GEM survey and measuring entrepreneurship in the North West
The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor or GEM is a not‐for‐profit academic
research consortium that has been compiling data on entrepreneurial
activity since 1999. GEM provides information on gender, ethnicity and
age. The questions asked in GEM are harmonised globally. There is a
minimum requirement in relation to questions to be asked in all
participating countries:
Labour force status or current working situation, six categories preferred:
• Full‐time work,
27
• part‐time work,
• unemployed,
• retired or disabled,
• student,
• housewives\ house‐husbands.
(Quill et al, 2006, Data Assessment Page 31)
The first Wealth Bringers study used information provided by GEM, to
compare what is happening in North West England with the rest of the UK.
This was possible because the survey asked respondents about their ethnic
origins.
GEM does provide information on entrepreneurs in the North West of
England, the UK and globally, with particular to reference to gender,
ethnicity and age (Bosma et al 2008). However the survey is not broken
down between disabled and non‐disabled people. For WB2, an electronic
search of GEM documents for ‘disability’, ‘disabilities’ or ‘disabled’ was
undertaken. This came up with just one result and showed that disability is
considered only as a status similar to retired. This is in keeping with the
individual definition which treats disabled people as an unemployable
group, or to put it into Finkelstein’s (1991) words, ‘unable to work’.
Furthermore, GEM considers business discontinuation, but does not ask
whether discontinuation was related to health or impairment – either
medically or due to societal barriers or negative attitudes. WB2 was unable
to apply the kind of comparative analysis which was carried out for WB
because GEM has not taken account of disabled people in its analysis other
than as a reason for not being in work.
4.2. Self-employment and disabled people Research shows that few disabled people are self employed. Nice et al
(2008) carried out 25 in depth interviews with disabled people who had
received job preparation premiums – an incentive to disabled people to
come off incapacity benefit and into work. Only one person chose self
28
employment and this was part time, whilst still in receipt of incapacity
benefit.
Similarly Boylan and Burchardt (2002) in Barriers to self‐employment for
disabled people, a report prepared for the Small Business Service on self
employment amongst disabled people state:
Little previous research has been published on
disabled people and self‐employment. The 2001
Small Business Service Household Survey of
Entrepreneurship indicated that 12 per cent of
respondents who reported they had a health
problem or disability which limited their ability to
carry out paid work were self‐employed and that
a further 10 per cent were considering it (Shurry,
Lomax and Vyakarnam, 2002). These percentages
were higher than corresponding figures for non‐
disabled respondents. (Page 16)
Boylan and Burchardt’s (2002) report provides useful findings. They used
existing data for quantitative analysis and interviewed 12 disabled people.
Six were in established businesses while the other six were planning to be
self employed. All were located in the Midlands or southern England
except one who was in Yorkshire. None were in North West England. They
reported that:
Eight per cent of disabled men report self‐
employment as their main economic activity,
compared to 12 per cent of non‐disabled men.
Among women, 3 per cent of disabled women
and 5 per cent of non‐ disabled women. This
corresponds to an estimated 265,000 self‐
employed disabled individuals in England. (Page
22)
And they add:
As for men, Greater London shows a high
proportion of self‐ employment, despite not
29
having especially high general employment rates,
while the lowest proportion of women are in self‐
employment in the North West. (Boylan and
Burchardt, 2002: 27)
5.0 Identifying the Participants
5.1 Definitions There were two criteria that needed to be set before the interviewees for
the project were chosen. The first was the project definition of an
‘entrepreneur’. The second was a project definition of ‘disabled’.
The definition used for those to take part in WB was:
Individuals with origins in any country other than
UK who have set up their own business.
(Sustainability North West, 2005:8).
The definition of entrepreneur is the same in both studies and is restated
here as ‘people who have set up their own business’.
The definition of ‘disabled’ is taken from the Improving the Life Chances of
Disabled People (PMSU, 2005:8) which states that ‘disabled people are
people with impairment who are disabled by societal restrictions which
are imposed on top of individual limitations’. The definition of ‘disabled
entrepreneurs’ in this report is therefore ‘disabled people who have set up
their own businesses’, as qualified by the previous definitions.
5.2 The Partners The WB2 project used the same partner identification strategy that was
employed in the first WB study. This assumed that those involved in the
daily support of the target group would meet with more success than
researcher in both finding the entrepreneurs, and in gaining their trust to
give open answers to the questions. WB had drawn on six business
support agencies which had been set up to support ethnic minority
businesses in North West England. Whilst there are many agencies
supporting disabled people into employment, none have specific remit to
30
support self employment. Partners were sought that were closely
associated with the study group (in this case organisations that support
disabled people, particularly in relation to employment). These were
approached to see if they had an interest and the capacity to identify and
carry out the interviews. Work began by seeking to identify organisations
around the region which have direct contact with disabled people. The
approach was to identify organisations that would be in a position to
identify and interview disabled self employed people. A number of
organisations expressed confidence that they knew that disabled
entrepreneurs were operating in the region, and that they would be able
to recruit interviewees for the study.
Leonard Cheshire was identified as a potential partner on the basis of their
national Ready to Start initiative, which drew on 5,000 of their own
contacts. They knew that only 250 (5%) had taken the self employment
route, their research did not state how many disabled self employed
people actually took part. However they were not responsive to the offer
to take part in the study.
When active recruitment commenced, early predications about the
numbers that would be identified for the study were shown to be over
optimistic. Subsequently the study found that many organisations did have
direct contact with disabled people, but very few of these were self
employed. This was confirmed by one disability equality consultant, who
declined to be a partner, and said that those disabled people who were
active in support organisations tended not to be in work, while those who
had a job were less likely to spend time assisting the type of organisations
that were approached by the study. This is similar to the findings of Dodd
et al (2006) who stated that:
Organised groups tend to work with the most
dependent and disability care structures are less
in touch with relatively autonomous disabled
people. (Page 34)
Organisations that support social firms, not specifically for disabled
people, were also approached. Again there was little success. One reason
seems to be that some entrepreneurs choose to set up businesses as
31
companies limited by guarantee and then serve their company as Chief
Executive, effectively handing over ownership to a Board of Directors.
Those that were selected for this study retained ownership and served on
the Board as Managing or Executive Director. Social Firms UK7 gave this as
the reason why many of their contacts were ineligible for this study. In
hindsight, WB2 should have included this group of entrepreneurs as their
set‐up experiences would have been very similar to those of an owner‐
manager.
Some organisations were already fully committed with their current work
loads, and so were not in a position to take part. The final partners list
comprised social enterprises, charities, a private sector consultant and an
individual disabled disability consultant. A list of partners and contacts is
contained in Appendix 3.
5.1.3. Identifying Individuals Many of the partners that agreed to seek out self employed disabled
entrepreneurs had little response. Part of the explanation for this could be
that the individual interpretation of disability locates the problem of
disability with individuals. Many individuals with impairments and long‐
term medical conditions know only of the individual interpretation and
reject it as applying to them. This has implications for people with
impairments and long‐term medical conditions who want nothing to do
with the term ‘disability’ and disabled people. They may not know any
other disabled people, and they may prefer to identify with non‐disabled
people than disabled people thus actively avoiding organisations of and for
disabled people:
Disabled people for example may feel that they
have to ‘pass’ as non‐ disabled to be acceptable
to society and avoid stigma and isolation. (Dodd
et al, 2006: 21)
WB2 also found examples of entrepreneurs who did not want their clients
to know that they had a disability in case it affected confidence in their
ability to deliver their service. This can lead to disabled people being very
isolated and making it more difficult to locate and recruit them for the
32
study. In this case the social interpretation of disability may have been
more useful in identifying societal, cultural and attitudinal barriers, and
may be more acceptable to disabled people who reject the medical
interpretation.
Finally, the WB2 recruitment process throws doubt on the government
statistics which indicate that as many as 15% of disabled people who work
are in self employment. Research by the Leonard Cheshire organisation
found the figure to be only 5% (Leonard Cheshire, 2002). If this is a more
accurate measure of the situation, then the lower numbers of
entrepreneurs, coupled with their lack of interaction with disability
support agencies and an unwillingness to be identified as disabled would
explain the difficulties experienced by the partners.
5.2. Conducting the interviews
A semi‐ structured interview was designed and two disabled people’s
organisations were consulted on the content. Their recommendations
were subsequently incorporated into the final versions of the
questionnaire. Two agencies had extensive contact lists via an e‐group and
sent around a flier asking for self employed disabled people to respond.
Only one of these was successful in obtaining any response. Four
organisations contacted self employed disabled people already known to
them. In addition, direct contact was made with self employed disabled
people by WB2 researchers. Later, a study carried out for the NWDA into
the experience of people setting up new companies was able to offer a
subset of their survey that had identified themselves a disabled.
The responses from all the interviews were written up and compared to
find replication of experience and any differences. These were then
identified and recorded under the relevant themes. These findings were
then considered and compared to the literature, and conclusions and
recommendations were derived from this.
The semi structured interview questions are included in Appendix 2.
33
6.0 Experience of Disabled Entrepreneurs in North West England
6.1. Profiles of the Businesses Thirty four disabled people took part in the interviews, comprising twenty
two males and twelve females. Eleven were from in Greater Manchester,
eight from Cheshire, and there were seven from both Merseyside and
Lancashire.
As described in 5.1.2 and 5.1.3, the identification of disabled
entrepreneurs proved to be more difficult than anticipated. After
consulting with NWDA, the search period for interviewees was increased
and additional partners were contacted. While there was a hope that at
least 50 individuals would be interviewed, the research team found that,
when the first 30 interviews were analysed, there was a large degree of
uniformity within the answers. The research team also knew that more
than 30 responses still constituted one of the largest surveys of disabled
entrepreneurs conducted in the UK to date. It was therefore decided that
the study would not benefit from a further search for interviewees due to
the uniform responses, and the final conclusions were based on an
interview set of 34 individuals.
All participants were running private businesses, while one was managing
two businesses. None described their business as a social enterprise or a
co‐ operative. The types of business were quite diverse and included:
• Arts and training
• Deaf training consultancy.
• Baby BSL signing franchisor business
• Driving instructors
• Car sales
• Plumbing / Painting and decorating
• Judo training for schools, youth groups and businesses
(diversity/disability awareness).
34
• Diversity Trainer / Consultant
• Dental hygienist
• Counselling services
• Disability Equality consultancies
• Creative media/Photographer/Web Graphic designer
• Nursery and pre‐school hospitality
• Equestrian centre
• Accountancy
• Cutting timber / Charcoal production/ Ground Maintenance
• Computer electronic sales
The average age of the businesses among the entire interview set was just
over four years, although one third had been trading for more than five
years. One business has been running for 20 years, and another for 17
years. Nine businesses had been running for between five and nine years,
and another 13 had been running for between two and four years. The
remainder had been running for one year or less. Three did not say how
long they had been in business.
Most of the interviewees were sole traders, however 13 businesses
employed at least one other member of staff. The largest employer had
eight members of staff, with another employing seven people, and a third
employing five full time and three part time people. The remaining 10
companies employed six full time and 23 part‐times workers between
them.
One business did not employ staff but the owner had personal assistants
who provided the support he needed to run his business. They were self
employed and he paid them with finds from outside of the business. Of the
businesses that employed staff, 69% of the employees were disabled
people. Most interviewees did not wish to disclose salaries, but those that
did indicated that they were providing salary ranges of £1, 000 to £15,000
35
per annum. Entrepreneurs own salaries were in the range of £6,240 to
£40,000.
Many of the interviewees did not wish to disclose financial matters
relating to the business. Those that did showed a turnover of up to
£285,000 per annum. However, the average turnover approximated
£37,000. Some pointed out that income fluctuates throughout the year
and while some months see no income, other months were very busy.
Outgoings also varied with the lowest income trader having the highest
percentage of outgoing at 60%, and another trader having no outgoings as
all materials are met by the customer. Eighteen traders gave North West
suppliers priority, while others were not able to source in the region. Six
businesses prioritise purchases from other disabled people’s businesses as
far as possible.
For the consultancy and training businesses, the public sector made up the
main client group. However other services were provided to private
individuals or the private sector and the third sector to a lesser degree.
The remainder of this section described the experiences of individual
disabled entrepreneurs four are featured in the accompanying Summary
Report. Others have been given pseudonyms to protect their identity.
6.2. Motivations for starting a business
6.2.1 Necessity vs. Opportunity
Seven of the self employed disabled people who took part in the study had
set up new businesses following redundancy (three voluntary). Eight had
been unemployed, and two more began businesses following retirement
on health grounds and age respectively. Seven entrepreneurs wanted
more flexibility, while another five set up their business following an injury
or impairment. Five had identified a specific opportunity.
The responses show that while there were a few opportunity
entrepreneurs, most set up their businesses through necessity. The
necessity entrepreneurs felt that setting up a business was the best way to
generate income and was a preferable means of financial support
36
compared to the benefits system. Recent work by Cass Business School’s
Centre for New Technologies, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CENTIVE)
also shows that businesses that are set up by disabled people are more
likely to survive compared to average survival rates (Logan et al, 2008).
Survival represents excellent value for money in terms of return on
investment, and on this evidence, should be an incentive for business
support agencies to seek out entrepreneurial disabled people for training
and support.
6.2.2. Leaving public bodies The reasons why respondents were motivated to set up their own
businesses varied, but broadly they came under two main groups ‐ those
who felt restricted in their work with public bodies and those that were
out of work, including being made redundant. Four interviewees had
previously worked for a public body and made comments about
unacceptable attitudes or working environments.
Terry was working as a local government officer and became disillusioned
with what he saw as the double standards. The Council was good at saying
they supported disabled people, but treated him unfairly. When he
returned from a secondment to the Manchester Commonwealth Games
project, he found that the job he had been doing previously was no longer
available and he accepted severance pay and left the Council. Judo was a
hobby when he left his job. Terry had competed in the three Paralympics
Games ‐ Seoul, Atlanta and Sydney ‐ and won bronze medals. He had
understood that there was a gap in the market for a business that would
cater for disabled people and used some of his severance money to buy a
van to deliver his services to clients. He then approached a number of
potential host venues such as the Greenbank Sports Academy, a purpose‐
built sporting complex for disabled sportsmen and women in Liverpool,
and with ‘word of mouth’ from teachers who were aware of Terry’s skills,
soon began to generate work. The various delivery strands cater for every
ability and age, however, the business was set up to ensure that disabled
people could become active Judo players in a safe, supportive, inclusive
environment. This includes young people who have sensory, physical
and/or learning disabilities.
37
Laurence also was disillusioned with the rhetoric around equality in the
public sector:
I was sick of working for a public body. I wanted
to do a diversity of work that would not be
allowed to do. There is no job where I could do a
bit of comedy, a bit of consultancy and a bit of
training, they do not usually sit well together for
an employer. For a while I had two CV’s to cover
the work and for a while I was thinking about
having another website for training and
consultancy. But I have not been desperate for
work so no point in getting training website.
(Laurence)
Shameem too worked in a public body, and like Laurence found there to
be a lack of commitment to equality and diversity:
I had worked for national government in the field
of equality and diversity and discovered a niche
in the market – that there was a dearth of good
equality and diversity trainers/consultants. I felt
that with my previous work experience, skills and
qualifications I would have a good chance of
succeeding in this area.
Susan had also worked in the public sector but her reasons for wanting the
flexibility of being self employed were to do with child care rather than
disability:
I used to be employed by a dental hospital and I
decided to set up on my own so that I had more
time to be with my children and so that my
working hours could be flexible.
6.2.3. Out of work
Those that were without work, including those just made redundant, also
opted for self employment. Eight interviewees were in a redundancy
situation (including three who had chosen voluntary severance):
38
I had been made redundant and the local
jobcentre plus referred me to InBiz who has the
contract for self employment. (Robert)
I became redundant in 1991. I had worked in
engineering, but could not get a job back into
engineering. I worked as a driving instructor for a
company and eventually I bought the name off
them. (William)
I was made redundant. I had served my time as a
painter and decorator before so I thought to
carry on doing that. (David)
Two interviewees had been unemployed and also
received help from the same organisation
contracted by Job Centre Plus to give advice on
self employment:I was registered unemployed
and was claiming JSA through Ellesmere Port JCP,
Inbiz has the contract with JCP for self
employment and a referral was made to them.
(Neil)
6.2.4. Retirement
Frank decided to set up in business after retiring:
Because of my medical condition I found it
difficult to obtain employment. I was in receipt
of Incapacity Benefit and my G.P. would not sign
me off as fit to work. I am now retired and love
photography so I decided to set up a company
with my son. As we are both disabled we decided
that self employment was the best option
available to us as we can have flexible working
hours.
Laura was also retired from her job on health grounds before starting to
work for herself:
39
I was deputy director of Planning and
Development in a local authority and I retired on
grounds of ill health. I was invited to do small
pieces of work around economic development,
regeneration and housing and this has continued. Similarly Mike could not continue is his previous occupation, and identified
a niche:
I had been driving for 36 years including motor
sport and I never saw a disabled driver
competing. I knew of disabled people who said
they would love to drive and found that no one
would teach them. I decided to change direction,
I had identified a niche and went for it. I had the
knowledge and had the right experience, the
times was right for me to give something back
Matthew also had come to the end of road with his employer:
I used to work in computer games, and for ethical
reasons, couldn’t continue at place I was
working. They couldn’t offer me anything else, so
I took the opportunity to explore self
employment.
6.2.5. Flexibility Other participants had different reasons for setting up, but flexibility is a
theme that repeatedly arises. Sarah had been working in an agency but
felt she would be better off doing the same thing and have more flexibility
running her own business:
I was employed by an agency and I had to take
compassionate leave. When I returned to work I
found that I wasn’t getting any clients and
therefore I was not getting paid. So I decided to
set up on my own and this meant that I could
choose my hours and work around my disability.
40
Others wanted flexibility to suit their personal circumstances:
I wanted more freedom and control and to work
in a way that I felt was more appropriate to me.
(Paul)
I am unemployable, because I need time off due
to my illness. (Jeanette) Julie identified a gap which related directly to her own experience of
hearing loss:
HearFirst was set up as a direct result of my
acquired hearing loss. I felt I could train, educate
and encourage service providers to meet needs
of deaf and disabled people and help them
implement the DDA. TalkFirst after spotting a
niche in the market. (Julie)
6.3 Business Support
6.3.1. Seeking help from Business Link
The role of Business Link in assisting people in setting up their own
businesses was referred to by the respondents and the responses showed
that people had a mix of experiences. Two of the respondents said that
they did not know there was any support for people wanting to start their
own businesses. Three felt that the advice was not helpful, while five had
found Business Link did assist them in a number of areas:
I sought help from Sheffield Business Link as I
was living in Sheffield when I set up my business–
my experience was excellent. I was appointed a
business link advisor who explained the practical
steps of setting up a business in a clear way, gave
guidance on writing a business plan, setting up a
business bank account and my advisor was
extremely encouraging as she had set up her own
business as a sole trader as well. I was also
41
awarded European Funding for marketing
materials, design of business logo and specialist
consultancy services in marketing. I would not
hesitate to recommend Business Link.
(Shameem)
I sought help from Business Link after I set up my
business. They provided me with practical
support such as Financial Administration,
Bookkeeping and general awareness of running a
business. (Sarah)
I sought help from Business Link during start up.
They were actually quite helpful. They ran me
through a tax course so that was useful. That was
the basic thing I needed and was pleased with
what I was shown. There were no problems at all.
(Richard)
When I first started up I approached Business
Link. I found them to be very informative. They
put me in touch with Solicitors, Accountants,
Banks and also helped me to identify funding
sources. They also gave me a lot of practical help
with regards to running a business. My
experience is that whilst Business Link appears
to be good with start ups I haven’t found them to
be particularly useful once I was established.
(Paul)
Julie did not specify where her support came from, but found it helpful
despite an apparent lack of understanding of the access requirements of
disabled people:
I have had good positive experiences although
services are not set up with disabled people in
mind. A lot of the mainstream work needs to be
generally more accessible to meet more people’s
42
needs for example consideration to training room
accessibility. (Julie)
However the experience was not always positive, and some found
Business Link unhelpful. For example, in Terry’s words, it was ‘a complete
waste of time’. They told him there was no financial help for him and did
not offer any other advice or assistance.
Likewise, Les was very upset that his time was wasted. He sought
information and advice for filling in forms in order to get a grant. He claims
that Business Link delayed him, and later he was informed that he missed
the deadline.
Jeanette’s hopes sank and her aspirations vanished after she ‘struggled
with Business Link to get any sort of help’. While she did receive advice,
she felt that she was not given the assistance she needed.
6.3.2. Job Centre Plus Job Centre Plus contracts other bodies and agencies to support disabled
people. Five of the interviewees had been referred to these bodies. While
most were satisfied, some were disappointed with the help they received.
One of the interviewees said:
[The organisation] couldn’t even manage their
own business and the advisors were former and
failed entrepreneurs. The disability advisor at my
particular Job Centre and the [organisation’s]
advisor were both completely abusive bullies,
prejudiced and with no understanding of mental
health difficulties. I suggested they needed
training and they said that ‘we don’t have time’. I
should have sued them under the disability
discrimination act – they nearly destroyed me. I
decided I would never get help from any business
agency linked to my local Job Centre again – most
of these so called business advisors do not have
the courage to stay in self‐employment
themselves, they cannot ‘walk their talk’ and are
43
highly negative about entrepreneurship. I now
get help in terms of my social enterprise from
UnLtd (a social enterprise)– and they are
excellent, very positive and supportive. The
other people I get business advice from are self‐
made multi‐millionaires who are still in self‐
employment. (Maria)
Job Centre Plus also contracts out programmes such as Workstep to
organisations that specialise in certain groups of disabled people, but not
specifically self employment. For example, Terry’s main help came from
Action for Blind People which assigned a business advisor to help him to
set up the business. Terry said that the advisor was not much help as a
business advisor, but did offer some moral support and some practical
help on how to access funding.
Matthew also went to Action for Blind People which gave good initial
support:
I contacted Action for Blind People, and was
assigned a self‐employment advisor. He assisted
me in set up. Initially he was pretty useful, there
were some difficulties due to nature of my
business. I have Christian products, my view of
business is not the same of secular standard of
business. It is not just about earning money. AFB
encouraged the fast generation of profit, and felt
I had a longer term goal for ethical reasons.
However, originally AFB were good, and easy to
get hold of, they are not as useful now.
Another organisation which is funded to provide a service on behalf of Job
Centre Plus, is Shaw Trust. Mike found them to be helpful:
When I was first setting up I found Job Centre
Plus to be a good help and they referred me to
Shaw Trust, who were also helpful. The Queen
Elizabeth Foundation training course for
Advanced Drivers was very good, they hold a
44
register of all Advanced Drivers who will teach
disabled drivers.
The Department for Work and Pensions also has a scheme called Access to
Work, that offers advice and practical support to disabled people in
relation to employment, including self employment. However, not all of
the interviewees knew about this service even after being in business for
many years:
I did not know about Access to Work until the
Interviewer made me aware of it. (Sarah)
The experience of Access to Work also varies. Laurence had quite a lot to
say about the way in which support services can create added problems:
I have used Access to Work. They were a barrier
because before they would give me any help I
had to show I was a viable business before they
would fund me. When you set up you do not
have a lot a work to start up. It was three or four
months before I got support. I get support to pay
for taxis because public transport is not
accessible to me. I have to produce taxi receipts
to get the money back. I get 15 hours for PA
support; this is no where near enough. I have to
keep a diary to show how much support I actually
use, I fill in two diaries as PA support for non
work hours is for the Local Authority and the
Independent Living Fund. I show that I need 25 to
30 hours for work and the Local Authority and
Independent Living Fund is not meant to cover
work time, but is in fact paying for it.
Laurence also talked about how the support offered does not cover what
is actually required and he has to find ways of covering the cost either
from the business or passing it onto the customer:
Another problem is that Access to Work are only
giving me £6 per hour for PA support and this
45
includes on costs like National Insurance so the
PA only get £5.70 per hour. This has not gone up
since I was assessed 5 years ago – no inflation. I
subsidise this because I pay £7 per hour on
Merseyside and £7.40 outside of Merseyside,
because it is long days and this gives them extra
as a subsistence allowance. Access to Work
doesn’t take that into account.
I know there are times when I have not been
picked for some contracts because my costs are
that bit more, even more that other disabled
people who do not use pa for work. However,
Terry was able to obtain funding under the
Access to Work scheme for a driver and an
assistant/equipment manager. Harry also
obtained a grant to start hospitality. Another
accredited provider of business support and
consultancy is Blue Orchid. Greg found them an
equal opportunities organisation.
Blue Orchid provided business planning advice
without any prejudice. They took into
consideration the limitations that mental health
issues put on the overall planning process and
took the process bit by bit.
The Jobcentre Plus referred Keith to Blue Orchid. The latter helped him to
develop, although the Jobcentre Plus has tried to get him into employment
rather than starting up a business. He claims they said ‘it takes too long to
set up’.
The Stepping Stones project managed by Jobcentre Plus employs specialist
advisers to offer help. They refereed William to Blue Orchid:
I was on long term incapacity benefit and was
becoming increasingly depressed. I visited
Stepping Stones, I had no idea assistance was
available to help start up on my own. They
46
referred me to Blue Orchid and they helped me
immediately by having a business plan set out in
a way that would take into consideration my
disability.
Gary also found that Blue Orchid offers help through training advice,
motivation and other routes to move into work:
I found it difficult to move from the employed
sector into self employment initially due to the
uncertainty about how much help would be
received. Blue Orchid helped with the business
planning which was invaluable.
The experiences of the interviewees shows that many organisations that
partner with pubic sector sign‐posting bodies such as Job Centre Plus or
Business Link can play a very supportive role. The negative experiences of
some may have resulted in a cultural miss‐match where the entrepreneur
could or should have gone to a more entrepreneurial source such as a
social enterprise. The presence, or a least an awareness of social
enterprises on pubic sector databases and knowledge platforms may
improve the choice that can be offered to disabled entrepreneurs,
particularly those that are at an early stage in their start‐up plans.
6.3.3. Other support A number of interviewees sought support elsewhere, and their experience
varied. A selection of responses includes:
I have received help from my local Chamber of
Commerce and I continue to do so. They were
very supportive and gave me assistance with
running a business, marketing and tendering for
contracts. I have also been supported by the St
Helens Coalition of Disabled People who gave me
work. (Ken)
I applied to UnLtd and the Community
Champions fund for support to help with
47
increased expense of running the business. The
experience was extremely helpful. (Toni)
I sought help during start up from Burnley
Enterprise Trust, local charitable groups and local
authority. Overall it was a positive experience
except for the Chamber of Commerce. They just
never get back to you. You have to email them
and really email is the means of communication
in the modern day and you expect a prompt
reply, but they never did. They either did not
respond, or responded too late. (Hazel)
I used Wigan Business Enterprise. It was OK. I
learnt a few things, mainly about the tax side of
things and what I had to do regarding tax, just
basic things I needed to know. It was helpful.
There were no negatives. (David)
Some did not need formal business support because they already had
access to the expertise. For example Laura said:
No I did not need this as my dad was an
accountant, and my husband is a commercial
lawyer, so they were able to sort out that side of
things. But it must be scary for people who do not
have the support I have. I found my networks
have been most useful and I have a high profile
without having to do any marketing or bidding for
tenders. Local authorities advice the auditors that I
am the only suitably qualified person, there is no
one for me to compete against.
I have had support from Access to Work to employ
a personal assistant and a secretary, I have also had
help to pay for the adaptations on my wheelchair
accessible car. I use the Leeds office who were
quite good – I am not sure if the Bolton office is as
supportive.
48
6.4. The role of skills in business success It is known that disabled people encounter societal and attitudinal
barriers, and disabled people develop skills in order to deal with such
issues. Some recognised that they had these skills, and were able to
recognise this as a contributing factor to their business success:
Yes, a large part of the nature of the business is
about tackling barriers whether it is training
consultancy, performing and writing; ability to
identify barriers not just from my impairment but
wider and trying and pass on this knowledge;
project management around day to day living,
negotiation skills, awareness handling extra long
of red tape; problem solving skills. (Laurence)
Similarly Shameem recognised the skills she has as a result of tackling
barriers:
I identify as a disabled woman and as I work in
the field of equality and diversity – providing
training and consultancy services in the field of
disability equality amongst other areas of E & D ‐
tackling such barriers is part and parcel of my
business with clients. Therefore it has
contributed to my skills and business success.
Julie recognised the importance of tackling stereotypes that suggest
disabled people are not capable of running a viable business:
Definitely – the fact that HearFirst and TalkFirst
are completely sustainable and run by deaf MD
tackles stereotypes from the word go. Also Terry felt that his own experience at the Local Authority helped his
determination to do better for disabled people. His standing as an athlete,
and his disability was a benefit to him when setting up a Judo coaching
business that welcomed disabled people.
49
For Matthew tackling the barrier of transport remained, and his skills and
experience did not help with this, but he did realise he would have to find
another way to make it work:
Not really, I found it very difficult. I was advised
to get products out quickly but I found that as I
tried to get things to market it was difficult as
travel. I couldn’t make travel viable. I needed
larger contacts. The original design wasn’t
working, so I am now more internet based, which
has increased business success. I am now more
lateral in terms of tackling barriers, e.g.
advertising / communication.
Ken considered the barriers to be about the lack of understanding about
the need for his service, which is disability equality training:
I have not actually faced barriers because I am
disabled, but I have faced barriers with regards to
the work I do as many people do not class
disability equality training as high priority, which
makes me feel sad.
Frank recognised that he had developed skills based on earlier experiences:
I think that facing the barriers I had with regards
to becoming employed before I retired has made
me more determined to set up my own business
and do well. Mike also recognises that he relied on his own skills, and had advice for
other disabled people:
I am very skilled at dealing with barriers that do
not come down, you have to keep at it until they
see your point of view. Eventually the dust settles
50
and they can see the true picture. People realise
after a while that maybe they can learn
something. To be successful, you have to show
what you can bring.
Spirit and determination got me through. Given
the opportunity disabled people do want to do
things. For me my job is very rewarding because
disabled people appreciate having another
disabled person supporting them
My advice to disabled people is to do something
you are good at and enjoy; we are learning and
supporting each other. Hazel also had advice for other disabled people. Hazel’s view is that
disabled people should aim at being taken seriously by the society:
If you have got the motivation then do it. I was
diagnosed with dyslexia early on and it taught me
to think outside the box, and see it as an
advantage, not a disadvantage. I have got all
sorts of different techniques and strategies for
bending the rules for what society deems as
normal.
Despite using different words, Maria accentuated this issue calling for a
certain shift:
You have to keep believing in yourself, when
everyone else has a very stereotyped and
discriminatory view of disabled people who have
spent a long time in psychiatric hospitals and
residential care homes. My business is all about
changing attitudes, but fundamentally it’s about
saving lives. I think I feel I have to succeed,
because I owe it to other people who are
experiencing the same difficulties I faced – not
just for myself, but for others. I am driven to
51
succeed, because I want to show people the
positive aspects of mental and emotional
distress.
Laura’s business is successful, and she is very much aware of the skills she
has developed through dealing with disabling barriers:
As a disabled person you have to be tolerant and
deal with barriers in different ways. For example I
was recently due to Chair a conference for
Housing Associations about their Disability
Equality Schemes. The organisers of the event
had to change the venues several times to make
sure I could get in. People do not believe the
barriers caused by lack of car parking, getting
into through doors, blocked dropped kerbs, high
reception counters.
If you do not let people know before hand then
you can’t get into places. I find I get patronised a
lot too – people do not know what to do or say,
they want to hug me! I do not over charge for
what I do – but I do charge a reasonable fee
without being greedy. So I get recommended in
the networks.
Disabled people are often surprised to find I am a
wheelchair user to, but it does give me much more
credibility with them. Not everyone – but with a lot
of disabled people.
The skills and knowledge that disabled people have are used in different
ways. It seems that sometimes disabled people have not recognised their
own expertise, simply taking for granted the skills they have developed in
order to survive and thrive.
6.5. Skills or knowledge that would have been useful at the start
6.5.1. Financial and management
52
Several entrepreneurs identified many things that would have been useful
to know when they were starting their business. Knowledge and skills
around finances and management were mentioned several times:
I wish now I could have written a business plan at
the time it seemed daunting. (Laurence)
How to get over the red tape with reference to
the driving school (Sam)
How to start, the paperwork side – tax, books
etc. (Neil)
Knowing how taxation works and keeping proper
financial records. Having access to a list of
accountants with a good reputation for working
with sole traders in my area. (Shameem)
I wish I known more about taxes. I needed
financial knowledge as I was not too sure.
(William)
Financial assistance would have been beneficial.
(Harry)
It would have been beneficial to have had a bit
more on legislation re employers’ rights and
contracts. They were what we struggled with.
(Richard)
Terry wishes that he had more experience about how to set up a business,
and general administration skills (invoicing, diary‐keeping) in particular
would have been extremely helpful. For example, he would have liked to
know that buying a new vehicle was not financially sensible, and should
have gone either for a lease deal or bought a second hand van.
The importance of having finances ordered was recognised by Sarah who
felt she was well placed from the start because:
I have a good accountant who takes care of my
accounts for me.
53
6.5.2. Access to advice and information
Some interviewees did not know about the business support that could
have been offered to them until they took part in the WB2 study. When
Robert became self employed, he felt alone and needed assistance when
tackling some of the hard questions. Three others also said they did not
know what was available:
I did not know about Business Link. More
networks at the beginning it would have been
easier. (Laurence)
I wish I knew about the help available to disabled
people with regards to setting up their own
businesses. My interviewer has given me
information about what’s available so I am going
to find out more. (Frank)
I did not know about Access to Work until the
Interviewer made me aware of it. (Sarah)
Information about markets is something Terry would have welcomed
advice, five other interviewees also commented on this:
Lots – I am still learning. Main thing I needed at
start was knowledge of my market – how much
would clients pay? When do they set budgets and
commission training? etc. I have gained that
through experience. (Julie)
Knowing where to market and advertise my
business in local, regional and national
publications, which would be free or at little cost.
(Shameem)
I would have liked to have been more proficient
at Marketing, knowing where to advertise and
knowing who to go to for further funding. (Paul)
54
If I had experience of internet marketing, I
wouldn’t have wasted energy on other marketing
and promotion tools. (Matthew)
I wish I’d had more marketing skills and business
acumen when I started up. (Ken)
I wish I had more expertise and more advice on
how to market the business correctly. (Mel)
Two more already had the skills they needed:
I had all the skills and knowledge I needed.
(Mike)
I had all my qualifications and contacts before I
acquired my impairment and this does make a
difference to attracting work. (Laura)
While many interviewees had developed the skills they needed along the
way, an early intervention from a knowledgeable business support advisor
would almost certainly have improved almost all of the WB2 participant’s
businesses.
6.5.3. Where others could have been more helpful.
Access to Work
Laurence felt he could not emphasise enough the required improvements
of Access to Work because commissioners are not willing to cover the cost
of PA support:
Access to Work needs to be more helpful, they
do not recognise that whether employed by
someone else or self employed no one wants to
pay for the additional cost of a PA. When I am
commissioned to work away from home and I say
I am going to bring a PA they are fine until they
realise they will need a second bedroom. Access
to work won’t pay for PA accommodation often
55
accessible hotels are often the most expensive.
Usually I end up paying PA costs myself, another
example is train fares e.g. train fares. Neither
commissioners nor Access to Work will pay for PA
train fares, even though it might be cheaper that
mileage. Accommodation and travel for PA’s.
you feel like a criminal like you are doing
something wrong.
It affects how much money I make they think it is
frivolous because it is a hotel. They are too slow
to deal with a lot of things, often you don’t know
until you get there that there will be an extra
expense they want to know well in advance this
is not always possible.
In a competitive market which you are in self
employed, Access to Work is obsessed to passing
on cost to employers impacts self employed in
particular in public authority work where they
have a duty to best value cost is a factor. So
effectively they are making you more expensive
to potential clients.
Matthew also thought Access to Work could have been more helpful:
Yes, I wanted support for travel and market
research, networking. I wished there had been
channels (for standard markets) where disabled
entrepreneurs can market and try out new
products to alleviate effort of trying to do so. I
needed to enable to gauge what is right quicker.
Access To Work pay for taxis which works out
better than contributing per mile to use my
wife’s car. So it is not viable. Alternative to
driving costs 2.5 times as much per mile!
56
Julie thought that positive attitudes are fine, but that does not necessarily
mean professionals have a good understanding of and / or commitments
to ensuring access requirements are met:
For me it is about professionals giving me the
service/ advice/ knowledge in a way that is
accessible to me. Standard services and
information need to be more accessible to a
wider range of people. More thought could be
put into it e.g. leaflets with just a phone number
on to contact someone are no use to a deaf
person. Networking events in a dimly lit, noisy
hotel are inaccessible to deaf people.
Professionals generally have had a good attitude
towards me but there has been little thought into
the accessibility of the service they provide.
Two interviewees said help with access would have been good:
I would have liked help with access Issues.
Especially with regards to parking as I cannot
walk very far without feeling severe discomfort.
However, the practises have been very
supportive and try to give me a parking space
close to the door. (Susan)
Lack of knowledge of disabled people’s issues
Paul identified a global lack of knowledge about disability and disabled
people in mainstream provision so that disabled people are siphoned off
to specialist provision, or are left to find out for themselves:
From a personal point of view the people who
have supported me have not present any
barriers. Anyone offering advice and support
should become more disability aware and have
knowledge of what organisations and individuals
are out there to support self employed disabled
people. However, my perception is that external
57
bodies, individuals and organisations perhaps
don’t take Disabled people who want to be
entrepreneurs seriously.
Ideally I would like to see an in‐house service that
is able to meet my business needs fully rather
than having to be passed on to other groups or
having to carry out research myself. There is also
a tendency to steer you towards becoming a
social enterprise or charity. Also I feel that small
companies and sole traders tend to lose out to
the larger organisations when it comes to
tendering for contracts.
Laurence also noted the lack of knowledge about disability and disabled
people and he believes that there are parts of the region that are less
helpful than others or other regions:
It would be easier if I lived somewhere where
disability equality is taken seriously, despite the
public duty it is very poor in this part of the North
West, they are not interested,
Other issues
Mike commented on a range of issues. Firstly, that the driving standard
and DVLA could have been more helpful, but he also he spoke about the
importance of disabled people being the best support for other disabled
people:
When someone becomes disabled they need the
right counselling, at the moment it is being done
by the wrong people, able bodied counselling is
not what is needed. We need more disabled
people to be counsellors.
Disabled people know best how to support each
other – we’ve been there, done that, got the t‐
shirt and sent a post card. Businesses which are
owned by disabled people should be used more.
58
Confidence boosting comes better from other
another disabled person.
Disabled people’s businesses lose out to the big
organisations, small businesses were not invited
to bid for a contract. For example Motability has
given the contract for teaching disabled learner
driver to the AA – but they don’t have any
adapted vehicles or the experience I have. So
they have to sub‐contract it. But it is taking the
choice away from individuals who may prefer
their custom to go a disabled driving instructor. I
am awaiting the outcome of an interview with a
North West Local Authority on doing some work
around road safety.
For Neil it was the bank:
The bank could have been more helpful.
For Hazel it was the University:
I went to a supposed health and safety training
session at Liverpool University, but there was
only a bit about health and safety, they were
more interested in literacy and understanding
the literature around it. And the literacy was
practically key stage one.
Jeanette suffered from the treatment she got from the Council:
I have been knocked back for disability benefit
because they said I was too big and have muscles
to be disabled! I have Spina Bifida but I am quite
beefy, I have muscles and they thought I was not
disabled because of that. I have struggled
constantly with this. I have struggled for a year to
get the riding school on a green site, they were
saying no,I was saying where else is it to go? I
have struggled with council for all sorts of
59
planning. They took a year to give us planning
permission and so we had no stables or premises
for the horses during winter as they were taking
so long. We told them this, but they did not listen
so then they said oh, you have no premises for
your horses! So we had to close over the winter,
because they did not listen to us and took so
long.
For Laura it was not just about start up but on‐going support. She says
there are still many things that need attention, for example:
People are starting to think about getting
wheelchair users into places – but not how to get
you out in an emergency. Sometimes they point
to the e‐vac chair, but they are no use to me as I
can’t transfer.
Harold recognises that networks he had built when he was in work were
vital in setting up his own business:
As previously stated I was a social worker for
many years and I have built up a good network of
contacts within the local council. This has helped
me greatly during my transition to self
employment. I feel that if I hadn’t had this
network in place that I would have struggled as a
disabled person to set up my own company.
Phil also did not feel he had needed anything from others: “No, not really I
am self motivated.”
Similarly Terry could not think of anything that others could have been
more helpful with. He was grateful for the opportunity to build his
business himself, as the combination of his experience of disability and the
way he was treated in his former job had brought him to a low point in his
life. It was still hard work to run the business, but he does not regret his
decision. His focus is on what he can do rather than what he can’t do.
Shameem did not think anyone could have done more:
60
Nothing. As I have a hearing impairment – a non
visual impairment, when I worked with Business
Link – all my meetings were face to face and I did
not have any access requirements.
6.6. Contribution to the social sustainability of the region
Of those interviewees who spoke about their contribution to the wider
community, some talked about the direct impact of their business. All of
those that provide consultancy and training referred to making a
difference in terms of diversity and equality, for example:
It may be being a bit subjective but I think I have
approved awareness of disability issues in the
area both directly and indirectly and my online
newspaper has had quite a lot of positive
feedback from people contributing to it directly
or people reading articles. (Paul)
I have made non disabled people aware of the
barriers that disabled people face on a day to day
basis. (Ken)
With HearFirst ‐ apart from employing people
from the North West we have also made an
impact in the location that we have delivered
training. We have trained and educated service
providers so they are more aware of disabled
peoples needs and are able to offer a more
inclusive service and one which values diversity
within their organisation. With TalkFirst – offers
business opportunities to Mums who want to
work term time and part time. TalkFirst currently
has 2 Mumpreteneur franchisees in the North
West. (Julie)
Laura recognised that her very presence has an impact:
I raise awareness without even trying, just my
presence means people have to think about
61
disabled people and our requirements. Having a
disabled person who is assertive makes them
think. We challenge assumptions, erroneous
perceptions get in the way of us doing what we
can do.
I am an ambassador for disabled people. I know
what it is like to live and work in the non‐disabled
world as a non disabled person. There is a need
to work along side disabled people to empower
them.
I have been working with a group of disabled
people to help them set up their management
board. I am gradually withdrawing, but I still need
to put them on trackside sometimes.
Maria spoke about what she does to support someone who is experiencing
mental distress in the community.
My business is more about helping people on an
individual level (even though training may be in
groups) – obviously by helping individuals who
have experienced mental distress (and those who
support them) survive, thrive and achieve their
best – then this is going to have a profound effect
on the community. It’s hard to measure, but I
know that many of the people I have trained
have gone on to set up their own peer groups,
self‐management groups and to speak out about
mental distress and recovery. Many have also
gone into self‐employment, and others have
returned to employment after a long break.
Course participants have reported increasing
improvements in family relationships.
Practitioners and Practitioners in training have
reported that they have changed the way they
view and work with mental distress. If I’ve helped
62
one person survive, when they would normally
have fallen apart or resorted to suicide, then
that’s what’s important to me.
Richard provides child care for working mothers’ children in their absence,
to comfort the parents and support the children development.
Children come to our nursery and we have
adapted the nursery to the community needs.
Regarding the opening hours, we open early so
people can go to work. We also open during the
holiday so people can continue working. There
are only 10 or 12 that come during the holidays
but we feel we owe it to the community to do
that and provide that service.
Terry’s company MIJ is a rare example of a commercial concern that caters
for a mixed intake of clients. Disabled people are often integrated into
able‐ bodied groups. Where young people are concerned, this benefits
every participant as it breaks down barriers and contributes to greater
understanding between individuals. It is hard to measure this added value,
but it undoubtedly facilitates a more sustainable community. Also being
part of the community could be recognised for example a recent venture
undertaken by Terry looking into the feasibility of setting up a service to
deliver wheelchair basketball sessions to schools/community groups,
resulted in the donation of a number of adapted wheelchairs with funding
from the Community Foundation for Merseyside. This project is in the
early stages, current interest shows a demand for this venture.
Matthew’s contribution to sustainable communities is in relation to faith:
I try to get across a Christian message which I
hope has a positive impact, and the internet
shopping goes wider than the North West. I hope
to make a positive impact through use of the
internet.
There were also comments about employment:
63
I have also over the years employed disabled
people on a full time, part time and voluntary
basis, thereby playing a small part in improving
the lives of disabled people with regards to
economic and social inclusion. (Paul)
Other comments related to the direct outputs of the business and the
business it generates for others:
In the course of my work I have had to hire out
office space and purchase equipment locally so I
have contributed to the economy of the area in
this way. (Sarah)
The business enables festivals by considering the organising of health and
safety and the first aid aspects which we provide for the community
groups. This in turn benefits the community, also take into account the
people needs in travelling to the festivals, e.g. spending money there, the
petrol, buying foods from supermarkets, etc. (Hazel)
To pursue my business I have maintained a couple of businesses by buying
the machinery and keeping them in business. I sell probably
10,000 tons of wood a year, thereby reducing
imports of coal probably by 5000 tons a year.
(Charles)
Two interviewees were aware of the way in which their business has a
direct positive impact on disabled people and their lives:
For disabled people learning to drive can mean the difference between
getting a job and not getting a job. A lot of disabled people cannot use
buses or they live where there are no busses, so I make a difference in
increasing the number of disabled people available to work.
Attitudes are starting to change, gone are the
days when disabled people are told they can’t
drive or do other things, disabled people can
drive so long as it is safe and given the right
adaptations and instruction they are safe. People
64
can’t be pigeon holed or adapted to fit, the
important thing is to find out what people can do
and adapt to them. (Mike)
I and my father were diagnosed with
Centronuclear Myopathy around 1998; I
struggled to find information about the
condition, so I set up the Information Point
(http://centronuclear.org.uk). I believe the
Information Point has brought the Centronculear
/ Myotubular Myopathy community together. It
acts as an information portal and gets people
talking to one another. (Toni)
These experiences show that disabled people can and do set up their own
businesses in a wide range of markets. Some accounts show that their
business vision was achieved because of the help they got from support
bodies. However, there are others that could, and perhaps should have
had better and timelier advice. These entrepreneurs struggled
unnecessarily because they either were not aware that help was available,
or were counselled by people who did not have the relevant experience.
The WB2 study shows that disabled people are well placed to facilitate
other disabled people to be socially included in line with the current
political agenda. However it is not clear whether resources which are
being used to progress that agenda are having a direct and positive
impact. In particular, whether disabled people who have the skills,
knowledge and experience, are still being marginalised. There is little
evidence that there is recognition in
the mainstream business support community about the role that disabled
people have to play in promoting disability equality and removing disabling
barriers for disabled entrepreneurs.
7.0 Conclusions There is, potentially, a large group of entrepreneurs who are encountering
barriers which make it too difficult to engage in business enterprise.
65
Bringing just 10% of disabled people who are currently receiving Incapacity
Benefit into productive economic activity through new business start‐ups
could both reduce public expenditure, and improve economic productivity.
For the North West, this could mean over one‐third of one billion pounds
towards narrowing the economic gap with the South. For UKplc, this could
mean an improvement of £2.1 billion to the national economy.
Disabled entrepreneurs have chosen self employment as a way of gaining
greater control and flexibility. They are necessity entrepreneurs with the
belief that staying in business is the best way to support themselves. This
is why it is hardly surprising to find that disabled entrepreneurs have much
better survival rates that the average business.
WB2 concurs with earlier findings that disabled people experience
discrimination in employment, and are more likely to consider using their
businesses to reverse some of the difficulties they experienced before they
became entrepreneurs.
Disabled people are resourceful and have skills developed as a result of
simply trying to cope with the system. They have found ways around
barriers and used their skills and experience to set up their own
businesses. However, a more aware and supportive business advice
system could make it far easier for those that need more encouragement
to be successful.
There are examples of good practice and strong role models in businesses
that are run by disabled people. Where disabled people do not feel obliged
to conceal their perspective, their very presence brings about a change in
culture and subsequently practice.
Disabled entrepreneurs are hidden and hard to find. This is partly because
some do not wish to broadcast their disability or do not accept that they
are disabled. Others are simply getting on with their businesses and have
not registered or networked with any support organisations. This is further
exacerbated by the fact that few business support or entrepreneurial
surveys monitor the existence of disabled entrepreneurs.
Measures of entrepreneurial activity currently interpret disability as ‘not
able to work’, and disabled people as entrepreneurs are consequently
66
invisible and in danger of not being taken seriously by planners or
decision‐makers. This assumption derives from individual and medical,
interpretations of disability which lead to erroneous assumptions that
charitable, rather than business approaches are most appropriate to help
disabled people to support themselves. Sources of information on
entrepreneurial activity such as the Global Entrepreneur Monitor need to
include disabled people as a category of business people who are self
employed – not just a reason for not working.
WB2 has identified that the marginalisation of disabled people in relation
to self employment and entrepreneurship is more extensive than realised.
The lack of any significant work on the value of disabled entrepreneurs in
economic policy or studies is profound. Disabled people’s exclusion is
pervasive in all areas of life, so issues such as transport, education and
housing impact on disabled people’s ability to obtain and keep
employment of any type.
Disabled entrepreneurs contribute to the wider sustainability of society in
a number of ways. Some seek to trade with other businesses that are
owned by or employ disabled people. Others devote some or all of their
business time to addressing societal gaps in the support mechanisms for
disabled people. However, the sheer ordinariness of trading normally with
a business person who happens to have a disability will also have an effect
on some who had previously assumed that disabled meant unable to work.
WB2 shows that disabled people the have skills, knowledge and
experience to run organisations to support other disabled people into
employment – but find the tenders go to organisations which are not
managed by disabled people. Similarly Boylan and Burchardt, 2007 :91)
found “Commercial interests conflict with the social agenda of Business
Links and their sub‐ contractors, thus undermining the diversity objectives
of the Small Business Service”.
Disabled people are rarely taken into account in international, national
and regional policy, research and practice of business enterprise and
related activities. It appears to many that disabled people are considered
to be outside the remit of business enterprise because the medical,
individualised interpretation of disability is dominant. While reports such
67
as the Prime Minister’s ‘Improving the Life Chances of Disabled People’
have attempted to shift awareness, many public sector attitudes remain
unchanged about the sustainable value of this large community.
Although participants in this study did not specifically mention issues of
the conflict between work income and benefits, this is known from earlier
studies to be a barrier to disabled people from off benefits and into
employment.
Many disabled people may not aware of business support services and
they have not been consistently supported in mainstream networks such
as Business Link and Job Centre Plus. Those that participated in this study
have expressed confidence that this situation is about to change, but
policy will need to be linked with sufficient time and resources to enable
business advisors to improve their service to the disabled community.
Some business support agencies have been able to assist disabled people
during their start‐up phase, but generally the experience has not always
been a positive one, and quality of support becomes less consistent for
those seeking help with established businesses.
Some people perceive that certain charities are providing a service from
charitable objectives, when in fact they are contracted by Job Centre Plus
to deliver Workstep.
Business support agencies, including those supported by BERR, need to
make a specific effort to target potential disabled entrepreneurs, at least
to the same level as people in BME communities to encourage them to set
up their own businesses.
8.0 Recommendations The Wealth Bringers 2 study into the sustainable value of disabled
entrepreneurs covered a range of issues. These included an exploration of
societal attitudes towards disabled people and, by association, to disabled
people that own or would like to set up a business. It documented the
experiences of disabled people who did manage to set up their own
businesses, and the way they have been able to contribute to society while
68
making a living. It asked both the entrepreneurs and those seeking to help
them how support has been offered in the past, and how it might improve
in the future. Finally, it confirmed that the potential for this large and
innovative community to contribute to the sustainable success of the
region and the country is very high providing that sufficient resources and
better awareness are devoted to helping existing and prospective disabled
entrepreneurs to be more productive.
The study’s key recommendations are:
• All business support agencies should formally and actively adopt the
social interpretation of disability and reject the dominant medical,
individualised interpretation.
• Develop learning and awareness programmes on disability and
entrepreneurial opportunity for all parts of Business Link and
associated business support agencies.
• Give recognition to the resourcefulness, skills and experience
disabled people have, often gained from negotiating and avoiding
widespread disabling barriers.
• Follow the guidance of the Office for Disability Issues to ensure the
removal of disabling barriers.
• Actively encourage entrepreneurship amongst disabled people who
want to be self employment.
• Take action and direct resources toward sustained support for
disabled people who are currently running their own businesses.
These entrepreneurs could in turn provide role model
encouragement for those disabled people who are considering
starting a business, but need added confidence to make the
commitment. Examples of good practice with positive role models
are Breakthrough UK and Idea Tree.
• Set up fully accessible incubator pods and intense business support
and skills development; at least some of which to be under the
control of established and experienced disabled people’s businesses.
69
• Facilitate disabled people’s participation in vital networks which
nurture and support business enterprise.
• Target disabled people in the promotion of Business Link and other
business support services.
• Add more specialist advisors and partner organisations to the
Business Link Knowledge Platform with a view to improving sign‐
posting capabilities.
• Commission further detailed research into the barriers faced by
disabled entrepreneurs. The extent and depth of this exclusion
should not be underestimated and realistic time scales should be set.
• The new NWDA Single Equality Scheme should be used to seek to
increase the number of disabled people in the organisation.
• Work within the NWDA should continue to define the impact that its
policies and programmes have on disability diversity in general, and
on the opportunities for disabled entrepreneurs in particular.
• Ensure that disabled entrepreneurs are considered as valid and
valued bidders for all contracts and programmes promoted by NWDA.
Improve the access to start up loans, venture capital low interest
loans, and other secured loans for prospective disabled
entrepreneurs.
• Amend the Global Entrepreneur Monitor protocol to ensure that
disabled entrepreneurs are recorded and monitored to enable
decision‐ makers to study accurate data sets and plan for their
support.
• Roll out and extend (beyond one year) those bridging initiatives
(including Test Trading Pilots) that offer new disabled entrepreneurs
the chance to start their businesses without the fear of losing their
benefits.
• Review the Access to Work programme so that it becomes more
useful to a wider range of entrepreneurs.
70
• Make it a condition for Job Centre Plus Workstep contract holders
that they should explain that they are running a government funded
programme. This should apply to any other programme.
• Set up Master a class that brings business support agencies, disability
support bodies, and disabled entrepreneurs together to discuss how
assistance for disabled people could be improved for those
considering a start‐up, active start‐up candidates, and those already
running a business.
References
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a Social Model Perspective in Barnes and Mercer, G (2004) Implementing
the social model of disability: Theory and Research. (Leeds: The Disability
Press)
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Bethoud, R and Bleksaune, M (2007) Persistent employment disadvantage
Report 416. DWP http://www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rports2007‐
2008/rrep416.pdf
Bosma, N; Jones, K; Autio, E; Levie, J. (2008) Global Entrepreneurship
Monitor 2007 Executive Report. (London: London Business School)
Boylan, A. and Burchardt T (2002) Barriers to self‐ employment for
disabled people. London: Small Business Council.
http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file38357.pdf
Cabinet Office (2007) Fairness and Freedom: The Final Report of the
Equalities Review http://archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/equalitiesreview/
DWP – Department for Work and Pensions (2006) A New Deal for Welfare.
DWP – Department for Work and Pensions (2007) Ready for Work.
http://www.dwp.gov.uk/welfarereform/readyforwork/09_chapter4.pdf
Dodd, J; Hooper‐Greenhill, E; Delin, A; Jones, C. (2006) “In the past we
would just be invisible” Research into the attitudes of disabled people to
museums and heritage Colchester Museums. University of Leicester
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Harding, R (2007) GEM UK (2006) London School of Economics. Leonard
Cheshire (2006) They’ve already started http://www.readytostart.org.uk/
Logan, J. et al (2008) ‘Unlocking the Potential of the UK’s Hidden
Innovators’. CENTIVE, Cass Business School.
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benefits: A study of experience and use of the Job Preparation Premium
DWP report number 475
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Disability, Handicap and Society Vol 7 No 2 pp101 ‐ 114.
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ONS – Office for National Statistics (2006) Labour Market Review.
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i ew/LMR_ch3.pdf
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e port/pdf/disability.pdf [Nov. 2007]
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2007‐ 2013, Statutory Consultation Draft, 27th November 2006. Prepared
on behalf of the Operational Programme Steering Committee by Regeneris
Consulting
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2006 Data Assessment. Founding and Sponsoring Institutions Babson
College, Babson Park, MA, US London Business School, London, UK
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edited by Len Barton and Mike Oliver (1997) ‘Disability Studies: Past
Present and Future’ pp. 248 ‐ 253; (Leeds: The Disability Press)
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(2007) Economic Impact Study of Business Link Local Service
http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file40289.doc
Appendix 1 - Case Study: Lorraine Gradwell, Chief Executive of
Breakthrough UK
Breakthrough UK Ltd is a unique social enterprise which was set up over
twelve years ago by Chief Executive Lorraine Gradwell. It is based in
Manchester. The business has two basic functions, firstly to support
73
disabled people on a one‐to‐one basis to be independent and find and
progress in work. In addition Breakthrough UK seeks to influence policy
and practice in the “wider world” in line with the principles of
organisation, (namely, the Social Model of Disability and the Principles of
Independent Living).
The business was established originally by Manchester City Council
through partnership work with local disabled people and through looking
for a better way to provide employment support to disabled people. They
came up with a plan to have an employment support and training project
and to set up a new company controlled by disabled people to deliver this.
Lorraine Gradwell said, “They advertised for “somebody to make this
happen”, and I got the job. I was then appointed to the “shadow board”
and then was invited to stay on in the capacity of Chief Executive”.
Breakthrough UK employs 38 people 70% of whom are disabled people.
Five of the senior staff are disabled people. The company has an annual
turnover of £1million. The main client group is mostly public sector, and
some third sector. Breakthrough UK does not have a formal policy
regarding the use of local suppliers. Expenditure to run the organisation is
mostly paid to local suppliers, and there is a preference for that. There is a
conscious effort to use businesses which are run disabled people. The
quality of service / product is taken into account, expenditure on suppliers
is around £700,000.
Business Support
Lorraine Gradwell reports there has been a mix of support to
Breakthrough UK and herself as Chief Executive from Business Support
agencies.
“I have received good support from the Chamber
of Commerce, in different guises, with lots of
change. One advisor has been with us for
probably eight or nine years and understands
Breakthrough UK very well and has also learnt a
74
lot about disability issues and has been very
helpful to the company. I have generally been
opportunistic and looked for what I needed at
any one time. In the early days, I had access to
Manchester City Council resources, for example,
legal support. Prior to Breakthrough UK’s
formation, the business community was
represented on the shadow board. I’ve avoided
reaching out to established support
organisations, as my past experience tells me
that they may have a lack of understanding.
“I belong to ASCEVO, which provides support,
resources and facilities. Some years ago, I went
with the then Chair to their AGM/Conference and
found that their approach to us as disabled
people was patronising and that they didn’t take
into account our access requirements. We also
entered into discussions with other organisations
that might deal with disabled people and we
strongly voiced the side of the ‘service user’ and
were really patronised about that. Frankly, I
thought it disgraceful, and I remain a member for
information purposes only, and am not hugely
involved. This was compounded last November
when the current Chairwoman and I were again
attending their AGM/Conference, and we were
told that they couldn’t afford a Palantypist, but
had organised a BSL interpreter, which wasn’t
appropriate. As they couldn’t secure provision of
a Palantypist, we decided not to go which
cemented my feelings toward them. I get the
impression that this is more the norm than the
exception, and my perception is that they don’t
have an understanding of our employing a
majority of disabled people and indeed, the
75
nature of our organisation. I prefer to seek out
“tried and tested” individuals, and I know that
recommendations from our Chamber of
Commerce advisor can be trusted.”
Economic contribution
It is known that disabled people encounter societal and attitudinal
barriers, As a Chief Executive the experience of tackling such barriers
contributes to skills and business success. Lorraine explains that:
“My approach when faced with barriers is one of
stubbornness; I don’t give up easily, and like a
challenge. I won’t put up with being told “no” or
being disregarded. For instance, at a large event,
when trying to network, it can be quite hard,
psychologically, to look up to people looking
down to you. Anything that involves travelling is
harder, and inaccessible venues, or part of a
venue or event being inaccessible. People don’t
expect the CEO of an organisation to be a
disabled person, and this is not really helpful.
People don’t expect disabled people to be
running businesses.”
Useful knowledge at the start
“Access to independent business advice right
from the start would probably have been helpful.
I had good networks established in terms of the
nature of business. If I’d known then what I know
now I would never have taken it on I sometimes
think, due to the size of this undertaking. Good
job it grew on me! I would have liked business
advice from people who understood the nature
of our business – they all think we are about
“care”!
76
“The barriers that I have experienced and my
response to these were already formed; it can be
difficult to achieve credibility as someone who
can run an organisation and be in charge of up to
40 people. It gets tedious when I come across the
same views that I encountered ten years ago
when things should have moved on. My
entrepreneurial spirit makes me go out and face
it; it’s the nature of the game. I will go out and
confront and deal with attitudinal barriers. But
there is more to do, extra layers on top of the
role. For example, on the whole, it can be harder
to network and build links. It can hard to be
viewed as credible, a business person, for
example, people you attempt to network with
patronise you.”
There are seven key areas where Breakthrough UK has contributed to
sustainability of communities, and/or the economy of North West England.
The organisation has:
1. Employed disabled people who have since gone, moved on in their
careers to other jobs. Hopefully they go on to influence other employers.
2. Influences in terms of clients, people who have got jobs, doing things
they may have never done, even voluntarily.
3. The variety of ways we influence public sector bodies e.g. local
Jobcentre Plus, Connexions provision locally, local strategic partnerships,
those kinds of bodies.
4. Influence through Training and Consultancy services – this is too early
to see, but it will cascade, hopefully in ways that we can measure.
5. Through operating the building [the Business Employment Venture
Centre], we have worked closely with disabled people’s organisations in
77
Manchester. People First were based here too, so there is lots of cross‐
over at all kinds of levels.
6. Policy Work – we can trace the impact direct to government policies
which then have beneficial impact as they flow back out into community
7. In the future, we are planning to work on independent living issues and
develop partnerships with other organisations which will have a beneficial
impact of raising disabled people’s and non‐disabled people’s
understanding of how disabled people can be a regular part of the
community and contribute to community. That is one of best things we
can do.
Appendix 2 - Wealth Bringers 2 Questions for semi structured interview
The University Salford, Regeneration And Sustainable Development Team,
have funding from the North West Development Agency to investigate,
define and promote the contribution of entrepreneurs who have long term
health conditions, are disabled people or deaf people, and have set up
businesses in North West England.
We would be very grateful if you could spare a few minutes to complete
this short questionnaire.
We will combine the information we receive from all participants and
information you provide will not be attributed to you. We may use specific
quotes with a pseudonym, but you can say if you do not want this to
happen. It will be used, alongside information gathered from over a
hundred other businesses in the region to produce a report in the late
spring / early summer.
Might be interested in taking part?
Do you run your own business, either profit or not for profit? YES E NO
78
Is the business head office in North West England (regardless of locations
of other offices or clients?) YES E NO
Do you have a long term health / medical condition, or are you deaf or a
disabled person, or similar? (We do not require medical details) YES E
NO
* If no to any of these then thank you for your time and interest – but we
require only people who answer yes to the above questions.
If you answered yes to all of those questions ‐ Please describe yourself:
Please indicate how you would describe yourself, we do not require
medical information, we are interested because we want to find out more
about the different types of barriers people face. You can tick more than
one box:
I have a long term health condition
I have a long term medical condition
I am a disabled person
I am a deaf person
I am hard of hearing
I have a physical impairment
I have a visual impairment I have mental health needs I have learning
difficulties
79
I have a specific learning difficulty (e.g. dyslexia)
Other ‐
I describe myself as ………………………………………………………..
Please give us your contact details
Surname
………………………………………………………………………….…..
First Name
……………………………………………………………………….……
Company name
………………………………………………………………………
Job title
…………………………………………………………………………..…
….
80
Company address (including postcode)
………………………………………...…
…………………………………………………………… Postcode
…………..……
E‐mail address
………………………………………………………………………..
Telephone number
…………………………………………………………………...
Please tell us about the business you are now running.
Did you set up the business you now work in? YES E NO How did the
business come to be set up and or why did you take it over?
81
What type of business is it (e.g. retail, manufacturing, service,
consultancy)?
……………………………………………………………………………
……………
How long have you been running the business? ………………. Years
Have you sought help from a support agency, for example Chamber of
Commerce, Business Links, Job Centre Plus? Yes during start up
Yes since start up
If you ticked either or both the boxes above, what was your experience?
Income
Roughly what is the annual turn over of the business? £
………………….…..
82
Roughly what is your % margin?
…….. %
Employees
Approximately how many people have you employed directly since you set
up business in North West England?
…………………..
How many people do you currently employ? Part time …… Full time
…..…
Outgoings / expenditure
Roughly, what proportion of your turnover do you spend on suppliers? £
……
What proportion of your supplier expenditure goes to NW business £
………..
When choosing your suppliers do you have a preference in terms of a)
location (e.g. NW England) YES E NO
83
b) ownership, for example businesses which are run by people with long
term health / medical conditions or disabled people? YES E NO
Key clients
What type of businesses or organisations make up your key client group?
Economic contribution
Has your experience of tackling barriers imposed on top of a long term
health / medical condition, being deaf or a disabled person, or similar
contributed to skills which have benefited your business?
Having been through the start up period what skill or knowledge do you
wish you had at the start?
84
Do you give time or money to support community activities, or any other
third sector organisations? If so what proportion of your surplus / profit do
you give.
Apart from those already mentioned what contributions has your business
made to the economy of North West England?
Further contact
We intend to publish a booklet showing the contribution that people with
long term health / medical conditions, deaf people and or disabled people
make to the economy.
Would you be happy for us to contact you again about featuring your story
in this publication? YES E NO
There is a research group also looking specifically at start up support,
would you be happy for them to contact you? YES E NO E
Appendix 3 – Participating Partners in the Wealth Bringers 2 Study
Blue Orchid Management Consultants Ltd, Suite 103, Cotton
Exchange Building, Old Hall Street, Liverpool, L3 9LQ
Breakthrough UK Ltd. B.E.V.C. Aked Close, Ardwick, Manchester, M12 4AN
85
Enterprise4all, Blakewater House, Capricorn Park, Blakewater Road, Blackburn, BB1 5QR
InBiz 1st floor, 1a Grey Friars, Chester, CH1 2NW 01244 343790
JKP Enterprises, Tel: 01744 634394 Mobile: 07525 028714 E‐mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Web: www.jkpenterprises.org.uk
mruk research, 40 Princess Street, Manchester M1 6DE
UnLtd, 15 Hallfield Road, Bradford, BD1 3RP
URS Corporation Ltd 4th Floor St James's Building, 61‐95 Oxford Street, Manchester
Additional advice from
Merseyside Disability Federation Greenbank College, Greenbank Lane, Liverpool L17 1AG
http://www.merseydisability.org.uk/contact.php