Jagran Pehel

Training of Trainers Manual for PRIs

Training and capacity building of GP PRIs on key aspects of sanitation practices with emphasis on adopting communication approaches towards achieving

Open Defecation Free Gram Panchayats

12/21/2015

Developed by: K.C Sreenath Independent Communications Consultant

The training manual seeks to sensitize Gram Panchayat PRIs on their role and responsibilities in achieving sanitation outcomes and aims to build their capabilities on the various safe sanitation approaches with specific focus on Behavior Change communication with the objective of developing Open Defecation Free Gram Panchayat’s.

TOT Training Manual for Gram Panchayat PRIs

The basic purpose behind developing the Training of Trainers Guideline for PRI members is to motivate Panchayati Raj Institution Members to make their Gram Panchayats Open Defecation free and to educate them about Swachh Bharat Mission, The role and responsibilities of PRIs in implementing the Swachh Bharat Mission and the Importance of Triggering and Behaviour Change Communication in attaining this objective. The TOT is designed for a tentative one day comprehensive training of District Coordinators on various aspects of communication with focus on attaining ODF through Behaviour change.

Objective of the guidelines

The objective is to enable PRIs implement the ODF agenda in their Panchayats and build their capacity to attain this objective by sensitising them on the need for eliminating ODF and educating them on their roles and responsibilities and means to achieve their goals of an ODF free Panchayat through triggering and Behaviour Change Communication. The training module aims at enhancing the skills of the PRI for (1) Strategising their interventions to attain ODF, (2) The importance of Triggering for ODF (3) How to develop their social mobilisation and Interpersonal communication skills (4) How to develop a sustainable ODF plan for the GP

The guideline/ training manual would aim to give:

The Importance of Safe Sanitation for a healthy tomorrow and a better life Myths and Facts regarding Open Defecation Sensitize PRIs about Swachh Bharat Mission Role of PRIs under SBM Steps involved in making a GP ODF free The role and Importance of ‘Triggering’ in ODF Role of Media and IPC in attaining ODF Behaviour change : The key for sustainable sanitation How to develop a sustainable Action Plan for attaining ODF

Methodology to be adopted during the course of the training

The methodology adopted could be quite interactive in nature and would include nine sessions. The TOT/ facilitator guideline would detail how each session is to be conducted with the aid of

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Presentations

Lecture and group discussions

Examination of Case studies

Group work followed by group presentations

Pre test/ Background Materials

A pre test survey to be undertaken just before the start of the training session to understand the knowledge of the participants regarding Sanitation, Swachh Bharat Mission and the key role of PRIs under programme and generic IEC / BCC approaches to be undertaken. The same pre test survey will be repeated on the participants after the completion of the training programme to gauge how much they have learnt and the understanding they have gained from the training.

A detailed handout for participants apart from the manual regarding the various topics being covered during the training would be provided to the participants as a reference guide.

Duration of the training

One full day divided into seven sessions. For best results the session can be for one and a half days.

Special Note to Trainers

Before beginning training familiarise yourself thoroughly with the Reading Material of the allocated sessions. This will help you to answer questions posed by participants

Towards the end of the day, it is suggested that a time of ten minutes be provided to the participants for clearing doubts or sharing their concerns

Generic rules to be followed during the training

Explain that to ensure that all the participants’ gets maximum benefit out of this training, the participants will have to follow some group norms. These norms are not meant to constrain

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participation, but to contribute to a good learning environment for everyone.

Explain to the participants the generic rules that are to be followed during the workshop

Listen carefully to the proceedings Switch off your mobile phones or keep in on silent mode during the work shop If the call is very urgent, you may leave the hall to attend to it Raise your queries one by one Do not talk to one another during the proceedings Try to stick to the time schedule as strictly as possible Be on time for the workshop during mornings Try to participate fully in the interactions and group works

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Training Objective and Agenda

Overall Training objective:

1. To increase the understanding and capacity of PRIs to work toward achieving open defecation status in their Gram Panchayats

2. To strengthen understanding of PRIs about Sanitation/ Their roles and responsibilities under SBM and the various tools to be employed by them like Triggering/ Social mobilisation/ Interpersonal communication skills and creating an Action Plan for achieving ODF in their GP.

Agenda

Session 1: Welcome and Introduction of participants

Objectives of session 1

By the end of this session, participants will be able to: Know their fellow participants Gain a fair understanding of the training curriculum Follow the group norms for training List out their expectations from the training.

Session 2: The Importance of Swachh Bharat / Myths and Facts regarding Open Defecation

Objectives of Session 2

Give the participants an overview of ODF both global / Indian scenario Explain what is open defecation as GOIs standard definition Inform participants about the negative aspect of sanitation on health and

well being of society in rural setting Give participants an overview about the Myths and Facts regarding Open

Defecation in India.

Session 3: Swachh Bharat Mission and the Role and Responsibilities of PRIs

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Objectives of session 3

Give the Participants an overview of the Swachh Bharat Mission Inform them about the components of the Swachh Bharat Mission like IHHL/

Community Sanitary Complexes/ Solid and Liquid Waste Management Inform them about the incentives and the fund flow as envisaged in the Mission Tell them about their role and responsibilities in attaining ODF for their GPs

Session 4: How to make your GPs ODF / why Triggering is important

Objectives of session 4

How to Initiate the Process of ODF in the GPs The importance of Triggering in shocking and shaming the people Explain how Triggering is done and the process involved The need to mobilise various stakeholders The need for IEC/ BCC activities for sustainable ODF The need for Monitoring and Evaluation for successful implementation

Session: 5 The Role of Media and Interpersonal Communication

Objectives of session 5

Explain the importance of communication Explain what is Behavior change communication Explain the various Media tools used for communication Explain why IPC and Direct media is crucial at GP level Explain what are the skills needed to be a good IPC communicator What are the key tools used for IPC Explain what is Direct Media What are the key tools used under direct Media

Session 6: Social mobilization and how to prepare a communication plan for attaining ODF in your GP

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Objectives of Session 6

Gain understanding of the ground situation/ why people are averse to building toilets Identify messages for dissemination How to identify communication tools Identify Costs/ budget / timeframe of the campaign Identify Manpower for implementation Frame monitoring indicators

Session 7: Suggested Steps involved in preparing an Action Plan for attaining ODF in your GP

Objectives of Session 7

Explain the Suggested steps involved in preparing an action plan Divide the participants in to four groups and tell them to prepare an ODF action plan for

their GP Ask each group to present their action plan Analyze their action plan and give suggestions

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Session 1: Welcome and Inauguration

Learning ObjectivesBy the end of this session, participants will:

Get to know other participants Gain understanding of the training programme understand the group norms for training

No Activity Approach

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Opening and Welcome and introductions

Opening remarks of the facilitator/ Introductory remarks and introduction of participants/ facilitators

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Explain objectives of the workshop and understand expectations of participants

Facilitator/ Trainer explain the objectives of the workshop/ the various sessions and their importance and the schedule of the training.

3Gauge existing knowledgebase of the participants as per the objectives of the Training

Distribute pre prepared objective type question paper ( pre-questionnaire) based on course curriculum to understand knowledge base of participants

4Wrap up of the session

Review of the sessions proceedings

Material Needed for the Session Flipchart, paper, and markers Postcards in different colours

Stick Pads (tape and chart paper can be used as a substitute)

Advance Preparation

Prepare registration and attendance sheets8

Plan the flow of the session with organisers Create/ Keep ready an objective type question sheet of the main issues under the course

curriculum to assess the knowledge level of participants with regard to course curriculum for pre/post evaluation

Prepare a Handout for Participants which is a reference based on the course curriculum

Prepare training kit of the participants (pen, writing pad, handouts, training schedule )

Handouts Introductory Document Objective question sheet for pre/post evaluation

Preparation at the venue

Set up the audio visual and necessary training arrangements in the training hall Remember to make arrangements for disbursement of TA/DA honorarium if any Depute someone to check on tea breaks/ lunch/ refreshments

Session 1: TOT guide

Activity: Opening and Welcome

Instructions

1. Welcome participants to the training and acknowledge the key dignitaries attending

the training.

2. Introduce the key speaker(s) appointed by the hosting agency to open the training.

Schedule (facilitator to adapt)

Instructions

1. Introduce yourself to the participants. Review logistic support.

2. Ask participants if they agree with the schedule of the workshop, especially the starting

and closing time/ if any rescheduling is needed. Point out the time that is allotted for

lunch and tea breaks.

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3. Explain to the participants regarding the generic Swachh Bharat Questionnaire. Explain that it is not a test and they do not have to write their names. The idea behind the questionnaire is to gauge the knowledge base of the participants with regard to Swachh Bharat Mission.

4. Ask for any questions regarding logistical matters before moving on.

Activity: Expectations

Participants to be handed over postcards and asked to list down their expectations of what they want to learn from the work shop/ training. The cards are then collected and displayed on the wall and their expectations are addressed.

The expectations of the participants are matched with the training curriculum. All the expectations raised by participants to be discussed and linked to the course material. If there are some issues that would not be addressed, it should be specified that why they are not addressed.

Activity: Training Approach and Objectives

Instructions

Explain that the objective behind the training is to enable PRIs implement the ODF agenda in their Panchayats. The key objective is to educate them on their roles and responsibilities and the key approaches to be adopted through triggering and Behaviour Change Communication. Explain that The training module aims at enhancing the skills of the PRI for (1) Strategising their interventions to attain ODF, (2) Realise the importance of Triggering for ODF (3) How to build their social mobilisation and Interpersonal communication skills and how to develop a sustainable ODF plan for the GP

Activity: Wrap Up

Instructions

1. Summarize the session

2. Summarize Session 1 by referring back to the learning objectives.

3. Thank participants for their involvement in the session.

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Session 2: The Importance of Swachh Bharat / Myths and Facts regarding ODF in India

Learning Objectives

By the end of this session, participants will:

Get to know the global scenario regarding ODF India is the biggest contributor to ODF The Linkages between sanitation and Health The Myths and beliefs that hamper sanitation In India

No Activity Approach

1

Explain and give a global picture of Sanitation

Show the global sanitation picture/ How the problem is majorly confined to Asia

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Explain the Indian scenario

Throw light on India contributing 60% of the Open defecators/ How Indians have traditionally practised open defecation/

3The linkages between sanitation, health and economic indicators.

Enlighten the audience on how diseases are caused due to lack of sanitation/ How feces get transmitted to the food we eat and the impact it has on children leading to malnutrition and death

4Explain the Myths prevalent in India with regard to sanitation that hampers adoption of safe sanitation

Explain why the myths regarding sanitation needs to be dispelled and the need for safe sanitation practices emphasised if we have to attain ODF in our GPs

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Activity Part 1

Global Picture of Sanitation

Welcome the participants and ask them what their perception of Safe Sanitation is? Once they give their answers, explain the definition of Sanitation.

Tell the participants that for us the focus of sanitation at the moment is to make our Gram Panchayats open defecation free.

Explain that about 1.1 billion people in the world (15% of the global population) defecate in the open. The problem of open defecation mainly exists in South Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Open defecation seems to be more of a Rural Problem as it is estimated that 949 million of the 1.1 billion open defecators live in rural areas

Activity Part 2

Indian and Sanitation

Emphasize that India accounts for more than 59% of this population who defecate in the open...It is estimated that 597 million people in India defecate in the open which is a cause of national shame for us .This open defecation leads to nearly 65,000 tones of faces being released into the open environment every day in India which can lead to a host of diseases.

Explain that Asians have traditionally practiced open defecation. But today all our neibhouring countries which are economically backward than us ( Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka) have better sanitation indicators

Uttar Pradesh and Bihar alone contribute about 50 percent of the people in India who defecate in the open

Activity Part 3

Effect of Sanitation on Health

Explain that the Lack of sanitation and the scourge of open defecation negatively impact the health and progress of each one of us in many ways. Open defecation leads to contamination of our agricultural fields, our drinking water sources and the food we eat exposing us to a lot

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of diseases. It is estimated that One gram of faces contains 10,000,000 viruses, 1,000,000 bacteria and 1000 parasite cysts.

Point out that one of the major hazards of Open defecation is that it leads to the spread of various communicable diseases including cholera, typhoid, polio, diarrhea and worm and stomach infestations. Children below five years are the worst affected due to their vulnerability of getting diarrhea which is a killer of children. It is estimated that about 1,000 children die every day and 3, 40,000 children die annually in India due to lack of sanitation related causes. It has been scientifically proven that open defecation related issues leads to stunting of children (leading to low height for age) who delays motor development in children and impaired cognitive function. Moreover, 43 % of children in India suffer from some form of Malnutrition which is related to the consequence of open defecation practices being followed in the country.

Activity Part 4

Myths and Practices surrounding sanitation in India

Explain that a large number of people living in rural areas perceive that open defecation is healthier than using a toilet. Many studies have thrown light on this fact. A large number of people perceive that defecating in the closed confines of a toilet is unhealthy as it is smelly and close proximity with human shit can cause diseases. Many people also believe that constructing latrines in the household is ritually polluting. They believe that having toilets and pits in the close confines of the household can lead to diseases.

In fact people do not believe that exposed human excreta can lead to diseases. The general perception is that defecating far away from human habitations is healthy and will not lead to any contamination.

People are generally averse to building a toilet as they feel that once the pit gets filled up it is very difficult to clean them. Because of the caste system that has been strongly prevalent in India in the past cleaning toilets are seen as the work/ responsibility of untouchables who belong to the lowest stream of the caste spectrum in the society.

Child feces are not perceived as harmful in most parts of India.

The benefits of hand washing and its effect in preventing communicable diseases are not appreciated.

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It is generally believed that toilets are mainly built for women due to issues of dignity and shame. Women feel constrained to relieve themselves only under the cover of dark for reasons of privacy to protect their dignity. Point out that holding back natures call till the dark adversely effects their health. Moreover, open defecation exposes women to the danger of physical attacks and encounters such as snake bites.

People who use toilets in urban areas go back to open defecation when they go to rural areas because toilets are not perceived as a need. Moreover it has been observed that all members of many households with toilets do not use them.

Activity: Wrap Up

Instructions

1. Summarize the session

2. Summarise Activity 1,2,3 and 4

3. Ask the participants if they have any questions and answer them

4. Thank participants for their involvement in the session.

Supplementary Reading Material for TOTs for Session 2

What is sanitation?

Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with hazardous  wastes. The Hazards can be physical, biological or chemical agents that spread disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage or grey water) industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Safe Sanitation can be practiced by using proper hygienic toilets, proper excreta and solid and liquid waste management, personal hygiene practices like Hand washing, maintaining proper sanitary sewers, Use of proper Sewage treatment plants and adoption of proper solid waste management practices.

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What is open Defecation?

Open defecation refers to the practice whereby people go out in fields, bushes, forests, open bodies of water, or other open spaces rather than using the toilet to defecate. The practice is rampant in India and the country is home to the world’s largest population of people who defecate in the open and excrete close to 65,000 tons of faces into the environment each day.

What is the Global sanitation scenario like?

About 1.1 billion people in the world ( 15% of the global population) defecate in the open. The problem of open defecation mainly exists in South Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Why is Open Defecation a National shame?

India which has made rapid strides in almost every sphere over the last four decades has only attained coverage of just over 55% in sanitation across the country. (40% in Rural Sanitation and 82%. under Urban Sanitation) Many people would find it hard to fathom that a country which is a nuclear power, has an enviable space programme and is labelled as the next economic superpower has the largest number of people in the world who defecate in the open. The figure of 626 million as projected by the latest JMP report brought out by UNICEF and WHO is a matter of shame and concern for our nation.

Why is open defecation difficult to be eradicated in India?

In India, open defecation is a well-established traditional practice deeply ingrained from early childhood. Sanitation is not a socially acceptable topic, and as a result, people do not discuss it. Consequently, open defecation has persisted as a norm for many Indians. In addition to tradition and the communication taboo, the practice still exists due to poverty; many of the poorest people will not priorities toilets and besides, many are living in rented homes without toilets.

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How does Sanitation Impact the health of an Individual and Community?

Human excreta always contain large numbers of germs, some of which may cause diarrhea. When people become infected with diseases such as cholera, typhoid and hepatitis , their excreta will contain large amounts of the germs which cause the disease. When people defecate in the open, flies will feed on the excreta and can carry small amounts of the excreta away on their bodies and feet. When they touch food, the excreta and the germs in the excreta are passed onto the food, which may later be eaten by another person. Some germs can grow on food and in a few hours their numbers can increase very quickly. Where there are germs there is always a risk of disease. During the rainy season, excreta may be washed away by rain-water and can run into wells and streams. The germs in the excreta will then contaminate the water which may be used for drinking.

India’s dense population also means that even in rural areas, human feces are not easily kept away from fields, wells and food. Bacteria and worms in feces are often accidentally ingested. This results in a range of health problems from diarrhea to enteropathy, a chronic sickness that prevents the absorption of calories and nutrients.

How can one safeguard against diseases caused by lack of Sanitation?

Many common diseases that can give diarrhea can spread from one person to another when people defecate in the open air. Disposing of excreta safely, isolating excreta from flies and other insects, and preventing fecal contamination of water supplies would greatly reduce the spread of diseases. The disposal of excreta alone is, however, not enough to control the spread of cholera and other diarrhoea1 diseases. Personal hygiene is very important, particularly washing hands after defecation and before eating and cooking.

What effect does open defecation have on Children in the country?

Open defecation poses a serious threat to the health of children in India. It is believed that about 45% of children in India suffer from some kind of malnutrition due to the scourge of Open defecation . It is a commonly accepted fact that the practice of OD is the main reason why India reports the highest number of diarrheal deaths among children under-five in the world.  Every year, diarrhea kills 188,000 children under five in India. Children weakened by frequent diarrhea episodes are more vulnerable to malnutrition, stunting, and opportunistic infections such as pneumonia. Diarrhoea and worm infection are two major health conditions that affect school-age children impacting their learning abilities.

What impact does sanitation have on women?

Open defecation also puts at risk the dignity of women in India. Women feel constrained to relieve themselves only under the cover of dark for reasons of privacy to protect their dignity.

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Open defecation exposes women to the danger of physical attacks and encounters such as snake bites.

What is the economic impact of sanitation?

 Poor sanitation also cripples national development: workers produce less, live shorter lives, save and invest less, and are less able to send their children to school.

What are the myths that exist regarding sanitation in India?

A large number of people living in rural areas perceive that open defecation is healthier than using a toilet.

People are not aware that exposed human excreta can lead to diseases. Many people including women enjoy defecating in the open than in the closed confines

of a ‘smelly’ toilet It is believed that latrines inside the household is ritually polluting and impure. A large number of people perceive that once a toilet pits get filled up, it is very difficult

to clean it. Cleaning a toilet is seen as the work/ responsibility of untouchables who belong to the

lowest stream of the caste spectrum. Child Faces is not perceived as harmful. The benefits of hand washing and its effect in preventing communicable diseases are not

appreciated. Toilets are mainly for women due to issues of dignity and shame. Men can defecate in the

open

What is the perception regarding child feces in India?

Most people across India believe that child faces are not harmful. Studies point out that Only 11 per cent of Indian rural families dispose of child faces safely. Eighty per cent of children’s faces are left in the open or thrown into the garbage. It is estimated that only 11 per cent of Indian rural families dispose of child faces safely.

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Session 3: Swachh Bharat Mission and the Role and Responsibilities of PRIs

Learning Objectives

By the end of this session, participants will understand:

The switchover from NBA to SBM Key components under SBM Incentives/ eligibility under SBM Administrative structure under SBM Role and Responsibilities of PRIs envisaged under SBM The advantage of using existing health infrastructure like VHSC and VHND

No Activity Approach

1Explain the shift and basic difference between NBA and SBM

Point out the key differences

2Explain focus areas and highlight objectives under SBM ( Gramin)

Elaborate on the objectives

3Explain the key components and various incentives provided and categories of people who come under its ambit

Focus on IHLL and CSC,

4Describe the administrative structure and the fund flow mechanism under SBM

Clearly explain the structure with emphasis on DWSM

5Describe the Role and Responsibilities for PRIs envisaged under SBM

Explain that PRIs are the central point of the structure of implementation of SBM activities at the ground level.

6 Emphasise the various Health Platforms under NRHM that can be

Explain about using existing health infrastructure and the services of VHSC and the platform of VHND

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involved in the ODF Process

Activity Part 1

Define what is meant by Sanitation as defined by Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India

Open defecation is the termination of fecal-oral transmission defined by:

(a) No visible feces found in the environment/ village(b) Every house as well as public/ community institutions using safe technology options for

disposal of feces

Safe technology option means no contamination of surface soil, groundwater or surface water’ excreta inaccessible to flies or animals; no handling of fresh excreta; and freedom from odor and unsightly condition.

The switch over from NBA to SBM/ basic difference between NBA and SBM

Explain that sanitation and eradication of open defecation has always been a priority for the government of India. The rural sanitation coverage in the country was as low as 1% in the beginning of 1980s. But With the launch of various government programmes including the Nirmal Bharth Abhiyan, the sanitation coverage touched 32.7%.

Explain that the earlier sanitation campaign under the congress government known as the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, focused on covering the entire community for saturated outcomes with the objective of creating Nirmal Gram Panchayats. One of the key aspects of the earlier NBA programme was its convergence with the MNREGA programme where funds for the construction of toilets came from both NBA and MNREGA.

Point out that the part funding from MGNREGA for the payment of Incentives for the construction of Individual Hhouse Hold Latrines (IHHLs) has been discontinued under the Swachh Bharat Mission.

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Moreover, the responsibility of construction of all School toilets is transferred to the Department of School Education and Literacy and of Anganwadi toilets to the Ministry of Women and Child Development.

Activity Part 2

Key Aspects/ Focus Areas under SBM

Explain that the arrival of the new NDA government at the centre saw the sanitation programme get a much needed forward push. The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on the 2nd of October, 2014 by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi.

The aim of the Mission is to work on a mission mode to achieve Swachh Bharat by the year 2019. The main objective of the mission is to bring about an improvement in the general quality of life by promoting cleanliness, hygiene and achieving the goal of open defecation by motivating communities and PRI to adopt sustainable sanitation practices through awareness and health education.

The SBM mission would emphasize on developing cost effective technologies which are ecologically safe and would encourage community managed sanitation systems focusing on solid liquid waste management to promote safe sanitation practices.

But the key focus is to prevent incidence of open defecation by providing individual household toilets to all households and community sanitary complexes in the villages to achieve the goal of eradication of open defecation by the year 2019.

Under SBM, all schools are to be provided with separate toilets for Boys and Girls and Anganwadis to be provided with child friendly toilets

All GPs to be kept clean by ensuring provisions by ensuring collection and disposal of solid and liquid waste

SBM also emphasises the fact that people need to be too made aware of benefits of personal hygiene, safe handling of drinking water and food hygiene practices.

Explain that the task at hand is huge, For achieving total sanitation coverage, India needs to build around 11.11 crore individual household toilets and 1, 14,315 community Sanitary complexes in the next five years if India is to achieve the dream of being an ODF country by 2019. The figure is massive as the country needs to build around 56,000 toilets every single day to achieve this objective.

Activity: Part 3

The key components / Incentive and eligibility criteria under SBM (Gramin)

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• Explain that the key components of the SBM(G) include (1) Construction of Individual Household Toilet (2) construction of Community Sanitary Complexes (3) Efforts to make the GP clean through Solid and Liquid Waste Management Initiatives

• Each eligible family is paid an incentive of RS 12,000 for the construction of toilets in their household. The money is provided by incentives to be provided by central and state governments to build Individual household toilets and Community Sanitary Complexes. The money would be paid to the eligible families only after successful construction of toilets and certification by the GP Pradhan.

• In Panchayats were all household cannot construct toilet due to problems of space or other problems, Panchayats can access government funds for construction of Community Sanitary Complexes. A Sum of Rs 200,000 has been earmarked for this purpose. But the GP will have to put in 10% (Rs 20,000) as beneficiary contribution. These complexes will consist of three to four toilets and bathing space. The members of the community can use these facilities by paying a nominal fee while the panchayats have the responsibility of maintenance of these complexes.

Once panchayats achieve ODF status, they would be given funds for Solid and Liquid waste management. a, sum of Rs 7/12/15/20 lakh to be allotted for Gram Panchayats having up to 150/300/500 or more than 500 households.

• Families eligible for Incentives to build toilets include

- All BPL families in the GP- All SC and ST families in the GP- All families falling in the category of Small and Marginal Farmers- All families belonging to Landless laborers in the village who own a house- If the family has a physically handicapped person or child- If the family is headed by a woman member- APL families who do not fall in the above categories in the GP are not eligible for

incentives.

Activity Part 4

The Administrative Structure and Fund Flow Mechanism under SBM

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Explain that the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is the Nodal Ministry for implementing the Swachh Bharat Mission ( Gramin) programme

The Ministry distributes the central share of the funds to the state government as per the annual plans submitted by the state government and approved after discussions.

The funds along with the state share are forwarded to respective state Swachh Bharat Missions/ State Water and Sanitation Missions

The State Sanitation Missions then forward the funds to the District Sanitation Missions The funds are then passed on to the PRIs (panchayats) who then pass it on to the

beneficiaries. A special sanitation account called ‘Gram Nikshay’ has been created at the GP level

wherein funds from District Sanitation Fund are transferred as per the demand for construction of toilets at the GP level.

Apart from the incentives for IHHL/CSCs and SLWM the districts have revolving funds at their hands which can be used for providing loans/ establishing Rural sanitary marts.

The Swachh Bharat Mission places a lot of importance on IEC/ BCC interventions. Infact, 3.75% of the total funds allocated to the district are earmarked for IEC (information Education Communication) activities.

Panchayats have been identified to play the pivotal role in the implementation of the SBM programme.

Activity: Part 5

The Role and Responsibilities of PRIs

• Explain that the Gram Panchayats have been mandated to play the most important role in the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission. The exact roles that they play will be decided by the state government as per the prevailing ground realities. But the real onus of making the panchayats open defecation free lies with the GP by planning and implementing the programme at the ground level.

• The PRIs have to initiate the adopting of a GP wide resolution for ODF

• The key role of the GP is to set in motion the process of ‘triggering’ of the local population by shocking and shaming them into action. The GP can take the help of District Swachh Bharat Mission in initiating this event.

• The PRIs/ GP need to work on an ODF plan, they need to identify the number of toilets that need to be constructed in the GP. Then they need to classify people who come under incentives and those who are eligible for incentives. Once they have a clear picture, they

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can approach the District Sanitation Mission for transferring funds to the GP sanitation fund account ( Gram Nikshay in Uttar Pradesh ) that has been specially created for this purpose in every GP. The families that are eligible for incentives for constructing a toilet may be given 50% of their entitlement while families that are not eligible for incentives can be given loans from the Revolving fund under SBM. These families can repay the loan to the GP under instalments

• If the GPs feel that they need to construct Community Sanitary Complexes for attaining ODF in their GP, the need to approach the DSM with justification

• One of the important role of the PRI and the GP is to mobilise its resources and man power. The GPs needs to identify various partners and use existing programmes like the VHND. The PRIs need to mobilize school teachers, students, ASHA workers, anganwadi workers, local faith leaders, prominent personalities for implementation of the programme. The PRIs can also take the assistance of NGOs for carrying out communication activities and other tasks like maintaining Community sanitary complexes.

• One of the key focuses of the PRIs should be on using the existing health infrastructure .They should take into confidence and utilise the services of the Village Health and Sanitation Committees ( VHSC). The VHSC has been identified as the key agency for developing Village Health Plan & the entire planning of village Panchayat for NRHM. This committee comprises of ANM, MTW, Aganwadi Workers, Teachers, Community health volunteers, ASHA.

• The PRIs need to Educate and sensitise the community for adopting safe sanitation in their villages through structured communication by using direct media and Interpersonal communication tools.

• The PRIs to ensure supply of sanitary materials for the community by coordinating with Sanitary Marts/ establish temporary Sanitary Marts if necessary through SHGs and facilitate their interaction with the community.

• The PRIs need to promote regular use, up gradation and maintenance of toilets. They also need to ensure safety standards of the toilets being constructed in the community ( distance from water sources/ type/ depth of pit)They also need to Promote key hygiene behaviour ( cleanliness/ collection and disposal of solid and liquid waste)

• The PRIs also need to take the onus of regular monitoring and evaluation. Both Block level and District level PRIs must take the lead in this. The GPs will also organise and assist social audit of the SBM intervention.

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Activity: Part 6

The existing Health infrastructure that can be used for the programme

• Explain that the National Rural Health Mission has a strong existing infrastructure at the GP level. Apart from the primary health centers, the NRHM has set up Village Health and Sanitation Committees. The PRIs should involve the VHSNC actively in the SBM and ODF initiatives and take into confidence regarding sanitation initiatives.

• The PRIs should utilise the services of the Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNC). The VHSNC has been identified as the key agency for developing Village Health Plan & the entire planning of village Panchayat for NRHM. This committee comprises of ANM, Aganwadi Workers, Teachers, Community health volunteers, ASHA.

• The ASHA workers can be compensated from the SBM funds. It should be highlighted that the ASHA workers know each and every family in the village on a personal basis if properly motivated and compensated can make a huge difference to the sanitation programme.

• Another platform that can be used to sensitise and bring about a behavior change in sanitation is the Village Health and Nutrition Days TheVHND has been initiated with the objective of bringing health care and awareness at the doorstep of the rural population.

• The VHND is to be organized once every month (preferably on Wednesdays and for those villages that have been left out, on any other day of the same month) On the appointed day, ASHAs, AWWs, and others will mobilize the villagers, especially women and children, to assemble at the nearest AWC. During the VHND, the villagers can interact freely with the health personnel and obtain basic services and information. They can also learn about the preventive and promotive aspects of health care, which will encourage them to seek health care at proper facilities. Sanitation issues which are intrinsically linked to health can also be discussed and that participants can be sensitised about the need for open defecation free GPs

Activity: Wrap Up 24

Instructions

1. Summarize the session

2. Summarise Activity 1,2,3 4,5 and 6

3. Ask the participants if they have any questions and answer them

4. Thank participants for their involvement in the session.

Supplementary Reading Material for TOTs for Session 3

What is the background of the Sanitation Programme in India?

Providing adequate sanitation coverage to its growing population has always been a major challenge in India The rural sanitation coverage in the country was as low as 1% in the beginning of 1980s. With the launch of various programmes like the Central Rural Sanitation Programme and the Total Sanitation Campaign, the sanitation coverage rose to a remarkable 22% as per the 2001 census. Under the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan the sanitation coverage touched the figure of 32.7%. But with the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission in October 2014, the sanitation coverage in the country has accelerated and is showing a steady upward curve. As per the latest NSSO survey, the rural sanitation coverage in the country stands at 40.6 percent.

What are the focus/objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission?

The Government of India has given a new direction to the programme by starting the Swachh Bharat Mission on the 2nd of October, 2014. The Mission which is coordinated by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation consists of two sub- missions, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and Swachh Bharat Mission (urban) the aim is to work on a mission mode to achieve Swachh Bharat by the year 2019. The main objective of the mission is to bring about an improvement in the general quality of life by promoting cleanliness; hygiene and achieving the goal of open

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defecation free India by motivating communities and PRI to adopt sustainable sanitation practices through awareness and health education. The mission would emphasise on developing cost effective technologies which are ecologically safe and would encourage communit6y managed sanitation systems focusing on solid liquid waste management to promote safe sanitation practices.

Which are the key components under Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)?

The key components are:

• Construction of Individual Household Latrines (IHHL)• Construction of Community Sanitary Complexes (CSCs).• Solid Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) activities.• Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and Human Resource Development

(HRD) activities.

What are Community Sanitary Complexes?

Community Sanitary Complexes are structures consisting of appropriate number of toilet seats, bathing cubicles, washing platforms, wash basins to benefit the community. They are generally constructed in a central place where all people have proper access. The GP owns the responsibility for its operation & maintenance. The unit cost of CSC is Rs. 2 lakh.

What are the incentives available under SBM?

The individual households are provided with an incentive of Rs 12,000 for the construction of a toilet. The money would be given to them only after building the toilet and getting it approved from the Gram Pradhan.

SBM allots a sum of Rs 2, 00,000 to the GP for construction of a Community Sanitary Complex. 10% (Rs 20,000) of the amount has to be put in by the GP through beneficiary Contribution.

Once the GP achieves ODF status, they would be given funds for Solid and Liquid waste management. a, sum of Rs 7/12/15/20 lakh to be allotted for Gram Panchayats having up to 150/300/500 or more than 500 households.

What are the challenges faced by the country in achieving Swachh Bharat by 2019?

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The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation which is the Nodal ministry for building toilets has a huge and enormous task at hand. Under the Swachh Bharat mission the country aims to be free of open defecation by the year 2019. For achieving total sanitation coverage, India needs to build around 11.11 crore individual household toilets and 1, 14,315 community Sanitary complexes in the next five years if India is to achieve the dream of being and ODF country by 2019. The figure is massive as the country needs to build around 56,000 toilets every single day to achieve this objective.

What is the administrative structure and fund flow mechanism envisaged under SBM?

The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is the Nodal Ministry implementing the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) programme at the central level. The Ministry is provided with the central allocations and distributes the central share of the funds to the state government. The states present their annual targets and plans (PIPs) to the central government which are discussed and approved. The central share of funds are then transferred to the state government who forward it to the respective State Swachh Bharat Missions/ State Water and Sanitation Missions These funds are then forwarded to the District Sanitation Missions .

The District Sanitation Mission is the point of contact for the GPs. All their planning needs to be done in consultation with the district officials. Apart from the incentives for IHHL/CSCs and SLWM the districts have revolving funds at their hands which can be used for providing loans/ establishing rural sanitary marts etc .Moreover 3.75% of the funds allocated to the district under SBM are used for Information Education Communication / BCC interventions. The GPs can access a share of these funds are per availability.

What is the role envisaged for PRIs in implementing the Swachh Bharat Mission?

As per the Constitution 73rd Amendment Act, 1992, Sanitation is included in the 11th Schedule. Accordingly, Gram Panchayats have a pivotal role in the implementation of SBM (G). The programme may be implemented by the Panchayati Raj Institutions at all levels. Their exact role shall be decided by the States as per the requirement in the State.

The GPs will participate in social mobilization, for triggering demand for construction of toilets and also for maintenance of clean environment by way of safe disposal of waste. The GP will have to take the responsibility of maintaining community sanitary complexes and also carry out IEC/ BCC interventions. GPs can play a key role in promoting regular use, maintenance and up-gradation of toilets, SLWM components and Inter-Personal Communication for hygiene education. The GPs with the help of external agencies have to play a key role in ensuring that safety standards are being met with all components of SBM(G) e.g. the distance between water source and latrine – regulating pit-depth, pit lining to prevent pollution, collapse of pit etc. The

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same will apply to key hygiene behavior such as keeping the environment around hand pumps / water sources clear and tidy and free of human and animal excreta.

Both block level and district level PRIs should regularly monitor the implementation of the programme. The GPs must also play a role in monitoring of the programme and will assist in organizing social audits of the programme. To crystalise community action, GPs have been mandated to organize a pledge taking ceremony and adopt a resolution for attaining ODF in the GP.

What is the Process involved in getting Funds from District Sanitation Mission for facilitating construction of toilets at the GP level?

The Gram Panchayat needs to identify the number of toilets that need to be constructed in the GP. Then they need to classify people who are eligible incentives and those who are not eligible for incentives. Once they have a clear picture, they can approach the District Sanitation Mission for transferring funds to the GP. A special sanitation fund account (named Gram Nikshay in Uttar Pradesh) has been specially created for this purpose in every GP.

The families that are eligible for incentives for constructing a toilet can be given 50% of their entitlement while families that are not eligible for incentives can be given loans from the Revolving fund under SBM. These families can repay the loan to the GP under instalments after constructing a toilet. Photographs of all the toilets constructed by the beneficiaries have to be taken on completion of the toilet and uploaded on the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation before the next 50% of the beneficiary funds are released

What are VHNDS? How can they be used as a platform for SBM

TheVHND has been initiated with the objective of bringing health care and awareness at the doorstep of the rural population. The VHND is to be organized once every month (preferably on Wednesdays and for those villages that have been left out, on any other day of the same month) on the appointed day, ASHAs, AWWs, and others will mobilize the villagers, especially women and children, to assemble at the nearest AWC.During the VHND, the villagers can interact freely with the health personnel and obtain basic services and information. They can also learn about the preventive and promotive aspects of health care, which will encourage them to seek health care at proper facilities. Sanitation issues which are intrinsically linked to health can also be discussed and that participants can be sensitised about the need for open defecation free GPs during VHNDs.

The issues discussed during VHND include:

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All pregnant women are to be registered. Registered pregnant women are to be given ANC. Dropout pregnant women eligible for ANC are to be tracked and services are to be

provided to them. All eligible children below one year are to be given vaccines against six Vaccine-

preventable diseases. All dropout children who do not receive vaccines as per the scheduled doses are to be

vaccinated. Vitamin A solution is to be administered, to children. All children are to be weighed, with the weight being plotted on a card and managed

appropriately in order to combat malnutrition. Anti-TB drugs are to be given to patients of TB. All eligible couples are to be given condoms and OCPs as per their choice and referrals

are to be made for other contraceptive services. Supplementary nutrition is to be provided to underweight children.

Session 4: How to make your GPs ODF / Why Triggering is important

Learning Objectives

By the end of this session, participants will: Key steps involved in developing a participatory ODF process/ plan in the GP

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The Importance of Triggering How the community can be mobilised and Triggered

No Activity Approach

1

Explain the suggested steps to attain ODF through a participatory process

Describe the process in a systematic manner

2

Explain the importance of Triggering in the ODF process

Describe that Triggering is the key to shame and shock the people and wake them up from their slumber.

3How to mobilise and trigger the community

Explain the whole process of Triggering step by step

4Case study of ODF village Explain how Budhar village in Udaipur

achieved ODF status

Activity: Part 1

Key steps involved in attaining ODF through a Participatory process

Explain that under the SBM organisational set up, the District Swachh Bharat Mission is the point of contact for the GPs. All their planning for attaining ODF status needs to be done in consultation with the district officials. The Programme planning and allocation of funds is done through SBM. Apart from the incentives for IHHL/CSCs and SLWM the districts have revolving funds at their hands which can be used for providing loans/ establishing rural sanitary marts and funding IEC/ BCC activities. etc.

• The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is in the process of sensitising the district collectors across the country regarding ODF and the Swachh Bharat Mission. So it is important to meet with the District Collector and keep him/ her in the loop about your sanitation interventions at the GP level

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• Convene/ organise a big meeting of various stakeholders including civil society organisations in your GP to be chaired by the District Collector and take an oath of making your GP ODF free.

• With the help of SBM officials, organize a ‘Triggering ‘activity in your GP by involving an external agency. Do a lot of groundwork in coordination with the district authorities and see to it that sanitary mart representatives along with sample of their products are available at the venue

• Follow up triggering process with IEC activities (Separate fund are available with DSBM for this purpose). Concentrate on Interpersonal Communication and Direct media campaigns to bring about a change in attitude and mindset of the people.

• Constitute a strong / committed ‘Nigrani committee’ to monitor the ODF drive in your GP. Regularly monitor the progress of your ODF interventions and take corrective steps when necessary.

• Sanitary Marts and availability of sanitary materials in the GP are the key factors that will facilitate the ODF .The PRIs need to work towards ensuring coordination between sanitary marts and the community for availability and distribution of sanitary materials

Activity: Part 2

Importance of Triggering in the ODF process

• Explain that ‘Triggering or Community-Led Total Sanitation is the recommended interventions of the government in the quest to achieve total sanitation in India. Educate the audience as to how Triggering has been successfully used in many countries, especially Bangladesh.

• Explain that Triggering is based on stimulating a collective sense of disgust and shame among community members as they come face to face with the truth of open defecation and its negative impacts on the entire community. The basic assumption is that no human being can stay unmoved once they realize that they are eating other peoples shit due to open defecation. It has been observed the world over that triggering leads to strong reactions in the community forcing them to act and take corrective action.

Activity: Part 3

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How the Community can be mobilised and Triggered

The whole process of Triggering is organised with the help of a professional agency. One of the key aspects of the triggering process is to have very powerful and convincing communicators in the team.

The first step in the triggering process is to organise a ‘transect’ walk in the community. This is a way of introducing yourself to the community, gaining the confidence of the community and arousing their interest in ODF activities. The aim is to motivate people to carry out a more substantial sanitation analysis involving the whole community. There are many different ways of initiating a discussion on open defecation. You can start with just a few people who you meet on the way and ask them to walk with you behind the houses, in the bushes, near the river or other open places where people defecate. A small gathering in such odd places will soon attract others. Explain how flies and pets come in to contact with them how it finds its way into your food.

The second step is to do a feces mapping of the GP, identifying households with and without toilets and doing an analysis of people who defecate in the open. Mapping which is a PRA analysis involves creating a simple map of the village to locate households, resources and problems, and to stimulate discussion. It is a useful method of getting all community members involved in a practical and visual analysis of the community sanitation situation where houses without toilets and open defecation sites can be identified and the problems detailed. Draw attention to how far some people have to walk to defecate, highlight safety issues and ask people to trace the flow of shit leading to contamination of the environment.

The third step is to organize a large well attended meeting in the GP on a well publicised date where all households of the GP are invited and some refreshments are provided. A professional team undertakes the Triggering process and succeeds in shocking and shaming the audience by explaining how feces contaminate their daily lives through a live example of shit contaminating drinking water..

At the end of the meeting, a list of families who have pledged to build a toilet are prepared and a time frame is decided. This is followed by the constitution of an ‘Action Group’ for overseeing the process of building toilets within the pledged time frame.

Activity: Part 4

Case study of how a Village attained ODF

Case study of Village : Budhar/ Kherwada Block/ Udaipur

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Population : 1217 households. Achieved ODF in 2013

• Village prone to diseases/ filth and open defecation

• Village panchayat passes a resolution for ODF/ contacts a triggering NGO

• 13th Jan- ‘Transect Walk’ organised

• 18th Jan- Triggering takes place

• Nigrani committee formed/ identifies 25th Feb as ODF date

• Construction activity starts/ community pools in money/ ( APL-4000, BPL-1000)

• Social mobilisation of ASHA/ Anganwadi workers/ SHG groups/ School Teachers

• NGO supplies sanitation materials/ masons

• Sustained Inter Personnel Communication activities undertaken involving ASHA/ Anganwadi workers

• Direct media interventions undertaken using nukkad nataks, rallies by school children

• Community participation in construction of Toilets

• ODF achieved in 2013/ Incentives distributed by GP to eligible families

• GP declared ODF

Activity: Wrap Up

Instructions

1. Summarize the session

2. Summarise Activity 1,2,3 4,5 and 6

3. Ask the participants if they have any questions and answer them

4. Thank participants for their involvement in the session.

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Supplementary Reading Material for TOTs for Session 4

How is a live example of shit contaminating food done at the field level in the Triggering exercise?

Ask for a glass of drinking water. When the glass of water is brought, offer it to someone and ask if they could drink it. If they say yes, then ask others until everyone agrees that they could drink the water. Next, pull a hair from your head and ask what is in your hand. Ask if they can see it. Then touch it on some shit on the ground so that all can see. Now dip the hair in the glass of water and ask if they can see anything in the glass of water. Next, offer the glass of water to anyone standing near to you and ask them to drink it. Immediately they will refuse. Pass the glass on to others and ask if they could drink. No one will want to drink that water. Ask why they refuse it. They will answer that it contains shit.

Now ask how many feet a fly has. Inform them it has six feet and they are all serrated. Ask if flies could pick up more shit than your hair could pick. The answer should be ‘yes’. Now ask them what happens when flies sit on their, or their children’s food and plate: what are they bringing with them from places where open defecation is practiced? Finally ask them what they are eating with their food. The bottom line is: everyone in the village is ingesting each other’s shit.

Ask them to try to calculate the amount of shit ingested every day. Ask how they feel about ingesting each others’ shit because of open defecation? Don’t suggest anything at this point. Just leave the thought with them for now, and remind them of it when you summarise at the end of the community analysis.

Session 5: The role of Media / Behavior change and Interpersonal Communications

Learning Objectives

By the end of this session, participants will learn: The important role of communication What is Behaviour Change Communication What is media and what are various media tools What is Direct media What is IPC What are the key tools used for IPC

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What are the skills needed to be a good IPC

No Activity Approach

1

Define communications, the process of communication and the need for communications to attain ODF

Explain the importance of right dissemination of information for the success of any public intervention

2 Explain what is Behaviour Change Communication/ How is behaviour change different from other communication approaches?

Highlight the USP of BCC when compared to other communication approaches

3Explain what is Media and what are the basic media tools Touch on all media tools with examples

4Why are IPC and direct media important in a GP setting Highlight the importance of IPC and direct

media in a GP setting with a limited population

5 What are the key tools used for IPC/ skills needed to be a good IPC communicator

Make the session participative by asking the respondents to narrate examples of their perception of IPC

Activity: Part 1

Define Communications/ Process of communication

• Explain that Communication is the process by which two or more people exchange

ideas, facts, feelings or impressions in ways that each gain a common understanding of the message. It is the act of getting a sender and receiver tuned together for a particular message or a series of messages.

• Communication is an on-going, ever-changing, continuous and dynamic process. It does not have a definite beginning or end

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The process involved in Communication

The first principle is to keep your eyes and ears open while communicating. ‘Learn to Listen, Listen to Learn’

Do not go with a preconceived notion, approach or attitude. Never believe that you know everything. You should be open to learning and

incorporating new things. One should not suffer from the ‘I Know, I Know, I Know’ attitude.

Be very clear of your target audience and what you want to communicate Be very clear and aware about the context, situation the audience and the mode of

communication.

The role of communication with reference to ODF/ Sanitation The key objectives are to:

Raise the level of awareness, knowledge and understanding of the people about issues related to sanitation and the negative impact ODF and Sanitation has on each and every individual especially children.

To undertake motivational activities to create an enabling environment for behavioral changes among the people through various communication channels with focus on IPC.

Activity: Part 2

Behavior Change Communication

• Explain Behavioral Change Communication (BCC) is a process that motivates people to adopt healthy behaviors and lifestyles. BCC programmes and interventions are aimed at motivating individuals, groups and communities to change their unhealthy practices or to sustain the healthy behaviors they are following or practicing.

Difference between behaviour change and other communication

Successful BCC programmes follow a structured and systematic process. These approaches consist of five to six major steps and take a holistic view of the whole behavioral process. The steps followed include(1) A clear situational Analysis of the problem(2 ) A Strategic Design or a structured communication plan involving various media tools (3) Development of structured messages and Pre-testing them at the ground

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level,(4) A time bound implementation plan (5) A structured Monitoring and Evaluation of the communication intervention.

Activity: Part 3

Media

Instructions

1. Let the participants describe what they mean by media and describe what according to they are the various types of media.

2. Each of the participants can write down the various types of media as they understand on a sticky paper which can be put up and later consolidated

3. Explain the various media that is available as a means of communication

What is Media

• Media is a tool used to communicate messages. Messages can be delivered through television or radio spots, articles in newspapers, periodicals or through brochures, posters, flip charts, comics, or in- person by health workers, peer educators, counselors and trained personnel. Messages can also be communicated through musical, dramatic performances and community events.

• The selection of media depends on your target audience/the size of the target audience/ the kind of messages you want to communicate/ the kind of interaction you want with your audience/ the resources at hand or cost of the campaign/ the reach of the media and the duration of the campaign

The Basic Media tools used for communicating

Explain with examples the basic tools used for communicating messages (1) Interpersonal Communications (2) Direct Media (3) Traditional Media (4) Mass media (5) Digital Media

Interpersonal communication is person‐to‐person communication that may be verbal or non‐verbal. It is face‐to‐face, with all the parties involved sending and receiving information to and from each other. An example of this type of communication is a typical patient‐doctor visit

Direct Media/ Group Media is generally referred as media channels that are stationary. In a rural setting, these channels of communication are basically used

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for community mobilisation activities. They include wall writings/ posters, street plays, village health fairs, folk theatre, awareness rallies etc.

Traditional media is referred to media channels that the community is familiar with. They include traditional folk songs, plays, folk theatre, folk storytelling techniques, puppet shows or any other channel of entertainment the local community is familiar with.

Mass media are known as channels that transmit messages to large audiences through media with a wide reach, Mass media channels reach out to a large number of people across states and even countries. This form of communication includes Television, Radio, Newspapers, Magazines and web based communications.

Activity: Part 4

Why are Interpersonal Communication and Direct media the key communication tools in a GP setting

Explain that in a Panchayat setting, the media that matters are Interpersonal communication and Direct Media. This is because they are cost effective and cater to a smaller audience. The major advantage they have is the power to directly engage with the target audience. Moreover, other media channels like Mass Media will be handled by Central / State Governments

Clearly explain to the participants that as their target audience comprises of a population of 5,000 people , the media they should concentrate on is IPC. If needed they can also indulge in direct media interventions or traditional media depending upon the availability of funds.

Drive home the point that Mass Media is expensive and needs a large setting. This would happen at the Central Government level/ State government level.

Tell the participants that keeping in mind the current scenario, the emphasis of their communication intervention should revolve around Inter Personal Communications which is the best and cost effective medium in a community setting.

Explain that one of the major advantages of Direct Media is that it is participatory in nature and has the power to engage the audience. If activities like nukkad nataks are handled intelligently, it can answer and clear all the questions in the minds of the

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audience and can be a major persuasive tool.

Activity : Part 5

Interpersonal Communications

Ask the audience to explain what is meant by interpersonal communications as per the earlier session

Explain the various tools used in Inter personal communication like peer counseling, provider to client counseling, the importance of using educational tools like posters, flip charts etc

Explain the importance of winning the trust of the community. This can be achieved if the community believes that the PRI members are sincere, knowledgeable, helpful and has the interest of the community at large.

Tools used for interpersonal Communications

Counseling: Counseling aims to share information about an issue or subject concerning the client. It should provide him with relevant information that is acceptable and easy to understand and help him make informed decisions. The counselor can use various aids like posters, flipcharts, storytelling etc as aids to help him in the process.

Group discussions/ group activities : For group activities to become a part of IEC, all participants should become involved in the discussions and generally share common ideas and concerns.

Key skills needed to be an interpersonal communicator

Knowledge- The communicator should have adequate and updated knowledge about the issue

Active listening skills- This involves listening to what people say and asking the right questions and includes

Concentrating on what the person is saying Respecting the viewpoint of the person

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Listening intently and encouraging the person to speak Being alert to body language Giving the person enough time to think and reply to questions.

Repeating and interpreting- Repeating the words used by the client gives the impression that one is listening while interpretation gives the chance to correct any wrong assumptions

Asking questions- good and timely questions encourage real exchange of information Making positive statements- Making statements like what you say is correct helps you

gain the confidence of the client.

Instructions

1. Summarize the session

2. Summarise Activity 1,2,3 and 4

3. Ask the participants if they have any questions and answer them

4. Thank participants for their involvement in the session.

Supplementary Reading Material for TOTs for Session 5

What is the difference between IEC and BCC

The important thing about BCC is that it follows a systematic evidence based approach. Earlier, organisations used information education and communication (IEC) strategies to improve awareness to bring about positive behaviours. But today, the emphasis is on Behavioural Change Communication (BCC) which builds on IEC. Traditional IEC methods concentrated on giving information and creating awareness while BCC follows a more structured approach of behavioural theories and systematic implementation processes.

A BCC strategy lays out a detailed plan for reaching desired behaviour change objectives. It throws light on various issues like, should one focus on direct communication to disseminate messages or interpersonal communications? Which communication media will reach the target audience most effectively? How can one build on issues and portray it more effectively that the audience is already familiar with?

A BCC strategy answers such crucial questions. BCC approach consists of five to six major steps and takes a holistic view of the whole behavioural process. The steps followed include(1) A clear situational Analysis of the problem(2 ) A Strategic Design or a structured communication

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plan involving various media tools (3) Development of structured messages and Pre-testing them at the ground level,(4) A time bound implementation plan (5) A structured Monitoring and Evaluation of the communication intervention.

What is mass media? What are the various channels used in Mass Media?

Mass Media consists of channels that transmit messages to large audiences. Mass media channels reach out to a large number of people across states and even countries. This form of communication includes Television, Radio, Newspapers, Magazines and web based communication

Television: one of the channels with the maximum reach which is highly attractive and popular

Advantages: Television is highly watched, reaches a large wide audience at the same time, has the ability to deliver impact due to its colourful audio visual presentation.

Disadvantages: Very expensive medium, high production costs. Spots are very costly especially on prime time.

Radio: Again a very powerful medium which can reach all segments of the society with powerful messages. It is one of the cheapest means of large scale communications

Advantages: it can be used as a personal medium with excellent reach, Moreover there is scope for two way communication.

Disadvantages: The lack of audio visual support in information dissemination reduces appeal. It is also fragmented in nature.

Newspapers: One of the best medium for giving large scale information dissemination and can be very useful for advocacy purposes. (Magazines are very effective in reaching niche audiences)

Advantages: It is cheap, easy to carry, repeated eyeballs on adverts, scope of messaging and disseminating large information.

Disadvantages: it could be quite expensive, reach limited to literate audience

New Media: The web based media including internet/ smart phone is regarded as the new media

Advantages: Effective among youths, educated audience, not very expensive. There is a lot of scope for making it interactive. Has the potential for instant messaging and being interactive.

Disadvantages: can only cater to technology savvy crowd, could be expensive, limiter reach as the audience needs to be highly literate

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Session 6: Social mobilization and How to prepare a communication plan for attaining ODF in your GP

Learning Objectives

By the end of this session, participants will learn: Social Mobilisation Process involved in Social Mobilisation Tools used in Social Mobilisation The generic steps involved in formulating a communication action plan for ODF in the

GP

No Activity Approach

1 Explain what is social mobilisation

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Concentrate on explaining why social mobilisation is crucial ( give the example of the polio campaign)

2Explain the process and tools used in social mobilisation

Explain the process with examples

3Explain how to develop a communications action plan for sustainable sanitation Take through the communication plan step by

step with examples

1. Explain what is meant by social mobilisation

2. Ask the participants to list out how they have mobilised the community in their project areas

( encourage the participants to come up with examples)

3. What are the various tools that can be used at the community level for social mobilisation?

Activity: Part 1

Social Mobilisation

Explain that Social Mobilization is a broad scale movement to engage people's participation in achieving a specific development goal through self-reliant efforts. It is a planned decentralized process that transforms populations from being recipients of benefits to active participants in the development process. It involves a series of planned processes to reach influence and involve all sections of the society to reach a common objective or goal.

As far as the PRIs are concerned, the key is to establish a deep rapport with the local community. The local community should feel that the Panchayati Raj members are one among them and is really committed and interested in their welfare

The process for social mobilisation will require

Frequent visits in the community

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Participating in the communities events/ festivals Making the community aware of their rights Creating awareness in the community Informing the community about various government schemes Exploring credit linkages

Activity: 2

The tools that can be used to mobilise the community

Emphasise and explain the tools used in social mobilisation:

Meetings Group discussions Showing short films in the community Organising Games and sports in the community Organising exhibitions Pictorial representations on issues at the community level Organising exposure visits to other villages Organising rallies Organising competitions at the school level Distribution of awards/ incentives Organising street plays Organising community activities like group news reading

Activity: 3

Steps involved in Developing a communications plan

Explain the steps involved in developing a communication plan at the GP levelWhat are the key steps involved in developing a communications action plan on Family

Planning?

1. Gain understanding of the ground situation/ Do a situational analysis

Understand the prevailing situation of the issue at the ground level. To develop a communications plan to make your GP ODF, you should do an assessment about (a) About the prevailing myths, knowledge, priority and preferences in the community on issues connected to sanitation. (b) The communication needs and preferred tools of communication in the community.

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2. How would you do a situational analysis at the community level?

Organise a meeting of frontline health/ sanitation workers like Swachhata Preraks/ ASHAs / Anganwadi workers

Collect block based baseline data of the GP from MDWS website/ DWSM Hold a stake holder meet local religious leaders, block development officer , local school

teachers, any NGO representatives working in the area to understand ground realities

3. Try to get a fair picture of your audience

Families who do not own a toilet Families who do not have a pucca toilet Families who have a toilet, but their family members still defecate in the open Families which are genuinely poor to construct a toilet Families who are covered by govt incentive / subsidy Families who are not covered by the incentive Ownership of TV/ radio Their preferred means of communication ( IPC/ Direct Media) What is their preferred meeting place in the GP

4. Cleary state your goals and objectives

Try to understand that your goals are long term (spread over time) while your objective are for the duration of your communication plan (may be one year).

For example your goals may be (1) Achieve 100% coverage by 2016 while your objective under the campaign could be to increase (2) No one defecated in the open in the GP (3) No slip backs happen in the GP.

5. Identify your resources/ and time frame for the campaign

Try to get a fix of the budget that can be spared and a tentative time frame to run the campaign

6. Identify the messages

What are the key messages you want to conway in your campaign and what is the best media to popularise these messages.

7. Identify your media

To be effective in your outreach communication activity, you should list the media you plan to use as per the messages, timeframe and most importantly the budget you have at hand. IPC- 60%Group communication -30%Print communication- 10%

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You can then get into details while framing the budget

8. Identify your manpower

The most important thing is to identify your manpower for carrying out the communication campaign and fix responsibility on implementing various activities

9. Identify capacity building needs/ material You need to identify how to build the capacity of your counsellors/ identify tools like flip charts/ tablets/ identify theatre groups for staging street plays

10. Frame your communication budget

You need to work out your communication budget based on the duration and frequency of the

campaign/ you need to identify costs of organisations/ theatre groups/ materials/ training need

for the campaign

11. Monitor you communications plan

Draw out a monitoring and evaluation plan for the communication activity by linking it with

your programme objectives.

Tentative Format of a Communication Action Plan

Name of Activity

When Where Communication tools

Target Audience

Message to be conveyed

Manpower Budget

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Counseling of individual household

Group meetings

Awareness rallies by school

Flip charts/ tablets

Pamphlets/ posters

Placards/ banners

Men/ womenChildren

Religious leaders/ community

Community

To be decided by the GP

As per allocations/funds available

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children

Observation of Sanitation week

Sanitation exhibition

Nukkad Nataks

Puppet shows

Posters/ banners/ hangers/ audio-video messages

All of the above including display of sanitation models

Theatre group/ transportation/ refreshments

Same as above

community

Instructions

1. Summarize the session

2. Summarise Activity 1,2,3 and 4

3. Ask the participants if they have any questions and answer them

4. Thank participants for their involvement in the session.

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Session 7: Suggested Steps involved in preparing an Action Plan for attaining ODF in your GP

Learning Objectives

By the end of this session, participants will learn: How to formulate a generic action plan for attaining ODF in the GP Discuss and learn from group presentations of various groups Develop your own plan as per the ground situation and challenges in your GP

No Activity Approach

1

Explain the suggested steps involved in preparing an action plan for attaining ODF in the GP

Highlight the point that these are only suggested steps. The PRIs need to formulate the action plan as per the ground realities prevailing in the GP.

2 Divide the participants into four 48

groups and ask them to prepare an action plan for their GP

See to it that each group has proper representation and is given ample time to discuss and prepare a plan

3The four groups make presentations

Explain the action plan step by step

4 Discuss the presentations and agree on the basics and re-draw the action plan.

Discuss all the presentations and clear all doubts or ambiguity in the mind of the respondents.

Activity 1: Suggested steps involved in preparing an action plan for attaining ODF in the GP

• Do a mapping/ Participatory Research Analysis of your GP regarding toilets constructed/ use of toilets/ unused toilets/ Popular ODF sites.

• Also identify and frame a comprehensive list of families who need to build a toilet

• Out of the list, identify potential beneficiaries eligible for government subsidy and those who are not eligible for the subsidy.

• Approach the District Sanitation Mission for transferring funds to the GP sanitation fund account (Gram Nikshay) that has been specially created for this purpose in every GP.

• For the families who do not come under any eligibility criteria, try to arrange loans from SHGs or from the SBM revolving funds available with the District sanitation Mission

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• Identify and compile a list of various stakeholders ( Both Government and Private) to be part of the ODF drive

• Carry out an assessment of the financial viability (funds that would be needed/ funds that would be available with the community/ Funds that need to be raised through loans etc.

• Create a network of ASHAs, Anganwadi workers, Swachata Preraks , SHGs for attaining sanitation targets.

• Organise capacity building training workshops for ASHAs/ Anganwadi workers in IPC for disseminating sanitation messages.

• Make use of Village Health and Sanitation Committee infrastructure and use VHND days being observed

• Mobilize as many families / people as you can for the ‘Triggering ‘ process as this is crucial for the success of the ODF drive.

• Post Triggering Process, Draw out an IEC/ BCC plan for the GP with focus on Inter personal Communication and Direct Media initiatives

• Identify institutions/ private players/ NGOs who can distribute sanitation materials in the GP and facilitate this process

• Identify / Employ masons who have the expertise in building toilets as per safe guidelines laid out by SBM guidelines.

• Carry out individual household visits and motivate/ educate them regarding immediate construction of toilets.

• Constitute ‘Nigrani’ committees for regularly visiting ODF sites in the GP and keeping a tab on people who defecate in the open

• Focus on sustainable sanitation through IPC and Direct Media

• Sensitise religious leaders on sanitation and rope them into the programme

• Coordinate with sanitary marts in ensuring regular supply of sanitary materials as per need and demand of the community

Activity 2

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1. Divide the participants into four groups

2. Ask each group to work on an action plan for attaining ODF in the GP keeping in view

the ground situation.

3. Provide them with charts and sketch pens and one facilitator can supplement the

discussions of the group.

Activity 3

Give the groups thirty minutes to work on an Action plan

1. Ask the groups to present one by one their action plan

2. Analyse and pinpoint shortcomings of each group one by one, once they finish their

presentations

3. Get all the participants to comment on the presentations

Activity 4

1. Explain what was lacking and what was strong in the presentation of each group

2. Once again explain the various steps involved in an action plan and describe why

each step is crucial before concluding the session

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Annexure

Abbreviations

ANM Auxiliary Nurse Midwife

APL Above Poverty Line

ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist

BPL Below Poverty Line

BCC Behaviour Change Communication

CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation

CSC Community Sanitary Complex

DWSM District Swachh Bharat Mission

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GOI Government of India

GP Gram Panchayat

IHHL Individual Household Latrines

IEC Information Education Communication

IPC Inter Personal Communication

JMP Joint Monitoring Programme

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MDWS Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

MNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

NBA Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan

NGO Non Governmental Organisations

NGP Nirmal Gram Puraskar

NRHM National Rural Health Mission

ODF Open Defecation Free

PRI Panchayathi Raj Institutions

PRA Participatory Research Analysis

PHC Primary Health Centre

RSM Rural Sanitary Mart

SHG Self Help Group

SSBM State Swachh Bharat Mission

SLWM Solid and Liquid Waste Management

TSC Total sanitation campaign

VHSNC Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committee

VHND Village Health and Nutrition Day

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WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene

References

Guidelines for Swachh Bharat Mission ( Gramin)

Sanitation and Hygiene Communication Strategy 2012

Sanitation Country Paper 2013

Gram Panchayat Handbook , MDWS

Pathway to Success, Compendium of Best Practices in Rural Sanitation ( WSP)

Practical Guide to Triggering Community Led Total sanitation by Kamal Kar

WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Report 2012

Swacchata Doot Guideline 2011

UNICEF India website / End open defecation page

MDWS Website / www.mdws.nic.in

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