Final Review Semester 1. Age of the Christian Roman Empire III Augustine, East V. West, and the war of Theological Supremacy

Final Review Semester 1

Age of the Christian Age of the Christian Roman Empire IIIRoman Empire III

Age of the Christian Age of the Christian Roman Empire IIIRoman Empire III

Augustine, East V. West, and the Augustine, East V. West, and the war of Theological Supremacywar of Theological Supremacy

Eusebius of CEusebius of Cæsarea c. 260-340æsarea c. 260-340

• The Father of Church HistoryThe Father of Church History

• Extreme ModerateExtreme Moderate

• A Historian but not a theologianA Historian but not a theologian

• Proposed compromise in Council of NicProposed compromise in Council of Nicæaæa

• Friend of ConstantineFriend of Constantine

• Bishop of CBishop of Cæsareaæsarea

Aurelius AugustinusAurelius Augustinus

St. Augustine 354-430St. Augustine 354-430

• Born to a Pagan father and a Christian Born to a Pagan father and a Christian MotherMother

• Became a Manichee for ~10 yearsBecame a Manichee for ~10 years• Saved Later in lifeSaved Later in life• Preeminent Scholar and TheologianPreeminent Scholar and Theologian• Post conversion gave up career as Post conversion gave up career as

Rhetorician/government officialRhetorician/government official

St. Augustine 354-430St. Augustine 354-430

• An Active ApologistAn Active Apologist

• Lived simply with monastic tendenciesLived simply with monastic tendencies

• Appointed as Bishop of HippoAppointed as Bishop of Hippo

• Wrote many worksWrote many works

– Confessions, City of God, Retractions, The Confessions, City of God, Retractions, The Letters, Questions and Responses, Many Letters, Questions and Responses, Many various Religious-Apologetic-Polemic worksvarious Religious-Apologetic-Polemic works

• Died 430 AD during the Vandal Siege of HippoDied 430 AD during the Vandal Siege of Hippo

Pope Leo I 440-461Pope Leo I 440-461• Leo The GreatLeo The Great• Powerful TheologianPowerful Theologian• Firmly believed he was the successor of Firmly believed he was the successor of

Peter, and Peter was the ruler of the Peter, and Peter was the ruler of the ChurchChurch

• Peter died in Rome therefore his spiritual Peter died in Rome therefore his spiritual power remained with Romepower remained with Rome

• Emphatically spoke of his authorityEmphatically spoke of his authority

Pope Leo I 440-461Pope Leo I 440-461• Not with the Pope = not part of the church = Not with the Pope = not part of the church =

not part of Christianity = not savednot part of Christianity = not saved• All powerful Pope was not immediately or All powerful Pope was not immediately or

universally accepteduniversally accepted• Obtained an edict from Western emperor Obtained an edict from Western emperor

Valentinian III, saying papal decrees have Valentinian III, saying papal decrees have the force of Law, and all bishops should the force of Law, and all bishops should obey themobey them

• Left 96 Sermons and 173 Epistles, the first Left 96 Sermons and 173 Epistles, the first works left to us by a Roman Bishopworks left to us by a Roman Bishop

Pope Leo I 440-461Pope Leo I 440-461• Saved Rome from being destroyed twiceSaved Rome from being destroyed twice

• 452 AD from Attila the Hun452 AD from Attila the Hun

• 455 AD Vandal King Genseric pillaged 455 AD Vandal King Genseric pillaged for 14 daysfor 14 days

St. Antony 250-357St. Antony 250-357

• Became a monk at age 20Became a monk at age 20

• Was inspired by the words of Mt. 19:21-Was inspired by the words of Mt. 19:21-2222

• Sold his goods, gave much away, took Sold his goods, gave much away, took care of his sister and ran away to a tombcare of his sister and ran away to a tomb

• Tomb got crowded so he started a Tomb got crowded so he started a monastery in the mountainsmonastery in the mountains

St. Antony 250-357St. Antony 250-357

• Fought with the Devil in many times Fought with the Devil in many times and waysand ways

• Desired to be a martyrDesired to be a martyr

• Performed many miraclesPerformed many miracles

• Uneducated, but wiseUneducated, but wise

• Debated with PagansDebated with Pagans

St. BenedictSt. Benedict

• Father of modern monasticismFather of modern monasticism• Monk at age 15Monk at age 15• ““Knowledgeably ignorant and wisely Knowledgeably ignorant and wisely

unlearned”unlearned”• Performed many miraclesPerformed many miracles• Formed many small monasteries with 12 monks Formed many small monasteries with 12 monks

and one abbotand one abbot• Lived out of the world to save the worldLived out of the world to save the world• Wrote out the Wrote out the Regula Benedicti Regula Benedicti “Rule of “Rule of

Benedict”Benedict”

Rule of BenedictRule of Benedict

• Democratic government, Abbot-provost-deansDemocratic government, Abbot-provost-deans

• 1 year trial for initiates1 year trial for initiates

• ““Ora et Labora” Prayer & Manual LaborOra et Labora” Prayer & Manual Labor

• Threefold vowThreefold vow– Stabilitas – adherence to the monastic orderStabilitas – adherence to the monastic order– Conversio Morum – poverty, chastity, pietyConversio Morum – poverty, chastity, piety– Obedientia coram Deo et sanctis ejus – Absolute Obedientia coram Deo et sanctis ejus – Absolute

obedience to the Abbot – the cardinal virtue of the obedience to the Abbot – the cardinal virtue of the monk.monk.

• Preserved many classics through librariesPreserved many classics through libraries

Gregory The Great 540-604Gregory The Great 540-604• Born into a wealthy familyBorn into a wealthy family• Well educatedWell educated• Gave up prefecture of Rome, sold his belongings Gave up prefecture of Rome, sold his belongings

and built a St. Andrews monastery where he and built a St. Andrews monastery where he became a Benedictine monkbecame a Benedictine monk

• Later became ambassador to Constantinople, Later became ambassador to Constantinople, then Abbot of St. Andrewsthen Abbot of St. Andrews

• He is reluctantly appointed Bishop of Rome, and He is reluctantly appointed Bishop of Rome, and initiates a march against the Plague which ends initiates a march against the Plague which ends miraculously.miraculously.

Gregory The Great 540-604Gregory The Great 540-604

• Becomes pope in 590Becomes pope in 590

• Takes over in Rome due to absent Takes over in Rome due to absent emperor even in military affairsemperor even in military affairs

• Defended the city from a Lombard Defended the city from a Lombard invasion.invasion.

• Humbly enforces the Roman supremacy Humbly enforces the Roman supremacy over all other churches.over all other churches.

Gregory The Great 540-604Gregory The Great 540-604

• Doctor Ecclesia – Wrote Doctor Ecclesia – Wrote Liber Liber pastoralis curaepastoralis curae “book on the office of “book on the office of Bishop” also wrote Bishop” also wrote DialoguesDialogues

• Maybe initiated Gregorian Chant Maybe initiated Gregorian Chant

• Sent a team of 30 monk missionaries to Sent a team of 30 monk missionaries to the Anglo-Saxons ultimately resulting the Anglo-Saxons ultimately resulting in their conversionin their conversion

The Middle Ages IIThe Middle Ages II590-1517590-1517

Charlemagne and the rise of IslamCharlemagne and the rise of Islam

Charlemagne the Great 747-814Charlemagne the Great 747-814

• Charles + Magnus = charlesmagnus => Charles + Magnus = charlesmagnus => CharlemagneCharlemagne

• Karl der GroKarl der Großße –germane –german

• Karel de Grote – dutchKarel de Grote – dutch

• Carolus Magnus - latinCarolus Magnus - latin


• Great Christian king of the FranksGreat Christian king of the Franks• Conquered much of the western Conquered much of the western

world, especially to protect the world, especially to protect the bishop of Romebishop of Rome

• The “Moses of the middle ages” The “Moses of the middle ages” • Powerful warrior – 53 military Powerful warrior – 53 military

campaignscampaigns• Expanded his empire by 2xExpanded his empire by 2x


• Strong and well built manStrong and well built man

• He loved bathsHe loved baths

• Great statesman- gave audiences while getting Great statesman- gave audiences while getting dresseddressed

• Intelligent and religiousIntelligent and religious

• Very charitable, gave alms, built bridges, and Very charitable, gave alms, built bridges, and churcheschurches

• Recorded laws and German traditionRecorded laws and German tradition

• Started schools – yay public educationStarted schools – yay public education

• Strong and well built manStrong and well built man

• He loved bathsHe loved baths

• Great statesman- gave audiences while getting Great statesman- gave audiences while getting dresseddressed

• Intelligent and religiousIntelligent and religious

• Very charitable, gave alms, built bridges, and Very charitable, gave alms, built bridges, and churcheschurches

• Recorded laws and German traditionRecorded laws and German tradition

• Started schools – yay public educationStarted schools – yay public education


• Interesting marriage lifeInteresting marriage life

• 5 wives in short order then settled down 5 wives in short order then settled down with 4-5 concubineswith 4-5 concubines

• Beheaded 4500 prisoners in one day, then Beheaded 4500 prisoners in one day, then split up their families across the empire.split up their families across the empire.

• Rumored to have “loved” his daughters a Rumored to have “loved” his daughters a bit tooo much. bit tooo much.


• Rode into Rome to rescue Pope Leo III Rode into Rome to rescue Pope Leo III from an uprisingfrom an uprising

• He was “surprised” by being crowned the He was “surprised” by being crowned the Holy Roman Emperor in 800ADHoly Roman Emperor in 800AD

• This begins the Holy Roman Empire the This begins the Holy Roman Empire the combination between a German king and combination between a German king and an Italian Pope.an Italian Pope.

Mohammed 570-632Mohammed 570-632

• Born 570 AD in Mecca with miraculous Born 570 AD in Mecca with miraculous signs accompanyingsigns accompanying

• EpilepticEpileptic• Goat herder and caravan attendantGoat herder and caravan attendant• At 25 married a 40 yr. old rich widow At 25 married a 40 yr. old rich widow

KadijaKadija• Remained Married for 25 years until Remained Married for 25 years until

Kadija’s death, he then married at least 11 Kadija’s death, he then married at least 11 other womenother women


• Spent his time in meditation Spent his time in meditation

• At 40 he had a vision of Gabriel telling At 40 he had a vision of Gabriel telling him to readhim to read

• Doubted his calling as a prophet, initially Doubted his calling as a prophet, initially ascribing it to demons, but was reassured ascribing it to demons, but was reassured by his wife Kadija. by his wife Kadija.


• 622 the Hegira(Mohammed’s flight from Mecca 622 the Hegira(Mohammed’s flight from Mecca to Medina) takes placeto Medina) takes place

• Not having income, the Muslims become Not having income, the Muslims become warrior bandits. warrior bandits.

• 624 major victory in the Battle of Uhud624 major victory in the Battle of Uhud• Massacred ~700 Jews and sold their families Massacred ~700 Jews and sold their families

into slaveryinto slavery• 627-630 consolidation of power and the conquest 627-630 consolidation of power and the conquest

of Meccaof Mecca


• After conquering Mecca he emptied and After conquering Mecca he emptied and rededicated the Ka’abarededicated the Ka’aba

• He consolidated rule of Arabia, then sent He consolidated rule of Arabia, then sent out missionaries to convert the world.out missionaries to convert the world.

• He died in the arms of Aishah June 8, 632He died in the arms of Aishah June 8, 632


• Generally patient and kindGenerally patient and kind• When provoked entirely pitilessWhen provoked entirely pitiless• After Kadija he became a severe polygamistAfter Kadija he became a severe polygamist

– His favorite wife Aishah, he betrothed when she His favorite wife Aishah, he betrothed when she was 6 and consummated when she was 9(he was was 6 and consummated when she was 9(he was 53)53)

– 88thth wife Zaynab was his cousin and daughter in wife Zaynab was his cousin and daughter in lawlaw

• He gave women some rights, though by no means He gave women some rights, though by no means equality with manequality with man

IslamIslamFive or Six Pillars of IslamFive or Six Pillars of Islam

1.1. ““There is no god but Allah, and Mohammed is There is no god but Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet”his prophet”

2.2. Praying 5 times a day towards MeccaPraying 5 times a day towards Mecca3.3. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least oncePilgrimage to Mecca at least once

4.4. Giving alms for pious and charitable PurposesGiving alms for pious and charitable Purposes5.5. Fasting from Sunrise to Sunset during Fasting from Sunrise to Sunset during

RamadanRamadan6.6. (optional) Jihad(optional) Jihad

Reasons for the Spread of Islam

1.1. FanaticismFanaticism

2.2. MonotheisticMonotheistic

3.3. Corruption of the Byzantine EmpireCorruption of the Byzantine Empire

4.4. Replacement of government onlyReplacement of government only

5.5. Anti-iconAnti-icon

6.6. Better GeneralsBetter Generals

The Middle Ages IIIThe Middle Ages III590-1517590-1517

Papal Power and the CrusadesPapal Power and the Crusades

Hildebrand a.k.a Gregory VIIHildebrand a.k.a Gregory VII• Obscure backgroundObscure background• Short in stature, strong in presenceShort in stature, strong in presence• Friend of Pope Gregory VIFriend of Pope Gregory VI• Lord of the Popes 1049-1054 – Leo IX, Victor Lord of the Popes 1049-1054 – Leo IX, Victor

II, Stephen IX, Nicolas II, Alexander IIII, Stephen IX, Nicolas II, Alexander II• Became pope Gregory VII 1073-1085Became pope Gregory VII 1073-1085• Warred against Nicolaitism, Simony, and Warred against Nicolaitism, Simony, and

Investiture. Investiture. • Emphasized the absolute authority of the Emphasized the absolute authority of the

PopePope

Papal PowersPapal Powers1. Excommunication – the cutting off

of one person from communion and the church =loss of salvation, no hope for heaven unless forgiven by Pope

2. Interdiction – A locational and/or personal excommunication.

3. World Authority – the power to depose and crown kings at the will of the Pope

Church vs. StateChurch vs. StateGregory VII v. Henry IVGregory VII v. Henry IV

• Henry denounces GregoryHenry denounces Gregory• Gregory Excommunicates HenryGregory Excommunicates Henry• Henry grovels at Canossa and regains the Henry grovels at Canossa and regains the

Papal blessingPapal blessing• 2 years go by2 years go by• Henry replaces Gregory with a new PopeHenry replaces Gregory with a new Pope• Gregory excommunicates/Interdicts HenryGregory excommunicates/Interdicts Henry• They warThey war• They dieThey die

The CrusadesThe Crusades

• Primarily a French institutionPrimarily a French institution

• Armed Journeys to recapture the Holy Armed Journeys to recapture the Holy LandLand

• Carrying the crossCarrying the cross

• Christian PilgrimageChristian Pilgrimage

• Defeat of IslamDefeat of Islam

• Monetary and spiritual gainMonetary and spiritual gain

• 7 great crusades 1095-12707 great crusades 1095-1270

• Unite the Eastern and Western churchesUnite the Eastern and Western churches

The First Crusade 1095-1099The First Crusade 1095-1099

• Initiated by Pope Urban II in response to a call Initiated by Pope Urban II in response to a call for help from Constantinoplefor help from Constantinople

• Inspired by Peter the HermitInspired by Peter the Hermit

• The people looted and pillaged along the wayThe people looted and pillaged along the way

• ~300,000 irregulars slaughtered before they ~300,000 irregulars slaughtered before they reached their goal. reached their goal.

• Occurred in swarms of mixed people, not just Occurred in swarms of mixed people, not just soldiers. soldiers.

The First Crusade 1095-1099The First Crusade 1095-1099

• Major slaughter at Nicea, later it was Major slaughter at Nicea, later it was capturedcaptured

• Antioch gained, almost lost, but saved by Antioch gained, almost lost, but saved by finding the spear that pierced Christ’s side.finding the spear that pierced Christ’s side.

• Jerusalem after a long siege was captured, a Jerusalem after a long siege was captured, a great slaughter of Infidels, Jews, and great slaughter of Infidels, Jews, and heretics ensued. heretics ensued.

• Set up a kingdom that lasted until 1187Set up a kingdom that lasted until 1187

The Children’s CrusadeThe Children’s Crusade

• Inspired in 1212 by a French shepherd boy Inspired in 1212 by a French shepherd boy Stephen. Stephen.

• Marched to Marseilles, grew in numbers up to Marched to Marseilles, grew in numbers up to 30,000, 30,000,

• Expected the sea to open for them to march Expected the sea to open for them to march acrossacross

• Hugo Ferrus and William Porcus offered to Hugo Ferrus and William Porcus offered to transport themtransport them

• Ferrus and Porcus sailed to Africa and sold Ferrus and Porcus sailed to Africa and sold the children into slaverythe children into slavery

Failures of the CrusadesFailures of the Crusades

1.1. The holy land was not wonThe holy land was not won

2.2. Islam was not permanantly stoppedIslam was not permanantly stopped

3.3. The East/West Schism was not healed The East/West Schism was not healed

4.4. Lots and lots of people were killedLots and lots of people were killed

5.5. War atrocities War atrocities

6.6. IndulgencesIndulgences

Benefits of the CrusadesBenefits of the Crusades

1.1. Spirtual awakening in manySpirtual awakening in many

2.2. Class interactionClass interaction

3.3. Knowledge expanded, geography, Knowledge expanded, geography, customs etc.customs etc.

4.4. Major increase in tradeMajor increase in trade

The Middle Ages IVThe Middle Ages IV590-1517590-1517

Late Middle AgesLate Middle Ages

Assisi, Captivity, Schism Assisi, Captivity, Schism and Inquisitionand Inquisition

St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi

Frater Parvulus “little brother”Frater Parvulus “little brother”

Il poverello “little poor man”Il poverello “little poor man”

John GiovanniJohn Giovanni

Francesco BernardoneFrancesco Bernardone

A.K.AA.K.A

St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi• From a fairly well off familyFrom a fairly well off family• Served as a soldierServed as a soldier• Convicted by a leper and kissed his handConvicted by a leper and kissed his hand• Gave away all he had (his fathers goods Gave away all he had (his fathers goods

included)included)• Kicked out of his familyKicked out of his family• Ran away to serve the poor especially the Ran away to serve the poor especially the

leperslepers

St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi• Given the chapel of Portiuncula “Little Given the chapel of Portiuncula “Little

Portion”Portion”

• Heard the call to preach and did soHeard the call to preach and did so

• Lived by Matthew 16:24-26, 19:21, and Lived by Matthew 16:24-26, 19:21, and Luke 9:1-6Luke 9:1-6

• He was simple and loved animalsHe was simple and loved animals

• Self proclaimed idiota “illiterate” and was Self proclaimed idiota “illiterate” and was therefore anti-education as it inspired pridetherefore anti-education as it inspired pride

• Was married to povertyWas married to poverty

St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi• He attracted followers called the fratres He attracted followers called the fratres

minores “the lesser brethren” minores “the lesser brethren” • Worked to earn food/lodging whenever Worked to earn food/lodging whenever

possible, when not they stayed where they possible, when not they stayed where they could. could.

• Extreme emphasis on living out the gospelExtreme emphasis on living out the gospel• Obtained papal sanction by rolling in pig mudObtained papal sanction by rolling in pig mud• Companion nunnery founded by Clara of SciffiCompanion nunnery founded by Clara of Sciffi• Order taken over by papacy and Francis’ Order taken over by papacy and Francis’

ideology ultimately was set asideideology ultimately was set aside

The InquisitionThe Inquisition

• Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem “The Church Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem “The Church abhors blood”abhors blood”

• Priests were not to order/attend executionsPriests were not to order/attend executions

• Pinnacle of mixing church and statePinnacle of mixing church and state

• Heretics are little foxesHeretics are little foxes

• Dominican monks were the primary force Dominican monks were the primary force behind the Inquisition, though Fransiscans behind the Inquisition, though Fransiscans were involved as wellwere involved as well

The InquisitionThe Inquisition• 1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as means 1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as means

of obtaining confessionof obtaining confession• Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care of Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care of

souls instead focusing purely on hereticssouls instead focusing purely on heretics• They were given power to excommunicate, lay They were given power to excommunicate, lay

interdict, and absolve acts of violenceinterdict, and absolve acts of violence• Punishments were seizure of property, life Punishments were seizure of property, life

imprisonment, and deathimprisonment, and death• Spies were paid out of seized goodsSpies were paid out of seized goods• Some places resisted, especially GermanySome places resisted, especially Germany

The InquisitionThe Inquisition• German Inquisition: Konrad of Marburg “the German Inquisition: Konrad of Marburg “the

Lords watch-dog”Lords watch-dog”• Confessor of Queen/St. ElizabethConfessor of Queen/St. Elizabeth• Deprived her of maidservants and separated Deprived her of maidservants and separated

her from her three childrenher from her three children• Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing

ultimately resulting in her deathultimately resulting in her death• Konrad freely burned “Luciferans”Konrad freely burned “Luciferans”• He was murdered in 1233, buried next to He was murdered in 1233, buried next to

Elizabeth as a “herald of the Christian faith.”Elizabeth as a “herald of the Christian faith.”

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism• Gregory XI declares any election of pope valid Gregory XI declares any election of pope valid

after his death, to forestall anti-popesafter his death, to forestall anti-popes• After a mucky succession Urban VI became After a mucky succession Urban VI became

pope in 1378pope in 1378• He was a terrible politician and insulted the He was a terrible politician and insulted the

Cardinals Cardinals • In response the Cardinals return to France and In response the Cardinals return to France and

elect Clement VII as popeelect Clement VII as pope• This starts a war Clement VII is held out of This starts a war Clement VII is held out of

Rome so returns to Avignon and Europe is splitRome so returns to Avignon and Europe is split

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism

Roman LineRoman Line

Urban VI 1378-1389Urban VI 1378-1389

Boniface IX 1389-1404Boniface IX 1389-1404

Innocent VII 1404-1406Innocent VII 1404-1406

Gregory XII 1406-1415Gregory XII 1406-1415

Avignon LineAvignon Line

Clement VII 1378-1394Clement VII 1378-1394

Benedict XII 1394-1409Benedict XII 1394-1409

Pisan LinePisan Line

Alexander V 1409-1410Alexander V 1409-1410

John XXIII 1410-1415John XXIII 1410-1415

Martin V 1417-1431Martin V 1417-1431

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism• Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and

anti-simonist. He has captive cardinals slainanti-simonist. He has captive cardinals slain• Clement VII was political and flexible. He Clement VII was political and flexible. He

submitted to the French king and attempted submitted to the French king and attempted reconciliation by appointing Urban lead reconciliation by appointing Urban lead CardinalCardinal

• Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but not well educated. He gained complete control not well educated. He gained complete control of Italy. He was very much a simonist and of Italy. He was very much a simonist and nepotistnepotist

• Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface. Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface. He was also only 35 years old. He was also only 35 years old.

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism

• Innocent VII continued listing Avignon popes Innocent VII continued listing Avignon popes with heretics pirates and brigands.with heretics pirates and brigands.

• He was driven from Rome as his nephew had He was driven from Rome as his nephew had murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later recalled as they didn’t like the new rulerrecalled as they didn’t like the new ruler

• Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic popes. Was chosen partially because of his age, popes. Was chosen partially because of his age, as older men have less ambition.as older men have less ambition.

• Took a vow when coming to office to heal the Took a vow when coming to office to heal the schism even if it meant abdicatingschism even if it meant abdicating

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism• Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused to Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused to

back down or heal the Schism by mutual back down or heal the Schism by mutual abdication. abdication.

• The French king Charles VI 1380-1412 was The French king Charles VI 1380-1412 was weak and insane which minimalized his weak and insane which minimalized his influenceinfluence

• Multiple councils were called with and without Multiple councils were called with and without papal consent, including The Council of Pisapapal consent, including The Council of Pisa

• It started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the It started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the new pope Alexander V died before reaching new pope Alexander V died before reaching RomeRome

• Rome is sacked John XXIII is instated as popeRome is sacked John XXIII is instated as pope

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism• Rome is sacked John XXIII is removed as popeRome is sacked John XXIII is removed as pope• Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of

Constance lasting 4 years 1414-1418Constance lasting 4 years 1414-1418• John says he will abdicate if the others do, and it John says he will abdicate if the others do, and it

is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain support in Francesupport in France

• Popes are declared fallible and subject to Popes are declared fallible and subject to CouncilsCouncils

• John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict is John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict is deposed, though not gracefullydeposed, though not gracefully

• Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the SchismSchism

Age of the Reformation IAge of the Reformation I

The Pre-ReformationThe Pre-Reformation

John Wycliffe 1324-1384John Wycliffe 1324-1384

Errr…John Errr…John

WyclifeWyclife

Wyclif, Wyclyf, WyclyffeWyclif, Wyclyf, Wyclyffe

Wiclif, Wiclef, Wicliff, Wiclif, Wiclef, Wicliff,

Wycleff, Whyteclyve, WyclyveWycleff, Whyteclyve, Wyclyve

+ about 10 more versions+ about 10 more versions

John Wycliffe 1324-1384John Wycliffe 1324-1384• Morning Star of the ReformationMorning Star of the Reformation

• Well educated, spent most of life at Oxford and Well educated, spent most of life at Oxford and was master of Canterbury Hallwas master of Canterbury Hall

• 1366 with the kings blessing he began rebuking 1366 with the kings blessing he began rebuking Papal authorityPapal authority

• 1377 Comes before the Tribunal of William 1377 Comes before the Tribunal of William Courtenay and leaves under the protection of Courtenay and leaves under the protection of the Duke of Lancasterthe Duke of Lancaster

John Wycliffe 1324-1384John Wycliffe 1324-1384• Pope Gregory XI orders Wycliffe to prison, Pope Gregory XI orders Wycliffe to prison,

but dies the year after, and the Papal Schism but dies the year after, and the Papal Schism startsstarts

• 1380 Wycliffe founds the “pore priests” oxford 1380 Wycliffe founds the “pore priests” oxford graduates who go out preaching many without graduates who go out preaching many without ordinationordination

• 1382 Courtenay becomes Archibishop of 1382 Courtenay becomes Archibishop of Canterbury and holds the Earthquake SynodCanterbury and holds the Earthquake Synod

• 24 articles of Wycliffe’s were condemned 24 articles of Wycliffe’s were condemned

John Wycliffe 1324-1384John Wycliffe 1324-1384• Wycliffe loses King Richard II’s favor, is Wycliffe loses King Richard II’s favor, is

kicked out of Oxford and all his books are kicked out of Oxford and all his books are burnedburned

• Wrote the Wrote the TrialogusTrialogus

• Denounced Indulgences as “an abomination of Denounced Indulgences as “an abomination of desolation in the holy place”desolation in the holy place”

• Was summoned to Rome, but refused saying he Was summoned to Rome, but refused saying he submits only to Christ’s authoritysubmits only to Christ’s authority

John Wycliffe 1324-1384John Wycliffe 1324-1384• Finishes with help his English paraphrase of Finishes with help his English paraphrase of

the bible based upon the vulgatethe bible based upon the vulgate

• 1382 suffers a stroke resulting in minor 1382 suffers a stroke resulting in minor paralysisparalysis

• 1384 has another stroke and dies in church1384 has another stroke and dies in church

• 1413 Lateran decrees his books should be 1413 Lateran decrees his books should be burnedburned

• 1429 Council of Constance orders him 1429 Council of Constance orders him Exhumed and burned, scattering his ashesExhumed and burned, scattering his ashes

John Wycliffe 1324-1384John Wycliffe 1324-13845 main themes in his teachings5 main themes in his teachings

1.1. The Nature of the ChurchThe Nature of the Church

2.2. The Fallacy of the PapacyThe Fallacy of the Papacy

3.3. The PriesthoodThe Priesthood

4.4. The Falsity of TransubstantiationThe Falsity of Transubstantiation

5.5. The use of ScriptureThe use of Scripture


The Nature of the ChurchThe Nature of the Church

• A universal Church comprised of the ElectA universal Church comprised of the Elect

• All those who believe in Christ belong, All those who believe in Christ belong, regardless of their position with the RCCregardless of their position with the RCC

• The Peoples’ head is ChristThe Peoples’ head is Christ

• The concept of church vs. ChurchThe concept of church vs. Church


The Fallacy of the PapacyThe Fallacy of the Papacy

• totum papale officium venenosum totum papale officium venenosum

• ““The Papal office is wholly poisonous”The Papal office is wholly poisonous”

• The Rock is Peter and all peopleThe Rock is Peter and all people

• Mocked the “most holie fadir”Mocked the “most holie fadir”


The PriesthoodThe Priesthood

• Priests Absolution was only meritorious if they Priests Absolution was only meritorious if they themselves were absolvedthemselves were absolved

• Celibacy is good but sinful if mandatoryCelibacy is good but sinful if mandatory

• No such thing as utilitarian sinNo such thing as utilitarian sin

• Anti-friar Anti-friar


Falsity of TransubstantiationFalsity of Transubstantiation

• Communion was meant figurativelyCommunion was meant figuratively

• No transubstantiation without No transubstantiation without transaccidentiationtransaccidentiation

• ““Super omnia vincit veritas rationis” Super omnia vincit veritas rationis”

• The truth of reason will triumph over allThe truth of reason will triumph over all

John Wycliffe 1324-1384John Wycliffe 1324-1384The use of ScriptureThe use of Scripture

• Council of Toulouse 1229 forbid the bible to Council of Toulouse 1229 forbid the bible to LaymenLaymen

• Is the absolute authorityIs the absolute authority

• It has one Literal meaningIt has one Literal meaning

• Must be accessable to ALLMust be accessable to ALL

John Huss 1369-1416John Huss 1369-1416• He was Excommunicated, Interdicted, and He was Excommunicated, Interdicted, and

ExiledExiled

• Wrote De Ecclesia – mostly copied WycliffeWrote De Ecclesia – mostly copied Wycliffe

• Declared the Pope is not to be obeyed if he is a Declared the Pope is not to be obeyed if he is a sinnersinner

• Oct 11, 1414 Huss is promised safe conduct by Oct 11, 1414 Huss is promised safe conduct by Emperor Sigismund to the Council of ConstanceEmperor Sigismund to the Council of Constance

• Huss is falsely charged with escaping and Huss is falsely charged with escaping and imprisioned next to the latrines, becoming sickimprisioned next to the latrines, becoming sick

John Huss 1369-1416John Huss 1369-1416• He is transferred to the control of Sigismund He is transferred to the control of Sigismund

and imprisoned along with ex-pope John XXIIIand imprisoned along with ex-pope John XXIII

• The council declared the cup forbidden to laity, The council declared the cup forbidden to laity, Huss disagreedHuss disagreed

• Is given a public kangaroo trial and condemnedIs given a public kangaroo trial and condemned

• His books are forbidden and burnedHis books are forbidden and burned

John Huss 1369-1416John Huss 1369-1416• He is declared Heresiarch and his soul is He is declared Heresiarch and his soul is

condemned to hell by the councilcondemned to hell by the council

• He declares “and I commit myself to the most He declares “and I commit myself to the most gracious Lord Jesus”gracious Lord Jesus”

• He was turned over to Sigismund in order that He was turned over to Sigismund in order that he be executedhe be executed

• May 30, 1416 is burned at the stake, all the May 30, 1416 is burned at the stake, all the while singing loud praise to Godwhile singing loud praise to God

Fullness of time for the Fullness of time for the ReformationReformation

1.1. RenaissanceRenaissance

2.2. Rise of IntellectualismRise of Intellectualism

3.3. Printing PressPrinting Press

4.4. Immoral PapacyImmoral Papacy

5.5. NationalismNationalism

AgesAges• 3BC Jesus and the Apostles3BC Jesus and the Apostles• 70 AD catholic Christianity70 AD catholic Christianity• 312 AD Christian Roman Empire312 AD Christian Roman Empire• 590 AD Middle Ages590 AD Middle Ages• 1517 AD Reformation1517 AD Reformation

• Jesus BornJesus Born• Temple DestroyedTemple Destroyed• Milvian BridgeMilvian Bridge• Gregory I is PopeGregory I is Pope• ………………....

Documents

Final Review Semester 1. Age of the Christian Roman Empire III Augustine, East V. West, and the war of Theological Supremacy