Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalINDEX1S.NO CONTENTS Page No1 Academic Calender 22 Scheme 33 EX-601 Communication Engineering (CE) 4-173.1 Syllabus 43.2 Lesson Plan 5-73.3 Points To Ponder 8-123.4 University Question Papers 13-174 EX-602 Control System (CS)18-384.1 Syllabus 184.2 Lesson Plan 19-214.3 List Of Experiment 224.4 Points To Ponder 23-264.5 Important Questions For Interviews/Viva 27-284.6 University Question Papers 29-385 EX-603 Switchgear And Protection (S&P) 39-625.1 Syllabus 395.2 Lesson Plan 40-425.3 List Of Experiment 435.4 Points To Ponder 44-535.5 Important Questions For Interviews/Viva 54-565.6 University Question Papers 57-626 EX-604 Electronics Instrumentation (EI) 63-796.1 Syllabus 636.2 Lesson Plan 64-676.3 List Of Experiment 686.4 Points To Ponder 69-726.5 Important Questions For Interviews/Viva 73-746.6 University Question Papers 75-797 EX-605 Energy Conservation And Management (ECM) 80-987.1 Syllabus 807.2 Lesson Plan 81-837.3 Points To Ponder 84-927.4 Important Questions For Interviews/Viva 93-947.5 University Question Papers 95-98Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalAcademic Calender1 Registration, deposition of tution fee 11/1/132 Commencement of classes 15/1/133 Issue of I set of assignment 18/1/134 Submission of I set of assignment 28/1/135 Return of I set of assignment 30/1/136 Issue of II set of assignment 31/1/137 Display of attendance of student upto 31 jan 2013 4/2/138 Submission of II set of assignment 8/2/139 Return of II set of assignment 11/2/1310 Issue of III set of assignment 12/3/1311 Display of attendance of student upto 28 feb 2013 1/3/1312Extracurricular activities as per individual institute requirements 3/3/13 to 8/3/1313 First mid sem test (first & second unit)13/3/13 to 15/3/1314Display of Result of I Mid sem Exam & submit of result analysis 28/3/1315Intimation to parents for shortage of attendance,result of Imid sem exam 29/3/1316 Submission of III set of assignment 29/3/1317 Return of III set of assignment 30/3/1318 Issue of IV and V set of assignment 3/4/1319 Display of attendance of student upto 31 March 2013 1/4/1320 Submission of University Exan Form2/4/13 to 18/4/1321 Submission of IV and V set of assignment 10/4/1322 Return of IVand V set of assignment 15/4/1323 Internal Practical,Viva Voice test/PUT8/4/13 to 12/4/1324Display of Result of PUT Exam & submit of result analysis 20/4/1325Intimation to parents for shortage of attendance,result of PUT 20/4/1326 End of Regular Teaching 30/4/1327 Remedial ClassesFirst week of May201328 Display of attendance of student upto 30 April 2013 1/5/1329 University Practical,Viva Voice Exam 4/5/1330 University Semester Exam10/5/13 to 31/5/132Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal3Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalSyllabus: EX601 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGUnit-1. Fourier series, Fourier Transform and its properties, Probability, random variables &their moments, their significance, convolution, autocorrelation, cross Correlation&power spectral density, Gaussian & Rayleigh probability density Function, mean, variance & standard deviation, central limit theorem, voltage & Power decibel scales. Signal Processing : Types of signal, deterministic &random,periodic & non Periodic, analog & discrete,energy & power signals, Representation of sinusoid in different forms & their conversionUnit-2Need of modulation in a communication system, block schematic of a typical Communication system.AM modulation system, modulation index, generation & detection of AMwave, sidebands &power content inanAMwave, DSB-SC, SSB, their methods of generation &detection, vestigial side Band modulation, AMtransmitter block diagram, comparison of various AM system, modulation & demodulation circuits. Relationship between phase & freq. modulation, FM wave & its spectrum, phasor diagram of a narrow band FM signal, wide band FM, methods of generation & detection of FM, discriminators, pre-emphasis & de-emphasis, Stereophonic FM broadcasting, FM transmitters.Unit-3 TRF receiver & its limitations, necessity of heterodyning, super heterodyning Receivers, IFamplifiers, selectionofintermediatefrequency. RFamplifiers, detectors, AGC, AVC, FM receivers, AFC.Unit-4Nyquist sampling theorem, TDM, pulse modulations &PCM, quantization error, necessity of non linear quantizer, A-law, -law, FSK & PSK, QPSK, QAM. Source of noise, noise figure, noise bandwidth, effective noise temperature, performance of AM, FM & digital system in presence of noise.Unit-5 Satellite system block diagram, satellite freq. bands, satellite multiple access Format like TDMA, FDMA, transponders, earth station & satellite eclipses, Link calculation 4Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalLECTURE PLANDepartment: Electrical And ElectronicsSession:Jan-Jun 2013Name of Faculty: Ms Shraddha Sharma Semester: VISubject: Communication EngineeringSub Code: EX-601Time Schedule : Total expected period 50Extra Periods (if required)- Day Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Max. AvailableNo. of PeriodLect. No.Contents Date of CompletionReference (page no.)1.Fourier seriesR2(1)2., Fourier TransformR2(19)3. Its propertiesR2(35)4. Probability, random variables & their mometstheir sigificaceR1 (57)R1(60)5. convolution, , auto correlation R1(30),R2(59)6. , cross Correlation power spectral density R1 (29),R1(99)7. Gaussian probability density Function Rayleigh probability density FunctionR1(76,81)8. mean,variance & standard deviationR1 82()9.central limit theorem, voltage & Power decibel scales.R1 (87)10. Signal Processing : Types of signal, deterministic & random, periodic & non Periodic,R5(3-9)11. analog & discrete, energy & power signals Representation forms & their conversionof sinusoid in different form.R 5(3-9)12.Unit Test113. Need of modulation in a communication system, block schematic of a typicalCommunication systemR4(3-1_3-6)14. , AM modulation system, modulation indexR2(245-297)15. ,generation & detection of AM wave, side bands & R2(245-297)5Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopalpower content in an AM wave16.DSB-SC, their methods of generation & detection SSBR2(209) R2(223)17.Vestigial side band modulationR2(239)18.AM transmitter block diagramR2(275)19. Comparision of various AM system, Modulation & Demodulation circuitR2(297)20. Relationship between phase & freq modulation,FM wave & its spectrumR2(306)21. Phasor diagram of narrow band FM signal,wideband FM.R2(308)22.Method of generation and detection of FMR2(337,339)23.discriminators, pre-emphasis & de-emphasisR2(339,365)24.Stereophonic FM broadcasting, FM transmitter.R2(325)25.Unit test 226.,. TRF receiver & its limitationsR2(279)27. necessity of heterodyning, super heterodyningReceivers, R2(280)28.IF amplifiers, selection of intermediate frequencyR2(285-287)29.RF amplifiers, R4(5-23_5-28),30. RF detectors R4(5-23_5-28)31. AGC, AVC R2(286)32.FM receiversR2(345)33. AFC. R4(6-5_6-6)34.Unit test335.Nyquist sampling theoremR2 172()36.TDM, , pulse modulationsR2(207)6Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal37.& PCMR2(407)38. quantization error, necessity of non linear quantizer R2 (409)39.A-law, -law R4(7-47_7-49)40.FSK,R2(430)41.& PSKR2 (432)42.QPSK, QAM. R4(8-23_8-34,8-51_8-55)43. Source of noise, noise figure, noise bandwidth, effective noise temperature. R2(166,188,179,183)44. performance of AM,FM & digital system in presence of noise.R4(10-1_10-34)45.Test 446. Unit-5 Satellite system block diagram, satellite freq. bandsR4 (529-530)47.satellite multiple access Format like TDMA,FDMA, ,. R3 (233-243),(223-232)48. Transponders, earth station & satellite eclipses, R3 (75-79)(107-110)(51-53)49. Link calculation R3 (124-129)50.Unit test57reference Title Author PublicationR1 Communication System Taub & Shilling TMHR2 Communication system Singh & Sapre TMHR3 Satellite Communication T.pratt Wiley India EditionR4 Communication Engineering J.S Katre Tech.Max PublicationR5 Digital Signal Processing Salivahanan TMHTruba Group of Institutes, BhopalPoints To PonderUnit-1 Representation of a function f(t) by the linear combination of element of a closed set of infinite mutually orthogonal function is known as fourier series. Fourier Transform is a mathematical tool which enable one to do frequencydomain analysis of non-periodic signal. Main properties of fourier transform are-Linearity; Time scaling, Duality, Time shifting, Frequency Shifting, Area under g(t), Area underX (f), Differenciation in Time Domain, Integration in Time Domain, Convolution in Time domain. Convolution in Frequency domain. Probabilityisdefinedasnumber of possiblefavorableoutcomes bytotal number of possible equally likely outcomes. P(A)=limNA\N. Randomvariableisusedtosignify a rule by which a real by which a real number is assigned to each possible outcome of an experiment Convolutionisapowerful wayofcharacterizingtheinput-output relationshipoftime invariant linear system.there are two convolution theorems one for time domain and one for frequency domain. Correlation gives a measure of similarity betweentwo data sequence. In this process two signal sequences are compared and the degree to which the signal are similar is computed. For two sequence x(n).and y(n) cross-correlation function rxy(l) is defined as- rxy(l) = When x(n)=y(n) the cross correlation function becomes the auto correlation function. Gaussian probability density function is defined as-f(x)=1/22 e-(x-m)2/22. Rayleigh probability density function is defined as- f(r)=0r. Central limit theorem indicates that the probability density of a sum of N independent random variable tends to approach a Gaussian density as the number N increases. Signal processing is an area of applied mathematics that deals with the operation or on analysisofsignalineitherdiscrete or continuous time to perform useful operation on those signals.8Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal Signalscanbeclassifiedas ContinuoustimeandDiscretetimesignals, Periodicand Non-periodic signals, Analog and Digital signals, Real and Complex signals, Deterministic andRandomsignals, EvenandOddsignals, EnergyandPower signals.Unit-2 The process by which some characteristics of a signal called carrier is varied in accordance with instantaneous value of another signal called modulating signal .signals containinginformationtobetransmittedarereferredtoas modulatingsignals. This informationbearingsignal isalsocalledasbasebandsignal.Thecarrier frequencyis greater than the modulating frequencies. The signal resulting fromthe process of modulation is called as modulated signal. Modulation is of two type Amplitude modulation and Angle modulation. Amplitude modulation is defined as a system of modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. There are two device for the generation of AM wave-Square law modulator ,Switching modulator. Demodulation or detection is the reverse process of modulation .Which provide a mean ofrecoveringfromanincomingmodulatedwave an output thatis proportionaltothe original modulating wave. Two methods are used for the demodulation of AM signal namely Square law detector and Envelope detector By multiplying the modulating signal m(t) with a sinusoidal carrier signal cos ct, we obtain a method for achieving frequency translation ,which is known as DSB-SC.(Double side band suppressed carrier)..The modulated signal has c+m and c-m frequency terms. The two terms mentioned above are known as sidebands,lower sideband and upper sideband respectively Two methodsof generation of DSB-SC is balance modulator andswitching modulator and for detectionsynchronous detection. Transmission bandwidth of standard AM as well as DSB-SC modulated wave is2W Hz or 2 fm i.e, twice the bandwidth W. Informationcontained in the USB is exactly identical to that carried by LSB ,So by transmitting both the sideband we are transmitting the same information twice. Hence when only one sideband istransmitted it is referred to as single sideband suppressed carrier(SSB). Two methods for the generation of SSB are-Selective filtering method and Phase shift method and for detection synchronous detection method is used. Vestigial side band transmission(VSB)-The stringent frequency-response requirements on the sideband filter in SSB-SC can be relaxed by allowing a part of theunwantedsidebandtoappear intheoutput of themodulator. Inthis modulationschemeonesidebandispassedalmost completelywhereasjust a trace or vestige of the other sideband is retained.9Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal Methods for the generation of VSB are Filter method and Phase discriminator method. Adevice that is capable of transmitting amplitude modulated wave is in general ,known as AMtransmitter. AMtransmitter not only performs the modulationprocess, but alsoraises thepower level of amodulatedsignal to desired extent for effective radiation. Angle modulation is the process of varying the total phase angle of a carrier wave inaccordancewiththeinstantaneousvalueofthemodulatingsignals, keeping amplitude of the carrier constant. Angle modulation is of two type Phase modulation and Frequency modulation. Modulationindexisthe ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulation frequencym. Dependingonthevalueof modulationindex, thefrequency modulation is of two type-Narrow band FM and Wideband FM. Two methods for the generation of FM are Indirect method and Direct method. And for demodulation the two methods are Slope Detector and phase difference detector. Stereo multiplexing is a type of FDM which is specially designed to transmit two separate signals via same carrier.Unit-3 TRF stands for tuned radio frequency. Its the simplest radio receiver which perform the following function- Interception, Selection, RF amplification, Detection, Audio Amplification, Reproduction. Theperformance of receiver is improvedbyaprocess knownas heterodyning. A receiver based on this process is known as superheterodyne receiver. Performance of receiver is examined by following features-Selectivity,Sensitivity,and Fidelity. A superheterodynereceiverblock diagram consist up of Antenna, RF amplifier, Local oscillator, Mixer or Detector, IFamplifier, SecondDetector, AFvoltageandpower amplifier. And Speaker. Intermediate frequency are tuned voltage amplifier. most of the receiver gain is provided by IF amplifier. R.F amplifier is a small signal tuned amplifier with tuned circuit both in the input side and the output side. A radio receiver alwayshas an RF section which is a tunable circuit connected to the antenna terminals. Main advantage of RF amplifier are as follows-1)Greater gain i.e, better sensitivity.2)Improved signal/noise ratio.3)Improved image frequency rejection.4)Improved coupling of the receiver to the antenna.5)Better sensitivity. Automatic gain control or automatic volume control is an adaptive system found in many electronics devices. In this the average output signal level is feedback to adjust the gain to an appropriate level for a range of input signal level. AGC effectively reduce the volume if the signal is strong and raises it when it is weaker. It is also called as compressor expander.10Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal FM receiver is also known as superheterodyne receiver. Its operating frequency is higher than AM receiver, there is need of limiting and de-emphasis in FM. AFCstands for automatic frequency controller. AFCis a method toautomatically maintain a tuning of electromagnetic radiation signal to desired frequency. Unit-4 Nyquist sampling theorem-A signal whose spectrum is bandlimited to B Hz[G()=0 for || >2B] can be reconstructed exactly from its samples taken uniformly at a rate R>2B Hz(samples per second). In other words ,the minimum sampling frequency is fs=2B Hz . There are four ways to generate sampled signal these are-Instantaneous sampling, Ideal sampling, Natural sampling, Flat-top sampling. AliasingEffect-Whenabandlimited signal is sampled at rate lower than nyquist rate fo1/2 fm), then periodically repeating F() in the spectrum of sampled signal overlap with neighbouring ones. The technique of separating the signal in time is called time division multiplexing(TDM). The amplitude of aconstant width, constant positionvariedinproportionwiththe instantaneous magnitude of the modulating signal is called as pulse amplitude modulation(PAM). When we represent each quantized level by a code number and transmit the code number rather thanthe sample valueitself. The digits of the binary representation of the code numberaretransmittedaspulses. ThusthesystemoftransmissionisknownasPulse Code Modulation(PCM). Quantizationistheprocessofconvertingadiscrete-timecontinuousamplitudesignal such as sampled version of a analog signal in to discrete-amplitude discrete-time signal. This is accomplished by approximating the amplitude of each sample value to the nearest value from a set of predetermined discrete amplitude levels known as quantization level. Companding is the process of compressing and then expanding ,to keep signal to noise ratio high. There are two methods of analog companding In theA-law companding the compressor characteristic is piecewise ,made up of a linear segment for low level inputs and a logarithmic segment for high level input.11Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal In the -law companding, the compressor characteristic is continuous. It is approximately linear for smaller values of input levels and logarithmic for high input level. ASK(amplitude shift keying) is a form of digital modulation. FSK(frequency shift keying) is a form of constant-amplitude angle modulation similar to standardfrequency modulation(FM) expect the modulating signal is a binary signal that variesbetweentwodiscretevoltage levels rather than a continuously changing analog waveform. FSK is also known as BPSK. (PSK)Phase shift keying is an M- ary digital modulation, with PSK the input is a binary digital signal and there are a limited number of output phases possible .Before modulating the carrier ,the input binary information is encoded into groups of bits . In a group ,the number of bits ranges from 1 to 12 or more.The number of output phases is definedbyManddeterminedbythenumber of bitsinthegroup(n).. HereM=2N. N=Number of bits necessary.M=Number of conditionpossible with N bits. QPSK(quadrature PSK) is an M-ary encoding scheme where N=2 and M=4.In QPSK , four output phases are possible for a single carrier frequency. QAMstands forquadrature amplitude modulation .It is both i.e, an analog and digital modulation scheme. It is a combination of amplitude modulation and phase shift keying .QAM is a method of combining two amplitude-modulated signals into a single channel,thereby doubling the effective bandwidth. Theundesiredelectrical signalsthat areintroducedwithamessagesignal, duringthe transmission or reception or processing of the signal is commonly known as Noise. There are two sources of noise- External Noise and Internal Noise. Noisefigureisdefinedasthe ratio of the signal to noise power supplied to theinput terminal of the receiver or amplifier to the signal to noise power applied to the output load resistor.Unit-5 Asatellitecommunication is basically an electronic communication package placed in orbit around theearth. Theprimeobjectiveof thesatellite is toaidcommunication transmission from one point on or near earth to another. Basic structure of satellite communication system consist up ofuser, Terrestrial system, Earth station and Satellite. Basic block diagramof earth station consist up of input baseband signal, encoder modulator, upconverter andhighpower amplifier these all combine andmake the transmitter side then signal is send to a polarized diplexer and then to the antenna from whereissendbacktolownoiseamplifier, downconverter, demodulator anddecoder which is combinely called as the receiver side and finally we get the output base band signal. Allocating frequencies to satellite services is a complicated process .Frequency bands are allocated to various satellite services. Multiple access is defined as the ability of services to be accessible by different users. In satellite there are four domain that can be considered by the user to access the satellite.12Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal 1)FDMA-Frequency division multiple access. where n number of stations on n different frequency bands can access the satellite. 2).TDMA-Timedivisionmultiple access whereeachstationis allocatedspecifictime slots to access the satellite may be in same frequency band. 3)SDMA-Space division multiple access where different antenna beams or polarization can be used to access the satellite, resulting in frequency re-use. 4)CDMA-Code division multiple access, where each station transmits on specific random codes and access the satellites, resources without interference. Ina communicationsatellite,atransponder istheseriesofinterconnectedunitswhich forms a single communication channel between the receive and transmit antenna.A transponderconsistupofabandpassfiltertoselect theparticular channels band of frequencies ,a down converter to change the frequency from 6ghz input to 4ghz output and an output amplifier. Transponders are of three types-Single conversion transponder, Double conversion transponder and Onboard processing transponder. Inanysatellitesystemcommunication link, earth station is an essential element which receives and transmit the information to the satellite network. When the earth comes between the sun and the satellite. This is called as eclipse of the satellite.

13Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal

14Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal15Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal16Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal17Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal18Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalSyllabus: EX602 Control SystemUnit-IModeling of dynamic systems: Electrical, Mechanical and hydraulic systems, Concept of transfer function, Simulation of differential equations in analog computer, State space description of dynamic systems: Open and closed loop systems, Signal flow graph, Masons formula, Components of control systems: Error detectors (Synchros & Potentiometer), Servomotors (AC & DC), techo generators, power amplifier, steeper motorsUnit-IITime domain analysis of closed loop systems: Test signals, time response of first and second order systems, Time domain performance specifications, Steady state error & error constants Feedback control actions: Proportional, derivative and integral control. Solution of state quation: Eigen values & eigenvectors digitalization state transitive matrix, stability Routh-Hurwit stability analysis.Unit-IICharacteristics equation of closed loop system root loci, construction of loci, Effect of adding, poles and Zeros on the loci, Stability by root loci.Unit-IVFrequency, Domain analysis, Bode plots, Effect of adding, poles and Zeros, Polar plot, Nyquist stability analysis, Relative stability : Gain and phase margins.Unit-VFrequency- Domain compensation : lead lag, Lag-lead compensation, Design of compensating networks19Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalLECTURE PLANDepartment: EX Session:JAN-JULY 2013Name of Faculty: R.S.MEENA Semester: VISubject: CONTROL SYTEMSub Code: EX-602Time Schedule : Total expected period Extra Periods (if required)-50 Day Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Max. Available No. of Period 1 1 1 1 1 -S.NO.Lecture no.ContentsDate of Completion ReferencesUNIT I11.1) Introduction to the Control SystemBasic control system,terminology,open loop, closed loop system, feed forward & feed backward control, digital control, multivariable control system, Non- linear controlsystem, Laplace transformation, Practical Examples.R2:-1-9R4:-1-16, 20-21;30-3822-3.Modeling Technique for Physical System-Different modeling technique for physical system like Electrical, Mechanical etc. R1:-22-34R2:-71-7734.Linear approximations ofphysical system, the transfer function of linear system,R4:- 41-5945-7 Block diagram algebra , unsolved & solved examplesR2:- 31-53 NG 57-6958-9 Singleflow graph solved & unsolved examples R2:- 31-53,54-70610-11Control System Components & their Mathematical Modeling- Servo motor ac/dc, synchros, R1:- 52-61,124-131,138-144 R2:-85-106 R4:-118-20Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalA/D converters, pneumatic devices for control, hydraulic devices for controls , Seminar on this topics125, 190-198, 209-122UNIT II712-16Time Response Studies-Test I /P signals, Time Response of I, II & higher order systems,R1: 184-201 R2:- 132-155R4:- 251 270817-18Performance specifications of II order system.R1:- 184-201 R2:- 132-155R4:- 251-270919-20Need for compensation for II order system, control action PI, PD, PID, solved / unsolved examplesR1:- 208-213R2:- 178-193 R4:- 183-1881021-22Relation between state space & transfer function, solution of state equationsR2:- 393-423R4:- 651123stabilityRouth-Hurwit stability analysis. R2:- 227-232UNIT- III1223Time Domain Stability AnalysisConcept of stability,stability range, Relative stability. R1:- 251-270R2:- 227-232 R3:- 334-343 R4:- 367-374, 385-3871324-25Characteristics equation of closed loop system root lociR9:- 392-3931426-29 construction of loci R9:393-3961530Effect of adding, poles and Zeros on the loci, Stability by root loci.R9:397-398UNIT- IV1631-32Frequency Domain Analysis &Stability Analysis Correlation between time response & Frequency response, performance specifications.R1:- 327-333R2:- 317-3191733-34Polar plot, Stability analysis using Polar plot. R1:- 334-338R4:-432 -44621Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal1835-38Bode plot, determination of system having function from plotR2:-287-317R3:-557-5691938-42Fundamentals of Nyquist plot, complete plot aspectsSolved / unsolved examplesR1:- 361-373;375-382UNIT- V2041-42 Compensation definition & types R2:- 370-3902144-46Derivation for Lag, lead, lag-Lead CompensatorR9:630-6402246-50 Design of Feedback Control System Approaches to system design. Design of compensation in frequency domain.R4:-536- 539 ;555-561 ;570-574; 589-592References Book :ReferencesTitle Author PublicationR1 Control system EngineeringI.J. Nagrath and M. Gopal,New Age InternationalR2 Modern Control EngineeringK. Ogata PHI.R3 Automatic Control systems B.C. Kuo PHIR4 Control System Gopal M., TMH.R5 Design of feed back control SystemsStefani, Shahian Oxford.R6 System Design through MATLAB control tool & SimulinkStringer Verlag, U.KU.K.R7 Getting Started with MATLABRudraPratap, Oxford.R8 Modern Control Systems Roy Chaudhary PHIR9 Control System Norman S. NiseJohn Wiley & Sons22Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalList of Experiments State space model for classical transfer function using MATLAB. Simulation of transfer function using operational amplifier. Design problem: Compensating Networks of lead and lag. Temperature controller using PID. Transfer function of a DC generator. Characteristics of AC servomotor. Use of MATLAB for root loci and Bode plots of type-1, type-2 systems. Study of analog computer and simulation of 1st order and 2nd order dynamic equations. Formulation of proportional control on 1st order and 2nd order dynamic systems. Feed back control of 3rd order dynamic Systems Study of lead and lag compensating networks. Effect of adding poles & zeros on root loci and bode plots of type-1, type-2 systems through MATLAB. Time response of second order system. Characteristics of Synchros. Effect of feedback on servomotors. Determination of transfer function of A-C servomotor Determination of transfer function of D-C motor. Formulation of PI & PD controller and study of closed loop responses of 1st and 2nd order dynamic systems.23Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalPOINTS TO PONDERUNIT -IIntroduction of Control System:Control systems are an integral part of modern society. Numerous applications are all around us: Therocketsfire, andthespaceshuttleliftsoff toearthorbit; insplashingcoolingwater, a metallic part is automatically machined; a self-guided vehicle delivering material to workstations in an aerospace assembly plant glides along the floor seeking its destination. These are just a few examples of theautomatically controlled systems that we can create. We are not the only creators of automatically controlled systems; these systems.Control System Definitions:Control System:A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired performance, given a specified input.Open loop System: a system in which the control action is totally independent of the output of the system s called as open loop system.Closed loop system:a system in which the control action is somehow dependent of the output ofthe system s called as closed loop system.Transfer Function: The ratio of the Laplace transform of the output response to the Laplace transform input response.BlockDiagram:Block diagramis the pictorial representation of the cause and effect relationship between input and output of the control system.Signalflowgraph:itisadiagramthat representsaset ofsimultaneouslinear algebraic equations. It consists of network in which nodes are an nested by directed branches. Each node representsasystemvariableandeachbranchconnectedbetweentwonodesactsasasignal multiplier. Signal flow in analysis direction. 24L1KTruba Group of Institutes, BhopalMixed node: When branch has incoming & outdoing direction is called mixed node To determine the input output relationship up use masons formula Kk pk1Mathematical Modeling of Physical System:1. Mass (m) :F= md2x(t)/d2t x(t) f(t) friction=02. Linear springF= Kx(t) F(t) x3. Friction F=bdx(t)/dtF(t) UNIT 2 Time Response AnalysisTime Response Analysis of control system: DefinitionThe Response given by the system which is function of the time to the applied excitation is called time response of a control system.Transient Response:- The output variation during the time it takes to achieve its final value is called as transient response. Steady state response:- It is response of the system as time approaches from the time at which transient response completely dies out.25Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalStandard input signals:. 1. Unit step function also called displacement function.1) Unit ramp function also called velocity function2) Unit parabolic function also called acceleration function3) Unit impulse function.Time response of first order control system Subjected to unit step input function:Output c(t) = 1-( )11]1

,_

+ 21 221tan 1 sin1t nentState space analysis:Moderncontrol theoryiscontrastedwith conventional controltheory inthatthe from applicable to multi input multi output system which may be linear or nonlinear time invariant or time varying, while the letter is applicable only to linear time invariant single input single output sosystem. Moderncontrol theoryisessentiallyatimedomainapproach, whileconventional control theory is a complex frequency domain approach.State:stateofthesystemi.edynamicbehaviorofthesystem. Initial conditionsdescribethe status or state of the system at t= to.State variable: The smallest set of the variables which determine the state of the dynamic system are called state variables,State vectors: The a state vector is a vector that determines uniquely the system state x(t) for any time tto once the state at t= to is given & the input u(t) for tto is specified. State space: The n- dimensional state variables are elements of n- dimensional space called state space. Any state can be represented by a point in the state space.Sate space representationX = AX+BU - state space equationY = CX +DU - output equation TransferMatrix : The matrix relating Laplace transform of output to Laplace transform of input of state space representation of a control system is known as transfer matrix. Y(s) / X(s) = G (s)= C (SI-A)-1 B + DEigen values(I -A)=0Solution of I-A=0 gives roots of characteristics equation & called eigen values of given system. UNIT 3 Stability analysisStability Control system:The concept of Stability is very important to analyze and design the system. A system is said to be stable if its response cannot be made to increase indefinitely by the application of a bounded input excitation. If the output approaches towards infinite value for sufficiently large time, the system said to be Unstable. RouthHorwitzs criterion for stability analysis of control system:26Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalFor the stability of the system it is necessary & sufficient that each term of first column of Routh Array of the characteristic equation be positiveif a0> 0 , if this condition is not met the system is unstable & no of sign changes of the terms of the first column of the Routh Arraycorresponds to the no of roots of the characteristics equation in the right half of s plane. Root Locus:It is a technique for finding the roots of the characteristics equation provides a graphical method of plotting the locus of the roots in the s-plane as a given system parameter is varied over the complete range of values.The root locus also provides a measure of sensitivity of roots to the variation in the parameter being considered. This technique is applicable for single as well as multiple loop system.UNIT 4FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSISBodePlot:ABodeplot consistsof twographs: oneis aplot of thelogarithmof the magnitude of a sinusoidal transfer function; the other is a plot of the phase angle; both are plotted against thefrequencyinlogarithmicscale. ByusingBodePlotdeterminetheGainMargin, Phase Margin, Gain crossover frequency, Phase Crossover frequency and Stability of the system.Nyquist Stability Criteria:The Nyquist stability is a graphical procedure for determining absolute and relative stability of closed loop system based on the frequency response method.TheNyquist procedureisbasedatheoryof Complexvariables duetoCaochy, Commonly known as principle of arguments. UNIT 5COMPENSATIONCompensation:If the performance of a control system is not good as per desired specification then some changes in the control system must be made in order to get the desired performance. The performance of a control system may be described in terms if the frequency or in term of the time domain.This can be obtained by applying compensation technique.Types of compensation technique:1. Cascade or SeriesCompensation 2. Feedbackor ParallelCompensation 3. Series and Parallel Compensation Compensating Networks: There are three types of Compensating Networks.1. Lag Network2. Lead Network 3. Lag-Lead NetworkMATLAB has a rich collection of functions which are useful to control engineers. The control system toolbox is built on the MATLAB platform. The toolbox is generally written as M files 27Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopalwhich implements control system design, analysis & modeling techniques. A control system can be modeled as a transfer function pole zero gain, or state space form. Continuous time & discrete time systems can be modeled. Time response, frequency response and root locus can be graphed.INTERVIEW QUESTIONUNIT IQ, 1.Definethe control system and control action.Q. 2.Define open loop and closed loop system. Q.3. Give the example of open loop and closed loop system.Q.4. What are the advantages and disadvantages ofopen loop system?Q.5. Give the advantages and disadvantages ofclosed loop system.Q,6. Define the transfer function,Q.7. Define the poles and zeros of the transfer function.Q.8 What is understand by Block Diagram in control system?Q,9 Define the signal flow graph in the control system.Q.10 Explain the mechanical modeling of the system.Q.11. Name the two types of electrical analogies for the mechanical system with explanation.Q. 12 compare the translational motion androtational motion.Q, 13. What is Masons Gain Formula ?Q,14 Define the characteristic equation for transfer function.Q.15 What is the effect of feedback on stability in the control system?UNIT IIQ.1 Define the Time Response.Q.2 Explain the transient and steady state time response, Q.3.Give the test input signals for transient response,Q.4 Define damping ratio andd damping frequency for time response.Q.5 Define the order and type of the system.Q.6 Define the delay time, rise time and peak time for time response.Q.7What is time domain specification?Q.8 What do mean by time constant? What is the Effect of feedback on time constant?Q.9 What do mean by steady state error in the time response?Q. 10 DefineError Coefficients.Q. 11 Define the sensitivity of the control system.Q.12 Explain the PI,PD. PID controller for the control system.Q, 13 Define the state space analysis of control system.Q.14 What are advantagesState Space Analysis technique?Q. 15Explain the controllability and observability for the control system.28Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalUNIT IIIQ.1 Define the Stability for the control system. Q.2 Explain the absolute and relative stability of the system.Q.3.State Routh Hurwitz Criterion.Q.4 Define the marginal stable system.Q,5 Define the Root locus.Q,6 Define the Break away point and centroid of the root loci.Q.7 What do mean by Angle of Asymptotes?Q.8 Explain the angle of departure and angle of arrival for root loci.Q.9 Explain the effect of adding poles and zeros on root locus,Q. 10 Give the limitation of Routh Hurwitz Criterion.UNIT IVQ.1 Define the frequency domain analysis.Q.2 What are the advantages of frequency domain analysis?Q.3. What is Polar Plot? Q.4 Define the Nyquist Plot?Q, 5 What is Bode Plot?Q6 Define the resonant peak, resonant frequency and bandwidth for bode plot.Q.7 Define Gain Margin and Phase Margin for Polar Plot / Nyquist Plot.Q 8.Define Gain Margin and Phase Margin for Bode Plot.Q.9 Define the phase crossover and Gain crossover Frequency for Polar plot.Q.10 Define the phase crossover and Gain crossover Frequency for Bode plot. .UNIT VQ. 1. What do mean by Compensation in the control system?Q. 2 Whatare the type of Compensation.Q. 3. Describe the lag, lead and lag-lead Compensating Networks.Q. 4 Describe the effect of Phase lag Network on the control system.Q,5.Describe the effect of Phase lead Network on the control system.Q.6 Describe the effect of Phase lag-lead Network on the control system.29Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal30Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal31Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal32Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal33Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal34Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal35Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal36Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal37Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal38Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal39Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal40Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalEX- 603 Switchgear & ProtectionUNIT-I Fault AnalysisFault Analysis per unit, representation and its advantages, faults in power systems (Symmetrical &Unsymmetrical), Singlelineandequivalent impendencediagramrepresentationof power systemcomponents. Symmetrical components and its application to power systems, fault analysis, Sequence networks and their interconnection for different types of faults, Effect of fault impedance, Current limiting reactors, its location and application, Short circuit calculation.Unit-II Protective RelaysRequirement of relays, Primary & backup protection, Desirable qualities of relays, Concept of Pickup, reset &drop-off, Dropoff/ Pickupratio, inversetime&definitetimecharterstics, Attracted armature, Balanced Beam, Induction disc, Induction cup, Moving coil & moving Iron, Rectifier , Thermal, Bimetal directional relay, Frequency, DC, all ornothingrelays. Pilot & negative sequence, Over current, Over Voltage, Directional, Differential and Distance relays, R-Xdiagram, Impedancemho&reactancerelay.Introductionofstaticanalog&digital relays, Classification of static relays.Unit-III Circuit BreakersElementary principle of arc quenching, recovery & re-striking voltage, arc quenching devices, description and operation of Bulk oil, Minimum oil, Air break, Air blast, SF6, Vacuum circuit breakers and DC circuit breakers, their comparative merits, LT Switch gear, HRC fuses, current limitingreactor.&theirdesignfeatures,influence of reactors in CB ratings Testing of circuit breaker, Description of a simple testing station, direct & indirect testing.Unit-IV System ProtectionProtection of Generators - Earth Fault, percentage, differential, Loss of excitation, Prime mover failure, Over current, Turntoturnfault, Negativephasesequence, heating, Reversepower protection schemesProtection of TransformersInternal &external fault protection, Differential, Earth fault, Over Current, Overheating, Protection schemes, Protection of transmission lines, Over current, Distance and carrier current protection schemes.Unit-VSurge Protection & insulation co-ordinationSwitchingsurges, PhenomenaofLightning, overvoltageduetolightning, Protectionagainst lightning, Lightning arrestors, selection of lightning arrestors, Surge absorbers and diverters, Rod gap, Horn gap expulsion type& valve type lightning arrestors, solid resistance and reactance earthing, Arc suppression coil, Earthing transformers, Earthwires, Earthing of appliances, insulation co-ordination, Definitions determination of line insulation, insulation level of substation equipment, co-ordination amongst items of substation equipment.41Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalLesson PlanDepartment: Electrical & ElectronicsSession:Jan-2013Name of Faculty: Priyank Nema Semester: SixSubject: Switchgear and protectionSub Code: EX-603Time Schedule : Total expected period 50 Extra Periods (if required)- Day Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Max. AvailableNo. of PeriodLect. Lecture to be Covered Reference book with page no. Date of completionUNIT I1 Fault Analysis per unit R1 (9-11)2 Per unit representation and its advantages R1 (9-11)3 Faults in power systems(Symmetrical & unsymmetrical)R1 (308-325)4Single line and equivalent impendence diagram Representation of power system componentsR1 (332-333)5 Symmetrical components and its application to power systemsR1 (298-305)6 Fault analysis R1 (308-325)8 Sequence networks and their interconnection for different types of faultsR1 (310-312)9, Effect of fault impedance R1 (325-329)10 Current limiting reactors, its location and applicationR1 (338-340)11 Short circuit calculation R1 (340)12 Numerical problems and queries R1 (342-353)Unit II13 Requirement of relays R1 (358)42Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal14 Primary & backup protection, Desirable qualities of relaysR1 (359-361)15 Concept of Pickup, reset & drop-off, Drop off/ Pickup ratio, inverse time & definite time charters ticsR1 (359-361)16 Attracted armature, Balanced Beam, Induction disc, Induction cup,R1 (361-364)17 Moving coil & moving Iron R1 (361-364)18 Rectifier , Thermal, Bimetal directional relay R1 (366-369)19 Frequency, DC, all or nothing relays R1 (366-369)20 Pilot & negative sequence, Over current, Over VoltageR1 (364-366)21 Directional, Differential and Distance relays R1 (366-374,377-381)22 R-X diagram, Impedance mho & reactance relay R1 (370-374)23 Introduction of static analog & digital relays R1 (428,453)24 Classification of static relays R1 (439-450)UNIT III25 Elementary principle of arc quenching R1 (480)26 Recovery & re-striking voltage, arc quenching DevicesR1 (482-485)27 Description and operation of Bulk oil, Minimum oil R1 (488-492)28 Air break, Air blast, R1 (494-496)29 SF6, Vacuum circuit breakers and DC circuit breakers, their comparative merits,R1 (496-502)30 LT Switch gear, HRC fuses, R1 (461) 31 Current limiting reactor & influence of reactors in CB ratingsR1 (338-340)32 Testing of circuit breaker R1 (505-507)UNIT IV33 Protection of Generators - Earth Fault, percentage, differentialR1 (392,397-398)34 Loss of excitation, Prime mover failure R1 39543Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal35 Over current, Turn to turn fault, R1 (394-397)36 Negative phase sequence, Heating, Reverse power protection schemesR1 (393)37 Internal & external fault protection R1 (407-408)38 Differential, Earth fault, Over Current R1 (401-403)39 Over Heating, Protection schemes, Protection of transmission linesR2 (543-544)40 Over current, Distance And carrier current protection schemes.R1 (410-413)References Title Author PublicationR1 Electrical power system CL Wadhwa, ,. New age internationalR2 principles of power system V.K. Mehta and Rohit MehtaS.ChandList of Experiments:44Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal1. Determination of drop out factor of an instantaneous over current relay.2. Determination of operating characteristic of IDMT relay.3. Determination of operating characteristic of differential relay.4. Study and operation of gas actuated protective relay.5. Study and operation of static over current relay.6. Determination of transmission line parameters using MATLAB.7. Analysis of power system faults (Symmetrical & Asymmetrical) using MATLAB.8. Study of SF6 circuit breaker9. Protectional simulation study of generator, Transformer, Feeder & Motor protection.POINTS OF PONDERSUnit-IFault Analysis45Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalSymmetrical component: method of symmetrical coordinates applied to solution of poly phase network showed thatunbalanced system of n related phases can be represented in terms of n systems of balance phases called symmetrical component. 1. Positive sequence 2. Negative sequence3. Zero sequenceSequenceimpedance:positivesequenceimpedanceofacircuit isimpedanceofferedbythe circuit to the flow of positive sequence current only. Negative sequence impedance of a circuit is a impedance offered by the circuit to the flow of negative sequence currents only .zero sequence impedance of a circuit is impedance offered by the circuit to the flow of zero sequence current only.

Sequence network: single phase equivalent circuit composed of the impendences to current of anyonesequenceonlyiscalledthesequencenetworkfortheparticular sequence. Sequence networkincludes anygeneratedemf of thelikesequence. Sequencenetworks carryingthe currents ia1,ia2,ia0 are interconnected to represent various unbalanced condition .Fault calculation:generally fault can be classified as 1. Shunt fault (short circuit):these faults are characterised by increase in current and fall in voltage in the faulted phases and also frequency fall. shunt type faults are classified asA. Line to ground faultB.Line to line fault C.Double line to line faultThese are unsymmetrical faults46Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal2. Series faults(open conductor):A. One open conductorB. Two open conductor series faultsLinetogroundfault :ashort circuit betweenonelineandground, veryoftencausedby physical contact, for example due to lightning or other storm damage.

Line to Line fault: a short circuit between lines, caused by ionization of air, or when lines come into physical contact, for example due to a broken insulator.

47Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal Double Line to ground fault: two lines come into contact with the ground (and each other), also commonly due to storm damage.

Current limiting reactors: fault current is limited by the system reactance , which includes the impedance of the generators , transformer , lines ,and other components of the system .Location of reactor: current limiting reactors may be connected 1. in series with each generator 2. in series with each feeder 3. between bus bar sections Unit IIProtective RelaysRequirement of relay: the detection of a fault and disconnection of a faulty section or apparatus can be achieved by using relaying conjunction with circuit breaker.Primary protection: Is the protection in which the fault occurring in a line will be cleared by its own relay and circuit breaker. It serves as the first line of defense.Back up protection: Is the second line of defense, which operates if the primary protection fails to activate within a definite time delayDesirable quantity of relay:1. Selectivity2. Speed 48Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal3. Sensitivity4. Reliability5. Simplicity6. economyPickup level: the value of the actuating quantity (current or voltage) which is on the threshold (border) above which relay operates.Reset level:the value of current or voltage below which a relay opens its contacts and comes to original position.Operating time:the time which elapses between the instant when the actuating quantity exceed the pickup value to the instant when the relay contacts closed.Plug setting multiplier: it is the ratio of fault current in relay coil to the pickup current.Timesettingmultiplier:arelayisgenerallyprovidedwithcontrolledtoadjust thetimeof operation this adjustment is known as time setting multiplier.Inverse time & definite time charters tics: is one in which the operating time is approximately inverselyproportionallytothe fault current near pickupvalue andbecome substantially constant slightly above the pickup value of the relay.Electromagnetic attraction relays:electromagnetic attraction relay operates by virtueof an armature being attracted to the poles of an electromagnet such relays may be actuated by dc or ac quantity. These are two types:1. Attracted armature type relay2. Balanced beam typeInduction relay:electromagnetic induction relays operate on the principle of induction motor and are widely used for protective relaying purpose involving ac quantities these are generally two types.1. Induction disc 2. Induction cupOver current relay:this relay operates when the value of current exceed pre specified value. these are five types.1. Instantaneous over current relay2. Inverse time current relay3. IDMT over current relay4. Very inverse relay5. Extremely inverse relayOver voltage relay:this relay operate when the value of voltage exceed pre specified value.49Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalDirectional overcurrent relay:it operates ontheassumptionthat onoccurrenceof fault direction of the current gets reversed and due to these directional unit classes contacts of over current relay and circuit breaker is tripped.Distance relay: there is another group of relays in which the operation is governed by the ratio of the applied voltage to current in protected circuit such relay is called distance relay .these are three types1. Impedance relay2. Reactance relay3. Mho relayDifferential relay: the differential relay is one that operates when the vector difference of two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value.Static relay:the term static relay refers to a relay which incorporates solid states components like transistors, diodes, etc .for the measurements or comparison of electrical quantities.

Unit IIICircuit BreakersArc phenomena:when electron generated , due to field emission or due to thermal emission, collide with other gasmolecule more electrons are generated and this sustainsthe arc increase in mean free path facilitates ionization so if density of gas is less is less , more electrons will be liberated . When temperature of gas reaches a very high value it increases chances of ionization and at this stage thermal ionization becomes main source to maintain arc.Recovery voltage: the power frequency r.m.s voltage that appears across the breaker contacts after transient oscillations die out and final extinction of arc has resulted in all poles is called the recovery voltage.Restriking voltage:the resultant transient voltage which appears across the breaker contacts at the instant of arc extinction is known as the restriking voltage.Types of circuit breaker:1. Oil circuit breakersA. Bulk oil circuit breakersB. Minimum oil circuit breakers2. Air blast circuit breaker3. Sulphur hexa fluoride circuit breaker4. Vacuum circuit breakerOil circuit breaker: oil is an excellent quenching medium its dielectric strength is much higher thanair.Arc when producedin oil, decomposes the oil and loose its energy so oil is a good coolingmedium. Gas formedduetodecompositionof oil frombreaker spaceandnewoil replaces it .in this way dielectric strength of breaker gap is easily restored oil is a good insulator also.50Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalMinimum oil circuit breaker:the quantity of oil required to quench on arc is small (10%) as compared to total oil in bulk oil circuit breaker.Air blast circuit breaker:arc quenching in oil circuit breakers take place due to formation of hydrogen, in place of hydrogen if air is used then it becomes air blast circuit breaker. Air is used at high pressure. Types of air blast circuit breaker:1. Cross blast circuit breaker2. Axial blast circuit breakerVacuum circuit breaker: mean free path of electrons and particles is order of few meters in a vacuum of the order of 10-4 to 10-6 torr. in vacuum arc the natural atom, ions and electrons do not comefromthemediuminwhichthearcisdrawnbuttheyareobtainedfromtheelectrodes themselves by evaporating its surface material dielectric strength of vacuum is a thousand time more than when ges is used as interrupting medium.Sulphurhexafluoride(SF6), circuit breaker:SF6has highelectronaffinitywhenafree electron collides with SF6 molecule it gets attached to it. When an electron gets attached to SF6 moleculeheavynegative ionsareformed which cannot move with speed required to produce ionization in the gas. In this way SF6 absorbs electrons which may forms electron avalanche. SF6 also has low gaseous viscosity which combined with high molecular Wight enable it to transfer heat by convection more effectively. In this way SF6 is very effective arc quenching medium.DC circuit breaker: with the latest developments in HVDC transmission there would naturally be the necessity of the HVDC circuit breaker. These are two types.1. Light duty DC air break circuit breakers2. High speed DC air break circuit breakerHRCfuses:fuse is a simplest current interrupting device for protection fromexcessive currents .as such, it is used for overload and short circuit protection in medium voltage (up to 33KV) and low voltage (up to 400V) installations. Modern high rupturing capacity fuses (HRC) provide a reliable discriminations and accurate characteristics. In some respects HRC fuses are superior to circuit breaker.Testing of circuit breaker:1. Short circuit tests:A. Making capacity testB. Breaking capacity testC. Short time current teatD. Operating duty test2. Dielectric test:A. Power frequency test:I. One minute dry withstand test51Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalII. One minute wet withstand testB. Impulse voltage dry withstand test3. Thermal test4. Mechanical testUnit IVSystem Protection Protection of alternator: some of the important faults which may occur on an alternator1. Failure of prime mover2. Failure of field3. Over current4. Over speed5. Over voltage6. Unbalanced loading7. Stator winding faults1. Failure of prime mover: when input to the prime mover fails the alternator runs as a synchronous motor and draws some current from the supply system.2. Failure of field: the chances of field failure of alternator are undoubtedly very rare. Even if it does occurs, no immediate damage will be caused by permitting the alternator to run without a field for a short period.3. Over current: it occurs mainly due to partial breakdown of winding insulation or due to over load on the supply system. 4. Over speed: the chief cause of over speedis the sudden loss ofall or the major part of load on the alternator.5. Over voltage:the field excitation system of modern alternators is so designed that over voltage conditions at normal running speeds can not occur.52Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal6. Unbalanced loading: unbalanced loading means that there are different phase currents in the alternator.7. Stator winding faults: these faults occur mainly due to the insulation failure of the stator winding. these faults are three types:A. Fault between phase and groundB. Fault between phasesC. Inter turn fault involving turns of the same phase windingDifferential protectionofalternators:themost commonsystemusedfortheprotectionof stator winding faults employs circulating current principle. In this scheme of protection, currents at the two ends of the protected section are compared. Under normal operating conditions, these currents are equal but may become unequal on the occurrence of a fault in the protected section. The difference of the currents under fault condition is arranged to pass through the operating coil of the relay. The relay then closes its contacts to isolate protected section from the system. This form of protection is also known as merz price circulating current scheme.Balanced earth fault protection: it consists of three line current transformer s, one mounted in each phase, having their secondarys connected in parallel with that of a single current transformerintheconductorjoiningthestarpoint oftheofthealternatortoearth. relayis connected acrss the transformer secondarys. The protection against earth fault is limited to the region between the neutral and the line current transformers.Stators inter turn protection:merz price circulating current system protects against phase to ground and phase to phase fault. It does not protect against turn to turn fault on the same phase winding of the stator. For it we use stator inter turn protection. Protection of transformer: transformer is need to protected against short circuit and overheating. For transformer havinglowKVAratingover current relays are usedbut for transformer with large MVA ratings differential protection is used.Common transformer faults: 1. Open circuit2. Overheating3. Winding short circuit i.e. earth faults, phase to phase faults inter turn faults. Buchholz relay:providing protection against all kinds of incipient faults i.e. slow developing faults such as insulation failure of windings, core heating, fall of oil level due to leaky joints etc.Earth fault relay: providing protection against earth fault only.Over current relays: providing protection mainly against phase to phase faults and overloading.Differential system: providing protection against both earth and phase faults. 53Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalUnit-VSurge protection and insulation co-ordinationSwitching surges: the over voltage produced on the power system due to switching operations are known as switching surges.Lightning:anelectricdischarge between cloud and earth, between clouds or between charge centres of the same cloud is known as lightning.Protection against lightning: the most commonly used devices for protection against lightning surges are.A. Earthing screenB. Overhead ground wireC. Lightning arresters or surge divertersLightning arrester: it is a protective device which conducts the high voltage surge on the power system to the groundTypes of lightning arresters.A. Rod gap arresterB. Horn gap arresterC. Multi gap arresterD. Expulsion type arresterE. Valve type lightning arresterSurge absorber: it is a protective device which reduces the steepness of wave front of a surge by absorbing surge energy.Methods of neutral grounding: the methods commonly used for grounding the neutral point of a 3-phase system are:A. Solid grounding: when the neutral point of a 3-phase system is directly connected to earth through a wire of negligible resistance and reactance ,it is called solid groundingB. Resistance grounding: when the neutral point of a 3-phase system is connected to earth through a resister, it is called resistance grounding. C. Reactancegrounding: inthissystem, areactanceisinsertedbetweentheneutral and ground, the purpose of reactance is to limit the earth fault current. D. Petertion-coil grounding: when the value of L of arc suppression coil (petertion coil) is suchthat thefault current exactlybalancethecapacitivecurrent,it iscalledresonant grounding.Earthing transformer:we sometimes have to create a neutral point on a 3-phase,3-wire(e.g.deltaconnectionetc.) tochangeit into3-phase4-wiresystemthiscanbedoneby means of a earthing transformer.54Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalEarth wire: the conductor running parallel to the power conductors of the transmission line and isplacedat thetopof thetower structuresupporting. thegroundwireservesthefollowing purpose-A. It shields the power conductor from direct lightning strokeB. Whenever a lightningstroke falls on the tower, the ground wires on both sides of the tower provide parallel paths for the stroke therefore the effective impedance is reduced and the tower top potential is relatively less.C. There is electric coupling between the ground wire and the power conductors, thereby the chances of insulation failure are reduced.Insulation coordination: it means the correlation of the insulation of the various equipments in apower systemtotheinsulationof theprotectivedevicesusedfor theprotectionof those equipments against overvoltage.Insulationcoordinationbetweenlines andsubstationequipment:either the line or the substation is over insulated with normal insulation for the other thus there are two cases-A. Lines normally insulated ,substation over insulatedB.Lines over insulated, substation normally insulated55Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalInterview /Viva Questions1. What are the functions of protective relays?2. Give the consequences of short circuit.3.Define protected zone.4. What are unit system and non unit system?5. What is primary protection?6. What is back up protection?7. Name the different kinds of over current relays.8. Define energizing quantity.9. Define operating time of a relay.10. Define resetting time of a relay.11. What are over and under current relays?12. Mention any two applications of differential relay.13. What is biased differential bus zone reduction?14. What is the need of relay coordination?15. Mention the short comings of Merz Price scheme of protection applied to a power transformer.16. What are the various faults to which a turbo alternator is likely to be subjected? What is an under frequency relay?17. Define the term pilot with reference to power line protection.18. Mention any two disadvantage of carrier current scheme for transmission line only.19. What are the features of directional relay?20. What are the causes of over speed and how alternators are protected from it?21. What are the main types of stator winding faults?22. Give the limitations of Merz Price protection.23. What are the uses of Buchholzs relay?24. What are the types of graded used in line of radial relay feeder?25.What are the various faults that would affect an alternator?26. Why neutral resistor is added between neutral and earth of an alternator?27. What is the backup protection available for an alternator?28. What are faults associated with an alternator?29. What are the main safety devices available with transformer?30. What are the problems arising in differential protection in power transformer and how are they overcome?31.What is REF relay?32.What is over fluxing protection in transformer?33. Why busbar protection is needed?34. What are the merits of carrier current protection?35. What are the errors in CT?36.What is field suppression?37. What are the causes of bus zone faults?38. What are the problems in bus zone differential protection?56Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal39.What is static relay?40.What is power swing?41. What is a programmable relay?42. What is CPMC?43. What are the advantages of static relay over electromagnetic relay?44. What is resistance switching?45. What do you mean by current chopping?46. What are the methods of capacitive switching?47. What is an arc?48.Give the two methods of arc interruption?49. What is restriking voltage?50. What is meant by recovery voltage?51.What is RRRV?52. What is circuit breaker?53. Write the classification of circuit breakers based on the medium used for arc extinction?54. What is the main problem of the circuit breaker?55.What are demerits of MOCB?56. What are the advantages of oil as arc quenching medium?57. What are the hazards imposed by oil when it is used as an arc quenching medium?58. What are the advantages of MOCB over a bulk oil circuit breaker?59. What are the disadvantages of MOCB over a bulk oil circuit breaker?60.What are the types of air blast circuit breaker?61. What are the advantages of air blast circuit breaker over oil circuit breaker?62. What are the demerits of using oil as an arc quenching medium?63.What is meant by electro negativity of SF6 gas?64.What are the characteristic of SF6 gas?65.Write the classifications of test conducted on circuit breakers.66. What are the indirect methods of circuit breaker testing?67.What are the advantages of synthetic testing methods?68. How does the over voltage surge affect the power system?69. What is pick up value?70. Define target.71. Define reach.72. Define blocking.73. Define a over current relay.74.Define an under current relay?75.Mention any 2 applications of differential relays.76.Mention the various tests carried out in a circuit breaker at HV labs.77.Mention the advantages of field tests.78. State the disadvantages of field tests.79. Define composite testing of a circuit breaker.80. State the various types of earthing.81. What are arcing grounds?57Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal82. What is arc suppression coil?83. State the significance of single line to ground fault.84. What are symmetrical components?85.State the three sequence components.86. Define positive sequence component.87. Define zero sequence components.88. State the significance of double line fault.89. State the various types of unsymmetrical faults.90. Mention the withstanding current in our human body.91.Define per unit value.92. Mention the inductance value of the petersons coil.93. Differentiate between a fuse and a circuit breaker.94. How direct tests are conducted in circuit breakers?95. What is dielectric test of a circuit breaker?96. Define single line diagram.58Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal59Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal60Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal61Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal62Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal63Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal64Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalSyllabus: EX604 Electronics InstrumentationUnit-IIntroductiontoCRO, Different partsofCRO, ItsBlockdiagram, Electrostaticfocusing, Electrostatic deflection, post deflectionacceleration, ScreenforCRTs, Graticule, Vertical &Horizontal deflection system, Time basecircuit, Oscilloscopeprobes andtransducers, Attenuators, Applicationof CROs, Lissajous patterns, Special purpose CROs- Multi input, Dual trace, Dual beam, Sampling, Storage (Analog & Digital) Oscilloscopes.Unit-II A.C. Bridge MeasurementSources and detectors, Use of Bridges for measurement of inductance, Capacitance & Q factor Maxwells bridge, Maxwellsinductancecapacitancebridge, Haysbridge, Andersonsbridge, Owen'sBridge, De-sauty'sBridge, ScheringBridge, HighVoltageScheringbridge, Measurement ofrelativepermittivity, Heaviside cambell's bridge, Weins bridge, Universal bridge, Sources of errors in Bridge circuit, Wagner's Earthing device, Q meter and its applications and measurement methods.Unit-III TransducersTransducers definitionandclassification, mechanical devices as primarydetectors, Characteristic& choiceofTransducers, Resistiveinductiveandcapacitivetransducers, straingaugeandgaugefactor, Thermistor, Thermocouples, LVDT, RVDT, Synchros, Piezo-Electrictransducers, Magnetelasticand magnetostrictive Hall effect transducers, Opto-electronic transducers such as photo voltaic, Photo conductive, photo diode and photo conductive cells, Photo transistors, Photo optic transducers. Introductiontoanalog&Digital dataacquisitionsystems-Instrumentationsystems used, Interfacing transducers to electronic control & measuring systems Multiplexing - D/A multiplexing A-D Multiplexing, Special encoders. Digital control descriptionUnit-IVSignal GeneratorsFixed & variable frequency AF oscillators, Sine wave generators, Standard signal generator, AF Sine and Square wave generator Function generator, Square and pulse generator, Random noise generator, Sweep generator, TVSweepgenerator, Marker generator, Sweep- Marker generator, Wobblyscope, Video pattern generator Vectroscope, Beat frequency oscillatorWave analyserBasic wave analyzer, Frequency selective wave analyzer, Heterodyne wave analyzer, Harmonic distortion, analyzer, spectrum analyzer digital Fourier analyzer.Unit-V Digital InstrumentsAdvantages of Digital instruments over analog instruments, resolution and sensitivity of Digital meters., Digital Voltmeter - Ramp type, Dual slope integration type, Integrating type, Successive approximation type, Continuous balance DVMor Servo balancing potentiometer typeVM. , compression of Electronic & Digital Volt meter, Digital Multimeter, Digital frequency meter, Time period measurement, Highfrequencymeasurement, Electroniccounter, Digital tachometer, Digital PHmeter, Digital phase meter, Digitalcapacitancemeter. DigitaldisplaysystemandindicatorslikeCRT, LED, LCD, Nixies, Electro luminescent, Incandescent, Electrophoretic image display, Liquid vapour display dotmatrix display, Analogrecorders, X-Yrecorders. InstrumentsusedincomputercontrolledinstrumentationRS 232C and IEEE 488, GPIB electric interface.Lesson Plan65Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalDepartment: Eletrical And ElectronicsSession:Jan-Jun2013Name of Faculty: Ms Swati Khatri Semester: VISubject: Electronics InstrumentationSub Code: EX-604Time Schedule : Total expected period Extra Periods (if required)- Day Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Max. AvailableNo. of PeriodLect. No.Contents Reference (page no.)Date of Completion1. Electronic voltmeter and their advantages, VTVMs Differential amplifier typeelectronic voltmeter,R2(4.1-4.6)2. D.C. voltmeter using direct coupled amplifier, chopper amplifier type of voltmeterR2(4.16-4.22)3.Electronic voltmeters using rectifiers, True RMS responding voltmeterR2(4.22-4.27)4.Electronic multimeters, Differentialvoltmeter,R2(4.27-4.29) (4.33-4.36)5.Vector voltmeter, Vector impedance meter R2(4.36-4.40)measurement of power at radio frequency,calorimeter, BolometerR1(724,719)6.Different parts of CRO, Its Block diagram R3(201-203)7.Electrostatic focusing, Electrostatic deflection R2(5.6-5.8)8. postdeflection acceleration, Screen for CRTs,R2(5.10-5.12)9.Graticule, Vertical & Horizontal deflection systemR2(5.15),R3(217,227)10.Time basecircuit, Oscilloscope probes and transducersR2(5.18)R3(232)11.Attenuators, Application of CROs, Lissajous patterns R2(5.27,5.37)12.Special purpose CROs- Multi input, Dual trace R2(5.43-5.44)13. Dual beam, Sampling Oscilloscopes.R2(5.44,5.45)14. Storage (Analog & Digital)Oscilloscopes. R2(5.51,5.57)15.CLASS TEST16.Unit-II66Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal17. Sources and detectors, Use of Bridges for measurement of inductance,Capacitance & Q factorR2(6.2-6.3)18. Maxwells bridge, Maxwells inductance capacitance bridge, Hays bridge,R2(6.8-6.10)19.Andersons bridge, Owen's BridgeR2(6.12-6.13)20.De-sauty's Bridge, Schering BridgeR2(6.17-6.19)21. High Voltage Schering bridge,Measurement of relative permittivityR2(6.20-6.21)22.Heaviside cambell's bridge, Weins bridgeR2(6.25,6.28)23. Universal bridge, Sourcesof errors in Bridge circuitR2(6.29-6.30)24.Wagner's Earthing device R2(6.32-6.33)25. Q meter and its applications and measurementmethods. R2(4.46-4.47)26.Transducers definition and classification R2(7.1,7.3-7.9)27. mechanical devices as primary detectors,Characteristic & choice of TransducersR2(7.17-7.19)28.Resistive inductive and capacitive transducersR1(408,428,446)29. strain gauge andgauge factorR2(7.36-7.37)30.Thermistor, Thermo couples R2(7.54,7.64)31.LVDT, RVDT,R2(7.83,7.92)32.Synchros, Piezo-Electric transducers,R2(7.92,7.118)33. Magnet elastic and magnetostrictive Hall effect transducersR2(7.132,7.139)34. Opto-electronic transducers such as photo voltaic,Photo conductive,R2(7.141,7.144)35. photo diode and photo conductive cells R2(7.148-7.149)36. Photo transistors, Photo optic transducers R2(7.151,7.172)37.CLASS TEST38.Unit-III39. Fixed & variable frequency AF oscillators, Sine wave generators,R1(234-235) R3(260-261)40. Standard signal generator, AF Sine and Square wave generatorR1(235-238)67Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal41.Function generator, Square and pulse generator R1(239-241)42. Random noise generator, Sweep generatorR1(242-2432)43. TV Sweep generator, Marker generator,R1(244-246)44. Sweep- Marker generator, Wobblyscope,R1(247)45.Video pattern generator Vectroscope R1(247,253)46. Beat frequency oscillatorBasic wave analyzerR1(255,261)47. Frequency selective wave analyzer, Heterodyne wave analyzer,R1(262-264)48. Harmonic distortion, analyzer, spectrum analyzer digital Fourier analyzerR1(265-270)49.CLASS TEST50.Unit-IV51. Advantages of Digital instruments over analog instruments, resolution and sensitivityof Digital metersR2(8.17-8.18)(8.38-8.39)52.Ramp type, Dual slope integration type R2(9.14,9.19)53. Integrating type, Successiveapproximation typeR2(9.15-9.18)54. Continuous balance DVM or Servo balancing potentiometer type VMR2(8.56-8.57)55.Digital Multimeter, Digital frequency meter R2(9.22-9.25)56.Time period measurement, High frequency measurement R2(9.28-9.30)57.Electronic counter, Digital tachometerR2(9.25)R1(165)58. Digital PH meter, Digital phase meter, Digital capacitance meterR1(171-173)59. Digital display system and indicators like CRT, LED, LCD, Nixies,R2(5.4,8.26-8.29)60. Electro luminescent, Incandescent,Electrophoretic image displayR5(530-531)61.Liquid vapour display dot-matrix displayR5(531-532) R2(8.25-8.26)62. Analog recorders, Graphicrecorders, Strip chart recorders,R4(1309-1310)63. Galvanometer type recorders, Null recorders, single point & multipoint recorders,R4(1311-1315)64. X-Y records, Ultraviolet recorders, Magnetic tape recordersR4(1315-1317)65. Basic components of tape recorders, Methods ofR4(1318-1320)68Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopalrecording, Direct recording66. Frequency modulated recording, Pulse duration modulationrecording, Digital tape recorders.R41321-1325)67.CLASS TEST68.Unit-V69. Instruments used in computer-controlled instrumentation RS 232C and IEEE 488, GPIB electric interfaceR4(1515-1517)70. Introduction to analog & Digital data acquisition systems-Instrumentation systems used, Interfacing transducers to electronic control & measuring systemsR3(393-396)71.Multiplexing - D/A multiplexing A-D Multiplexing R3(405-407)72.Special encoders. Digital control description R3(408-409,429-430)73. Microwave instruments Scattering parameters, Transmissionand reflection parameters,R6(6.23-6.25)74. Network analyzer, Measurement uncertainty measurement with scalar & vectornetwork,R6(6.30-6.35)75. Microwave power measurement- Sources & detectors, Fiber optic powermeasurementR3(432-433,439-441)76. Stabilized calibrated light sources end to end measurement of fiber losses, Optical timedomain reflectometry.R3(442-444)77.CLASS TESTReferences Title Author PublicationR1 Electronics Instrumentation H. S. Kalsi Mc GramhillR2 Electronic Instrumentation A.K. Sawhney Dhanpat Rai and CoR3 Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement TechniquesAlbert D.Helfric and CooperPearsonR4 Electronic and Electrical measurement and instrumentationA.K. Sawhney Dhanpat Rai and Co69Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalR5- Electronic measurement and instrumentationR.K.Rajput S.Chand and coR6 Electronic Instrumentation, Vaibhavi A sonetha:Tech max publicationList Of Experiments1. Study of CRO.2. Observing different waveform through function generator using CRO.3. Measurement of capacitance using Schering Bridge.4. Measurement of Inductance using Maxwells Bridge.5. Measurement of Inductance of coil using Andersons Bridge.6. Measurement of Pressure using Pressure gauge.7. Measurement of Displacement by using LVDT8. Measurement of Temperature by using Thermistor, RTD and Thermocouple.9. Study of 4 bit analog to digital converter.70Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalPoints To PonderUnit-1 Chopper type voltmeter is an amplifier and voltmeter first,it amplifies D.C. signal and then measure it. Electronic multimeter is an instrument capable of measuring A.C and D.C. currents and voltages. Bolometer is used for measurement of low and medium power ranging from a few watt to fraction of a watt. Calorimeter is used for measurement of large amount of R.F. power. CRO is a device that allows the amplitudes of electrical signals whether they be voltage, current, power etc, to be displayed primarily as a function of time. Cathode ray tube consist of:a)electron gun assembly b) Deflection plates assembly c)Fluorescent scrren d)Glass envelope e)Base Graticule is ascale on transparent material that is fitted to the face of CRT for the purpose of measurement. Aquadag -graphite used to coat the interior surface of CRT to prevent secondary emission electron. To minimize loading, attenuator probes (e.g., 10X probes) are used. Lissajous patterns are formed when two sine waves are applied simultaneously to the vertical and horizontal deflecting plates of CRO. Dual trace CRO is a special purpose CRO which is capable to display two waveform at a time.It has two separate vertical input channels suitable for high frequency.Dual beam CRO is a special purpose CRO which is capable to display two waveform at a time.It has two separate vertical deflection plates suitable for low frequency. Sampling oscilloscope is used to trace very fast signals.71Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal Storage oscilloscope is capable of retaining the image on the screen for longer timeUnit-2 AC bridges are circuits which are often used to measure unknown impedances (resistances, capacitances and inductances) Maxwells bridge uses the principle that the positive phase angle of an inductive impedance can be compensated by the negative phase angle of a capacitive impedance when put in the opposite arm and the circuit is at resonance Maxwells inductance capacitance bridge is preferred for coils with medium Q.R1=R2R3/R4 L1=R2R3C4 Q=L1/R1 Where L1=unknown inductance R1=effective resistance of inductor L1 R2,R3,R4=known non inductance resistance C4=variable standard capacitor Q=quality factor Anderson bribge is used to measure coil with low Q. hay's bridge is preferred for coils with a high Q, Schering Bridge is used to measure capacitance and its power factor Wagner's Earthing device is used to eliminate the effect of earth capacitance Wien Bridge is used to measure either the equivalent series component or parallel component and frequency of signals. Q-meter It is used to measure electrical properties of coils and capacitors. Transducer It is a device which convert the energy from one form to another. The transducers may be classified as:- Electrical Transducers, Displacement Transducers, Optoelectronic Transducers Strain Guage It converts a mechanical displacement into change of resistance. Active transducer do not need any external source of power supply for their operation. Passive transducer need external source of power supply for their operation. LVDT translate linear motion into electrical signals. RVDT is used to sense angular displacement . RTD is used to measure electrical resistance in terms of temperature. It has positive temperature coefficient. Thermistor means thermally sensitive resistor. It has negative temperature coefficient. Thermo-couple is a temperature transducer which develops an emf which is function of temoerature between two junctions. Piezo electric tranducer uses piezo electric material which exhibit reversible effect that is convert electrical to non-electrical energy or non-electrical energy to electrical energy. Photo conductive device it operate on the principle that whenever a material is illuminated its resistance changes.72Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal A Hall Effect transducer is based on the effect of magnetic fields on moving charges.Unit-3 Signal generator provides a variety of waveforms or signals for testing electronic circuits at low powers. Audio signal generator produce sine and square waves over the range of20 Hzto 20 KHz. Sinewave generator covers frequency range from few Hz to many GHz. Standard signal generator is a radio frequency signal generator and produces known and controllable voltages. Function Generator has the capability of producing different types of waveforms as its output signal ranging from 0.1Hz to 11 MHz. The difference between pulse and square wave generator relates to the duty cycle.Sweep generators are commonly used to test the frequency response of electronic filter circuits. A vectorscope is a special type of oscilloscope used in both audio and video applications The reference signal used for the vectorscope's display is the color burst that is transmitted before each line of video A beat frequency oscillator or BFO , is a dedicated oscillator used to create an audio frequency signal from Morse codetransmissions to make them audible By varying the BFO frequency around 44000 Hz, the listener can vary the output audio frequency; this is useful to correct for small differences between the tuning of the transmitter and the receiver, Wave Analyser is used to measure the amplitude of each harmonic or fundamental signals individually. Frequency selective Wave Analyser is used for measurement in audio frequency range. Hetrodyne Wave Analyser is used for measurement in radio frequency range. Harmonic Distortion Analyser measure total harmonic power present in test wave.Unit-473Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal The digital instruments are more accurate, error free, have more resolution draws negligible power as compared to analog instruments. D/A conversion involves translating digital information into analog information. A/D convertor is used for changing analog signal to binary signals. Resolution is the smallest change in the input signal (quantity under measurement), which can be detected by the instrument The sensitivity is the ratio of output signal (or response of the instrument) to a change of input signal (or the quantity under measurement.) A digital voltmeter comprises of a clock generator, a circuit that converts the voltage to he measured into a pulse and a digital frequency counter A multimeter can measure currents (amperes), voltage (volts) and resistance (ohms) and is therefore also called an AVO (amperes-volts-ohms) meter. An Electronic counter can measure Time interval, Time period, Frequency Ratio of two frequencies etc. A recorder records electrical and non electrical quantities as a function of time. X-Y recorder gives a graphic record of the relationship between two variables. An x-y recorder may have the sensitivity of 10 V/mm, slewing speed 1.5 m/s, a frequency response of about 6 Hz in both the X and Y directions, and an accuracy of + 0.2 per cent of full-scale.Unit-5 RS-232 is used to interface between the micro-computer and serial pheripherals. This describe the function of 25 signal and hand-shake pins for serial data transfer. IEEE 488 standard is based on the transmission of 8 bit data bus. It is short distance system for test equipment mounted in a rack within a room and not intended for transmission over long distance or via telephone or other communication means. Network Analyzer is an instrument to analyze the properties of electrical networks specially those properties associated with the transmission and reflection of the electrical signals known as S- parameters. Scalar Network Analyzer is capable of measuring the magnitude of the response. Vector Network Analyzer is capable of measuring the magnitude and phase of response.74Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal Reflection co-efficient parameter is indicator of the line and load match. Transmission co-efficient parameter determines the variation in phase or amplitude of current or voltage along transmission line. Scattering Paramerters- These are defined in terms of he signal which is applied to the port and reflected back to the port. The system used for data processing , data conversion , data transmission and data storage us called Data Acquisition. Optical Time Domain is used for measurement of fibre losses. In OTDR a laser diode is used as a transmitter and it provides a narrow pulses of light which is coupled to the fibre. Optical light sources are 1) Wide band continuous spectra sources (Incandescent lamp).2) Monochromatic in-coherent sources (LEDs) 3) Monochromatic coherent sources (LASER)Interview/viva questions1. Define accuracy, precision, sensitivity, linearity, resolution.2. What is Hysteresis?3. What are the different types of errors?4. What are the type of D.C. voltmeters and A.C. voltmeters?5. Which device is used for measurement of low and medium power?6. Which device is used for measurement of high power?7. What do you mean by measurement and measurement system and Instruments?8. What is the function of measurement system?9. What is electronic multimeter? What are the main elements of multimeter.10. What are the different parts of CRO?11. What is CRT?12. What are the different parts of CRT?13. How electron beam is produced.14. Which method is used for focusing an electron beam?75Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal15. What is deflection sensitivity of a CRT?16. Define deflection factor of CRT.17. What is graticule? What are the types of graticule?18. What is aquadag.19 Which material is coated on the CRT screen?20 What is the function of time base generator in CRO?21. What is oscilloscope probe? What are the different types of probes?22. What is difference between Dual trace and Dual beam CRO?23. What are the advantages of sampling, analog and digital storage oscilloscope?24. Which bridge is used for measurement of inductance?25. Which bridge is used for measurement of capacitance?26. Which bridge is used for measurement of frequency?27. What are the disadvantages of Maxwells bridge?28. Define Quality factor of coil.29. For which type of coil Maxwells bridge is used.30 . What range of inductance can be measured by Maxwells bridge?31. What range of inductance can be measured by Hays bridge?32. What range of capacitance can be measured by Schering Bridge?33. What range of Frequency can be measured by Wien Bridge?34 What is the use of Wagner Earth detector?35. What is Transducer? What are the different types of Transducers?36. What do you mean by Strain Gauge? What is gauge factor? 37 What do you mean by displacement transducer?38. Which material is used for photo voltaic cell?39. What is the difference between RTD and Thermocouple and Thermister?40. What is the principle of thermocouple?41. Define wave analyzer? What are the types of wave analyzer?42. Which range of frequency is measured by frequency selective wave analyzer?43. What are the applications of wave analyzer?44. What is harmonic distortion?45. Define Spectrum analyzer. What are the types of Spectrum analyzer?46. What is network analyzer? 47. What is signal generator? 48. What is function generator?49. Define Duty cycle.50. What is the function of sweep frequency generator?51 What is the function of beat frequency oscillator?52. What are the difference between wave analyzer and harmonic distortion analyzer?53. What are the difference between wave analyzer and spectrum analyzer?54. What are the difference between signal analyzer and function generator?55. What are the difference between frequency selective analyzer and heterodyne wave analyzer?56. What is analog Instrument?57. What is digital Instrument?58. Which methods are used for analog to digital conversion?59.Define quantization.60 What are the different types of D/A converter?61. What is digital voltmeter?76Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal62. What is the use of digital voltmeter?77Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal78Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal79Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal80Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal81Truba Group of Institutes, Bhopal82Truba Group of Institutes, BhopalEX- 605 Energy Conservation & Management UNIT-IGeneral energy problem: Energy use patterns and scope for conservation.Energyaudit: Energymonitoring, Energyaccounting andanalysis, Auditing andtargeting. Energy conservation policy, Energy management & audit, Energy audit, Types of energy audit, energy management (audit), qualities and function of energy managers, language of an energy manager, Questionnaire, Check list for top management, Loss of energy in material flow, energyperformance, Maximizing system efficiency, Optimizing, input energy requirements, Energyauditing instruments, Material load energy balance diagram.Unit-IIThermodynamics of Energy Conservation. Basic principle. Irreversibility and second lawefficiency analysis of systems. Primary energy sources, optimum use of prime-movers, energyefficient house keeping, energy recovery in thermal systems, waste heat recovery techniques,thermal insulation. Thermal energy audit in heating, ventilation and air conditioning. MaintenanceandEnergyaudit friction, lubricationandtribo-logical innovations. Predictive and preventive maintenance.Unit-IIILoad curve analysis & load management DSM, Energy storage for power systems (Mechanical,Thermal, Electrical & Magnetic) Restructuring of electric tariff from energy conservationconsideration, Economic analysis depreciation method, time value of money, Evaluation methodof projects, replacement analysis, special problems inflation risk analysis. Pay back period,Energy economics, Cost Benefit Risk analysis, Pay back period.UNIT-IVEnergyefficientelectricdrives, Energyefficientmotors V.S.D.power factor improvementin powersystem. Energy Conservation in transportation systemespecially in electric vehicle. Energy flownetworks, Simulation &modeling, formulation &Objective &constraints, alternative option, Matrix chart.Unit-VEnergy conservation task before