Final Saftey Measures in Lab

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Safety Measures in Chemistry Laboratory

SAFETY MEASURE IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Chemistry:

Chemistry (the etymology of the word has been much disputed) is the science of matter and

the changes it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while

physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being

concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the

changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical science which studies various

substances, atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or

combination, and which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the

spontaneity of chemical processes.

Disciplines within chemistry are traditionally grouped by the type of matter being studied or

the kind of study. These include inorganic chemistry, the study of inorganic matter; organic

chemistry, the study of organic (carbon based) matter; biochemistry, the study of substances

found in biological organisms; physical chemistry, the study of chemical processes using

physical concepts such as thermodynamics and quantum mechanics; and analytical

chemistry, the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical

composition and structure. Many more specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years,

e.g. neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous system (see subdisciplines).

Chemistry Laboratory

A chemistry laboratory is a place where you can perform in actual the different reactions that

you had learnt in the books or heard in lectures. A good chemistry laboratory is fully

equipped with the basic measuring and analytical chemistry laboratory apparatus that allows

a good study of all the branches of chemistry. However all the different experiments should

be performed under the supervision of the lab instructor only. Adhering to safety norms is of

paramount importance in a chemistry lab. Chemistry lab equipment are used in school &

college chemistry laboratories and chemical research laboratories. Chemistry laboratory

equipment includes different types of chemistry apparatus.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry#Subdisciplines

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry#Subdisciplines




Types of Chemistry Laboratory Equipments:

A vast range of common chemistry laboratory equipment is discussed here under suitable

categories.

Viscometer Centrifuge Thistle TubeRectangular

Water Bath

Burner

BunsenWater Bath

Digital

Thermometer Thermometers pH Meter

Infrared

Thermometer

Dry Bath

Caring of Chemistry Lab Apparatus:

In a chemistry laboratory the most common and widely used equipment are those made of

glass. With glassware it is easy to spot what is happening inside. At the same time it is

essential to ensure the proper & careful use of chemistry laboratory equipment. The

chemistry lab apparatus usually deals with different sorts of chemicals and so they are prone

to chemical attacks and breakge. Some of the very common chemistry lab equipment includes

beakers, test tubes, bunsen burner etc.

.

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SAFETY IN THE CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Laboratory Safety:

Safety measures in the chemistry laboratory. Handling solids and liquids. Chemical spills andclean up. Laboratory fires. Chemical burns and swallowing of chemicals. Personal injury and

illness. The OSHA perspective towards lab safety.

Safety Management Guidelines:

There are many potential hazards in the chemistry laboratory and some of them can cause

quite a serious accident. However, many accidents in the laboratory can be prevented if each

person in the room observes a set of common sense precautions and uses proper experimental

techniques and procedures at all times.

REMEMBER YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SAFETY OF EVERYONE ELSE

IN THE LABORATORY!

In the following sections, general safety rules and some general techniques are described.

Although the list may seem long, an accident could happen if only one of these precautions is

ignored. Besides, it is a lot less painful to read this description thoroughly than to suffer the

pain of an accident.

GENERAL SAFETY RULES

Know the Locations of Safety Equipment & Learn How to use Them:

Know the locations of the eyewash fountain, safety shower, fire blanket, and the fire

extinguisher nearest to your laboratory bench. Be sure to know how to use this safety

equipment. Your action during an emergency might prevent a classmate from serious injury.

Wear Safety Glasses at all Times in the Laboratory:

Goggles are required to be worn at all times! Goggles are available to be worn over

prescription glasses. Wearers of contact lenses are discouraged from wearing these lenses

during the lab. Goggles designed for contact wearers is necessary.

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Wear Sensible Clothing:

In the laboratory, sensible clothing includes shoes that fully cover the feet; sandals and clogs

are not adequate. Shoes provide a great deal of initial protection in the case of dropped

containers, spilled chemicals, and unseen hazards on the floor. Sensible clothing also includes

old clothes, which are not too loose, especially at the sleeves. Laboratory coats or aprons are

even more satisfactory. All extra clothing should be kept off the laboratory bench. Tie back

long hair so that it will not fall into flames or chemicals. Do not wear synthetics if possible as

they burn readily.

Never Work Alone in the Laboratory:

All work must be performed under the supervision of a laboratory instructor/demonstrator.

The instructor should be aware of the exact nature of all work being done in the laboratory.

Do not Perform any Unauthorized Experiments:

Do only the experiment, which has been assigned by the laboratory instructor. Never do any

unauthorized experiment in place of the one assigned by the instructor. Do not change the

designated procedure without the advice of the instructor.

Know Exactly What You are to Do:

Occasionally incomplete directions or a misunderstanding of instruction causes accidents.

Whenever you are in doubt, ask your instructor.

Think About What You are Doing & Why You are Doing it at all Times:

DO NOT start any experiment involving the use of an experimental set-up (apparatus) until it

has been checked and approved by your laboratory instructor unless otherwise instructed.

Do Not Eat, Drink Or Smoke In The Laboratory:

For safety purposes, assume all chemicals to be poisonous either by themselves or because of

impurities. Also avoid direct contact with organic chemicals. Many are absorbed directly

through the skin.

Keep the Laboratory Clean at all Times:

Any chemical spilled on your skin or your clothing, should be washed immediately and

thoroughly. If a solution, a solid, or liquid chemical is spilled on the bench or on the

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laboratory floor, clean up the spill immediately. Notify the laboratory instructor of the spill.

When leaving the laboratory, wipe the bench top thoroughly. Make sure that your work area

is clean and free of spilled chemicals or scraps of paper. Wash your hands with soap and

water.

Dispose of Waste & Excess Materials in the Proper Manner:

Used matches, paper, broken glass, or porcelain ware should be placed in the appropriate

containers but not in the sinks or cup sinks. If you have any questions concerning the waste

disposal, ask your instructor for the proper procedure.

Use the Fume Hood When Necessary:

Use the fume hood when you are so directed by the laboratory instructor, or when it is

indicated to do so on the experimental procedure. Fume hoods remove toxic vapors and

irritating odors from the laboratory. The removal of these materials is essential for protecting

the health and safety of those people working in the laboratory.

Light Burners Only When Needed:

Properly extinguish any flame not being used. Any open flame may ignite reagents being

used by you or others near you. Many organic liquids are highly flammable and these liquids

should be heated only on hot plates or heating mantles.

Never Look Directly:

Never look directly into the mouth of an open flask or test tube if it contains a reaction

mixture.

Avoid Touching Hot Objects:When heating a chemical in a container, the clamp holding the container and the burner will

also become hot. Place the object on a piece of asbestos board or on wire gauze, which is not

directly touching the bench top. Glass objects take a long time to cool, so allow plenty of

time to cool before touching them.

Use Extreme Caution When Inserting Glass into Stoppers:

Be very careful when inserting glass tubing, glass rods, thermometers, funnels, or thistle

tubes into rubber stoppers or corks. Protect your hands by holding the glass and stopper with

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a cloth towel or multiple layers of paper towels. Always lubricate the glass surface with water

or glycerol.

Use Only Equipment, Which is in Good Condition.

a) Defective equipment is an important source of accidents.

b) Some defects to watch for include: Chipped tips on burets, pipets, and funnels.

c) Chipped or broken rims on beakers, flasks, funnels, graduated cylinders and test

tubes.

d) Cracks in beakers, flasks, graduated cylinders, test tubes and crucibles.

e) Star-shaped breaks in the bottom of test tubes or near the bottom edges of beakers and

flasks.

f) Severe scratches in the bottom of beakers, flasks, and test tubes.

g) Sharp edges on glass tubing and glass rods.

h) Inflexibility in rubber stoppers.

i) Separations in the mercury column of thermometers.

j) Non-working parts of screw clamps, buret clamps or rings.

Report all Accidents to Your Instructor Promptly!

Report to the laboratory instructor immediately all accidents that cause injury, no matter

how minor the injury might seem.

Gloves:

Glove Types and Removal Gloves should be selected on the basis of the material being

handled and the particular hazard involved. Glove manufacturers and the Material Safety

Data Sheets (MSDSs) accompanying products in use are good sources of specific glove

selection information.

PVC protects against mild corrosives and irritants.

Latex provides light protection against irritants and limited protection against infectious

agents.

Natural Rubber protects against mild corrosive material and electric shock.

Neoprene for working with solvents, oils, or mild corrosive material.

Cotton absorbs perspiration, keeps objects clean, provides some limited fire retardant

properties.

Zetex® when handling small burning objects. These are a good replacement for asbestosgloves.

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(Asbestos containing gloves may not be purchased or used in labs since asbestos is a

known carcinogen.)

When working with extremely corrosive material, wear thick gloves. Take extra

precaution in checking for holes, punctures, and tears. Care should be taken when

removing gloves. Peel the glove off the hand, starting at the wrist and working toward the

fingers. Keep the working surface of the glove from contacting skin during removal.

Contaminated disposable gloves should be discarded in designated containers (e.g.,

radioactive or biohazardous waste containers).

Wash hands as soon as possible after removing protective gloves.

HANDLING LIQUIDS: OBTAINING THE CHEMICAL

Take an appropriate container to the reagent shelf. Avoid measuring volumes of strong acids

and alkaline solutions with your graduated cylinder held at eye level. Support your graduated

cylinder on your bench; add hazardous liquids a little at a time, inspecting after each addition.

Reagent in a Dropper Bottle:

If the general supply bottle is equipped with a dropper, use it, but be sure that the dropper

never touches your container or the contents in it. Never put it down on the bench top, but

return it immediately the right reagent bottle.

Reagent in a Stopper Bottle:

If the general supply bottle is equipped with a stopper, the stopper should either be held

during the transfer or placed on its flat top. Do not lay the stopper on its side on the bench

top. Pour chemicals from the general supply bottle into your container. Be sure that the

proper stopper is returned to the supply bottle; do not interchange stoppers.

Mixing:

If liquid chemicals are to be mixed with water, always add the concentrated chemical to water

rather than the other way around. This keeps the new solution dilute at all times and avoids

many accidents. Usually addition should be done slowly, using small quantities. It is

especially important to add acid to water because of the heat generated.

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Pipetting:

Liquids are drawn into the pipet by applying a slight vacuum at the top, using a small rubber

suction bulb but NEVER THE MOUTH.

Heating:

Liquids in beakers and flasks can be heated by placing them on a ring stand on wire gauze

with the container supported by a clamp. Liquid should never be heated in a graduated

cylinder or in other columetric glassware.

Disposal:

Check with your laboratory instructor before disposing of any chemicals down the drain. If

the liquid chemical can be disposed of in the skin, dispose of it by rinsing it down the sink

with large quantities of water. Avoid unnecessary splashing during this process by pouring

the chemical directly down the drain while the water is running vigorously.

HANDLING SOLIDS: THE CONTAINER

Take an appropriate container to the reagent shelf where the general supply is kept. Solids are

somewhat more difficult to transfer than are liquids, so a wide-mouthed container such as a

beaker is preferable.

The Transfer:

During the transfer, hold the stopper or lay it on the bench without contaminating the stopper.

Solid chemicals are most easily poured by tipping the general supply bottle and slowly

rotating it back and forth. Mere tipping of the bottle alone often causes large chunks to come

out very suddenly which leads to spills. If you use your own spatula, be sure that it is

absolutely clean. Return the proper stopper to the general supply bottle; do not interchange

stoppers.

Mixing:

If the solid is to be mixed with a liquid, add the solid to the liquid. Additions should be made

in small quantities except in special circumstances.

Disposal:

If the laboratory instructor directs you to dispose of any solid chemicals in the skin, flush it

down the drain with copious amounts of running water. All other solids should be disposed of

in special containers provided for this purpose.

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If an Accident Occurs........

In spite of the best efforts of all concerned, accidents sometimes occur in the laboratory. Use

good judgment and do not panic in case of an emergency.

CHEMICAL SPILLS

Locate spill cleanup materials. Laboratories should be equipped with spill cleanup kits.

Wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, goggles) when cleaning up

spills.

Acid Spills:

Apply neutralizer (or sodium bicarbonate) to perimeter of spill. Mix thoroughly until fizzing

and evolution of gas ceases. NOTE: It may be necessary to add water to the mixture to

complete the reaction. Neutralizer has a tendency to absorb acid before fully neutralizing it.

Check mixture with pH indicator paper to assure that the acid has been neutralized.

Transfer the mixture to a plastic bag, tie shut, fill out a waste label, and place in the fume

hood. Notify supervisor.

Caustic Spills:

Apply neutralizer to perimeter of spill. Mix thoroughly until fizzing and evolution of gas

ceases. Check mixture with pH indicator paper to assure that the material has been

completely neutralized.

Transfer the mixture to a plastic bag, tie shut, fill out a waste label, and place in the fume

hood. Notify supervisor.

Solvent Spills:

Apply activated charcoal to the perimeter of the spill. Mix thoroughly until material is dry

and no evidence of liquid solvent remains.

Transfer absorbed solvent to a plastic bag (if compatible), tie shut, fill out and attach a waste

label, and place in the fume hood. Notify supervisor.

Mercury Spills:

Using a mercury vacuum, vacuum all areas where mercury was spilled with particular

attention to corners, cracks, depressions and creases in flooring or table tops.

Place the contaminated sponge in its plastic bag, tie shut, fill out and attach a waste label, and

place in the fume hood.

LARGE CHEMICAL SPILLS ON THE LABORATORY BENCH OR AREA.

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In all cases, immediately alert your neighbors and the laboratory instructor of the spill.

a. If the material is not particularly volatile, nor toxic, and poses no fire hazard:

Liquid can be cleaned up by using an absorbent material which neutralizes them, for

example, sodium bicarbonate solution or powder for acids, or sodium thiosulfate solution for

bromine. Rubber or plastic gloves should be worn while using absorbent materials. A dustpan

and brush should be used to remove the absorbent material. Then, the contaminated area

should be cleaned with soap or detergent and water; and the area mopped dry.

b. If the material is volatile, flammable or toxic:

ALERT everyone in the laboratory to extinguish flames, disconnect spark-producing

equipment, shut down all experiments, and evacuate the laboratory. The laboratory instructor

will handle the clean up.

CHEMICAL SPILLS ON A PERSON.

1. OVER A LARGE AREA:

Within seconds, quickly remove all contaminated clothing while person is under safety

shower. Flood the affected body area with cold water for at least fifteen minutes. If pain

continues or resumes, flood with more water. Wash off chemicals with a mild detergent

solution. Do not apply any materials such as neutralizing agents or salves, to the area. Obtain

medical assistance immediately.

2. OVER A SMALL AREA:

Immediately flush area thoroughly with cold water. Wash with a mild detergent solution. If

there is no visible burn, scrub the area with warm water and soap.

3. IN THE EYES:

You will need to assist the person who has chemicals spattered in the eyes. Immediately

drench the eyes at the nearest emergency eyewash station. Force the eye or eyes open to get

water into them. The speed of your response to this emergency is extremely important. Notify

the laboratory instructor of the accident immediately.

SWALLOWING CHEMICALS

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The laboratory instructor should determine what specific substance ingested.

The individual should be forced to drink copious amounts of water while en route to medical

assistance. The Health Center or Hospital should be notified while the individual is in transit

as to what chemicals are involved.

BURNS

For burns by hot objects, flames or chemical, flush the affected area with cold water for

several minutes. Notify the laboratory instructor of the burn and he will arrange

transportation to the infirmary if necessary.

FIRE

Give assistance to people first. If the person clothes are on fire, guide him/her without

running to the fire blanked station or to the safety shower and drench him. Do not hesitate

because of such insignificant things as shrinking sweater, ruined hairstyles, or soggy

discomfort. While the victims are being cared for other available people should try to shut off

or reduce the fuel supply to the fire. Get a fire extinguisher and direct its spray toward the

base of the fire. If the fire is too big to extinguish, have the laboratory instructor call the fire

department and sound the fire alarm.When the fire is out, be sure all extinguishers used are

tagged as empty and are replaced.

INJURY OR ILLNESS

Render assistance if necessary. For minor cuts, wash them thoroughly, apply a good

antiseptic, and a band-aid. For major cuts, severe bleeding or serious illness, send someone

for help and administer first aid. Only a physician is trained to treat serious injury or illness.

Notify the instructor immediately.

LAB SAFETY SIGNS

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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET OF VARIOUS

CHEMICALS USED IN CHEMISTRY

LABORATORY

1. SAFETY DATA FOR ACETALDEHYDE

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Physical data:

Appearance: colourless liquid

Melting point: -124 C

Boiling point: 20 C

Specific gravity: 0.78

Vapour pressure: 755 mm Hg at 20 C

Vapour density: 1.52 (air = 1)

Flash point: -39 C

Explosion limits: 4% - 57%

Autoignition temperature: 185 C

Water solubility: miscible in all proportions

POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS

Eye: Causes severe eye irritation. Vapors may cause eye irritation. May cause transient

corneal injury. Lachrymator (substance which increases the flow of tears).

Skin: May cause skin irritation. May cause skin sensitization, an allergic reaction, which

becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material.

Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May beharmful if swallowed. May cause central nervous system depression.

Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause narcotic effects in high

concentration. Exposure produces central nervous system depression. Vapors may cause

dizziness or suffocation. Can produce delayed pulmonary edema. Inhalation of large amounts

may cause respiratory stimulation, followed by respiratory depression, convulsions and

possible death due to respiratory paralysis.

Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated

eye contact may cause conjunctivitis. Prolonged skin contact may cause erythema (redness)

and burns. Long-term inhalation studies of acetaldehyde produced laryngeal cancers in

FIRSTAID MEASURES

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Eyes: In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for a t least 15 minutes.

Get medical aid immediately.

Skin: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with soap and plenty of water. Remove

contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if symptoms occur. Wash clothing before

reuse.

Ingestion: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical

personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid.

Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If

breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid.

Notes to Physician: Persons with kidney disease, chronic respiratory disease, liver disease,

or skin disease may be at increased risk from exposure to this substance. Treat

symptomatically and supportively.

ACETIC ACID

Physical data

Melting point: 16.7 C

Boiling point: 118 C


Vapour density 2.07

Vapour pressure 11 mm Hg at 20 C, 20 mm Hg at 30 C

Flash point: 40 C


Ignition temperature 426 C


Inhalation:

Inhalation of concentrated vapors may cause serious damage to the lining of the nose, throat,

and lungs. Breathing difficulties may occur. Neither odor nor degree of irritation are adequate

to indicate vapor concentration.

Ingestion:

Swallowing can cause severe injury leading to death. Symptoms include sore throat,

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vomiting, and diarrhea. Ingestion of as little as 1.0 ml has resulted in perforation of the

esophagus.

Skin Contact:

Contact with concentrated solution may cause serious damage to the skin. Effects may

include redness, pain, skin burns. High vapor concentrations may cause skin sensitization.

Eye Contact:

Eye contact with concentrated solutions may cause severe eye damage followed by loss of

sight. Exposure to vapor may cause intense watering and irritation to eyes.

Chronic Exposure:

Repeated or prolonged exposures may cause darkening of the skin, erosion of exposed front

teeth, and chronic inflammation of the nose, throat, and bronchial tubes.

Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:

Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired respiratory function

may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:

Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give

oxygen. Call a physician.Ingestion:

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Give large quantities of water or milk if available. Never

give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin Contact:

In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while

removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Call a physician.

Eye Contact:

Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper

eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.

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ACETONE

Physical Properties

Physical state and appearance: Liquid.

Odor: Fruity. Mint-like. Fragrant. Ethereal

Taste: Pungent, Sweetish

Color: Colorless. Clear

pH (1% soln/water): Not available.

Boiling Point: 56.2°C (133.2°F)

Melting Point: -95.35 (-139.6°F)

Critical Temperature: 235°C (455°F)

Specific Gravity: 0.79 (Water = 1)p. 4

Vapor Pressure: 24 kPa (@ 20°C)

Vapor Density: 2 (Air = 1)

Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water.


Inhalation:

Inhalation of vapors irritates the respiratory tract. May cause coughing, dizziness, dullness,

and headache. Higher concentrations can produce central nervous system depression,

narcosis, and unconsciousness.

Ingestion:

Swallowing small amounts is not likely to produce harmful effects. Ingestion of larger

amounts may produce abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Aspiration into lungs can

produce severe lung damage and is a medical emergency. Other symptoms are expected to

parallel inhalation.

Skin Contact:

Irritating due to defatting action on skin. Causes redness, pain, drying and cracking of the

skin.

Eye Contact:

Vapors are irritating to the eyes. Splashes may cause severe irritation, with stinging, tearing,

redness and pain.

Chronic Exposure:

Prolonged or repeated skin contact may produce severe irritation or dermatitis.

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Use of alcoholic beverages enhances toxic effects. Exposure may increase the toxic potential

of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as chloroform, trichloroethane.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:


oxygen. Get medical attention.

Ingestion:

Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, vomiting may occur spontaneously, but DO NOT INDUCE.

If vomiting occurs, keep head below hips to prevent aspiration into lungs. Never give

anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately.

Skin Contact:

Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated

clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean

shoes before reuse.

Eye Contact:

Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower

eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention.

SAFETY DATA FOR AMMONIA (ANHYDROUS)

Physical data

Appearance: colourless gas with a penetrating, suffocating odour

Melting point: -77.7 C

Boiling point: -33.3 CVapour density: 0.89 g/l

Vapour pressure: 0.597


Flash point: 11 C


Autoignition temperature:

Water solubility: High

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Ammonia is very alkaline and reacts corrosively with all body tissues.

Inhalation:

Corrosive. Extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory

tract. Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of

breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm

inflammation and edema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary

edema.

Ingestion:

Corrosive. Swallowing can cause severe burns of the mouth, throat, and stomach, leading to

death. Can cause sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea.

Skin Contact:

Dermal contact with alkaline corrosives may produce pain, redness, severe irritation or full

thickness burns. May be absorbed through the skin with possible systemic effects.

Eye Contact:

Corrosive. Can cause blurred vision, redness, pain, severe tissue burns and eye damage. Eye

exposure may result in temporary or permanent blindness.

Chronic Exposure:

Prolonged or repeated skin exposure may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated exposure

may cause eye, liver, kidney, or lung damage.


No information found.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give

oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.

Ingestion:

If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give

anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin Contact:

Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing

contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before

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reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.

Eye Contact:



Note to Physician:

DO NOT induce emesis, perform gastric lavage or attempt neutralization after ingestion.

Dilution with milk or water may be of benefit. Endoscopic evaluation may be required.

ANILINE

Physical data:


Melting point: -6 C


Vapour density: 3.22 at 185 C

Vapour pressure: 0.7 mm Hg at 25C


Flash point: 70 C

Explosion limits: 1.3 - 11%



Inhalation:

Toxic. Affects ability of blood to carry oxygen. Symptoms may include bluish discoloration

of lips and tongue, severe headache, nausea, confusion, dizziness, shock, respiratory

paralysis, death.

Ingestion:

Toxic. Lethal dose may be as little as one gram. Symptoms of ingestion parallel those of

inhalation exposure.

Skin Contact:

May be absorbed through skin. Symptoms of skin absorption parallel those from inhalation

exposure. May cause skin irritation. Local contact may cause dermatitis.

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Eye Contact:

Vapor is an eye irritant. May cause tearing, blurred vision. Splashes may cause corneal

damage.

Chronic Exposure:

Aniline is a blood toxin, causing hemoglobin to convert to methemoglobin, resulting in

cyanosis. Lengthy or repeated exposures may result in decreased appetite, anemia, weight

loss, nervous system affects, and kidney, liver and bone marrow damage. Any exposure may

cause an allergic skin reaction.


Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired liver or kidney function

may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance. A NIOSH study reported an excess

bladder cancer risk in workers exposed to aniline in combination with other dyestuffs and

intermediates, although it is not clear which of these materials, or combinations, were

responsible for the higher incidence of bladder cancer. Based on the results of this study,

historical epidemiology evidence which shows no correlation of pure aniline with bladder

cancer, and experimental test results, it was concluded that aniline, most likely, is not

responsible for the increased incidence of bladder tumors in the NIOSH study.

FIRST AID MEASURESInhalation:

If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is

difficult, give oxygen. Do not give mouth to mouth resuscitation. CALL A PHYSICIAN

IMMEDIATELY.

Ingestion:

Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by

mouth to an unconscious person.Skin Contact:


removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean

shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.

Eye Contact:



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AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

Physical Properties

Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Solid crystalline powder.)

Odor: Odorless. (Slight.)

Taste: Cooling, Saline.

Molecular Weight: 53.49 g/mole

Color: White.

pH (1% soln/water): 5.5 [Acidic.]

Boiling Point: 520°C (968°F)

Melting Point: Decomposition temperature: 338°C (640.4°F)

Critical Temperature: Not available.

Specific Gravity: 1.53 (Water = 1)

Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.

Vapor Density: Not available.

Volatility: Not available.

. Solubility: Soluble in cold water, hot water, methanol. Insoluble in diethyl ether,

acetone. Almost insoluble in ethyl acetate. Very slightly

soluble in Ethanol; Solubility in Ethanol: 0.6 g/100 ml water at 19 deg. C. Solubility

in Water: 29.7 g/100ml water at O deg. C

75.8 g/100 ml water at 100 deg. C 37.8 lbs./100 lbs. water at 70 deg. F 28.3% (w/w)

in water at 25 deg. C Soluble in liquid ammonia.


Inhalation:

Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of

breath.

Ingestion: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea,

vomiting and diarrhea.

Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain.

Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain.

22




Chronic Exposure: No information found.

Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: No information found.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:


mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention.

Skin Contact:


clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean

shoes before reuse.

Eye Contact:


eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention.

SAFETY DATA FOR BENZENE

Physical data



Boiling point: 80 C


Vapour pressure: 74.6 mm Hg at 20 C

Flash point: -11 C

Explosion limits: 1.3 % - 8 %



Inhalation :

Irritation, ringing in the ears, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, difficulty breathing,

irregular heartbeat, headache, drowsiness, symptoms of drunkenness,

23




disorientation, blurred vision, lung congestion, blood disorders, paralysis,

convulsion, coma. May cause hearing loss, visual disturbances, reproductive

effects, brain damage, cancer in long term exposure.

Eye contact : Irritation.

Skin contact :

Irritation, blisters. May cause tingling sensation in long term exposure.

Ingestion :

Nausea, vomiting, chest pain, headache, drowsiness, symptoms of

drunkenness, disorientation, visual disturbances, lung congestion, paralysis,

convulsion, coma. May cause impotence, cancer in long term exposure.

FIRST AID MEASURES

General advice : None.

Eye contact : Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Then get immediate

medical attention.

Skin contact : Wash skin with soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing

contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention, if needed. Thoroughly

clean and dry contaminated clothing and shoes before reuse.

Ingestion : Contact local poison control center or physician immediately. Never make an

unconscious person vomit or drink fluids. When vomiting occurs, keep head

lower than hips to help prevent aspiration. If person is unconscious, turn head to

side. Get medical attention immediately.

Inhalation : If adverse effects occur, remove to contaminated area. Give artificial respiration

if not breathing. If breathing is difficult, oxygen should be administered by

qualified personnel. Get immediate medical attention.

BROMINE

Physical PropertiesPhysical state and appearance: Liquid.

Odor: Pungent. Suffocating. (Strong.)

Taste: Not available.

Molecular Weight: 159.808 g/mole

Color: Red-Brown (Dark.)

pH (1% soln/water): Not available.

24




Boiling Point: 58.78°C (137.8°F)

Melting Point: -7.25°C (18.9°F)

Critical Temperature: 315°C (599°F)

Specific Gravity: 3.11 (Water = 1)

Vapor Pressure: 23.3 kPa (@ 20°C)

Vapor Density: 7.1 (Air = 1)Volatility: Not available.

Solubility:

Easily soluble in diethyl ether. Very slightly soluble in cold water. Freely soluble in

alcohol, chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, concentrated hydrochloric

acid, and aqueous solution of bromides


Inhalation:

Both liquid and vapor are corrosive to all body tissues and may cause serious burns.Excessive inhalation of vapors may be very irritating and damaging to the respiratory tract

and lungs. Symptoms include headache, cough, nosebleed, vertigo, pulmonary edema, and

abdominal pain.

Ingestion:

Corrosive! Sore throat, vomiting and abdominal spasms may occur. Estimated lethal dose: l4

mg/kg.

Skin Contact:

Corrosive! Symptoms may include skin discoloration, pain, serious burns, blistering, and

slow healing ulcers.

Eye Contact:

Corrosive. Can cause blurred vision, redness, pain, severe tissue burns and eye damage.

Chronic Exposure:

Pulmonary edema, pneumonia, diarrhea, and rashes may be delayed complications of severe

exposures.


Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired respiratory function


FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:



Skin Contact:

Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removingcontaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before

25








FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:


oxygen. Call a physician.

Ingestion:



Skin Contact:

Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing

contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse.

Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.

Eye Contact:

In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting

upper and lower eyelids occasionally. Call a physician if irritation persists.

3. BENZYL CHLORIDE

Physical data

Appearance: colourless liquid with a pungent odour



Vapour density: 4.36 (air=1)

27





Density (g cm-3): 1.1

Flash point: 67 C (closed cup)

Explosion limits: 1.1% (lower), 7.1% (upper)


Viscosity: 1.3 centistokes at 25 C

Critical temperature: 411 C


Inhalation:

Toxic. May be corrosive to the respiratory tract, symptoms may include sore throat,

coughing, and labored breathing. May also cause central nervous system depression,

pulmonary edema, kidney and liver damage, and death.

Ingestion:


death. Can cause sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea. May also cause systemic poisoning with

symptoms paralleling inhalation.

Skin Contact:

Corrosive. Symptoms of redness, pain, and severe burn can occur.

Eye Contact:

For Vapor of Liquid: Corrosive. Contact can cause blurred vision, redness, pain and severe

tissue burns. Permanent eye damage is possible if exposure is severe.

Chronic Exposure:

Mild leukopenia(abnormally low number of circulating white blood cells), liver function

disturbances and kidney problems.


Persons with pre-existing neurological disorders, liver or kidney problems may be more

susceptible to the effects of the substance.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



28




Ingestion:



Skin Contact:

Wipe off excess material from skin then immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at

least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention

immediately. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse.

Eye Contact:


eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately

CHLOROFORM

Physical data

Appearance: clear colourless liquid with a sweet odors


Boiling point: 61 C

Vapour density: 4.1


Specific gravity: 1.48 g cm3

Flash point: none

Explosion limits:


Water solubility: 8 g/l at 20 C

Refractive index: 1.4459 at 20 C, 589 nm


Inhalation:

Acts as a relatively potent anesthetic. Irritates respiratory tract and causes central nervous

system effects, including headache, drowsiness, dizziness. Exposure to higher concentrations

may result in unconsciousness and even death. May cause liver injury and blood disorders.

Prolonged exposure may lead to death due to irregular heart beat and kidney and liver

disorders.

29




Ingestion:

Causes severe burning in mouth and throat, pain in the chest and vomiting. Large quantities

may cause symptoms similar to inhalation.

Skin Contact:

Causes skin irritation resulting in redness and pain. Removes natural oils. May be absorbed

through skin.

Eye Contact:

Vapors causes pain and irritation to eyes. Splashes may cause severe irritation and possible

eye damage.

Chronic Exposure:

Prolonged or repeated exposure to vapors may cause damage to the nervous system, the heart

and the liver and kidneys. Contact with liquid has defatting effect and may cause chronic

irritation of skin with cracking and drying, and corresponding dermatitis. Chloroform is a

suspected human carcinogen.


Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney or

respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.

FIRST AID MEASURESInhalation:



Ingestion:



Skin Contact: Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing



Eye Contact:



Note to Physician:

Because kidney and liver effects may be delayed, keep victim under observation for 24 to 48

30




hr. Administration of fluids may help to prevent kidney failure. Obtain blood glucose,

urinalysis, liver function tests, chest x-ray, and monitor cardiac function and fluid/electrolyte

status. Monitor liver and kidney function for 4 to 5 days after exposure. Disulfiram, its

metabolites, and a high carbohydrate diet appear to protect somewhat against chloroform

toxicity. Do not give adrenalin! Tests may show increased bilirubin, ketosis, lowered blood

prothombin, and fibrogen.

12. Safety data for carbon monoxide

Physical data

Appearance: Colourless gas


Critical temperature -140 C

Boiling point: -192 C

Specific gravity: n/a

Vapour pressure:n/a

Explosion limits: 12.5 - 74 vol% in air

Autoignition temperature 620 C


Inhalaton : Changes in body temperature, changes in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting,

chest pain, difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat, headache, drowsiness,

dizziness, disorientation, hallucination, pain in extremities, tremors, loss of

coordination, hearing loss, visual disturbances, eye damage, suffocation, blooddisorders, convulsion, coma. May cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite,

headache, dizziness, visual disturbances, blood disorders, heart disorders,

heart damage, nerve damage, reproductive effects, birth defects, brain damage

in long term exposure.

Eye contact : Frostbite, blurred vision.

Skin contact : Blisters, frostbite.

Ingestion : Ingestion of a gas is unlikely.

Chronic Health Hazard: Not applicable.

31




FIRST AID MEASURES


Eye contact : Contact with liquid: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15

minutes. Then get immediate medical attention.

Skin contact : If frostbite or freezing occur, immediately flush with plenty of lukewarm

water (105-115°F; 41-46°C). DO NOT USE HOT WATER. If warm water is not

available, gently wrap affected parts in blanket. Get immediate medical attention.

Ingestion : If a large amount is swallowed, get medical attention.

Inhalation : If adverse effects occur, remove to uncontaminated area. Give artificial

respiration if not breathing. If breathing is difficult, oxygen should be administered byqualified personnel. Get immediate medical attention.

Note to physicians : For inhalation, consider oxygen.

13. SAFETY DATA FOR CHLORINE

Physical data

Appearance: light greenish-yellow gas with an irritating odour



Vapour density: 2.98 g/lVapour pressure: 5.8 bar at 20 C

32




Specific gravity: 1.47 g/ml at 0C

Critical temperature: 144 C

Flash point:

Explosion limits:

Autoignition temperature: n/a


General: Chlorine normally exists as a gas at room temperature and the most

important route of exposure is inhalation, followed by eye and skin exposures.

Inhalation: Chlorine is a severe nose, throat and upper respiratory tract irritant.

People exposed to chlorine, even for short periods of time, can develop a tolerance

to its odor and irritating properties. In mild exposures, clinical signs include

rhinorrhea, cough, headache, sore throat, chest pain, dyspnea, nausea and

pulmonary function deficits. After more severe exposures, clinical signs include

ulcerative tracheobronchitis, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure and death.

The following is a listing of chlorine exposure thresholds and estimated clinical

effects:

0.2 - 0.4 ppm – odor threshold (with considerable variation among subjects)

(decrease in odor perception occurs over time)

1 - 3 ppm-mild, mucous membrane irritation, tolerated up to 1 hr

5 -15 ppm – moderate irritation of the respiratory tract

30 ppm – immediate chest pain, vomiting, dyspnea, cough

40 - 60 ppm – toxic pneumonitis and pulmonary edema

430 ppm – lethal over 30 minutes

1000 ppm – fatal within a few minutes

Skin Contact: Airborne gas may irritate and burn the skin.

Eye Contact: Chlorine gas is a severe eye irritant. Stinging, a burning sensation,

rapid blinking, redness and watering of the eyes have been observed at

concentrations of 1 ppm and higher.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not an applicable route of exposure for gases.

Chronic Effects: A small number of human population studies conducted have not

shown significant respiratory system effects in workers with long-term, low-level

(typically less than 1 ppm) chlorine exposure. One study examined 332 workers

33




exposed to time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of between 0.006 and 1.42

ppm (0.15 ppm average) for an average of 10.9 years. No relationship was found

between exposure to chlorine and the occurrence of colds, breathing difficulties, and

abnormal heartbeat or chest pain. Significant effects on lung function were not

observed. Studies of workers who have had experienced one or more exposures to

chlorine which produced short-term health effects tend to show long-term lung

dysfunction.

Carcinogenicity: Chlorine is not classified as carcinogenic by ACGIH (American

Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) or IARC (International Agency for

Research on Cancer), not regulated as carcinogens by OSHA (Occupational Safety

and Health Administration), and not listed as carcinogens by NTP (National

Toxicology Program).

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation: Take proper precautions to ensure your own safety before attempting

rescue (e.g., wear appropriate protective equipment, use the buddy system).

Remove source of contamination or move victim to fresh air. If breathing is difficult,

oxygen may be beneficial if administered by trained personnel, preferably on

doctor's advice. DO NOT allow victim to move about unnecessarily. Symptoms of

pulmonary edema can be delayed up to 48 hours after exposure. Apply artificial

respiration if victim is not breathing. Induce artificial respiration with the aid of a

pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical

device. Give Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) if there is no pulse AND no

breathing. Obtain medical attention IMMEDIATELY.

Skin Contact: Quickly remove victim from source of contamination and flush with

lukewarm, gently flowing water for 15 minutes. Obtain medical attention

IMMEDIATELY.

Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with luke-warm running water for 15 minutes.

If a burn exists, cover both eyes with a sterile dressing. Obtain medical attention

IMMEDIATELY.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not an applicable route of exposure for gases.

Note to Physicians: Following exposure the patient should be kept under medical

34




review for at least 48 hours as delayed pulmonary edema may occur.

14. Safety data for copper (II) sulfate

Physical data

Physical State: Crystals

Appearance: blue

Odor: Odorless

pH: Not available.

Vapor Pressure: 7.3 mm Hg @ 25 deg C

Vapor Density: Not available.

Boiling Point: 150 deg C (dec)

Freezing/Melting Point:110 deg C (dec) .

Solubility: Soluble.

Specific Gravity/Density:2.2840g/cm3

Molecular Formula:CuO4S.5H2O

Molecular Weight:249.68

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation:

Causes irritation to respiratory tract, symptoms may include coughing, sore throat, and

shortness of breath. May result in ulceration and perforation of respiratory tract. When

heated, this compound may give off copper fume, which can cause symptoms similar to the

common cold, including chills and stuffiness of the head.

Ingestion:

May cause burning pain in the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. Hemorrhagic gastritis,

nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, metallic taste, and diarrhea may occur. If vomiting does

not occur immediately systemic copper poisoning may occur. Symptoms may include

capillary damage, headache, cold sweat, weak pulse, kidney and liver damage, central

nervous excitation followed by depression, jaundice, convulsions, blood effects, paralysis and

coma. Death may occur from shock or renal failure. Fatalities have occurred as a result of

ingesting gram quantities of copper sulfate.

35




Skin Contact:

May cause irritation and itching.

Eye Contact:

Dust may cause irritation. Contact may cause conjunctivitis, ulceration, or clouding of the

cornea.

Chronic Exposure:

Prolonged or repeated skin exposure may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated exposure to

dusts of copper salts may cause discoloration of the skin or hair, blood and liver damage,

ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum, runny nose, metallic taste, and atrophic

changes and irritation of the mucous membranes.


Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, impaired liver, kidney, or pulmonary function,

glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency, or pre-existing Wilson's disease may be

more susceptible to the effects of this material.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:


mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately.

Skin Contact:

In case of contact, wipe off excess material from skin then immediately flush skin with plenty

of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing

before reuse. Call a physician.Eye Contact:



15. SAFETY DATA FOR DIETHYL ETHER

36




Physical data



Boiling point: 34.6 C



Flash point: -40 C

Explosion limits: 1.7% - 48%


Water solubility: 6.9% (20 C)


Inhalation:

Irritant. General anesthesia by inhalation can occur. Continued exposure may lead to

respiratory failure or death. Early symptoms include irritation of nose and throat, vomiting,

and irregular respiration, followed by dizziness, drowsiness, and unconsciousness.

Ingestion:

Irritating to the mucous membranes. Ingestion of 1 or 2 ounces may be fatal. Because of

volatility the stomach becomes distended, which may cause belching. Other symptoms can

include vomiting, unconsciousness, and coma.

Skin Contact:

Irritating to the skin and mucous membranes by drying effect. Can cause dermatitis on

prolonged exposure. May be absorbed through skin.

Eye Contact:

May cause irritation, redness and pain. Prolonged exposures to high concentrations of vapor

can cause eye damage.

Chronic Exposure:

Repeated exposures may be habit forming. Prolonged exposures may result in headache,

drowsiness, excitation, and psychic disturbances. Teratogenic effects are possible.


Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired liver, kidney or

respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance. Alcoholic

beverage consumption can enhance the toxic effects of this substance.

37




FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:


oxygen. Call a physician.Ingestion:

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give anything by


Skin Contact:

Remove any contaminated clothing. Wash skin with soap or mild detergent and water for at

least 15 minutes. Call a physician.

Eye Contact:



16. SAFETY DATA FOR DIETHYL SULFATE

Physical data

Appearance: colourless oily liquid



Vapour density:



Flash point: 104 C

Water solubility: insoluble


HIGHLY TOXIC! CORROSIVE! CARCINOGEN! Delayed appearance of symptoms may

permit unnoticed exposure to lethal quantities. Once absorbed into the body, lung damage

and liver and kidney injury will occur.

Inhalation:

Extremely toxic vapors and liquid; a few whiffs could be fatal.

Material is extremely destructive to tissue of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory

38




tract, eyes, and skin. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasms, inflammation and edema

of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may

include cough, swelling of tongue, lips, larynx, and lungs (later), shortness of breath,

headache, nausea, and vomiting. Lethal concentrations as low as 97 ppm/10 minutes have

been reported in humans.

Ingestion:

Extremely toxic if swallowed. Corrosive to tissues. Symptoms of exposure parallel those of

inhalation.

Skin Contact:

Extremely toxic. Is absorbed through the skin; contact can be fatal. Causes blistering of the

skin with symptoms paralleling those of inhalation.

Eye Contact:

Extremely toxic and corrosive. Eye contact will cause severe eye damage with toxic effects

from absorption.

Chronic Exposure:

Suspected carcinogen. Positive animal studies showed local tumors after inhalation or

subcutaneous injection, and tumors of the nervous system after prenatal exposure. May cause

damage to kidneys, liver and lungs.



FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion: If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give


Skin Contact:




Eye Contact:

39






17. SAFETY DATA FOR ETHYL ALCOHOL, ABSOLUTE

Physical data



Boiling point: 78 C


Vapour pressure: 1.59


Explosion limits: 3.3% - 24.5%




Eye: Causes severe eye irritation. May cause painful sensitization to light. May cause

chemical conjunctivitis and corneal damage.

Skin: Causes moderate skin irritation. May cause cyanosis of the extremities.

Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May

cause systemic toxicity with acidosis. May cause central nervous system depression,

characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea.

Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death due to

respiratory failure.

Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects

characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Causes respiratory

tract irritation. May cause narcotic effects in high concentration. Vapors may cause dizziness

or suffocation.

Chronic: May cause reproductive and fetal effects. Laboratory experiments have resulted in

mutagenic effects. Animal studies have reported the development of tumors. Prolonged

exposure may cause liver, kidney, and heart damage.

40




FIRST AID MEASURES

Eyes: Get medical aid. Gently lift eyelids and flush continuously with wate r.

Skin: Get medical aid. Wash clothing before reuse. Flush skin with plenty of soap and water.

Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid.

Inhalation: Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give

artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid. Do NOT use

mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

Notes to Physician: Treat symptomatically and supportively. Persons with skin or eye

disorders or liver, kidney, chronic respiratory diseases, or central and peripheral nervous

sytem diseases may be at increased risk from exposure to this substance.

Antidote: None reported.

18. ETHYL ACETATE

Physical data

Appearance: colourless liquid with fruit-like odour


Boiling point: 77 C

Vapour density: 3.04



Flash point: -4 C



Inhalation:

Inhalation can cause severe irritation of mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.

Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of

breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. High concentrations may cause lung damage. An

irritant to the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. Exposure to high concentrations have a

41




narcotic effect and may cause liver and kidney damage.

Ingestion:

Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and

diarrhea.

Skin Contact:

Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. Repeated or prolonged

contact with the skin has a defatting effect and may cause dryness, cracking, and possibly

dermatitis.

Eye Contact:

Causes irritation, redness, and pain.

Chronic Exposure:

Chronic overexposure may cause anemia with leukocytosis (transient increase in the white

blood cell count) and damage to the liver and kidneys.




FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:

Give large amounts of water to drink. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious

person. Get medical attention.

Skin Contact:

Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes. Removecontaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse.


Eye Contact:



19. SAFETY DATA FOR ETHYLENE OXIDE

42




Physical data

Appearance: colourless gas



Vapour density: 1.52 g/l

Vapour pressure:


Flash point: -20 C

Explosion limits: no upper limit - burns in its own atmosphere

POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTSInhalation : Irritation, lack of sense of smell, tearing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty

breathing, irregular heartbeat, headache, drowsiness, symptoms of

drunkenness, disorientation, bluish skin color, lung congestion, lung damage,

kidney damage, paralysis, reproductive effects, convulsions. May cause cancer

in long term exposure.

Eye contact : Irritation (possibly severe), frostbite, tearing.

Skin contact : Irritation (possibly severe), allergic reactions, blisters.Ingestion : Irritation (possibly severe), sore throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach

pain, chest pain, headache, drowsiness, symptoms of drunkenness, bluish skin

color. May cause lung damage, cancer in long term exposure.

Chronic Health Hazard : None.

FIRST AID MEASURES


Eye contact : Immediately wash eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids, until no evidence of chemical remains. Get medical attention

immediately.

Skin contact : If frostbite occurs, immediately flush with plenty of lukewarm water (105-

115°F;

41-46°C). DO NOT USE HOT WATER. If warm water is not available, gently

wrap affected parts in blankets. Get immediate medical attention.

Ingestion : Contact local poison control center or physician immediately. Never make an

unconscious person vomit or drink fluids. When vomiting occurs, keep head

43




lower than hips to prevent aspiration. If person in unconscious, turn head to

side. Get medical attention immediately.


respiration if not breathing. If breathing is difficult, oxygen should be

administered by qualified personnel. Get immediate medical attention.

Note to physicians : For inhalation, consider oxygen.

For ingestion, consider gastric lavage and activated charcoal slurr

20. SAFETY DATA FOR ETHYLAMINE

Physical data

Appearance: light yellow liquid


Boiling point: 17 C

Vapour density:

Vapour pressure:


Flash point: -17 C



Water solubility: high


Depending on the intensity and duration of exposure, health effects may vary from mild

irritation to severe destruction of tissue.

Inhalation:

Corrosive. Inhalation causes irritation of the nose, throat, and respiratory system. Symptoms

may include coughing, sore throat, labored breathing. Serious cases may be fatal. May cause

allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.

Ingestion: Corrosive. Harmful if swallowed. Sore throat, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea may

44




occur.

Skin Contact:

Corrosive. Toxic. Causes severe irritation with redness, pain, possibly burns. May be

absorbed through the skin. May cause allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.

Eye Contact: Corrosive. Vapors irritate the eyes. Liquid causes burns.

Chronic Exposure: Exposure may cause an allergic skin and respiratory reaction in some

individuals. Liver, kidneys and lungs may be damaged from repeated exposure.




FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:


oxygen. Call a physician immediately.

Ingestion:



Skin Contact:


contaminated clothing and shoes. Call a physician, immediately. Wash clothing before reuse.

Eye Contact:

Immediately flush eyes with gentle but large stream of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting

lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Call a physician immediately.

21. FORMIC ACID

Physical data



Boiling point: 100 - 101 C


Vapour pressure: 44.8 mm Hg at 20 C (vapour density 1.6)

Flash point: 54 C

45





Autoignition temperature: 1004 F


Inhalation:

Inhalation of vapors can cause severe irritation of nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract.

Inhalation of higher concentrations may cause central nervous system effects and lung

damage.

Ingestion:

Causes serious burns and corrosion of the mouth, throat, and esophagus, with immediate pain

and difficult swallowing. Other symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting

can occur, leading to shortness of breath and death. Severe poisonings may cause shock,

kidney damage.

Skin Contact:

Corrosive. Symptoms of redness, pain, and severe burn can occur.

Eye Contact:

Corrosive! Vapors are irritating and may cause damage to the eyes. Contact may cause severe

burns and permanent eye damage.

Chronic Exposure:

Prolonged or repeated exposure to low concentrations may cause skin irritation and burns.

Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause liver and kidney damage.


Sensitization is rare, but may occur in persons previously sensitized to formaldehyde.

First Aid MeasuresInhalation:



Ingestion:



Skin Contact:


46






Eye Contact:



22. FORMAMIDE

Physical data

Appearance: colourless oily liquid with faint ammoniacal odour

Melting point: 2 C

Boiling point: ca. 210 C (decomposes)




Flash point: 154 C (open cup)

Explosion limits:


Water solubility: complete in all proportions

POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTSInhalation:


breath. Excessive inhalation of vapor may cause symptoms that parallel ingestion, ranging

from headache to unconsciousness, depending upon the duration and level of the exposure.

Ingestion:

Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Affects the central nervous system. May cause

headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and unconsciousness. May affect the

reproductive system.

47




Skin Contact:

Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. May be absorbed

through the skin; symptoms parallel ingestion.

Eye Contact:


Chronic Exposure:



First Aid Measures

Inhalation:



Ingestion:

Give large amounts of water to drink. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious

person. Get medical attention.

Skin Contact:




Eye Contact:


eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention

23. HYDROCHLORIC ACID MSDS

Physical Properties

Appearance: Colorless, fuming liquid.

Odor: Pungent odor of hydrogen chloride.

Solubility: Infinite in water with slight evolution of heat.

Density: 1.18

pH: For HCL solutions: 0.1 (1.0 N), 1.1 (0.1 N), 2.02 (0.01 N)

% Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F): 100

Boiling Point: 53C (127F) Azeotrope (20.2%) boils at 109C (228F)

48




Melting Point: -74C (-101F)

Vapor Density (Air=1): No information found.

Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): 190 @ 25C (77F)


Inhalation:

Corrosive! Inhalation of vapors can cause coughing, choking, inflammation of the nose,

throat, and upper respiratory tract, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema, circulatory failure,

and death.

Ingestion:

Corrosive! Swallowing hydrochloric acid can cause immediate pain and burns of the mouth,

throat, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract. May cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Swallowing may be fatal.

Skin Contact:

Corrosive! Can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. Concentrated solutions cause deep

ulcers and discolor skin.

Eye Contact:

Corrosive! Vapors are irritating and may cause damage to the eyes. Contact may cause severe burns and permanent eye damage.

Chronic Exposure:

Long-term exposure to concentrated vapors may cause erosion of teeth. Long term exposures

seldom occur due to the corrosive properties of the acid.


Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye disease may be more susceptible to the effects

of this substance.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:



49




Skin Contact:




Eye Contact:



24. IODINE

Physical data

Appearance: Purple to black crystals

Melting point: 113 - 114 C





Flash point: n/a

Explosion limits: n/a


Inhalation:

Corrosive. Vapors severely irritate and can burn the mucous membranes and respiratory tract.

Excessive tears, rhinitis, tightness in the chest, sore throat, headache and delayed pulmonary

edema can result. Inhalation of concentrated vapors may be fatal.

Ingestion:

Corrosive. Can cause severe burns of the mouth, throat and stomach. Causes abdominal pain,

diarrhea, fever, vomiting, stupor and shock. Probable lethal dose is 2 to 4 gm of free iodine.

Skin Contact:

Corrosive. Liquid contact may cause blistering burns, irritation, and pain. Vapors may be

50




severely irritating to the skin.

Eye Contact:

Corrosive! Vapors are severely irritating and may cause damage to the eyes. Contact may

cause severe burns and permanent eye damage.

Chronic Exposure:

Chronic exposure to iodine may cause insomnia, conjunctivitis, inflammation of the nasal

mucous, bronchitis, tremor, rapid heart beat, diarrhea and weight loss. Allergic sensitization

may occur.


Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, eye problems, impaired respiratory function, or

disease of the thyroid, lungs, or kidney may be more susceptible to the effects of the

substance.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:


oxygen. Get medical attention immediately. Observe for the development of pulmonary

edema.

Ingestion:


mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin Contact:

Wipe off excess material from skin then immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at

least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention

immediately. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Iodine stains

can be removed by immediately washing skin with 5% sodium thiosulfate solution.

Eye Contact:



25. LEAD METAL

51




Physical Properties

Melting Point: 327.5°c

Boiling Point: 1740°

Vapor Pressure: mmhg/70f (see supp)Vapor Density: Information not available

Solubility in Water: insoluble

Appearance and Odor: blue gray granules,odorless

Flash Point: info not available


Inhalation:

Lead can be absorbed through the respiratory system. Local irritation of bronchia and lungs

can occur and, in cases of acute exposure, symptoms such as metallic taste, chest and

abdominal pain, and increased lead blood levels may follow. See also Ingestion.

Ingestion:

POISON! The symptoms of lead poisoning include abdominal pain and spasms, nausea,

vomiting, headache. Acute poisoning can lead to muscle weakness, "lead line" on the gums,

metallic taste, definite loss of appetite, insomnia, dizziness, high lead levels in blood and

urine with shock, coma and death in extreme cases.

Skin Contact:

Lead and lead compounds may be absorbed through the skin on prolonged exposure; the

symptoms of lead poisoning described for ingestion exposure may occur. Contact over short

periods may cause local irritation, redness and pain.

Eye Contact:

Absorption can occur through eye tissues but the more common hazards are local irritation or

abrasion.

Chronic Exposure:

Lead is a cumulative poison and exposure even to small amounts can raise the body's content

to toxic levels. The symptoms of chronic exposure are like those of ingestion poisoning;

restlessness, irritability, visual disturbances, hypertension and gray facial color may also be

noted.


52




Persons with pre-existing kidney, nerve or circulatory disorders or with skin or eye problems

may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:



Skin Contact:

Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes. Remove



Eye Contact:


eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately

26. METHANE

Physical Data

Appearance: colourless odourless gas



Vapour density:

Vapour pressure:

Density: 0.717 g/l at 20 C.

Flash point: -221 C

Explosion limits: 5 - 15%

Autoignition temperature: 537 CWater solubility: slight (35 ml/l at 20 C)

53





Inhalation : Nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat, headache,

drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, disorientation, mood swing, tingling sensation,

loss of coordination, suffocation, convulsions, unconsciousness, coma.Eye contact : No information on significant adverse effects.

Skin contact : No information on significant adverse effects.

Ingestion : Ingestion of a gas is unlikely.

Chronic Health Hazard: None known.

FIRST AID MEASURES


Eye contact : Flush eyes with plenty of water.Skin contact : Wash exposed skin with soap and water.

Ingestion : If a large amount is swallowed, get immediate medical attention.


respiration if not breathing. If breathing is difficult, oxygen should be

administered by qualified personnel. Get immediate medical attention.

Note to physicians: For inhalation, consider oxygen.

27. METHYL ALCOHOL

Physical data

Appearance: colourless liquid with a characteristic odour



Vapour density: 1.1

Vapour pressure: 97.7 mm at 20 C


Flash point: 11 C

Explosion limits: 6% - 36 %


54





Inhalation:

A slight irritant to the mucous membranes. Toxic effects exerted upon nervous system,

particularly the optic nerve. Once absorbed into the body, it is very slowly eliminated.Symptoms of overexposure may include headache, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, blurred

vision, blindness, coma, and death. A person may get better but then worse again up to 30

hours later.

Ingestion:

Toxic. Symptoms parallel inhalation. Can intoxicate and cause blindness. Usual fatal dose:

100-125 milliliters.

Skin Contact:

Methyl alcohol is a defatting agent and may cause skin to become dry and cracked. Skin

absorption can occur; symptoms may parallel inhalation exposure.

Eye Contact:

Irritant. Continued exposure may cause eye lesions.

Chronic Exposure:

Marked impairment of vision has been reported. Repeated or prolonged exposure may cause

skin irritation.


Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired liver or kidney function


FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:



Skin Contact:



55





Eye Contact:



28. MERCURY

Physical data

Appearance: silvery liquid metal



Vapour density:



Flash point:



Water solubility: negligible


Inhalation:

Mercury vapor is highly toxic via this route. Causes severe respiratory tract damage.

Symptoms include sore throat, coughing, pain, tightness in chest, breathing difficulties,

shortness of breath, headache, muscle weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal disturbance,

ringing in the ear, liver changes, fever, bronchitis and pneumonitis. Can be absorbed through

inhalation with symptoms similar to ingestion.

Ingestion:

May cause burning of the mouth and pharynx, abdominal pain, vomiting, corrosive

ulceration, bloody diarrhea. May be followed by a rapid and weak pulse, shallow breathing,

paleness, exhaustion, tremors and collapse. Delayed death may occur from renal failure.

Gastrointenstinal uptake of mercury is less than 5% but its ability to penetrate tissues presents

some hazard. Initial symptoms may be thirst, possible abdominal discomfort.Skin Contact:

56




Causes irritaton and burns to skin. Symptoms include redness and pain. May cause skin

allergy and sensitization. Can be absorbed through the skin with symptoms to parallel

ingestion.

Eye Contact:

Causes irritation and burns to eyes. Symptoms include redness, pain, blurred vision; may

cause serious and permanent eye damage.

Chronic Exposure:

Chronic exposure through any route can produce central nervous system damage. May cause

muscle tremors, personality and behavior changes, memory loss, metallic taste, loosening of

the teeth, digestive disorders, skin rashes, brain damage and kidney damage. Can cause skin

allergies and accumulate in the body. Repeated skin contact can cause the skin to turn gray in

color. A suspected reproductive hazard; may damage the developing fetus and decrease

fertility in males and females.


Persons with nervous disorders, or impaired kidney or respiratory function, or a history of

allergies or a known sensitization to mercury may be more susceptible to the effects of the

substance.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:



Skin Contact:




Eye Contact:



57




29. NITRIC ACID

Physical data

Appearance: colourless liquid with a choking odour


Boiling point: 83 C (68% acid + 32% water, which is the constant boiling point mix

for nitric acid, boils at 120.5 C)

Specific gravity: 1.5 (pure), 1.41 (constant boiling point mix)

Vapour pressure: 62 mm Hg at 20 C (68%)Flash point: not available

Explosion limits: not available

Autoignition temperature: not available


Nitric acid is extremely hazardous; it is corrosive, reactive, an oxidizer, and a poison.

Inhalation:

Corrosive! Inhalation of vapors can cause breathing difficulties and lead to pneumonia and

pulmonary edema, which may be fatal. Other symptoms may include coughing, choking, and

irritation of the nose, throat, and respiratory tract.

Ingestion:

Corrosive! Swallowing nitric acid can cause immediate pain and burns of the mouth, throat,

esophagus and gastrointestinal tract.

Skin Contact:

Corrosive! Can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. Concentrated solutions cause deep

ulcers and stain skin a yellow or yellow-brown color.

Eye Contact:

Corrosive! Vapors are irritating and may cause damage to the eyes. Contact may cause severe

burns and permanent eye damage.

58




Chronic Exposure:

Long-term exposure to concentrated vapors may cause erosion of teeth and lung damage.

Long-term exposures seldom occur due to the corrosive properties of the acid.


Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, eye disease, or cardiopulmonary diseases may be

more susceptible to the effects of this substance.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Immediate first aid treatment reduces the health effects of this substance.

Inhalation:



Ingestion:



Skin Contact:




Eye Contact:



30. OXALIC ACID

Physical data

Appearance: white crystals


Boiling point:n/a

Vapour density: 4.4

Vapour pressure: < 0.01 mm Hg at 20 C

Density (g cm

-3

): 1.65Flash point: n/a

59





Autoignition temperature: n/a


Oxalic acid is corrosive to tissue. When ingested, oxalic acid removes calcium from the

blood. Kidney damage can be expected as the calcium is removed from the blood in the form

of calcium oxalate. The calcium oxalate then obstructs the kidney tubules.

Inhalation:

Harmful if inhaled. Can cause severe irritation and burns of nose, throat, and respiratory tract.

Ingestion:

Toxic! May cause burns, nausea, severe gastroenteritis and vomiting, shock and convulsions.

May cause renal damage, as evidenced by bloody urine. Estimate fatal dose is 5 to 15 grams.

Skin Contact:

Can cause severe irritation, possible skin burns. May be absorbed through the skin.

Eye Contact:

Oxalic acid is an eye irritant. It may produce corrosive effects.

Chronic Exposure:

May cause inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Prolonged skin contact can cause

dermatitis, cyanosis of the fingers and possible ulceration. May affect kidneys.


Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired kidney or respiratory

function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Give large quantities of limewater or milk to drink. Never

give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately.

Skin Contact:

In case of contact, wipe off excess from skin then immediately flush skin with plenty of water

for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing

60




before reuse. Call a physician immediately.

Eye Contact:



31. POTASSIUM

Physical data

Appearance: soft silvery metal, tarnishing upon exposure to air.

Melting point: 63 C


Vapour density: 1.4 (air=1)

Vapour pressure:



In most cases, cyanide poisoning causes a deceptively healthy pink to red skin color.

However, if a physical injury or lack of oxygen is involved, the skin color may be bluish.

Reddening of the eyes and pupil dilation are symptoms of cyanide poisoning. Cyanosis (blue

discoloration of the skin) tends to be associated with severe cyanide poisonings.

Inhalation:

Corrosive to the respiratory tract. The substance inhibits cellular respiration and may cause

blood, central nervous system, and thyroid changes. May cause headache, weakness,

dizziness, labored breathing nausea and vomiting, which can be followed by weak and

irregular heart beat, unconsciousness, convulsions, coma and death.

Ingestion:

Highly Toxic! Corrosive to the gastro-intestinal tract with burning in the mouth and

esophagus, and abdominal pain. Larger doses may produce sudden loss of consciousness and

prompt death from respiratory arrest. Smaller but still lethal doses may prolong the illness for

one or more hours. Bitter almonds odor may be noted on the breath or vomitus. Other

symptoms may be similar to those noted for inhalation exposure.

Skin Contact: Corrosive. May cause severe pain and skin burns. Solutions are corrosive to the skin and

61




eyes, and may cause deep ulcers which heal slowly. May be absorbed through the skin, with

symptoms similar to those noted for inhalation.

Eye Contact:

Corrosive. Symptoms may include redness, pain, blurred vision, and eye damage.

Chronic Exposure:

Prolonged or repeated skin exposure may cause a "cyanide" rash and nasal sores.


Workers using cyanides should have a preplacement and periodic medical exam. Those with

history of central nervous system, thyroid, skin, heart or lung diseases may be more

susceptible to the effects of this substance.

FIRST AID MEASURES

IN CASE OF CYANIDE POISONING, start first aid treatment immediately, then get

medical attention. A cyanide antidote kit (amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate)

should be available in any cyanide work area. Actions to be taken in case of cyanide

poisoning should be planned and practiced before beginning work with cyanides. Oxygen and

amyl nitrite can be given by a first responder before medical help arrives. Allow victim to

inhale amyl nitrite for 15-30 seconds per minute until sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate

can be administered intravenously (see Note to Physician). A new amyl nitrite ampule should

be used every 3 minutes. If conscious but symptoms (nausea, difficult breathing, dizziness,

etc.) are evident, give oxygen. If consciousness is impaired (non-responsiveness, slurred

speech, confusion, drowsiness) or the patient is unconscious but breathing, give oxygen and

amyl nitrite by means of a respirator. If not breathing, give oxygen and amyl nitrite

immediately by means of a positive pressure respirator (artificial respiration).

Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove to fresh air. Administer antidote kit and oxygen per pre-plannedinstructions if symptoms occur. Keep patient warm and at rest. Do not give mouth to mouth

resuscitation.

Ingestion:

If ingested, antidote kit and oxygen should be administered per above. If the patient is

conscious, immediately give the patient activated charcoal slurry. Never give anything by

mouth to an unconscious person. Do not induce vomiting as it could interfere with

resuscitator use.

Skin Contact:

62






reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Administer antidote kit and oxygen per

preplanned instructions if symptoms occur.

Eye Contact:



Note to Physician:

If patient does not respond to amyl nitrite, inject intravenously with 10mL of a 3% solution of

sodium nitrite at a rate of not more than 2.5 to 5 mL per minute.Once nitrite administration is

complete, follow directly with 50 mL of a 25% solution of sodium thiosulfate at the same rate

by the same route. Give victim oxygen and keep under observation. If exposure was severe,

watch victim for 24-48 hours. If signs of cyanide poisoning persist or reappear, repeat nitrite

and thiosulfate injections 1 hour later in 1/2 the original doses. Cyanocabalamin (B12), 1 mg

intramuscularly, may speed recovery. Moderate cyanide exposures need be treated only by

supportive measures such as bed rest and oxygen.

32. PHENOL

Physical data

Appearance: colourless crystals with a characteristic odour





Flash point: 79 C

Explosion limits: 1.5 % - 8.6 %


63





Information on the human health effects from exposure to this substance is limited.

Inhalation:

May cause irritation to respiratory tract resulting in coughing and sneezing.Ingestion:

Ingestion effects have not been studied completely but may exhibit symptoms similar to

phenolphthalein, such as an itching skin rash. May be a strong laxative.

Skin Contact:

May cause irritation with redness and pain.

Eye Contact:

May cause irritation and pain.

Chronic Exposure:




FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:

Remove to fresh air. Get medical attention for any breathing difficulty.

Ingestion:


mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician.

Skin Contact:


clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get

medical attention if irritation develops.

Eye Contact:

In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting

upper and lower eyelids occasionally. Call a physician if irritation persists.

33. PYRIDINE

64




Physical data

Appearance: colourless liquid with a very unpleasant odour





Density (g cm-3):


Explosion limits: 1.8 % - 12.4 %


Inhalation:

Inhalation causes severe irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms of overexposure include

headache, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath, coughing, insomnia, diarrhea,

gastrointestinal disturbances, and back pain with urinary frequency. Liver and kidney damage

may occur. May be fatal.

Ingestion:

Toxic effects parallel those of inhalation. May be fatal if swallowed.

Skin Contact:

Causes severe irritation, possibly burns, to the skin. Symptoms include redness and severe

pain. Absorption through the skin may occur, resulting in toxic effects similar to inhalation.

May act as a photosensitizer.

Eye Contact:

Vapors cause eye irritation. Splashes cause severe irritation, possible corneal burns and eye

damage.

Chronic Exposure: Liver and kidney damage has been reported.


Persons with pre-existing skin, eye or central nervous system disorders, or impaired liver,

kidney, or pulmonary function may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:


65





Ingestion:

If swallowed, give large quantities of water to drink and get medical attention immediately.

Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

Skin Contact:




Eye Contact:



34. PHOSPHORIC ACID

Physical data

Appearance: colourless odourless liquid

Melting point: 21 C (pure)

Boiling point: 158 C (pure)

Typical concentration: see data for typical acids and bases

Vapour density: 3.4



66

http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/acidsbases.html

http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/acidsbases.html





Inhalation:

Inhalation is not an expected hazard unless misted or heated to high temperatures. Mist or

vapor inhalation can cause irritation to the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. Severeexposures can lead to a chemical pneumonitis.

Ingestion:

Corrosive. May cause sore throat, abdominal pain, nausea, and severe burns of the mouth,

throat, and stomach. Severe exposures can lead to shock, circulatory collapse, and death.

Skin Contact:

Corrosive. May cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns.

Eye Contact:

Corrosive. May cause redness, pain, blurred vision, eye burns, and permanent eye damage.

Chronic Exposure:



Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired respiratory function


FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:



Skin Contact:



Eye Contact:



67




35. SULFURIC ACID

Physical data

Appearance: Colourless oily liquid

Melting point: -2 C



Vapour pressure: <0.3 mm Hg at 20 C (vapour density 3.4)

Flash point:

Explosion limits:




Inhalation:

Inhalation produces damaging effects on the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.

Symptoms may include irritation of the nose and throat, and labored breathing. May cause

lung edema, a medical emergency.

Ingestion:


death. Can cause sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea. Circulatory collapse with clammy skin,

weak and rapid pulse, shallow respirations, and scanty urine may follow ingestion or skin

contact. Circulatory shock is often the immediate cause of death.

Skin Contact:

Corrosive. Symptoms of redness, pain, and severe burn can occur. Circulatory collapse with

clammy skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow respirations, and scanty urine may follow skincontact or ingestion. Circulatory shock is often the immediate cause of death.

Eye Contact:

Corrosive. Contact can cause blurred vision, redness, pain and severe tissue burns. Can cause

blindness.

Chronic Exposure:

Long-term exposure to mist or vapors may cause damage to teeth. Chronic exposure to mists

containing sulfuric acid is a cancer hazard.


68






FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:



Skin Contact:


removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Excess acid on skin

can be neutralized with a 2% solution of bicarbonate of soda. Call a physician immediately.

Eye Contact:



36. SODIUM HYDROXIDE

Physical data

Appearance: odourless white solid (often sold as pellets)

Melting point: 318 C




Flash point: n/a


69





Water solubility: High (Note: dissolution in water is highly exothermic)


Inhalation:

Severe irritant. Effects from inhalation of dust or mist vary from mild irritation to serious

damage of the upper respiratory tract, depending on severity of exposure. Symptoms may

include sneezing, sore throat or runny nose. Severe pneumonitis may occur.

Ingestion:

Corrosive! Swallowing may cause severe burns of mouth, throat, and stomach. Severe

scarring of tissue and death may result. Symptoms may include bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea,

fall in blood pressure. Damage may appear days after exposure.

Skin Contact:

Corrosive! Contact with skin can cause irritation or severe burns and scarring with greater

exposures.

Eye Contact:

Corrosive! Causes irritation of eyes, and with greater exposures it can cause burns that may

result in permanent impairment of vision, even blindness.

Chronic Exposure:

Prolonged contact with dilute solutions or dust has a destructive effect upon tissue.




FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:



Skin Contact:



70




Eye Contact:



Note to Physician:

Perform endoscopy in all cases of suspected sodium hydroxide ingestion. In cases of severe

esophageal corrosion, the use of therapeutic doses of steroids should be considered. General

supportive measures with continual monitoring of gas exchange, acid-base balance,

electrolytes, and fluid intake are also required.

37. SODIUM BICARBONATE

Physical Properties

Appearance: White powder or granules.

Odor: Odorless.

Solubility: 45.5 g/100 ml water @ 100C (212F)

Specific Gravity: 2.53

pH: 11.6 Aqueous solution


Boiling Point: Decomposes.

71




Melting Point: 851C (1564F)


Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): No information found.


Inhalation: High concentrations of dust may cause coughing and sneezing.

Ingestion: Extremely large oral doses may cause gastrointestinal disturbances.

Skin Contact: No adverse effects expected.

Eye Contact: Contact may cause mild irritation, redness, and pain.

Chronic Exposure: No information found.


FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. Get medical attention for any breathing difficulty.

Ingestion: Give several glasses of water to drink to dilute. If large amounts were swallowed,

get medical advice.

Skin Contact: Not expected to require first aid measures.

Eye Contact: Wash thoroughly with running water. Get medical advice if irritation develops.

38. TOLUENE

Physical data

Appearance: Colourless liquid with a benzene-like odour (odour threshold 0.17 ppm)




Vapour pressure: 22 mm Hg at 20 C (vapour density 3.2)

Flash point: 4 C

72







Inhalation:

Inhalation may cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms of overexposure may

include fatigue, confusion, headache, dizziness and drowsiness. Peculiar skin sensations (e. g.

pins and needles) or numbness may be produced. Very high concentrations may cause

unconsciousness and death.

Ingestion:

Swallowing may cause abdominal spasms and other symptoms that parallel over-exposure

from inhalation. Aspiration of material into the lungs can cause chemical pneumonitis, which

may be fatal.

Skin Contact: Causes irritation. May be absorbed through skin.

Eye Contact: Causes severe eye irritation with redness and pain.

Chronic Exposure:

Reports of chronic poisoning describe anemia, decreased blood cell count and bone marrow

hypoplasia. Liver and kidney damage may occur. Repeated or prolonged contact has a

defatting action, causing drying, redness, dermatitis. Exposure to toluene may affect the

developing fetus.


Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or impaired liver or kidney function may be more

susceptible to the effects of this substance. Alcoholic beverage consumption can enhance the

toxic effects of this substance.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is

difficult, give oxygen. CALL A PHYSICIAN IMMEDIATELY.

Ingestion:

Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of

water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention

immediately. If vomiting occurs, keep head below hips to prevent aspiration into lungs.

Skin Contact:

73




In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15

minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Call a

physician immediately.

Eye Contact:



39. UREA

Physical PropertiesAppearance: White crystals or white powder.

Odor: Develops odor of ammonia.

Solubility: Very soluble in water.

Specific Gravity: 1.32 @ 20C/4C

pH: 7.2 (10% in water)


Boiling Point: Decomposes.

Melting Point: 132 - 135C (270 - 275F)


Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): No information found.

.


Inhalation:


breath. May be absorbed into the bloodstream with symptoms similar to ingestion.

Ingestion:

Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and

diarrhea. May also cause headache, confusion and electrolyte depletion.

Skin Contact:

Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain.

74




Eye Contact:


Chronic Exposure:

A study of 67 workers in an environment with high airborne concentrations of urea found a

high incidence of protein metabolism disturbances, moderate emphysema, and chronic weight

loss.


Supersensitive individuals with skin or eye problems, kidney impairment or asthmatic

condition should have physician's approval before exposure to urea dust.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



Ingestion:



Skin Contact:


contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before

reuse. Get medical attention if symptoms occur.

Eye Contact:



40. XYLENES

Physical data




Vapour density: 3.7



75





Explosion limits: 1.1 % - 7 %


Water solubility: insoluble


Inhalation:

Inhalation of vapors may be irritating to the nose and throat. Inhalation of high concentrations

may result in nausea, vomiting, headache, ringing in the ears, and severe breathing

difficulties which may be delayed in onset. Substernal pain, cough, and hoarseness are also

reported. High vapor concentrations are anesthetic and central nervous system depressants.

Ingestion:

Ingestion causes burning sensation in mouth and stomach, nausea, vomiting and salivation.

Minute amounts aspirated into the lungs can produce a severe hemorrhagic pneumonitis with

severe pulmonary injury or death.

Skin Contact:

Skin contact results in loss of natural oils and often results in a characteristic dermatitis. May

be absorbed through the skin.

Eye Contact:

Vapors cause eye irritation. Splashes cause severe irritation, possible corneal burns and eye

damage.

Chronic Exposure:

Chronic inhalation can cause headache, loss of appetite, nervousness and pale skin. Repeated

or prolonged skin contact may cause a skin rash. Repeated exposure of the eyes to high

concentrations of vapor may cause reversible eye damage. Repeated exposure can damage

bone marrow, causing low blood cell count. May damage the liver and kidneys.Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:

Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney, blood, or


FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:



76




Ingestion:

Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, vomiting may occur spontaneously, but DO NOT INDUCE.

If vomiting occurs, keep head below hips to prevent aspiration into lungs. Never give

anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately.

Skin Contact:

Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing



Eye Contact:



References:

1. http://delloyd.50megs.com/hazard/labsafety.html

2. http://grandprix.bsz-ellwangen.net/texte/Safety%20measures%20in%20the

%20lab.pdf

3. http://www.essortment.com/all/chemistrylabss_rbew.htm

4. http://www.articlesbase.com/college-and-university-articles/basic-chemistry-lab-

safety-3732368.html

77

http://delloyd.50megs.com/hazard/labsafety.html

http://grandprix.bsz-ellwangen.net/texte/Safety%20measures%20in%20the%20lab.pdf


http://www.essortment.com/all/chemistrylabss_rbew.htm

http://www.articlesbase.com/college-and-university-articles/basic-chemistry-lab-safety-3732368.html


http://delloyd.50megs.com/hazard/labsafety.html



http://www.essortment.com/all/chemistrylabss_rbew.htm






5. http://www.des.umd.edu/ls/labguide/one.htm

6. http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk

7. http://specialtygasesofamerica.com/msds/

8. http://www.pureline.com/images/msds_sheets/PureLine%20MSDS%20-%20Chlorine

%20071504.pdf

9. http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/CuSO4-5H2O.htm

10. http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml

11. http://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/89308.htm

12. http://www.sciencestuff.com/msds/C1964.html

13. http://specialtygasesofamerica.com/msds/methane-msds.pdf

http://www.des.umd.edu/ls/labguide/one.htm

http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/

http://specialtygasesofamerica.com/msds/

http://www.pureline.com/images/msds_sheets/PureLine%20MSDS%20-%20Chlorine%20071504.pdf


http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/CuSO4-5H2O.htm

http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml

http://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/89308.htm

http://www.sciencestuff.com/msds/C1964.html

http://www.des.umd.edu/ls/labguide/one.htm

http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/

http://specialtygasesofamerica.com/msds/



http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/CuSO4-5H2O.htm

http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml

http://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/89308.htm

http://www.sciencestuff.com/msds/C1964.html

Documents

Final Saftey Measures in Lab