Final Year Project Report-ground Source Cooling System

Final year project report “GROUND SOURCE COOLING

SYSTEM”

SUBMITTED BY

AMANPREET SINGH

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

8TH SEMESTER

ROLL NO. 40411010

CEC LANDRAN

DISSERTATION REPORTDISSERTATION REPORTDISSERTATION REPORTDISSERTATION REPORT

“GROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM”“GROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM”“GROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM”“GROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM”

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree ofIn partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree ofIn partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree ofIn partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGMECHANICAL ENGINEERINGMECHANICAL ENGINEERINGMECHANICAL ENGINEERING


UNIVERSITY ROLL

Under the Esteemed guidance ofUnder the Esteemed guidance ofUnder the Esteemed guidance ofUnder the Esteemed guidance of

MR. RADHY SHAAM (Lecturer,

CHANDIGARH ENGINEERING COLLEGE MOHALI (LANDRAN)

AAAA

DISSERTATION REPORTDISSERTATION REPORTDISSERTATION REPORTDISSERTATION REPORT

ONONONON

“GROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM”“GROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM”“GROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM”“GROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM”


BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGMECHANICAL ENGINEERINGMECHANICAL ENGINEERINGMECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted Submitted Submitted Submitted

ByByByBy

AMANPREETAMANPREETAMANPREETAMANPREET SINGH SINGH SINGH SINGH


UNIVERSITY ROLL NO - 40411010

Under the Esteemed guidance ofUnder the Esteemed guidance ofUnder the Esteemed guidance ofUnder the Esteemed guidance of

MR. RADHY SHAAM (Lecturer, CEC LANDRAN)


2



3

CHANDIGARH ENGINEERING COLLEGE MOHALI (LANDRAN)CHANDIGARH ENGINEERING COLLEGE MOHALI (LANDRAN)CHANDIGARH ENGINEERING COLLEGE MOHALI (LANDRAN)CHANDIGARH ENGINEERING COLLEGE MOHALI (LANDRAN)

Certificate Certificate Certificate Certificate

This is to certify that this dissertation work entitled

““““GROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEMGROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEMGROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEMGROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM””””

is the bonafied work done

ByByByBy

AmanpreetAmanpreetAmanpreetAmanpreet SinghSinghSinghSingh


Bachelor of technology Bachelor of technology Bachelor of technology Bachelor of technology

InInInIn

Mechanical engineeringMechanical engineeringMechanical engineeringMechanical engineering

from from from from Punjab Technical University

During the academic year 2007-2008

Mr. Radhey Shaam

(Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering)

Dr. Rupinder Gupta

(HOD Department of Mechanical Engineering)

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ACKNOLEDGEMENT

Every Orientation work has an imprint of many people and we hereby take this excellent

opportunity to acknowledge all the help , guidance & support that we have received for the

completion of this project.

With supreme sincerity and deep sense of appreciation, we express our thanks to Dr. Rupinder

Gupta, Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his co-operation.

I express my gratitude Mr. Radhey Shaam (lecturer CEC Landran) who has guided us regarding the

project, for his kindness, courtesy, valuable suggestions and inspirations.

Above all, I would like to thank my beloved parents for their direct and indirect help, moral support

and blessings, without which, this would not have been possible.

I would also like to express thanks to my colleagues and friends, for their help and moral

support.

Lastly I would like to thank all those who directly or indirectly helped me throughout my work.

AMANPREET SINGH

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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATIONCANDIDATE’S DECLARATIONCANDIDATE’S DECLARATIONCANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work which is being presented in this report entitled GROUND

SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM by Amanpreet Singh in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of

degree of B.Tech. in Mechanical Engineering submitted to the Department of Mechanical

Engineering of Chandigarh Engineering College under Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar is

authentic record of my own work carried out during Eighth Semester under the supervision of Mr.

Radhey Shaam (Lecturer), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College

Mohali (Landran). The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by me in any other

university/ institute for the award of B.Tech. Degree.

(Signature of Student)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is best of my knowledge.

(Signature of Supervisor)

To B.Tech. Viva-Voce examination of Amanpreet Singh has been held on _______________and

accepted.

Signature of the Supervisor

( Internal Coordinator)

(External Examiner)

(Signature of H.O.D)

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Table of Contents ACKNOLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................. 4

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 7

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 8

Module I .................................................................................................................................................. 9

CONCEPT ............................................................................................................................................. 9

TYPES OF GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP ....................................................................................... 9

1. Closed Geothermal Ground Loops .......................................................................................... 9

2. Open Geothermal Ground Loops .............................................................................................. 11

MODULE II ............................................................................................................................................. 12

Components ...................................................................................................................................... 12

Module III .............................................................................................................................................. 15

WORKING .......................................................................................................................................... 15

Module III .............................................................................................................................................. 16

DRAWING PLAN ............................................................................................................................. 16

Module IV .............................................................................................................................................. 18

Test observations: ............................................................................................................................. 18

Calculations ....................................................................................................................................... 18

MODULE V ............................................................................................................................................. 20

Advantage of ground source cooling system .................................................................................... 20

PROJECT RELATED PHOTOGRAPHS ....................................................................................................... 22

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 24

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Abstract

This project work describes in detail, the project work undertaken by me during the final year of

degree at Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran. The contents of this report includes a brief

description of the Ground Source Cooling System, supplemented by a good number of necessary and

descriptive drawings which makes this project report very easy to understand.

In addition to these, the report also contains the details regarding the different type of other ground

source cooling systems which are used these days. Above all, this report gives a detailed description

of closed looped ground source cooling system. This description is empowered with the

experimental analysis of the system and the heat transfer calculations. This report will be of help for

those who wish to understand about the basic working of different ground source cooling systems

especially those who wish to study close loop ground source cooling system.

INTRODUCTION

This project report deals in depth with our project

this project we have designed and established

have a future alternative to traditional heating,

and air conditioning systems. Closed Loop

Ground Source Cooling System

relatively constant temperature of the ground

to regulate the temperature of a home or

building at very high effective efficiency.

system does not create heat through

combustion of fuel or passing electricity

through resistors; it moves heat from the

ground to the home/building for heating and

the opposite direction for cooling.

the heat in the ground that these sys

is supplied by the sun, they are using

renewable energy.

As an additional benefit, ground source

cooling/heating system can provide

inexpensive hot water, either to supplement or replace entirely the output of a conventional,

domestic water heater. Ground source heating and cooling is cost effective because it uses energy so

efficiently.

At the initial stage the project work was divided in to two parts:

1) Digging 5 X 5 X 10 feet deep

2) Preparing the rest of the apparatus as per the drawings

For better description of the project work the project report has been divided in different modules

as discussed further.

This project report deals in depth with our project “Closed Loop Ground Source Cooling System”

have designed and established a closed loop ground source cooling system so as to

alternative to traditional heating,

Closed Loop

Ground Source Cooling System use the

relatively constant temperature of the ground

to regulate the temperature of a home or

building at very high effective efficiency. The

system does not create heat through

combustion of fuel or passing electricity

through resistors; it moves heat from the

heating and in

In so far as

the heat in the ground that these systems use

is supplied by the sun, they are using

As an additional benefit, ground source

cooling/heating system can provide


. Ground source heating and cooling is cost effective because it uses energy so

At the initial stage the project work was divided in to two parts:

feet deep pit

Preparing the rest of the apparatus as per the drawings

etter description of the project work the project report has been divided in different modules

8

Closed Loop Ground Source Cooling System”. In

a closed loop ground source cooling system so as to


. Ground source heating and cooling is cost effective because it uses energy so

etter description of the project work the project report has been divided in different modules

9

Module I

CONCEPT

Ground Source cooling uses the earth or ground water or both as the sources of heat in the

winter, and as the "sink" for heat removed from the home in the summer. For this reason,

Ground Source cooling systems have come to be known as earth-energy systems (EESs).

Heat is removed from the earth through a liquid, such as ground water or an antifreeze

solution, upgraded by the heat pump, and transferred to indoor air. During summer months,

the process is reversed: heat is extracted from indoor air and transferred to the earth through

the ground water or antifreeze solution.

TYPES OF GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP

1. Closed Geothermal Ground Loops

The most typical geothermal installation utilizes a closed loop system. In a closed loop system, a

loop of piping is buried underground and filled with water or antifreeze that continuously circulates

through the system. There are four major types of closed loop geothermal systems: horizontal

loops, vertical loops, slinky coils and pond loops.

a. Horizontal Geothermal Ground Loops

If adequate soil or clay based land is available,

horizontal geothermal ground loops are typically

one of the more economical choices. In horizontal

geothermal ground loops, several hundred feet of

five to six feet deep trenches are dug with a

backhoe or chain trencher. Piping is then laid in

the trench and backfilled. A typical horizontal

ground loop will be 400 to 600 feet long for each

ton of heating and cooling. Because of the

amount of trenching involved, horizontal ground

loops are most commonly used for new

construction. Finally, because horizontal

geothermal ground loops are relatively shallow,

they are often not appropriate for areas with

extreme climates such as the north or Deep

South.

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b. Vertical Geothermal Ground Loops

When extreme climates, limited space or rocky

terrain is a concern, vertical geothermal ground

loops are often the only viable option. This makes

them popular for use on small lots and in retrofits.

In vertical geothermal ground loops, a drilling rig

is used to drill 150 to 300 foot deep holes in which

hairpin shaped loops of pipe are dropped and then

grouted. A typical vertical ground loop requires

300 to 600 feet of piping per ton of heating and

cooling. Vertical loops are typically more

expensive than horizontal loops, but are

considerably less complicated than drilling for

water. Less piping is also required for vertical

geothermal ground loops as opposed to horizontal

loops as the earth temperature is more stable at

depth.

c. Slinky Coil Geothermal Ground Loops

Slinky coil geothermal ground loops are gaining popularity, particularly in residential geothermal

system installations. Slinky coil ground loops are essentially a more economic and space efficient

version of a horizontal ground loop. Rather than using straight pipe, slinky coils, as you might

expect, use overlapped loops of piping laid out horizontally along the bottom of a wide trench.

Depending on soil, climate and your heat pumps run fraction, slinky coil trenches can be anywhere

from one third to two thirds shorter than traditional horizontal loop trenches.

d. Geothermal Pond Loops

If at least a Â½ acre by 8 ft deep pond or

lake is available on your property, a closed

loop geothermal system can be installed by

laying coils of pipe in the bottom of a body

of water. However, a horizontal trench will

still be needed to bring the loop up to the

home and close the loop. Due to the

inherent advantages of water to water heat

transfer, this type of geothermal system is

both highly economical and efficient.

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2. Open Geothermal Ground Loops

With open geothermal ground loops, rather than continuously running the same supply of water or

antifreeze through the system, fresh water from

a well or pond is pumped into and back out of

the geothermal unit. Both an abundant source of

clean water and an adequate runoff area are

required for a successful open loop system.

While double well designs can be economical,

use of open geothermal ground loops is generally

discouraged and even prohibited in some

jurisdictions. Water quality is key to an open

loop design as mineral content and acidity can

quickly damage geothermal units. Also,

improper installation or runoff management of

an open loop geothermal system can result in

ground water contamination or depleted

aquifers.

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MODULE II

Components The ground source cooling system requires three primary components; loop of G.I. pipes, a liquid

pumps pack, Coolant and a radiator (heat transfer device). A loop field can be installed horizontally

or vertically as convenient.

1) Loop of G.I. pipes

A closed loop system, the most common, circulates the fluid through the loop fields’ G.I. pipes. In a

closed loop system

there is no direct

interaction between

the fluid and the

earth; only heat

transfer across the

G.I. pipe. The amount

of vertical or

horizontal loop

required is a function

of the ground

formation thermal

conductivity, deep

earth temperature,

and heating and

cooling power

needed, and also

depends on the

balance between the amount of heat rejected to and absorbed from the ground during the course of

the year. A rough approximation of the soil temperature is the average daily temperature for the

region.

2) Heat exchanger (Radiator)

The radiator is designed to dissipate the

heat that the coolant has absorbed from

the system. Radiators are filled with tubes

that the coolant passes through. The fan

carries heat off of the radiator. The

coolant enters the receiving tank at the

top of the radiator, passes through the

tubes inside, losing the heat it has

collected, and then collects in the

dispensing tank at the bottom for the

water pump to circulate it back through the cooling system.

3) Monoblock pump:

These are single phase capacitor start and run, 2 pole design pump used for clear water free from

mud, grit etc. for domestic application and

as a booster pump to fill the overhead tank

for multi storaged buildings. Pump is fitted

with a non return valve, which does not

allow water to return in the suction line,

thereby delivering the water

instantaneorsly when the pump is switched

on Ball Bearing sealed on both sides take

the entire load with ample factor of safety

and additional lubrication in not required.

Copper alloy die-cast forged impeller has

high strength to with stand wear and tear.

back through the cooling system.


mud, grit etc. for domestic application and

as a booster pump to fill the overhead tank

for multi storaged buildings. Pump is fitted

turn valve, which does not

allow water to return in the suction line,

thereby delivering the water

instantaneorsly when the pump is switched

on Ball Bearing sealed on both sides take

the entire load with ample factor of safety

not required.

cast forged impeller has

high strength to with stand wear and tear.

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The pump is available in three different bodies namely: Aluminium die-cast body, Cast iron body and

Steel body.

4) Coolant (Water)

The most common coolant is water. Its high heat capacity and low cost makes it a suitable

heat-transfer medium. It is usually used with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and

antifreezes. Antifreeze, a solution of a suitable organic chemical (most often ethylene glycol,

diethylene glycol, or propylene glycol) in water, is used when the water-based coolant has to

withstand temperatures below 0 °C, or when its boiling point has to be raised.

Very pure demonized water, due to its relatively low electrical conductivity, is used to cool

some electrical equipment, often high-power transmitters.

Heavy water is used in some nuclear reactors; it also serves as a neutron moderator.

Some common used thermal properties for water:

5) Maximum density at 4 oC - 1,000 kg/m3, 62.43 Lbs./Cu.Ft, 8.33 Lbs./Gal., 0.1337 Cu.Ft./Gal. 6) Freezing temperature - 0 oC (Official Ice at 0 oC) 7) Boiling temperature - 100 oC 8) Latent heat of melting - 334 kJ/kg 9) Latent heat of evaporation - 2,270 kJ/kg 10) Critical temperature - 380 - 386 oC 11) Critical pressure - 221.2 bar, 22.1 MPa (MN/m2) 12) Specific heat capacity water - 4.187 kJ/kgK 13) Specific heat capacity ice - 2.108 kJ/kgK 14) Specific heat capacity water vapor - 1.996 kJ/kgK 15) Thermal expansion from 4 oC to 100 oC - 4.2x10-2 16) Bulk modulus elasticity - 2.15 x 109 (Pa, N/m2)

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Module III

WORKING Ground Source cooling systems work on a different principle than an ordinary furnace/air

conditioning system, and they require little maintenance or attention. Furnaces must create heat by

burning a fuel, typically natural gas, propane, or fuel oil. With Ground Source cooling systems,

there's no need to create heat, hence no need for chemical combustion at the building (though, of

course, the electricity used is usually made via

combustion). Instead, the Earth's natural heat is

collected in winter through a series of pipes,

called a loop, installed below the surface of the

ground or submersed in a pond or lake. Fluid

circulating in the loop carries this heat to the

home. An indoor Ground Source cooling system

then uses electrically-driven compressors and

heat exchangers in a vapor compression cycle -

the same principle employed in a refrigerator - to

concentrate the Earth's energy and release it

inside the home at a higher temperature. In

typical systems, duct fans distribute the heat to

various rooms; other applications include water-

to-water transfer, as seen in a radiant floor

system.

In summer, the process is reversed in order to cool the home. Excess heat is drawn from the home,

expelled to the loop, and absorbed by the Earth. Ground Source cooling systems provide cooling in

the same way that a refrigerator keeps its contents cool, by drawing heat from the interior, not by

injecting cold air.

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Module III

DRAWING PLAN

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Module IV

Test observations:

S no. Source Observed temperature in ◦C

1 Inlet temp of heat exchanger 27

2 outlet temp of heat exchanger 30

3 Room temp 32

4 Temp outside room 35

5 Outlet air temp from heat exchanger 28

Calculations 1) Heat transfer rate between radiator and room air

As per forced convection fluid passing through the tube of a heat exchanger follows the Newton’s

law of cooling

� � ��

= 13.1 X (0.3625 X 0.425)X(303 – 300)

=13.1 X (0.3625 X 0.425)X 3

=6.0546 Watts

Where, Q is the convective heat flow rate (watt)

A is area exposed to heat transfer (m2),

tout = temp at outlet of heat exchanger (K)

tin= temp at inlet of heat exchanger (K)

h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

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2) Heat transfer rate between pipe and earth

Since conduction s essentially due to random molecular motion, the concept is termed as microform

of heat transfer is usually referred to as diffusion of energy. Conduction is prescribed by Fourier law,

� � ��

��

� � � � �

��

��

��

= 50 X (0.0125)2 X 0.785 X 0.5

=0.003067 Watt

Where, Q is the conduction heat flow rate (watt)

A is area exposed to heat transfer (m2),

tout = temp at outlet of pipe (K)

tin= temp at inlet of pipe (K)

k = thermal conductivity (W/mK)

20

MODULE V

Advantage of ground source cooling system

Geothermal systems are able to transfer heat to and from the ground with minimal use of

electricity.

When comparing a geothermal system to an ordinary system a homeowner can save

anywhere from 30% to 70% annually on utilities.

Even with the high initial costs of purchasing a geothermal system the payback period is

relatively short, typically between three and five years.

Geothermal systems are environmentally friendly; they are a renewable energy source, non-

polluting, and recognized as one of the most efficient heating and cooling systems on the

market.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has called geothermal the most energy-

efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space conditioning systems available.

The life span of the system is longer than conventional heating and cooling systems. Most

loop fields are warranted for 25 to 50 years and are expected to last at least 50 to 200 years.

Geothermal systems do not use fossil fuels for heating the house and eliminate threats caused

by combustion, like carbon monoxide poisoning. The fluids used in loop fields are designed

to be biodegradable, non-toxic, non-corrosive and have properties that will minimize

pumping power needed.

Geothermal heat pumps are especially well matched to underfloor heating systems which do

not require extremely high temperatures (as compared with wall-mounted radiators). Thus

they are ideal for open plan offices. Using large surfaces such as floors, as opposed to

radiators, distributes the heat more uniformly and allows for a lower temperature heat transfer

fluid.

The Earth below the frost line remains at a relatively constant temperature year round. This

temperature equates roughly to the average annual air-temperature of the chosen location, so

is usually 7-21 degrees Celsius (45-70 degrees Fahrenheit) depending on location. Because

this temperature remains constant, geothermal heat pumps perform with far greater efficiency

and in a far larger range of extreme temperatures than conventional air conditioners and

furnaces, and even air-source heat pumps.

A particular advantage is that they can use electricity produced from renewable sources, like

solar and wind power, to heat spaces and water much more efficiently than an electric heater.

This allows buildings to be heated with renewable energy without transporting and burning

biomass on site, producing biogas for use in gas furnaces or relying solely upon solar heating.

Geothermal heat pump technology is a Natural Building technique. It is also a practical

heating and cooling solution that can pay for itself within a few years of installation.

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The current use of geothermal heat pump technology has resulted in the following emissions

reductions

• Elimination of more than 5.8 million metric tons of CO2 annually • Elimination of more than 1.6 million metric tons of carbon equivalent annually

PROJECT RELATED P

PHOTOGRAPHS

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Heat and Mass Transfer……………………………………………………………………………………….........by D. S. Kumar

Heat and Mass Transfer……………………………………………………………………………………….........by R. K Rajput

Web Sites

Wikipedia.org

Google.com

About.com

Kalsipumps.com

Documents

Final Year Project Report-ground Source Cooling System