Asia

The Dalai Lama

Tenzin Gyatso was born to be the political and spiritual ruler of the mountain country of Tibet. However, when he was only 15 years old, Tibet was invaded by the neighboring country of Communist China. At first the young Dalai Lama tried to make compromises with Communist China to preserve the Tibetan people and their culture. But in 1959, as Communist rule became more severe and thousands of Tibetans were killed, the Dalai Lama was forced to flee his own country. Today he is the head of the Tibetan government in exile in the country of India.

As a devout Buddhist, the Dalai Lama believes in compassion towards all living things– including the Chinese soldiers who have invaded his country. Although there are freedom fighters in Tibet, the Dalai Lama believes that any violence is wrong and that Tibet can regain its freedom only by world opinion forcing China to allow Tibet to once again be an independent country. In 1989, the Dalai Lama was recognized for his peaceful struggle and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

In 1933, the 13th Dalai Lama died in Tibet. As befitting the ruler of this large country, he was embalmed, dressed in a fine, brocaded robe, and set in a lotus position in a coffin in a special locked room of his largest palace. The whole country mourned the passing of their beloved leader – and then began the wait to find him again.

Tibetan Buddhists believe that the 14 Dalai Lamas have all been the same person, reincarnated in different bodies. They believe that sometimes a truly good person who has reached the state of nirvana and has broken free of having to be reincarnated can choose to come back to earth solely for the purpose of helping others. Such a person is called a Bodhisattva. The Dalai Lama is a bodhisattva. They believe he is also the human incarnation of the Buddhist god of compassion.

Two years after the 13th Dalai Lama’s death, signs began to appear which signaled his rebirth. Reting Rinpoche, the 23 year old regent (the person who rules until the rightful ruler takes over), went to the sacred lake of Lhamo Lhatso. There he saw a vision in the water: A three-storied monastery with a gold and jade roof. Then he saw a simple peasant’s house, with a roof of turquoise tiles, oddly shaped gutters, and a brown dog in the front yard.

Shortly after this, when monks checked on the body of the last Dalai Lama, they found that he had turned his head from facing south to facing northeast. After this happened twice, it was taken as a sign that he had been reborn in the northeast of Tibet – near a three-storied monastery, in a house with turquoise tiles, odd gutters, and a brown dog…the search began.

The house was identified after a two-year search, and three high government officials from the Sera Monastery, dressed as peasants, asked to spend the night at the house. The men asked to play with the children of the house and two-year old Tenzin Gyatso went straight over to one of the men, grabbed the rosary he was wearing and said, “Mine!”…this rosary had belonged to the last Dalai Lama.

The men asked the little boy, “Do you know who I am?”…Gyatso replied, “You’re from the Sera Monastary.” The men left excited the next day without saying anything. The next time they returned, they brought a half-dozen items that had belonged to the last Dalai Lama, as

well as other items that had not. The little boy corrected picked out all of “his” things. The monks then looked for the physical markings that all the Dalai Lamas had, including eyebrows that curved up at the end and “tiger markings” on the legs. The little boy had them…the 14th incarnation of the Dalai Lama had been found.

The Dalai Lama’s Reign…in 1939, Gyatso took his novice vows and was pronounced the heir to the Lion Throne of Tibet…Began daily instruction by most learned monks of the land; studied scripture, metaphysics, ceremonies, history, mathematics, and mechanics

Gyatso warned that unless the country strengthened its army and government, it could face problems within and without…since Tibet was a country run by a religion that didn’t believe in violence, it didn’t have much of an army anymore…1949: Revolution sparks in China, Communists take over; 1950: Communist troops enter northern Tibet – no Tibetan army capable of fighting them off.

In Tibetan capital, Lhasa, the government was alarmed…Dalai Lama takes throne at 15 years old to attempt to restore order to government during period of crisis.

Gyatso sends a delegation of Tibetan officials to Peking, the capital of China at the time being, to try to negotiate a peace settlement with the Communists…the delegation had no actual power to sign any treaties – their job was to report back to the Dalai Lama… Gyatso hears over the radio from China that the Tibetan delegation had signed a “Seven Point Agreement” returning Tibet “to the Motherland” (China), which the delegation members had allegedly sealed with the Seal of Tibet…there is no such thing as Seal of Tibet – Dalai Lama knows that his officers had been illegally forced to sign agreement.

Communists go to Tibet and conveniently carry along their “Seven-Point Agreement,” and promise that there would be no immediate changes in the Tibetan government; guarantee freedom of religion…Say that their aim was to help modernize Tibet – forced Tibetan peasants to build roads so Commies military could move into Lhasa quicker.

Meetings with a Chinese governing committee became part of the government’s days…lands in seized by Commies; peasants forced to grow wheat for the soldiers…Monasteries were being looted…anyone who opposed Commies were killed.

1954: Gyatso travels to Peking to have a chat with Mao Tse-tung, the Commie leader. Talks seem to go good – Commies say that it was too soon to make any major changes in Tibet; freedom of religion still allowed and self-government…Changes were being made although (I.E.: peasants growing food for soldiers)…Dalai Lama tries to be optimistic.

Before Gyatso leaves China to go back to Tibet he stops in to have one last talk with his buddy Mao Tse-tung…Mao says “Religion is poison” and Dalai Lama now knows that his country and its culture are pretty much screwed…1956: Commies set up committees to “help” with the governing of Tibet…Freedom fighters in north successfully cripple troops actions in the summer of `56…China responses by bombarding Tibetans with 40,000 new troops…airplanes bomb one of oldest monasteries…arrest and kill parents, wives, and children suspected freedom fighters; many nuns and monks killed also…Many people flee to Lhasa, Tibetans are very angry.

1959: Situation reaches the “boiling point,” many lands had been taken…monasteries looted and destroyed…peasants hungry and some starving.

Commies request that the Dalai Lama attend a theatrical display in their military compound without his bodyguards…when Tibetans find out they are furious – tens of thousands of Tibetans surround the Dalai Lama’s palace and refuse to let him go…Commies phone Gyatso and ask him what room he is in inside the palace so they avoid that area when they start shooting at the crowds… Gyatso begs his people to go home – people say they would rather die than let the Dalai Lama be killed.

Gyatso sends for his oracle…says that Gyatso should flee the country and go to India… Pandit Nehru, the head of the Indian government, offers Gyatso asylum in country…Dalai

Lama hears that Commies opened fire on the crowds…over 80,000 killed…Commies military takeover was complete.

The Indian government welcomed the Dalai Lama and other Tibetan refugees…Land was set aside to set up camps for refugees and Gyatso visited these sites and worked to preserve the Tibetan culture and regain Tibet…100,000 Tibetans fled to India.- Schools were started- Large nursery for the many orphans…children were fed, cherished, and nursed back to

health…then homes were found for them, inside and outside India, where they would continue to be in contact with their heritage.

- Arranged with Indian government to open a large monastery where the best and brightest monks and scholars who had escaped could preserve their knowledge and traditions.

- Set up a government in exile…moved government toward democracy…to his cabinet, called the Kashdag, he added a governing body somewhat like Congress, with representatives of each of Tibet’s provinces as well as representatives of each branch of Buddhism and of the Bon religion, which some Tibetans still practiced.

Gyatso’s greatest goal was to regain his country…Members of the International Commission of Jurists investigated China’s actions in Tibet, and in 1960, they published their findings…China had violated 16 articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and was guilty of genocide in Tibet.

1965: Mao Tse-tung dies and Chinese admit that the Cultural Revolution had caused severe problems.

1979: China promises to have a more moderate government in Tibet…it was the Dalai Lama’s duty to return however Commies say that the younger generation of Tibetans would not recognize the Dalai Lama as the ruler… Gyatso sends out a group of advisers to find out if this is true…they go to Lhasa and find an immense demonstration of people vowing allegiance to the Dalai Lama…one Commie official comments “20 years of work was undone in one day.” However, to the group’s disgrace, they discover that there were many more Chinese that Tibetans living in Tibet.

Gyatso visits many countries…providing encouragement to Tibetan refugees and meeting with as many world leaders as would receive him…at first not many countries would meet with him for fear that they would anger China.

March 1989: Tibetans hold a peaceful demonstration against the repressive government…troops open fire and kill many…government then imposes martial law, which meant it could use any means necessary to keep the Tibetan citizens under control.

December 1989: Gyatso was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize…receives much media attention and respect…when he accepted the prize, his lecture was printed all over the world; he spoke of the situation in Tibet – how his 1/6 of his people had been killed and how their human rights were still being denied, stressed that military peace and technology are worthless without spiritual peace.

Five Point Plan Gyatso wished to implement in Tibet…- The country of Tibet would be turned into an international zone of nonviolence or

ahimsa.- China would stop moving mass numbers of Chinese into Tibet.- The Tibetan people’s human rights and democratic freedoms would be restored.- Tibet’s natural environment would be protected.- Serious negotiations would take place with China about Chinese-Tibetan relations.

Gyatso saw Tibet as a buffer zone between China and India…dream was to turn Tibet into an unarmed country, where groups and people from all over the world could come to discuss human rights and to search for their own route to spiritual peace.

China

Barriers to China’s Contact with OutsidersChina could not contact with outsiders due to land forms such as the Gobi Desert, the rugged Mongolian and Tibetan plateaus, and the towering Himalayan Mountains. Mountains and rainforests also separate China from Southeast Asia. To the east lies the Pacific Ocean.

Regions:Heartland/China Prosper- The two regions of the heartland are North and South China. Together, they stretch from Beijing in the north to China’s border with Vietnam in the south. Because North China and South China have different climates, they produce different crops. North China has warm or hot summers and cold winters. Rainfall varies greatly, and farmers never know how much to expect. Years of floods may alternate with years of severe drought. The chief food crops of North China are millet and wheat. South China is a much richer farming and industrial region. The mild, humid climate allows farmers to grow rice, cotton, tea, vegetables, and many other crops. Because much of South China is hilly, people are packed onto farmland in the river valleys and around lakes.Mongolia- Lying in the parched Gobi Desert, Mongolia has a harsh climate. Summers are extremely hot and winters are bitterly cold. The government has tried to improve irrigation and thereby promote farming.Xianjiang- The desert basin of Xianjiang is an important oil-producing region. If the government’s plans for irrigation succeed, the region may also produce wheat and cotton. Xinjiang is home to many non-Chinese peoples…Linked to mainland by railroads.Xizang- (AKA Tibet) sits among several mountain ranges, including the world’s highest mountains-the Himalayas. Much of the region is treeless and barren, but farming is possible in some valleys. Since taking over Tibet in 1950, China has tried to develop its rivers for hydroelectric power. The region may also have mineral wealth that could help China in the future.Jakota Triangle- Japan-Korea-Taiwan…economically prosperous; in ring of fire (prone to earthquakes).

Rivers:Huang He- AKA “Yellow River” wanders 1000s of miles across North China before emptying into the Yellow Sea. Its name comes from the yellowish-brown soil, called loess, that winds carry across the North China Plain and into the river. This windblown soil is quite fertile and enriches the land. Also earned name “River of Sorrow” because it floods frequently, causing terrible destruction. Flooding occurs because loess clogs the riverbed and after heavy rains, the river overflows its banks…the positive side is that the flood waters leave behind a fertile layer of silt after they dry up.Chang- AKA “Yangzi” carries much of China’s trade. At mouth of the Chang lies the bus port city of Shanghai, from which China ships many of its goods to countries overseas. Dams have been built to develop hydroelectric power along the Chang. One of the dams, the Three Gorges Dam has sparked debate – say the dam will produce such abundant electric power that the environmental damage will be great – will flood farmland and force more than 1 million people to leave their homes.Xi Jiang- AKA “West River” flows through South China. Oceangoing vessels can navigate this river to reach Guangzhou. From this major port, China ships the riches of its southlands to the world. Many people live in Xi delta – there is ample water, a favorable climate, and good soil.

Unity in Language:Even though most people who live in China are Chinese, they speak different dialects of Chinese. Dialects differ so much that Chinese from one area cannot understand people from other areas. To promote unity, the government has made Mandarin the country’s official language.

Chinese Dynasties

Shang(1766-1122 BCE)

First historic dynasty. Complex agricultural society with a bureaucracy and defined social classes. Well-developed writing, (ideographs and pictographs); first Chinese calendar (helped to know when to plant and harvest crops). Great age of bronze casting. At Anyang, the Shang dynasty capital, archaeologists have found palaces, temples, and royal burial sites. Rulers supervised irrigation and flood control projects. Shang Di was the chief god…oracle bones were first used.

Zhou(1122-221 BCE)

Mandate of Heaven (In exchange for their loyalty, the people had the right to expect good government. If ruler failed to maintain harvest and order, the people had the right to rebel)…helped explain dynastic cycle (the rise and fall of ruling families). After about 700BCE, the Zhou had little control over powerful lords who set up their own independent states. Rival states battled constantly for power. *Warring Period* Some of China’s greatest thinkers lived during this period: They developed three philosophies: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism.

Qin(221-206BCE)

Unification of China under harsh rule of “Shi Huangdi,” or “First Emperor.” (To unite the empire, Shi Huangdi imposed several measures: Established a single code law, used uniform standards for weights and measures, and imposed currency regulations. Feudalism replaced by pyramidal bureaucratic government. Written language standardized…Took steps to control knowledge and ideas; banned all books except Legalist works; only books on medicine, agriculture, and technology were spared and Confucian scholars were persecuted. Roads, canals, Great Wall were built…the Great Wall extended 1,500 miles from east to west; seldom kept invaders from attacking; became symbol to Chinese…south of the wall lived the “civilized farming people” of China; north of wall lived nomadic barbarians.

Han(206BCE-220CE)

Liu Bang – leader - Buddhism introduced. Trade developed; caravans plodded on the Silk Road and brought back grapes, alfalfa, etc. Set up an examination system to choose civil servants, or government officials… strengthened China. Officials gained jobs through merit, not by birth or wealth. Also, the Confucian-educated officials shared the same values and traditions. The common bond helped to unite the vast empire and hold it together as dynasties changed. Han astronomers improved the calendar…other scientists invented a seismograph…Doctors made advances in medical treatment, (timed patient’s pulse to diagnose illnesses, developed acupuncture, wrote about typhoid fever and use of anesthetics)…Farming: used complex flood control systems, fertilized soil to increase crop yields, planted drought-resistant rice. Invented tools: wheelbarrow, mill wheel, water clock, and sundial. Improved on other ideas from other places: foot stirrup. Learned how to make paper.

Three Kingdoms and Five Dynasties (220CE – 589CE)Confucianism eclipses; Taoism and Buddhism develop…many scientific

advances adopted from IndiaSui Reunification; centralized government reestablished…Buddhism and Taoism

(589-618CE)

favored… Great Wall refortifed…The Grand Canal built (linked southern and northern provinces, connected four great river systems – the Yangtze, Huang, Huai, and Qiantang – longest waterway on earth to be constructed by humans).

Tang(618-960CE)

Age of great achievements in sculpture, painting, and poetry…Li Bo is one of China’s best known writers; based some of his works on Daoism…Block Printing invented…Trade increased, economy prospers.

Song(960-1279CE)

Peaceful period…arts flourished and economy prospered…To protect its trade, the Song built a navy, making China a great sea power. Chinese ships used the sternpost rudder and the magnetic compass…gunpowder first used militarily.

Yuan(1279-1368CE)

Mongol dynasty founded by Kublai Khan. Growing contact with the West. Confucian ideas discouraged. Great age of Chinese playwriting. Marco Polo visits China and works as an official of the Mongol ruler. Efficient transportation system…Chinese ideas are spread to the West.

Ming(1368-1644CE)

Leader – Ming Hung Wu -… Mongols expelled. Confucianism, civil service examinations are reinstated. Contact with European traders, missionaries. Porcelain, architecture, the novel and drama flourish…Confucian learning reinstated…New imperial palace, Forbidden City, built…Oversea voyages were ongoing to renew trading ties; were stopped for unknown reasons and China adopted a policy of isolation

Qing(1644-1911CE)

China falls under foreign rule… Manchus establish empire…claimed authority over many states, including Burma, Thailand, Laos, Nepal, Vietnam, and Korea. Manchus pass laws forbidding Manchus to marry Chinese people or wear Chinese clothing…kept Confucian ideas; accepted that the Chinese wished to limit contact with foreigners.

The Three Schools of Thought

Confucianism: Confucius, China’s best known philosopher, was disturbed by disorder and suffering caused by constant warfare. He developed ideas about how to restore peace and ensure harmony. - Five relationships: between ruler and ruled, father and son, older brother and younger

brother, husband and wife, and friend and friend.- In all but the last one, one person has authority over another. In each, said Confucius, the

superior person should set an example for the inferior one…the superior person is also responsible for the well-being of the inferior person…EXP: the father must set an example for his son and look after his family. The father takes the credit-or the blame-for his children’s actions. The son, in turn, is expected to honor and obey his father. This is known as filial piety, the duty and respect that children owe their parents.

- Confucius created a guide to proper behavior based on ethical principles. In his teachings, he placed, the family and good of society above the interests of the individual. He also stressed loyalty, courtesy, hard work, and service.

- Placed great importance on education – “By nature, men are pretty much alike…it is the learning and practice that sets them apart.”…all of Confucius’s teachings are in the Analects.

Daoism: “Dao” = the way…Lao Zi studied human society and searched for ways to establish an orderly society…thoughts are contained in The Way of Virtue…Daoists believed that the best way to live was the natural way; Confucian rules for society were useless. A

society with rules was an artificial creation that disturbed the natural order. People should not do anything that was contrary to nature.- Best government was the one that had the fewest rules and laws. Simplicity was valued.- Made advances in science and technology…increased knowledge of astronomy,

developed the magnetic compass, discoveries in chemistry and biology, and invented gunpowder.

- Developed links with folk religion…peasants believed that gods and spirits controlled the unseen but powerful forces in nature. To find out what would please the spirits, they turned to Daoist priests for help. Priests used all kinds of magic to determine lucky days for weddings and the best placement of graves.

- Influenced arts of China – nature dominated poetry and painting and the individual only had a small role.

Legalism: The most famous Legalist writer was Han Feizi…he rejected Confucian ideas about proper behavior; believed people acted out of self-interest and would respond to rewards and punishments, not to good examples.- Only harsh laws imposed by a strong ruler would ensure order in society…EXP: Shi

Huangdi used Legalist ideas to unite China during the Qin dynasty.

Buddhism: Reached China from India in the first century AD…had a deep impact on Chinese life…offered an escape from the suffering of earthly life and promised salvation for the good-those who lived moral lives-and punishment for the wicked. It stressed mercy and compassion. Buddhist monks and nuns built hospitals and helped the poor.- Emphasized Confucian ideas of proper behavior and respect for family and ancestors.- Absorbed Daoist views of nature.

Patterns of Life: Early Chinese Society

Social Mobility- Artisans, merchants and peasants had social mobility.

a) used money to educate sonsb) if they could pass the test, they could be government officials.c) Sometimes entire village would support intelligent males

Family- Young men had to respect elders- Women had to obey men but had loyalty of their kids- Joint Family: many generations live together

a) oldest man had authority (Patriarchal)- Poor lost many family members due to death and disease- When head of family died, oldest son and his family took over- Filial Piety: kids were taught to put family’s interests first. Parents expect obedience and

compliance.a) Connected to respect for ancestors.b) Extended family includes living, dead and future generationsc) Ancestors live in another world but depend on descendants for food and clothing b/c

without these they become ghosts and descendants will suffer.

Marriage

- Arranged by parents- Helps to strengthen family’s position in society- Want a hard working woman who will bear sons- Get ancestors’ approval before marriage; give a dowry; priests studied birthdays of man

and woman to make sure marriage will be good.

Women- Inferior to men- Valued for work and sons- Girls’ birthdays were not celebrated- When married, became a part of husband’s family

a) Had to obey mother-in-law (Mom-in-law was often cruel to women)b) If she had a son, she gained respect form mom-in-law.

* Sons were important b/c they would carry on the respect for the ancestors- Foot Binding began in 950 AD

a) Purpose was to keep feet smalla) Only women with bound feet were considered beautifulb) Parents knew it was VERY painful but wanted to make sure daughter would get a

husband

Chapter 15 Lesson 5:Roots of Revolution

(2) Identify:

(a) Open Door Policy: The United States feared that European nations might set up colonies in China. To prevent this outcome, it called on European nations to support an “Open Door” policy in China. Under this policy, all nations were supposed to have equal access to trade with China. Although this policy failed, the US used it to protect its own trade with China.

(b) Taiping Rebellion: Marked the beginning of a long, slow revolution in China. After the rebellion, some Chinese called for reforms in government and society. Reformers wanted to introduce modern technology to China. Although the reformers saw the need for western technology, they also wanted to preserve Confucian culture. The government began a series of reforms. Set up factories and dockyards to produce modern weapons and ships, sent younge men abroad to study.

(c) 100 Days of Reforms: In 1898, Guang Xi supported this policy and he issued laws to update the civil service exam, organize western-style schools, and promote economic changes.

(d) Ci Xi: Led a group of conservatives who opposed the reforms. They believed that the changes threatened the traditional Confucian order. In 1898, Ci Xi seized power as empress and ended the influence of the moderate reformers. More radical reformers, however, stpeped up their demands for an end to the Qing dynasty.

(e) Boxer Rebellion: While the reform effort was underway, a growing number of foreign missionaries and business people were settling in China. The Chinese people’s hostility to foreigners and to the Qing increased. Anti-foreign Chinese soon took strong action. They formed the Fists of Righteous Harmony, called Boxers by westerners, to expel all foreigners. Empress Ci Xi secretly encouraged the Boxers. In 1900, the Boxers attacked and killed many Chinese Christians and foreigners. Boxer forces surrounded the foreign diplomatic quarter in Beijing. The western powers then quickly organized an international

army, which crushed the Boxers. As a result of the Boxer rebellion, China was forced to allow foreign warships in Chinese waters.

(f) Revolution of 1911: Ci Xi stayed in power after the uprising, but the Qing dynasty collapsed soon after her death. In 1911, China declared itself a republic, ending the ancient system of imperial rule. In 1911, China had no well-organized government to replace the Qing dynasty. From 1911 to 1928, the country seemed ready to break into many pieces. Civil war raged, with many people claiming the right to rule China.

(g) Guomindang: For a brief time in 1911, Dr. Sun Yatsen served as president of the new republic. Sun had helped to organize the Guomindang, or Nationalist party, and had struggled against the Qing dynasty.

(h) Three Principles of the People: When the Qing dynasty collasped, Sun Yatsen set out goals for China in “Three Principles of the People.”- First, he called for nationalism, which meant making China a unified nation and ending

foreign domination.’- Second, he supported democracy, or representative government.- Third, he spoke of “livelihood,” or ensuring a decent living for all Chinese.

Unfortunately, Sun had little chance to achieve his goals…A powerful general, Yuan Shikai forced Sun out of office in 1912 and soon warlords, or regional leaders with their own armies, were battling for power in China.(i) Chiang Kai-shek: During the years of turmoil, Sun Yatsen rallied followers to his Three

Principles. From his base in Guangzhou, he organized an army to restore unity…Sun appointed Chiang Kai-shek, an energetic young officer, to command the Nationalist army. When Sun died in 1925, Chiang took over as the leader of the Nationalist party and by 1928, Chiang had brought China under his control.

(j) Attack on the Communists: The Nationalists faced challenges to their authority…most Chinese felt strong ties to their own families but had little loyalty to a national state. China had no experience with representative government, and the nation’s economy was in bad shape. Chiang was concerned about the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which a group of young Chinese had formed in 1921. The CCP joined forced with the Nationalists to expel foreigners and fight the warlords. They hoped to win control of the Nationalist party by working from within…In 1927, Chiang moved against the Communists. He expelled them from the Guomindang and killed thousands of their supporters. The communists who survived fled to the mountains of southeastern China.

(k) Mao Zedong: During the late 1920s and 1930s, Mao Zedong emerged as the leader of the CCP. Mao believed that the Communists would succeed in China only by winning the support of the peasants. He insisted, therefore, that Communist forces treat the peasants fairly and politely. Unlike other Chinese armies, the Communists paid peasants for the food their forces required. With the support of the peasants, Mao’s army grew in numbers.

(l) Long March: Chiang launched a fierce campaign against the Communists. Greatly outnumbered, the Communists fled from Chiang’s armies in 1934. Led by Mao, they trekked more than 6,000 miles from southeastern China to the remote northwestern province of Shaanxi. The chase lasted more than a year. About 90,000 Communists with their families set out on the dangerous “Long March.” Only about 7,000 survived. The Long March became a symbol of the bitter hardships the Communists would endure before they finally gained power in 1949.

(m) Japanese Invasion: While Chiang battled the Communists, the Japanese pushed into China. In 1931, the Japanese seized Manchuria. Many Chinese called on Chiang and Mao to set aside their differences and fight their common enemy. In 1937, the Japanese launched an all-out war against China. Japanese planes bombed Chinese cities, and Japan’s armies overran the most heavily populated regions of China. During WWII, Nationalists and Communists

joined together to battle the Japanese. With the defeat of Japan in 1945, Mao’s forces held much of northern China, while the Guomindang ruled in the south.

(3) Define:(a) Kowtow: low bow expressing respect and submission to the Chinese emperor.(b) Extraterritoriality: principle allowing westerners accused of a crime in China to be tried in

special, western-run courts instead of Chinese courts.(c) Sphere of Influence: area of a country in which a foreign nation has special economic

privileges, such as the right to build railroads and factories.- By the late 1800s, the western powers had carved up China into spheres of influence…the Japanese also expanded into China.

(4) By the 1500s, the Portuguese had reached China, hoping to expand their trading empire…Ming emperors placed strict limits of foreign traders. They allowed foreign ships to unload cargoes only at the ports of Macao and Guangzhou. Traders could sell their goods only to certain Chinese merchants…The two developments of the late 1700s that affected China’s relations with the West were the Qing dynasty entered a long period of decline. Burdened with high taxes and limited land, the increasing peasant population had a hard time growing enough food to survive. When floods and droughts cause famine, peasant revolts broke out. A second development was the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe. The Industrial Revolution increased the military power of European nations. With modern fleets, these strong nations could reach distant places. British used their military strength to back their demands for expanded trading rights with China.

(5) During the late 1700s, Britain began to sell opium that was grown in India to China. By the early 1800s, many Chinese had become addicted to the drug. The opium trade also drained China’s supply of silver, which was used to pay for the drug. The Chinese government tried to stop the illegal drug trade by passing harsh laws. Users and smugglers faced the death penalty. In 1839, the Chinese destroyed a British shipment of opium, and war broke out. In the Opium War, the Chinese were no match for the British. Even though the Chinese had invented gunpowder and cannons, their weapons were outdated and also they lacked modern ships. With their superior military technology, the British soon defeated the Chinese…The outcome of the Opium War was the Treaty of Nanjing. In it, the Chinese had to accept British terms for peace. The emperor agreed to pay for the opium that had been destroyed. He also agreed to pay for the opium that had been destroyed. He also agreed to give Britain the island of Hong Kong and to open other ports to British trade. The Treaty of Nanjing showed that the Chinese could no longer set the terms of trade. Westerners also won the right to extraterritoriality.

(6) The civil war broke out after the Revolution of 1911 because China had no well-organized government to replace the Qing dynasty.

The People’s Republic of China

Communism: an economic system in which the community or government owns the means of production for the common advantage of all members of society.- Theory was to develop a society without class distinctions or private property owned.

Originally developed by Marx and Engels. Capitalism: The owners of the means of production get richer at expense of the workers.

Mao Zedong: Son of a peasant; fought in 1911 rebellion. Tried to get support of the peasants by offering to give them land.- wanted to organize them into a people’s army- leads “Long March”

Communist Triumph

1931 Japan takes over Manchuria and by 1933 took over N China Chiang ends civil war with commies to fight Japan 1937: War with Japan. By 1938, Japan controls many Chinese coastal cities. Japan sets up

control in Nanjing. Millions of Chinese were shot, burned, drowned, etc. (1992 Emperor Akihito visits Nanjing and refers to war but refuses to make an official apology for atrocities committed). Called the “Rape of Nanjing.”

1941: Pearl Harbor 1949: Commies take over China.

- Changed China to “People’s Republic of China.”- Capital = Beijing- Mao becomes chairperson

Chairperson Mao

Once in power, the commies write a new constitution Appeared to set up the National People’s Congress (NPC) and free elections. Reality: China became a ONE party dictatorship

- Commie party continued government and economy- Used the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)

China became a totalitarian state: government controls every aspect of citizens’ lives. Cultural Revolution: ONLY Chinese products in house Propaganda (spread of ideas to promote a cause) made Mao look like a hero People had to memorize parts of Quotes from CM Mao (the Little Red Book) and were

taught obedience to Mao in school

Mao Ends Foreign Influence in China

Insists that China becomes self-sufficient Promotes food production, builds more schools, extends basic health care services to people.

Mao Improves the Lives of Women Abolished foot – binding Allowed women to choose their husbands Gave women the right to own property and divorce

Women get equal education and equal pay if equal work Still…men have most jobs and 80% of women can’t read Mao dies in 1976 Deng Xiaoping comes to power and loosens government control and allows some foreign

interaction.

Changes in China

Starting in 1979, Chinese government began a policy of one child per family – an attempt to control population.- If you accept one child limit you get paid more, your child gets free medical care and you

have better housing; if you have two children you must pay fine/food rations.- Propaganda used to promote one child.- Tradition of large family is hard to change; especially in rural areas.

Tiananmen Square: spring 1989 there was dissatisfaction and students in Beijing began to demand political freedom.

A pro – democracy movement (freedom of speech/press) Students protest and gets world coverage…gov’t won’t talk to kids. Gov’t allows students to gather in square at first. June 1989: Orders students to go home. Students refuse to leave and army opens fire…1000s

killed/wounded, gov’t arrested, tortured, executed leaders.

Japan

Japan is an archipelago, which is a chain of islands. The country consists of four main islands and 3,000 tiny islands.

Japan lies in the Pacific Ring of Fire, which makes her susceptible to earthquakes and volcanoes.

The 3 Main Religions are:

Shinto Buddhism Confucianism Shinto has neither sacred

writings nor an organized set of beliefs.

Means “The Way of Gods” Believed that spirits or kami,

lived in everything Spirits controlled natural

forces; through prayer and offering the Japanese tried to win the favor of the kami.

Created a link btw the people and the forces of nature.

Arrived in 552; taught the cycle of birth and rebirth and the goal of enlightenment.

Also taught that people could move closer to salvation through meditation and good deeds.

Supported friendliness and compassion.

Samurai followed Zen Buddhism, which emphasized mediation and self-discipline as way to reach salvation.

Zen had influence on art.

Five relationships and duties and obligations of superior and inferior persons.

Late 1600s: the Tokugawa shoguns placed new emphasis on the Confucian values of filial piety and loyalty to the ruler. Those ideas supported their efforts to unite Japan.

The Tokugawa also stressed other Confucian virtues, such as hard work and importance of education.

Japan’s culture was based on influences from China, such as…

- Stressed loyalty to the family except that loyalty to one’s feudal lord overshadowed family ties.

Early Japanese society was set up according to a system of feudalism. People valued loyalty to their feudal class even more than loyalty to their families. The society had samurai or warriors to battle. They lived by a behavior code called bushido which encouraged bravery, self-discipline, and honor. As part of this code, some samurais even committed Seppuku, or ritual suicide if he brought dishonor to his lord.

The chief general of the army was called shogun and Yoritomo was the first major shogun. In the feudal rank of commoners, there were 3 classes: peasants, artisans, and merchants. The great feudal society in Japan was known as the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Tokugawa felt threatened by the westerners so in 1639 he closed Japan to the world (isolation). Japanese who left the island could not return. The government banned building oceangoing vessels…this policy was enforced for 200 years.

In 1853, the USA sent a fleet commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry…Perry forced Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa, which granted US ships the right to stop at two Japanese ports for supplies and the right to send a diplomatic representative to Japan…(similar to the unequal treaties the US imposed on China).

1868: rebels forced the shogun to step down and the 15-year-old emperor took power, starting the Meiji rule, which means, “enlightened rule.” They realized Japan needed to modernize. They sent people to Europe and US to study western government, industry, and military organization.

Meiji rulers wanted to modernize. In the 1860s disease killed silkworms, which allows that industry to grow in Japan creating more capital. With government help, powerful families used traditional ties and modern business methods to build huge companies. These large family organizations became known as zaibatsu…The government encouraged cooperation btw companies to improve economy.

The economy encouraged expansion:- 1895: Japan defeated China in a war and forced the Chinese to give up claims to Korea

and gained Taiwan, known as Formosa, and won the same special privileges in China that the western nations enjoyed.

- 1904-1905 Japan fought Russia (Russo-Japanese War) and stunned the world by their victory…gained control of Manchuria.

- During WWI, Japan took over Germany’s control of Northern China.- During the 1930s, Japan became a military dictatorship and her leaders promoted

militarism – a glorification of the military and readiness for war. The new emperor was Hirohito. In 1937, Japan laundered battle in China…(Nanjing happens)

- 1940: Japan joins Axis Alliance (WWII)- Dec. 7, 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Japan conquers Hong Kong and

Southeast Asia. US finally gets upper hand in 1942 in the South Pacific.- Aug 6, 1945: Hiroshima is bombed by Americans.- Aug 9, 1945: Nagasaki is bombed by Americans.- Aug 14, 1945: Japan surrenders.- According to the Allies powers, the main causes of the war were…

Undemocratic rule Japanese expansion.

The US sent General Douglas MacArthur to occupy Japan, reform militarism, and build a democratic republic. Under MacArthur, Japan adopted a new constitution. The purpose was to make Japan a democratic society. The constitution stripped the emperor of all his power and gave power to the Diet, an elected legislature. The constitution made it illegal for Japanese to wage war or forbade Japanese government to maintain military forces. In 1952, occupation forces withdrew from Japan.

After WWII, America helped Japan to rebuild her shattered economy. The Korean War helped to stimulate economic growth. At first, Japan rebuilt industries such as factories, textiles, during the 1960s, Japan developed heavy industry. The 1973 oil shock caused Japan to switch to hi-tech industry.

Korea

Korea is a peninsula attached to the eastern mainland of Asia. Because of her location, Korea has been a cultural bridge between China and Japan.

In 668, the Silla kingdom united Korea and she remained a single state until 1945.

Between 1392-1910 (during the Choson dynasty) Korea became very closely allied with China and cut off relations with other countries. Because of this, Korea became known as the Hermit Kingdom.

Koreans treated China with respect…even though Korea was loyal to China, she had her own identity. This is evident from han’gul (phonetic alphabet) which was started by Sejong.

Korea became an isolationist country, a policy of avoiding foreign involvement and contacts.

By 1905, Japan conquered Korea and annexed it (add territory to one’s own country)

On March 1, 1919, Korean nationalists held a huge, peaceful demonstration to demand independence…became known as the March 1st Movement.

During WWII, Japan forced Korea to fight in its armies.

In 1945, WWII ends; Japan is defeated; the USA and Soviet Union agreed that Korea should be independent. The Soviet troops occupied the north and the US troops occupied the south.

Because of the Cold War, these divisions became permanent at the 38th parallel. The Soviet Union took root in the north and the US in the south.

In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to reunite the country. The soldiers were surprised and unprepared.

The USA saw this invasion as part of a worldwide communist threat. MacArthur led South Korean troops. Later President Truman gets mad at him and fires him.

The war ended in a stalemate and in 1953 both sides agreed on an armistice (an end to fighting). The treaty left Korea divided at the 38th parallel with a demilitarized zone on both sides.

South Korea’s first president was Syngman Rhee who ruled harshly. In the 1960s, massive protests by students forced Rhee to resign. By the 1980s, the government gave into demands for more democratic elections. Today South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore are called the Four Asian Tigers because of their economic success.

North Korea is still a closed society with few links to the world. North Korea was led by Kim Il Sung from 1984-1994. They nicknamed him “Great Leader.” When he died, his son Kim Jong Il became leader.

Kim Il Sung believed in juche (self-reliance) and refused to depend on other countries. North Korea outlawed all religions and replaced Confucianism with communist beliefs. Currently, North Korea is amassing nuclear weapons.

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is split into 2 areas- The mainland region – which is a peninsula that lies between the South China Sea and the

Indian Ocean. Within the peninsula lies 5 independent nations

- Myanmar- Burma- Cambodia- Laos- Thailand- Vietnam

Mountains cover much of the mainland- Lying among them are plateaus that help to separate Southeast Asia from the rest of the

continent. Five major rivers in southeast Asia:

- Irra Waddy- Salween- Chao Phraya- Mekong- Red River

The Red River flows east into the Gulf of Tonkin. The Island Southeast Asia are made up thousands of islands in and around the pacific ocean.

- Malaysia- Brunei- Singapore- Indonesia- Philippines

Indonesia and the Philippines are made up of a series of archipelagos.- Indonesia has 13,500 islands of varying sizes- Philippines have over 7,000 islands of varying sizes- Located on the Ring of Fire (a line of volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean) When volcanoes erupt they spread…

- Rich in minerals- Makes soil more fertile- Many people farm near active volcanoes- Especially on the Indonesian island of Java

- Very dangerous…Mount Pinatubo erupts in 1991 on the island of Luzon in the Phillippines…destroyed crops and caused buildings to collapse…100s died…closed US airforce base permanently.

Climates

Most of SE Asia lies in the tropics- Hot and humid most of the year- Monsoons (seasonal winds and rain) affect climate

From June to September wet monsoons bring heavy rain Later winds reverse and the weather is drier but, hotter Shaped patterns of life

- Lateen Sail: advantage of seasonal wind- Traders planned voyages to coincide with arrival of monsoon- Depend on wet monsoon to water crops

Typhoons: fierce tropical storms Kill many people, cause damage…are prone to islands.

Natural Resources

SE Asia is rich in natural resources…supplies about half the world’s natural resources, as well as metals

Indonesia and Brunei both have large deposits of oil and natural gas. Agricultural resources –

- Farming is important to the economies of SE Asian countries Rice (1/3 of world), coffee, teas, spices, rubber, coconuts

Most SE Asian countries have diversified economies and export a variety of crops Both mainland and island SE Asia has dense tropical rain forests…contains teak, mahogany. Rainforests are being cut down at a rapid rate

Early Traditions

Mainland countries had several rulers because of the geography of the land and the Rulers inability to conquer more than small sections- Controlled mostly small areas- Leaders built their kingdoms in the fertile river valleys

Had strong armies…taxes…set up complex irrigation systems needed to farm rice… China and their powerful empires conquer small areas of SE Asia, but for the most part only Vietnam lost self-rule.

PAGAN CIVILIZATION- Early civilization that grew around the Irra Waddy River (Myanmar or Burma)- In 849, Burmans built the Kingdom of Pagan- Controlled fertile rice growing lands- Leaders grew rich and powerful- King Anawrata led Pagans during the 11th century…brought Buddhism to Pagan…

Buddhist missionaries had carried their religion to the Mongol people who lived in the South of Pagan…When Anawarta invaded Mongolia, he took possession of the Buddha statues and sacred writings. Tributary State- recognizes the superiority of the Chinese emperor by giving

tribute, or gifts to him. By the 1400s, the Chinese had lost power in Burma.

KHMER KINGDOM- Among the most powerful kingdom in all of SE Asia…controlled the Mekong River delta

in what is now known as Cambodia and South Vietnam.- By 85 AD, Khmer built a prosperous kingdom.- Had close contact with Indian traders.

Learned about government and literature…created a writing system based on Indian scripts…adopted Hindu beliefs and built temples

Great farming region- Allowed people to live in large cities- Built water systems with canals and reservoirs Prevented floods during the rainy seasons and stored water during the dry

months.- In the 1100s, the king, Suryavarman II built ANGKOR ANGKOR, a vast capital city

dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu…Khmer converts to Buddhism from Hindu after the fall and resurrection of the Khmer kingdom.

THE IMPORTANCE OF RELIGION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA- Animism: belief that spirits live in the natural world

Mountains, streams, rocks, trees have spirits - Animism would bring peace offerings to the gods of the volcano.

- Hinduism: This was the earliest world religion to influence SE Asia. Early Indian traders brought Hinduism to the region Blended Hindu gods with their own spirits Also accepted the Hindu belief in reincarnation.

- Rejected the caste system.- Hinduism declined later and is now found in Bali and parts of Malaysia.

- Buddhism: More impact on SE Asia than Hinduism. Carried east from India by Buddhist missionaries Two separate schools of Buddhism surfaced in SE Asia Theravada Buddhism (more emphasis on monastic way of life) spread in Burma,

Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. Mahayana Buddhism (less monastic life)…ordinary men can achieve nirvana by

mediation… women can’t reach nirvana. Buddhist beliefs are strong still in SE Asia.

- Islam comes to SE Asia by 900AD Brought by Arab traders to the Malya peninsula, islands of Java, Borneo, and

Sumatra.- During the 1500s, Spain conquered the Philippines

Christian missionaries set out to convert people to Roman Catholic…most lowland people convert within 50 years…most of the people in the Philippines are catholic because of efforts of the Missionaries in the 1500s.

VIETNAM- A kingdom in the Red River delta area that came under Chinese domination- 39 AD: the Trung Sisters, the daughters of a Vietnamese noble, led a fight against the

Chinese and freed 65 towns from their rule. Eventually the patriots were captured by Chinese military and executed

- Chinese ruled Vietnam for 1,000 years…greatly influenced language, art, poetry, and customs…absorbed Confucian philosophy.

- Vietnam regained independence in 939…After the end of WWI, Vietnam found itself under the ruling thumb of another imperialist country, France. After the war ended, Woodrow Wilson put force a plan that would guarantee the

right of all people to determine their own future. A Vietnamese man who was interested in gaining this type of freedom for his people

was at Versailles during the peace treaty…his name was Ho Chi Minh – “He Who Enlightens.”

After WWII, Vietnam pushed for changes in their country, any attempt at change was met by force by France.

- Ho Chi Minh helped to form the Communist Party in France. Nationalists liked Communism because it discouraged colonialism. Went back to Vietnam with two goals…

- Build Communist movement- Win independence

- During WWII Minh formed the Viet Minh Used guerilla tactics against the Japanese occupation forces In 1945, Minh’s troops controlled most of Northern Vietnam and the city of Hanoi. 1946: Vietnam wants freedom, France wants to regain control.

- Starts eight year war in which France, with the support of the US, fought Viet Minh who had the support of the Chinese and the Soviets.

- American leaders were not thrilled with French occupation of Vietnam, but their greater fear was the domino theory (if one country succumbed to communist ideas, neighboring countries would also become communist, like a row of falling dominoes).

- In 1954, the Viet Minh trap the forces of France at Dienbienphu, forcing the surrender and withdrawal of France from Vietnam. Peace agreement signed in Geneva splits the country along the 17th parallel. Communist North (led by Minh) Non-Communist South (led by Ngo Dinh Diem)

- North Vietnam becomes firmly communist under the hand of Ho Chi Minh Limited freedom of the press…silence opponents South Vietnam was in chaos fighting between Diem and his opponents 1956: Diem blocked free elections between Diem and his opponents for fear that the

communists would win 1960: Viet Cong was formed by communists living in South Vietnam

- Armed by North Vietnam…tried to overthrow Diem Diem was supported by the US…lost support of the US

- Didn’t end corruption…didn’t set up land reforms- Catholic leader in Buddhist country

Favored Catholics over Buddhist majority

Used violence against protesters Actions increase support for Viet Cong

Diem assassinated in 1963…US stepped up in help of the Southern Vietnamese North Vietnam increases support to Viet Cong

- Used trails through Laos and Cambodia Ho Chi Minh trail

1964: Gulf of Tonkin resolution helps the US expand its support to Vietnam to military troops and the use of force.

1968: US has 500,000 troops in Vietnam- Viet Cong fights effectively even after American build up- US involvement creates loud protests all over the US- 1969 – Nixon starts to withdraw troops- 1973 – Peace treaty ends the US involvement in Vietnam…after US leaves

South, they could not hold off the North and Saigon (the capital of South Vietnam) fell to the communists in 1975.

Tragedy in Cambodia

Soon after Saigon fell, the Khmer Rouge swept to power in Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge leader, Lon Nol, formly known as Pol Pot, renamed the country Kampuchea…Pol Pot supported Communist ideas (learned from Saloth Sar)… He set out to destroy all traces of foreign influence in Cambodia and decides there are problems there because of no communism…- Since most city dwellers had come into contact with foreigners, Khmer Rouge soldiers

forced people out of the cities and resettled them in the country…there many died of starvation…the Khmer Rouge also tortured and murdered anyone it suspected of being disloyal.

- This is an example of genocide…as many as 2 million out of 7 million Cambodians were killed or died of starvation.

- Americans in Cambodia witnessed this and purposely didn’t acknowledge it.

The Philippines

Originally part of Spain. 1898: Spanish-American war

- We fought in Cuba for two reasons… Spain was mean to the colonies in the Caribbean region Main (an American ship) exploded off the coast of Cuba; “Yellow Journalism” came

up with the headline “Remember the Main,” we want to fight Spain… TRUTH: stored right next to the fire and ammunition was coal…made ship explode.

WE WIN!- Cuba is protected by the US until Fidel Castro’s reign- We get the Philippines…

Filipinos expected the Americans to recognize their independence…instead the treaty between Spain and the United States placed the islands under American control.

Bitterly disappointed, Filipino nationalists, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, renewed their struggle, this time against the United States…fight!…About 100,000 Filipinos died before American forces crushed the rebellion in 1901.

US sets up concentration camps…Filipino nationalists continue to make demands for freedom.

July 4, 1946: Philippines Independence- We get US military base in Japan

Africa

Geography and Early History of Africa

Africa is the world’s second-largest continent and contains 55 independent nations.

Locate:(a) Tropics: Region between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn; 80% of Africa is in

this region…because of this location, African climates are generally warm throughout the year.

(b) Sahara: Larger than the continental US; extends across northern Africa from the Atlantic to the Red Sea…region of windswept rock, gravel, and shifting sand dunes…A few areas have grasses that can support grazing animals; has an average rainfall of less than 10 inches a year.

(c) Kalahari: Not as dry as the Sahara…can support vegetation and has some animal-life.(d) Namib: One of the driest places on the Earth(e) Sahel: Desertification is especially widespread in this area…It separates the savanna from

the Sahara to the north…receives very little rain.

Identify:(a) Sleeping Sickness: is widespread in the savanna…the disease is carried by the tsetse fly,

which infects both people and their livestock. Because the disease kills cattle, many Africans have little meat in their diet; without this protein, they are more likely to develop other diseases.

(b) Swahili: In East Africa, Arabs from the Middle East traded with local African people and over time some Arabic words blended into the basic Bantu languages of East Africa…result was Swahili, still spoke in East Africa today.

(c) Bilharzia: Disease transmitted by snails that carry parasitic worms…people become infected when they wash or swim in streams where snails live…causes blindness.

Define:(a) Leaching: dissolving and washing away of the soil’s nutrients by constant heavy rains.(b) Drought: Prolonged periods of little or no rainfall…is common in the savanna region.(c) Desertification: Natural forces and human action put the land at risk. When droughts occur,

crops wither. In addition, the grazing herds have destoyed the roots of the grasses, so the thin layer of topsoil turns to dust. The result is desertification - the turning of semidesert land into desert…happens especially in the Sahel.

The Four Major Climate Regions…(a) Tropical Wet Climate: rainforests thrive in this region…hot and humid, abundant rain…poor

soil…leaching occurs(b) Tropical Wet and Dry Climate: Largest climate zone…The savanna occupies this region…

In the summer, or rainy season, it is hot and wet…winter, dry season, it is warm, w/ little or no rainfall.

(c) Desert: Dry and hot… little or no rainfall(d) Mediterranean Climate: Mild climate…summers are hot and dry, winters are cooler and

moist… fertile soil can support many kinds of crops as well as herding.

Five Basic Types of Societies are farming, herding, fishing, hunting and food gatheringand urban.

Africa and Diseases

1) Flies, mosquitoes, fleas, and snails are some organisms that carry diseases in tropical Africa.2) Many Africans are susceptible to illness because people generally don’t have the money to

spend on meats that may balance their diets. Poor nutrition makes these people susceptible to illness.

3) Malaria causes the most casualties in Africa and 1 million children per year die from it.4) Schistomiasis, AKA bilharzia, is a virulent malady, transmitted by snails that causes

blindness.5) Approximately 20 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa have AIDS today.

69% of Africa is HIV positive African countries with over 1 million HIV infected citizens: D.R. Congo, Mozambique,

Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia, South Africa 1 in 5 adults has AIDS in: Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zambia, South Africa,

Namibia6) African governments conceal the number of people who have AIDS because of a sense of

shame, concern that the real figures will drive investors and tourists away, and an arrogant power on the part of military rulers to deny reality.

7) One in 23 Africans in the “AIDS-belt” may now be infected with HIV.8) Ebola broke out in Zaire in 1995…the mortality rate is 90%.9) Sleeping Sickness kills 550 people a day.10) Medical Geography is the study of people’s health in spatial context.11) Endemic is when a disease is carried by a large number of hosts without causing a rapid

death toll…Hepatitis is an example of this.12) Epidemic is when a high percentage of people are afflicted and a substantial number of

victims die…Ebola is an example of this.13) Pandemic is when a disease breaks out in one area and eventually spreads worldwide…

Influenza is an example of this.

Africa: The Origin of Man

4 million years ago 2 major groups of hominids (humanlike creatures) emerged:- Australopitheus and Homo

1974 Donald Johanson discovered remains of Lucy – an austratopitheus afarensis – in the Afar Triangle region of Ethiopia.

Lucy lived 3.5 MYA and was 3.5 ft tall and 60lbs…walked upright. 1995: Meark Leakey found a hominid fossil near Lake Turkana in Kenya which dates

4.1MYA. Homo appeared 2.5MYA Homo Habilis (“Skillful One”) is the earliest known. Louis and Mary Leakey discovered the

first one in 1960 in Tanzania…Habilis used simple tools. Homo Erectus (“Upright) lived about 1MYA. Homo Erectus has been found in Africa,

Europe, and Asia. Homo Sapien (“Thinking”) lived 200,000 years ago…Present day humans belong to this

group…. 2 group cultures:- Neanderthal – (Neander Valley, Germany)

- Cro Magnon – (France)- All people are descendants of Cro Magnon

Early Civilizations of Africa

Kingdom of the Kush in the Land of Nubia

Located in the south of Egypt in modern day Sudan. 750BCE: Egypt was weak and Kush King Kastha conquers the Nile Valley Pushed out by the Assyrians Kush move back down to homeland and make Meroe their capital Worshipped Re (sun-god) Built temples similar to the Egypt’s Used hieroglyphics until they had own alphabet Eventually discover iron ore deposits around Meroe and make tools and weapons

- Today there is still waste near ruins of Meroe Became greatest traders with Arabia, Asia, and India 200CE Kush is weak and begins to collapse

Kingdom of Axum

Axum started before Kush totally dies out. Present day Ethiopia Important center of trade (spices, gems, and ivory) 330AD: King Ezana conquers Kush King had converted to Christianity and religion spread. The Ethiopian Christian church is

one of the oldest forms of Christianity alive today. Geez: own sacred language TRADE…

- Early trade routes from Middle East to Africa- Difficult journey; traveling through desert, used stars to navigate and traveled at night.- Why?…the gold for salt trade!

Lots of rivers in west; gold deposits in rivers Savannah areas of West Africa lacked salt – necessary to people but the Savannah had lots of

gold…Taghaza became important site for trade. Created strong kingdom

Ghana

300AD ~ began Located on the North/South trade route. Charged traders who passed through kingdom a tax

at entry and exit. Ghana means “War Chief” and ruler was known as “King of Gold” Begins to decline in 1076. Ghana was first named “Gold Coast” by Europeans

Empire of Mali

Mandingo tribe (mainly farmers who had lived under Ghana rule) set up Mali. Mansa Musa is ruler from 1307-1337 Islamic faith influences West Africa. Mansa Musa adopts faith and many Mandingos

convert…Many mosques built. 1400s begins to decline.

Songhai

Gao, Timbuktu: Important countries (trading) Empire started in trading city of Gao and power spread. Sunni Ali came to power in 1644. He was a conqueror and took over trading cities Askia Muhammed comes to power…conquers Timbuktu…had Islamic teachers settle in

Timbuktu, creating Islamic learning center. 1591: traders from Morocco take over because they wanted Songhai’s wealth.

Yoruba City States

Yoruba people trace origins to first king of Ife – city in Western Nigeria. Origins may date to 500BCE and language is 3000 years old.

Cities developed around Ife: 2 large cities were Oyo and Benin. Ife is famous for wood, terra cotta, and bronze sculptures…they used a lost-wax technique

(melting wax is replaced with metal). Located along the delta of the Niger River. Ruler called Oba…Ewuare was the greatest. Benin city: Capital intersecting streets, broad avenues, and an industrial center…produced

woven goods, brass, wood, and ivory objects.

Patterns of Life in Africa

Define:(a) Lineage: A group that traces its descent to a common ancestor.(b) Consensus: Common agreement(c) Subsistence Farmer: Most villagers were subsistence farmers…produced enough for their

own needs with little or no surplus.(d) Polygamy: The practice of having more than one spouse.(e) Age Grade: Included all boys or girls born in the same year. Young people passed through

different stages of life with other members of their age grade. Together they took part in the special ceremonies that marked each step on their way to adulthood.

(1) The extended family helped to unite a society by several families pooling together their labor. They worked on projects such as clearing land, building homes, and harvesting crops, which demanded a large labor force. In villages, extended families often shared a common living area, or compound, that contained separate homes for different family members. Also, in many societies, a group of distant kin would trace their descent back to a common ancestor. Sharing a common lineage create bonds of loyalty and respect. Lastly, the age grade system taught kids how to work together so they would know how to cooperate in the future.

(2) Village leaders who made the decisions that affected the daily life of most Africans governed villages. In many areas, decisions at the village level would require full public discussion.

Village leaders would state their views and listen to what others had to say. When the members of the community disagreed, they worked out the issue through further discussion. Their goal was to reach a consensus, or common agreement. Sometimes, reaching a consensus took many days since it often called for compromises on all sides. Leaders stressed the good of the community rather than individual desires.

(3) Bride wealth showed that African women were important. At the time of marriage, the bride’s family lost its daughter’s valuable labor. The two sides had to respect each other. By giving bride wealth, a man was honoring the bride’s family. He was also promising not to mistreat his future wife. By accepting bride wealth, a woman’s family acknowledged the bond that the marriage created.

(4) Cultural diffusion has influenced religious life in Africa. Both Christianity and Judaism reached Africa in ancient times. Christianity spread to North Africa and up the Nile to Axum and Kush. Judaism arrived in Ethiopia from Jewish settlements across the narrow Red Sea. A large community of Ethiopian Jews was established that lasted for 100s of years. Ethiopian Christians have also survived as a strong community. Ethiopian Orthodox Church claims roots dating to the time of Solomon in the Old Testaments. Christian missionaries set out to replace traditional African religions in the 1800s. Islam also spread gradually in the North. As early as 800CE, wealthy leaders in some African societies converted to Islam.

African religions are animistic…meat is holy…complete respect for nature…ancestral respect – clan leaders responsible for village.

The Slave Trade

Map Study: Page 95

(1) Region: The regions of Africa that were homelands of most of the people who were enslaved were in East Africa and West Africa.

(2) Movement: The destinations of the slave trade were to North America and the West Indies, Brazil, and the Arab Lands.

(3) Applying Information: The Atlantic Ocean became the main route of slave trade because it served as the “middle passage” conveniently located between Africa, South America and Britain.

Graph Skills: Page 96

(1) The three areas that had the largest number slaves sent in 1800 were Brazil, French Caribbean and Spanish America.

(2) Approximately 3,100,000 slaves brought to the Americas between 1761 and 1810.

Section Three Review

Identify:(a) Mirambo: ruler of Nyamwezi during the late 1800s. He built a centralized state in which he

traded slaves for guns and extended his power over a large region of what is today Tanzania.(b) Tippu Tib: organized an empire in the eastern Congo that was built on the ivory trade and

the slave trade.

Define:

(a) Abolition: movement to end slavery…in the 1700s, a few important European thinkers began to talk about human rights and to oppose slavery.

(b) Diaspora: The scattering of a group of people…the slave trade sent millions of Africans overseas (diaspora).

(1) The motives that led Europeans to explore the coast of Africa in the 1400s were firstly because Portugal’s Prince Henry was looking for a sea route around Africa to India. He sent explorers to map the coast of Africa; hoping they would find the kingdoms of West Africa, which had large resources of gold. In due time, Portuguese sailors explored the African coast. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa. Another motive was that the Portuguese and Europeans had the opportunity to build small trading stations on the coast of Africa. This would be a great benefit to their economies.

(2) The scarcity of labor in the Americas encouraged the Atlantic slave trade because as the needed demand for slaves grew (to work in mines and on plantations), so did the profits to be made from the slave trade. One other cause of the slave trade was that European rulers required a large labor force in order to make their American colonies profitable, hence the need for slaves.

(3) Two ways in which slavery and the slave trade had affected Africa were it encouraged wars and increased tensions among neighboring peoples. An effect of the warring was that economic life then suffered. Two ways in which slavery and the slave trade affected the United States were that many whites in America came to look on Africans as inferior humans, (shown in the 3/5 rule), and later caused the US to industrialize. Also, the Seminole indian tribe welcomed slaves because they saw them as people with the same cause as them (against the whites).

(4) Slavery began in the 1400s when the Europeans carried slaves form Africa to Europe. Slavery existed in Africa because the Europeans had a need for slaves to make their American colonies.

(5) The Atlantic slave trade was different from African slavery because more than 60,000 slaves were packed onto ships and were forced to migrate thousands of miles from their homes. Also, profits were made from the delivery of slaves. The Atlantic slave trade also caused racism to rise in the Americas.

(6) The Europeans got slaves by shipping them on ships across the middle passage. They sent thousands of slaves on ships to North America, Brazil (49.8% sent here – greatest amount), and Arab Lands.

(7) The US outlawed slavery (with the 13th amendment) in 1865. The US outlawed slave trade in 1809 (Article II Section 9).- Amendment 14: Blacks became citizens- Amendment 15: Blacks have the right to vote.

(8) The major impacts of the slave trade were that European nations were forced to industrialize. In West Africa, the slave trade encouraged wars and increased tensions among neighboring peoples. Economic life suffered in West Africa. The slave trade also led to the rise of new strong states such as Nyamwezi and an empire in eastern Congo, ruled by Tippu Tib. Also, the slave trade cause a diaspora of African peoples. The survivors of this diaspora struggled to hold onto their culture.

(9) Sierra Leone and Liberia are significant because they were the two nations that were established for the freed slaves.

European Exploration

Before 1800s, Europe knew very little about Africa- Had some trading posts along coasts and slave ships sent in- Starting in late 1700s, a few explorers visited and painted European interpretation of

Africa. Dr. David Livingstone captured people’s imagination the most.

- British doctor and missionary.- “Discovered” waterfalls of Zambezi River, Victoria Falls, for Queen Victoria. Africans

had always called them “Mos Oa Tunys,” (smoke that thunders.- 1870: meeting with Henry Stanley in D.R. Congo.

European Motives

Economic Motives- Late 1800s, nations of Western Europe had industrialized- Africa was the source of palm oil (for soap), cotton (textiles), gum (paper and fabrics),

rubber, ivory, rare hardwoods (ebony). Political Motives

- Nationalism was sweeping through Europe - Rivalries fueled competition for colonies

Religious Motives- Christians believed it was their duty to spread religion and save souls

Believed that their civilization and religion was superior and expected Africans to convert to European ways.

Scramble for Colonies

Two improvements allowed Europeans to get into Africa- Medical advances (to fight malaria and yellow fever).- Maxim guns (early machine gun, which was more advanced than others were).

Scramble for colonies in Central and West Africa began when King Leopold II of Belgium gained control of the Congo Basin (present day D.R. Congo).- Britain and Germany support him to stop it.- Tensions mount

Berlin Conference held in 1884 and hosted by Otto Von Bismarck.- 14 European nations and USA made decision about how to divide Africa between them.- When conference started, 80% of Africa was under traditional African rule- No Africans invited to conference. Boundaries cut up tribes, villages, farms, grazing

lands, migration routes, and often put warring tribes in the same colony.- Leopold gets free state, boundaries accepted French, German, and Portuguese claims- Surveyors sent to map territories; officials sent to govern and troops sent to secure.- By 1914, (start of WWI), all of Sub-Sahara Africa is under European control (except for

Ethiopia) and Liberia – created by the USA

African Resistance to Imperialism

Many used military force Millions died in resistance movement

- During 20 years of fighting in Congo F.S., the population fell from 20 million to 8 million.

Ethiopia succeeded because emperor MenelikII hired Europeans to train his army. Epidemics that Europeans brought also wiped out Africans (smallpox and rinderpest).

The Boers and the British

In Southern Africa, power struggle between British and Boers (Dutch settlers) For 1000s of years, African people were migrating south. One group was Zulus. Under their

king, Shaka, they built a powerful empire near the Orange River. Disrupted people who once lived there, forcing them to flee and they pushed others out. Shaka into new weapons and ways to fight. Created huge Zulu empire and helped slow down British advance. 1828, his half brothers killed him (many people had died in fighting).

While Zulus moved south, Boers moved north 1800s Britain had won control of Cape Colony from Boers and tried to end slavery. Resulted

in the Great Trek northward. Boers set up Orange Free State and Transvaal in lands Zulus had just conquered. Battled for

decades. British eventually join to help defeat Zulus. 1867: diamonds discovered and 1884 gold discovered in Boer republics. Britain fought for control of the land. 1902: Britain won Boer war. 1910: Britain created

Union of South Africa. Gave self-government but only white men can vote. Boers were white men so they gained control of government.

Africa Terms

(1) Imperialism: control of one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region…expansion of European countries (especially France, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, England, USA) over Africa

(2) Victoria Falls: waterfalls on the Zambezi River that were renamed by David Livingstone in honor of Queen Victoria.

(3) King Menelik II: Ethiopian emperor who had the Europeans train his army to fight European imperialists, which was clever because Ethiopia was the only country to resist European rule because they had the proper military training.

(4) Boers: Dutch settlers who eventually sided with British and took control of South African government

(5) Great Trek: in 1800s when British won control of Cape Colony from Boers and tried to end slavery (Koi Koi and San)

(6) Money economy: system introduced by Europeans in which Africans had to pay money taxes and often leave home to work…men had to leave home for long periods of time and slept with prostitutes; spread AIDS.

(7) Ghana: “Gold Coast…” Kwame Nkrumah organized strikes and boycotts to protest British rule. In 1957, Ghana became the first black African nation to win independence.

(8) Nigeria after independence vs. Zimbabwe after independence: Nigeria plunged into a tragic civil war. The Ibo in the southeast felt that the Muslim Hausa-Fulani dominated Nigeria. The Ibo also wanted to keep control of the rich oil fields in their region. In 1967, the Ibo seceded. They set up the Republic of Biafra. In the brutal war that followed, Nigeria’s central government blockaded Biafra. In 1970, a defeated Biafra rejoined Nigeria.

Today, despite efforts to build national unity, regional loyalties remain strong. On the other hand, Zimbabwe was previously known as the British colony, Rhodesia, named after Cecil Rhodes, who encouraged British imperialism in Africa. Thousands of white settlers migrated to Rhodesia. They took over the best land and set up large plantations to grow cash crops. The British also used African labor to develop the mineral resources of Rhodesia. In the 1960s, the British took steps to move Rhodesia toward black majority rule. White Rhodesians objected to these moves. They were determined to hold onto power even though they made up less than 5 percent of the pop. In 1965, they issued their own independence declaration. Other nations did not recognize the independence of Rhodesia. The United Nations condemned the actions of the white-led government. The UN also imposed economic sanctions (they called on member nations to stop trading with Rhodesia). In 1970s, several Black Nationalist groups had launched a guerilla war to win freedom. Finally all sides agreed to negotiation and Rhodesia was renamed Zimbabwe.

(9) Rwanda: 1994: site of massive genocide (deliberate, systematic killing of an entire group of people) of Tutsis by Hutus

(10)Hutu: farmers who were majority of Rwandese population…Bantu speaking…appearance: stocky and short

(11) Refugee: persons with a “well-founded fear or being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion” who had been obliged to leave their countries and were unable to return.

(12)Archbishop Desmond Tutu: South African leader who opposed apartheid and violence and won Nobel Peace Prize.

(13)Nelson Mandela: South African leader and president of African National Congress who fought boldly for equal rights for blacks and was jailed several times…became president of South Africa in 1994.

(14)Afrikaans: Dutch mixed language in South Africa; cause of Soweto uprising.

(15)February 1990: Nelson Mandela let out of jail…South African constitution is rewritten

(16)Conflict Diamonds: diamonds used by rebels for weapons to overthrow a government

(17)Dr. David Livingstone & Henry Stanley: British doctor and American journalist who were credited with the “discovery” of the huge waterfalls on the Zambezi River. Livingstone named them Victoria Falls, after Britain’s Queen Victoria. The Africans who lived nearby, however, had long known the falls as Mosi oa Tunya, “the smoke that thunders.”

(18)King Leopold II: King of Belgium who gained control of Congo Basin

(19)Rinderpest: cattle disease that caused extreme starvation

(20)Zulus: powerful empire near Orange River ruled by King Shaka…clashed with Boers and British and eventually lost in the Boer War.

(21)Boer War: war in southern African over rich land of diamonds and gold between the British, Boers, and Zulus.

(22)Pan-Africanism: called for unification of all Africans…Africa came first and then tribes.

(23)Leopold Sedar Senghor (Senegal): Negritude Movement – encouraged Africans to value their heritage and served as Senegal’s first president

(24)Genocide: The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire group of people because of their race, religion or ethnic background.

(25)Tutsi: cattle herders who made up 14% of population…Hima speaking (eventually Bantu)… appearance: thin and tall

(26) Ubuhake: feudal system in which Tutsi cattle were exchanged for Hutu services & land. Through this system, the Tutsi (minority) came to dominate the Hutus.

(27) Apartheid: strict separation of races by law in South Africa

(28) Sharpeville Massacre: 1960: at first was a peaceful demonstration, but the police opened fire and killed over 60 people…this aroused worldwide anger

(29) Divest: take investments or funds out…The United States did this to South Africa in the 1980s.

(30)1994: year of massive genocide in Rwanda when ½ million (mainly Tutsi) were slaughtered and Nelson Mandela becomes president of South America.

(31)Missionary: attempt to convert Africans to Christianity

(32) Berlin Conference: 14 European nations and USA made decision about how to divide Africa between them. When conference started, 80% of Africa was under traditional African rule. No Africans invited to conference. Boundaries cut up tribes, villages, farms, grazing lands, migration routes, and often put warring tribes in the same colony. Leopold gets free state, boundaries accepted French, German, and Portuguese claims

(33)Smallpox: European brought epidemic that was a factor in wiping out Europeans.

(34)Shaka: Strong ruler of Zulus who introduced new weapons and was killed by his half brother

(35)Colonization: process in which Europeans saw all people of Africa as only Africans and grouped them together using direct rule (the colonial power controlled the government at any level and appointed officials from colonial governor to village leader…used by France, Portugal, Germany, and Belgium) and indirect rule (Left traditional rulers in place; ruling country made decisions but expected local rulers to enforce them…used by Britain).

(36) Kwame Nkrumah: learned from DuBoius, Garvey and Gandhi and used nonviolence to gain independence for Ghana.

(37)Jomo Kenyatta: led movement for independence in Kenya as a member of Mau Mau and became Kenya’s first president in 1963.

(38) Massacre: the large, often unplanned, killing of many people

(39)Twa: 1st inhabitants of Rwanda, they were hunters and gatherers…appearance: short.

(40)Habyarimana: Hutu Major General of South Africa who caused an increase in the economy and discrimination while also being the head of the MRND. Death led to Rwandan massacre.

(41) Albert John Luthuli: Zulu chief and South African leader who urged for nonviolence and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1960

(42)African National Congress (ANC): group led by Mandela who fought for equal rights for blacks

(43)Soweto Uprising: 1976: peaceful protest of children opposed to speaking Afrikaans (dutch-mixed language) in school; police open fired and killed approximately 700 children, led to many nations boycotting South Africa

(44) FW de Klerk: South African president who freed Mandela in 1990 and helped Mandela rewrite the constitution…gave blacks rights

(45)Mbeki: He is the current president of South Africa.

Questions to Consider…

(1) Reasons for minority problems in Africa today… Berlin Conference grouped many warring tribes together Established customs Lack of resources and technology

(2) The Berlin Conference and Its Long Term Effects… Hosted by Otto Von Bismarck, this meeting consisted of 14 European nations and USA Made decision about how to divide Africa between them. When conference started,

80% of Africa was under traditional African rule. No Africans invited to conference. Boundaries cut up tribes, villages, farms, grazing lands, migration routes, and often

put warring tribes in the same colony. Leopold gets free state, boundaries accepted French, German, and Portuguese claims In some cases, put warring tribes together.

(3) Ethiopia was able to remain independent because Emperor Menelik II hired Europeans to train his army and therefore they had the tactics and experience to resist the Europeans.

(4) Three European Motives to Conquer Africa… Religious – Christian missionaries Political – nationalism and imperialism Economic – industrialization and plentiful natural resources

(5) The two improvements that allowed the Europeans to enter Africa were the Maxim gun and medical advances that fought malaria and yellow fever.

(6) The Congo Free State was such an important region of Africa because it was gained by King Leopold II of Belgium and was supported by the Germany and the British to stop French expansion…in turn led to the Berlin Conference.

(7) Shaka Zulu was the Zulu leader and he was a tactical genius. He slowed the British advance into South Africa. His half-brothers who justified their actions killed him by saying he led too many people to their deaths.

(8) The Boer War started because of the discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 sent Europeans into Boer republics. The British were eager to expand their empire, therefore they fought to control the rich area. By 1902, the British had defeated the Dutch settlers in the Boer War.

(9) Direct rule was when colonial powers controlled everything and the Portuguese, the French, the Germans, and the Belgians used it. Indirect rule left traditional rulers in place. EXP: the British rulers made the laws but the local rulers enforced.

(10) Some effects of European rule on African society were that before European rule, the villages were self-sufficient. The Europeans introduced the money economy and made Africans pay taxes in cash instead of goods (cash crops). Also, they made the people more competitive among each other. Additionally, they encouraged individual ownership of the land.

(11) The legacy of colonialism was that colonial rule brought new systems of transportation and communication. Also, other improvements contributed to population growth, hospitals, better sanitation, and less diseases. Lastly, they set up schools.

(12) After WWII nationalists united and Nigeria received independence (1960). The civil war broke out between Ibo and Hausa-Fulani. During the war, the Ibo seceded and formed the Biafra. During the war 1 million Biafra starved because of lack of food; they had all the oil fields but no food. By 1970, the Biafrans rejoin Nigeria but regional loyalties still exist today.

(13) Zimbabwe was previously known as the British colony, Rhodesia, named after Cecil Rhodes, who encouraged British imperialism in Africa. Thousands of white settlers migrated to Rhodesia. They took over the best land and set up large plantations to grow cash crops. The British also used African labor to develop the mineral resources of Rhodesia. In the 1960s, the British took steps to move Rhodesia toward black majority rule. White Rhodesians objected to these moves. They were determined to hold onto power even though they made up less than 5 percent of the population. In 1965, they issued their own independence declaration. Other nations did not recognize the independence of Rhodesia. The United Nations condemned the actions of the white-led government. The UN also imposed economic sanctions (they called on member nations to stop trading with Rhodesia). In 1970s, several Black Nationalist groups had launched a guerilla war to win freedom. Finally all sides agreed to negotiation and Rhodesia was renamed Zimbabwe.

(14) Mugabe was the leader of the independence movement. He urged blacks and whites to work together and put protections for whites into the constitution. He set up a multiparty democracy and desegregated schools.

(15) The Tutsi were cattle herders in Rwanda and since the cattle meant money the Tutsi became quickly wealthy and earned high status. Later, supported by the Europeans, the Tutsi got education that the Hutu were denied.

(16) The Hutus were dissatisfied with their second-class status so they called for racial enfranchisement, extension of economic privileges to the Hutu, and social justice.

(17) Habyarimana became a leader of the National Revolutionary Movement for Development in Discrimination against Tutsis. When MRND staged a bloodless coup, he became the president of Rwanda.

(18) On April 6, 1994, Rwanda President Habyarimana and President Ntaryamira of Burundi, both Hutus, were killed as their plane was shot down. This triggered a massive rioting, killing and looting across the country. Hutu extremists massacre Tutsis in “retaliation,” and full-scale civil war broke out and hundreds of thousands were killed.

(19) The main targets of the genocide in Rwanda were the Tutsis.(20) The four divisions under the apartheid system were the whites, asians, “coloured,” and

blacks.

(21) The blacks were treated like savages in South Africa. They faced racial discrimination from day to day, facing racial guards such as “blacks only,” and “whites only.” Peace demonstrations often resulted in bloodbaths (EXP: Sharpeville massacre and Soweto uprising).

(22) The main leaders in the apartheid movement were… Steven Biko: involved in Soweto and Sharpeville uprisings; beaten to death in jail FW de Klerk: lifted ban on ANC and released Mandela from prison in 1989; helped

Mandela rewrite constitution Desmond Tutu: Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize; opposed apartheid and violence Nelson Mandela: main activist, repeatedly jailed, president of South Africa in 1994 Albert Luthill: Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize; urged nonviolence Oliver Tenbo: protested in college with Mandela

(23) The world responded to apartheid in South Africa by… South African athletes are banned from competing in the Olympics UN places arms embargo on South Africa US and other countries imposed economic sanctions

(24) Miriam Makeba was a singer who left Africa for better life and opportunity in the United States. She was an anti-apartheid activist who voiced her opinions and cause through song.

(25) Countries who struggled for independence… Ghana …previously known as “Gold Coast”

Kwame Nkruhma wanted “self-government now!” Organized strikes & boycotts against British and was jailed for his actions 1st black African nation to receive independence in 1957

Kenya Jomo Kenyatta lead movement for independence…1951: a secret group, Mau Mau rose up

against Britain…they jailed Kenyatta b/c they blamed him. Gets independence in 1960 Kenyatta became president in 1963 and remained in office until he died in 1978 Wanted traditional African government (by king/chief and with elders’ approval)

Angola & Mozambique Portugal refused to give up Angola and Mozambique Nationalist groups waged guerilla warfare on Portugal and won independence in 1975.

Nigeria Civil War between Ibo & Muslim Hausa-Fulani. Ibo wants oil fields. 167 Ibo secede and

form the Republic of Biafra. 1979: Civilian leaders in place but corruption leads to military takeover…still in place today Economy – cash crops (cotton, palm oil, coconut) and oil Population may triple in next 20 years…cities growing huge

Zimbabwe Population – 80% Shona ~ 20% Ndebele…leaders of these groups have limited ethnic

rivalries – much quieter than Nigeria. British colony called Rhodesia after Cecil Rhodes who encouraged British imperialism in

Africa Blacks revolt after being forced into poor land area (whites had taken best land and set up

cash crop plantations). 1980: Renamed land Zimbabwe after ancient city and is controlled by blacks Robert Mugabe led independence movement…urged blacks and white to work together and

put protections for whites into constitution…multiparty democracy…schools desegregated

Europe

Greece

Origins of Greek Civilization come from two sources:- Minoan: Crete- Mycenaean: Balkan Peninsula by Indo-Europeans from Southern Russia.

Minoans:- Well developed – had hot/cold baths, fine furniture, metal locks, key, and frescoes.- Bull leaping which started as a religious ritual developed into a sport.- People were short, slender and dark hair. Women were important – the main diety was a

goddess.- Cities: Centers of civilization – Knossos was greatest.- Collapse: 1450BCE from volcano, tidal waves or Myceanaeans

Mycenaeans- Arrived on Balkan Peninsula – 2000BCE and by 1600BCE had conquered the Hellenes

of Greece.- Set up kingdoms w/ hilltop fortress and estates owned by nobles and worked by slaves.- Adopted ideas from Minoans like writing, clothing, ship building, and navigation.- 1400BCE: Myceanaeans had replaced Minoans in power in the Aegean Sea…2 Epics:

Iliad: Story of conquering of Troy Odyssey: Adventures of Odysseus on his way home to Greece after conquering

Troy. Both are believed to be written by Homer – a blind poet and they discuss Greek

values like pride, honor, love of life, and courage no matter what.- Myceanaeans won the Trojan War but power ended with end of country. Conquered by

the Dorians from the North (they had iron weapons).- 1100-800BCE: Dark Age in Greek history. Trade, arts and crafts disappear.

800 BCE: The Start of a New Greece- Polis: Greek for city-state…the center of new civilization around Aegean.

Each polis had an acropolis – a hill that had public monument and temples on it. Agora – public square at the bottom of the hill. Each polis was 100 sq. miles Main purpose was politics. Citizens could vote, run for office and own property.

Women, children, foreign-born workers, and slaves were not citizens. First step toward democracy – (comes from the Greek word “demos” which means

rule by the people). City-states rarely cooperated with one another so there was no national loyalty. Olympic games were the only time city-states cooperated.

- Held in honor of Zeus (father of Greek gods and goddesses).- Every five years gathered in Olympia for athletic contests. All individual

contests; no teams. Foot races, chariot, javelin, discus, and broad jump.- Foreigners and single women could watch but married women couldn’t - Earliest games were 776BCE

Sparta: located in Southern Greece in Peloponnesus.- Spartans ruled entire area by 500BCE.

- Warrior policy: Babies were examined for fitness – if not fit, left on a hill to die. Boys left home at age seven to be soldiers – given little food so they were forced to steal and if caught were whipped. Walked barefoot and only wore one piece of cloth in winter to learn endurance. Men married at thirty years old typically. Fighting was main job.

- Women had voice in public affairs. They had to be strong – after battle they first had to ask who won and then ask about her husband.

Athens:- Originally ruled by kings and landowners and people had little estate- 600sBCE: Military leaders seized power – called tyrants.

Tyrant Draco gave first written code of law to Athenians. Cleisthenes established the Athenian democracy – every male over twenty years of

age was part of the Athenian assembly – made laws, voted on wars, approved treaties.

Everyday business done by the Council of 500 – every citizen could hold office. Justice by the many – not the few…Juries had 201+ jurors. Women had no political rights; slaves were not considered citizens, foreigners could

live there but couldn’t own land.

The Rise and Decline of Greece

Between 750-500BCE, the people of city-states like Athens and Corinth set up ~ 250 colonies along the Mediterranean Sea.- Greeks moved to colonies for better soil and more land.- Greece’s economy changes…

Farmers in city-states grow cash crops like grapes and olives instead of grain. Grapes and olives need less farm hands so farmers became artisans and made goods

to trade. International sea trade becomes important to sell these goods.

Persian Wars:- 6th century BCE: Persia grows east of Greece- Controls Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, and Greek Ionia (Turkish coast).- Citizens left alone if paid tax: Greeks think they are barbarians.

Dislike fancy clothes, curled beards, perfume, and belief that king rules by divine right (Greeks think that the people should choose…democracy).

- 499 BCE: Greek colonies in Ionia rebel against Persian rule. Darius I squashes rebellion.

- 490 BCE: Darius invades Greek mainland to get revenge. Athenians win: called Battle of Marathon.

- 480 BCE: Xerxes invades again; crushes Spartans, burns Athens; but then retreats. Try again, and lose again the next year.

Greek city-stated form the Delian League – defensive alliance. Athens is the head. Sparta doesn’t join.- Build huge naval fleet and Athens becomes leading naval power.

Athenian commerce and industry grow. Athenian coins and system of measurement get used all over.

Soon the Delian League becomes the Athenian Empire.

Age of Pericles: 460-429BCE. Athens becomes more democratic. Set up direct democracy.

Peloponnesian War- Athens’ power makes Sparta nervous…go to war in 431BCE.- Lasts twenty-eight years and in 404BCE the Spartans win. They tear down the wall

surrounding Athens as a symbol of win.- Fighting and social unrest in city-states because of war and Sparta is unable to unify

empire. Philip II of Macedonia takes advantage of the division.

Philip and Alexander of Macedonia- Macedonians were mix of Greek and other cultures- Philip becomes king in 359BCE and tries to unite Macedonia and Greece.

338BCE: he rules over Greece 336BCE: assassinated (murderer may have been hired by wife).

- Son, Alexander the Great, becomes king. Briefly unites land from Macedonia to Egypt and Greece to India.

- Tries to unite customs of all areas. Marries Persian wife and encourages his officers to do so. Hires Persian soldiers and put Persian officers in charge of Greeks. Claimed he was the divine ruler…(Persian idea). Starts 70+ cities and names many Alexandria – encourages Greeks and Macedonians

to settle these cities to spread culture Dies 323BCE

Hellenistic Age emerges…- After Alexander’s death, the empire is divided in three and ruled by leading generals.- Trade grows between Mediterranean and Asia – main goods are grain and slaves.- Lots of conflict in empires because of the different people and cultures.- During 200s and 100sBCE they fell under Roman rule.

Important People during the Hellenistic Age:- Zeno – stoic – urged people to avoid desires and disappointments and calmly accept

whatever life brought.- Pythagoras – created the Pythagorean theorem used to calculate the sides of a right

triangle.- Euclid – wrote The Elements which is the basis for modern geometry.- Archimedes – applied the principles of physics to make practical inventions (like a lever

and pulley). “Give me a place to stand and I can move the Earth.”- Eratosthenes – measured angle cast by the sun’s shadow to compute Earth’s

circumference.- Aristarchus – astronomer who argues that the Earth rotated on its axis and orbited

around the sun. Idea not accepted for 2000 years.- Ptolemy – much more accepted than Aristarchus. Astronomer who said Earth was at the

center of the Universe. This idea was accepted for 2000 years.- Hippocrates – studied the causes of illness and looked for cures. Set ethical standards

for doctors with the Hippocratic Oath. Oath doctors take today is based on this.

Wisdom and Art of Ancient Greece- When Socrates was 70 years old he was put on trial. His enemies accused him of

corrupting the city’s youth and failing to respect the gods.

- Socrates died by drinking a cup of hemlock, a deadly poison.- Socrates’s greatest pupil was Plato. Plato emphasized the importance of reason. In The

Republic, Plato described his vision of an ideal state and rejected Athenian democracy because it had put Socrates to death. He also felt that the state should provide for the best interests of the people.

- Aristotle was Plato’s greates pupil. He analyzed all kinds of government and found good and bad examples of each. Addressed the question of how people ought to live. He also promoted reason as the guiding force for learning.

- The most famous Greek temple was the Parthenon, and it was dedicated to the goddess, Athena. Its purpose was to convey a sense of perfect balance to reflect the harmony of the universe.

- The towering figure of Athena once stood inside the temple.- The three famous Greek poets are Homer, Sappho, and Pindar. Homer’s tales inspired

later writers. Sappho sang of love and the beauty of her homeland. Pindar’s poems celebrated the victors in athletic contests.

- Greek plays were performed in outdoors in large theaters out of the sides of hills. There was little scenery, actors wore intricate costumes and stylized masks and a chorus responded to the action by singing commentary between scenes.

- The three greatest playwrights were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Aeschylus drew on tales of the Trojan Wars, “The Oresteia,” Sophocles wrote “Antigone,” which explored what happens when an individual’s moral duty conflicts with the laws of the state, and Euripides plays said little about the gods…wrote “The Trojan Women,” which showed the suffering of women who were victims of the war.

- Comedies are plays that mocked people or customs. Aristophanes wrote most of the Greek comedies.

The Olympics

History:- The first Olympics were held in 776BCE in SW Greece. They were named for Mount

Olympia where the god, Zeus, was supposed to live. Their purpose was to honor Zeus.- The games took place every four years until 261CE. In 393CE, King Thesodius (Roman

Emperor) ordered the end of the Olympics because he was a Christian and he felt it was a sin to honor a god other than the God of Christianity.

Competitions:- The first race of the ancient Olympics was the 200-meter dash. Other events added were

the 400-meter dash and the 4800-meter race. Runners ran outside in an open space.- In 500BCE, a stadium was built for runners and a hippodrome was built for horse and

chariot races. There were no seats for spectators; they had to stand.- The Olympics were part of a 5-day festival held in honor of Zeus. Conditions of the

festival were poor and there was often a huge problem with flies and other bugs.- The first competition was the chariot race – 2 wheeled chariots went 12 laps around a

dangerous track. Wrecks were frequent and the crowd loved them, especially ones with blood, gore, and injuries.

- The 2nd event was the horse race. Competitors race around the chariot track bareback and naked.

- The 3rd event was wrestling. The winner of this event caused his opponent to fall 3 times.- The 4th event was boxing. Competitors wrapped their hands in leather and fought a

continuous brawl until one gave up or died.

- The 5th event was the most popular. It was the pancratium. This was a combination of punching, boxing, kicking, and slapping that was a battle to submission or death. Cheating often occurred and was encouraged by the crowd. Biting and gouging were some methods of cheating.

- Other events were the pentathlon that included 5 events: a 200-m dash, wrestling, broad jump, discus, and javelin.

Participants:- All participants were men. They competed naked so that there was no question about

their gender. Women found at gates would be sentenced to death. Once a mother wanted to see her son compete so she dressed up like a man and entered the games. When people realized she was a woman, the rules were changed to make all participants AND spectators be naked.

- The participants were often rich because they had to pay for their travel expenses.- The most famous athlete was Milo, a wrestler from 500BCE. He ate 7.5 kg of meat and

break and drank 7.5 kg of wine before a match. He could tie a band around his head and snap it by swelling his veins. He was never defeated.

- Runners trained by racing horses. Boxers trained by punching bags. The athletes had to spend the month before the games at the site of the Olympics to be monitored.

Awards- All awards would be given on the 5th and final day of the Olympics. Winners paraded to

the Temple of Zeus. The crowd would throw leaves and flowers at the winners as a sign of congratulations.

- Winners were awarded olive wreaths. Only the 1st place winner got an award. The runner up was treated the same as the last place competitor.

- No records were kept at the games. Each time, the athletes competed against one another. There was no comparison between an athlete and someone who won in the past years.

Modern Games:- Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin began the 1st Modern Olympic Games, which were held

in Athens in 1896 CE. Since then the games have been held every 4 years except for 1916, 1940 and 1944 – the years of the World Wars.

- Today, there are individual, team, and relay competitions. Each country is allowed 3 people in a specific event.

- The modern Olympics have been held in Europe 14 times, Asia 3 times, North America 6 times, and Australia twice. In 1996, the Games were held in Atlanta, Georgia and in 2000 they were held in Sydney, Austrailia.

- The winter games were added in 1924 and were 1 st held in Chamoix, France. The 1998 games were held in Nagano, Japan and the 2002 games will be held in Salt Lake City, Utah.

- Today awards are given to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winners in the form of gold, silver, and bronze. Records are kept to allow comparison between winners and their predecessors.

- Some problems in the Modern Games include boycotting. For example, the US boycotted the 1980 Moscow Games. Then the Soviet Union boycotted the 1984 Games in Los Angeles. In 1988, North Korea boycotted the games in Seoul, South Korea. Another problem is the rise of drug and steroid use among athletes.

Rome

Masters of War

Roman Armies = citizen soldiers who supplied own weapons and didn’t get paid. Legion = basic unit of 5,000 men

- Got praise and gifts for courage but if fled battle, 1 in 10 soldiers were put to death. Conquered people had to acknowledge Roman leadership, pay taxes, and supply soldiers.

Got to keep own customs, money, and local government. Some became full citizens and some partial citizens with rights to marry Romans and trade in

Tiber. Kept conquered lands loyal. Soldiers posted throughout conquered lands and military roads linked provinces to Rome.

Rival with Carthage

Conquered Italian Peninsula and came in contact with Carthage – city-states in modern day Tunisia. Between 264-146BCE, Rome fought three wars with Carthage called Punic Wars (from punicus = Latin for Phoenician because settled by Phoenician traders).

First Punic War: 264-241BCE. Fought mainly in Sicily. Rome defeats Carthage and got Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia.

Hannibal and Second Punic War: When 9 years old, Hannibal’s dad, Hannidar Barca, made him take oath at altar of gods and swear himself an enemy of the Roman people. Hannibal dedicated his life to destroying Rome. He became a leader of Carthaginian army after Dad’s death. Commanded troops from Africa and Europe. Punic War II was fought 218-201BCE. 218BCE left Spain with troops and elephants to cross Pyrenees, enter France, cross the Alps and invade Italy from the North. Alps were treacherous and icy. Took 15 days to cross and one-half of the army and almost all of the elephants crashed to their deaths. But Hannibal still surprised the Romans. Moved across Italy for 15 years but could never capture Rome. Romans send army to Carthage led by Scipio and Hannibal has to go home to defend it. Battle of Rome – Romans defeat Hannibal. In peace treaty, Carthage gives up all lands except Africa and had to pay large tribute to Rome. Rome becomes leader of the Mediterranean. Hannibal was allowed to be free at first but then rumors started that he was helping enemies. He fled but the Romans chased after him. Takes poison so that he doesn’t have to surrender.

Third Punic War: 149-146BCE. Rome still hates Carthage so attacks and completely destroys 700-year-old city. Survivors were killed or sold into slavery. Poured salt on ground so that nothing would grow. Carthage and a area around it became new Roman province.

As Rome expanded, it fought the Hellenistic rulers who had divided up empire of Alex the Great. Brought Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia Minor under her control. Egypt allied with Rome. By 133BCE, Rome’s power extended from Spain to Egypt. Called Mediterranean Sea, Mare Nostrum = “Our Sea.”

Effects of Romans’ Expansion

Control of busy trade rights gained. Generals, officials, and traders get huge fortunes from loot, taxes, and commerce.

New class emerges. Built lavish mansions. Wealthy families built huge estates = latifundia. Worked by slaves whom were captured in war.

Slave labor hurts small farmers. Can’t grow food as cheaply as latifundia. Fall into debt and must sell land. Go to Rome for jobs. Gap between rich and poor increases and this leads to angry mobs.

Wealth increases corruption. Greed and self-interest are more important than opposed to simplicity, hard work, and devotion to duty.

Conscription (drafting) begins – 17-46 years old for 6-20 years. Longer man is away, harder it was for wife and kids to keep farm.

Reform

Two younger brothers – Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – they were reformers. Tiberius: 133BCE – A tribune wants state to distribute land to the poor.

- Senators feared him – led mob to Farum and dubbed him to death. Gaius: 123BCE – public funds used to buy grain to feed poor, called for full citizenship of

Rome’s allies. One of the consuls (ambassadorial representatives) had Gaius and 250 followers executed. Another 300 were killed shortly after that.

Marius – abolished citizenship-soldier army and set up professional army paid by general. Reduced unemployment. Made legions loyal to their general; not Rome.

Sulla – declared himself dictator after civil war between himself and Marius. Tried to make patrician (aristocratic) senate most powerful branch of government. Doubled number of senators. Got rid of veto power of the tribunes. Gave citizenship to all Italians. Put legions under control of governors instead of consuls will help Caesar!

A Century of Civil War

Because of executions During the next 100 years, Rome plunged into civil wars, issue = who should hold the power?

– senate or popular political leaders??? Turmoil sparked slave uprisings and revolts among allies. Turned legions of citizen-soldiers into organized professional armies (Marius)

Caesar Emerges!

Julius Caesar was charming, educated, and athletic man. 61BCE: joins with General Pompey and noble Crassus.

- Crassus gets killed in war. Caesar and Pompey dominate Rome’s politics- Caesar brings all of Gaul (now in France) under Roman control and appoints himself

governor of the province. Also campaigns against Belgium, Holland, France, Germany and brings under Roman rule.

- At home, Pompey gets jealous and has senate order Caesar back without the army. Caesar defies order. Scretly led army across Rubicon River into northern Italy and headed toward Rome = treason!

- Caesar crushed Pompey and then swept thru the Mediterranean suppressing rebellions and strengthening Rome. “Veni, vidi, vici.” – I came, I saw, I conquered.

- Came home and forced senate to make him dictator. Became absolute ruler of Rome. Between 48-45BCE, Caesar launched many reforms to employ jobless and gave public lands

to the poor.- Public works (build roads and drain marshes) to employ jobless and gave public lands to

the poor.

- Granted full citizenship to more people- Enlarged senate from 600900 and filled the seats with his supporters.- Took numerous extraordinary titles and started relgious cult in his honor.- Instituted Julian calendar with 365 ¼ days – from Egypt – Began Jan 1, 45BCE.

Ladies’ Man- Servilia = the mother of Brutus (the man who helped murder him).- Cleopatra = (69-30BCE) = queen of Egypt

The Ides of March

Caesar’s enemies feared he was trying to become king. 44BCE fortune-teller warns “Beware of the Ides of March” = 15. Day arrived and nothing happens. Caesar teases about it in the morning.

- Leaves home for the afternoon. Caesar arrives at Senate and 60 senators stab him to death on the portico attached to the

Theater of Pompey in front of his statue – 89 years since the murder of Tiberius. Mark Anthony (Caesar’s Chief General) and Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted

son/heir) try to hunt down killers. They fight in struggle for power. 31BCE: Octavian defeats Anthony and Queen Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium (NW

Greece). They commit suicide shortly after. Senate calls Octavian “Augustus” – (Exalted One) and declare him Princeps = first citizen. Augustus has absolute power and named successor. Ruled 31BCE – 14BCE.

Augustus Caesar

Wants to avoid a 2nd Ides of March so he tries to cooperate with the senate.- Has all bad senators from civil wars period removed and reduces number to 600.

Set up Rome’s first police, fire departments, and law school.- Gets personal guard.

Creates departments for grain watch, water supply, building roads, tax collection, etc. Distributed food; built public baths; built sewers. Tried to improve virtues

- Encourages marriage and childbearing/discourages adultery. People disobeyed legislation.

- Makes exile of daughter, Julia – her adulteries were gossiped about throughout Rome. He banishes her to a barren isle.

Set up the “bread and circuses” policy = - People loved entertainment so set up Circus Maximus (large racecourse for charioteers)

and gladiator contests. Many gladiators were slaves who were taught to fight. Bad fighter could have the

crowd vote to kill him.- Competitions paid for with taxes; way to control restless mobs in organized manner.- Free grain provided to feed poor.- Critics warned this policy was cover-up for big issues.

Augustus’s Successors- Tried to get family member. One child = Julia from first marriage. Divorced first wife

and married Livia who was pregnant with ex-husband’s kid. Augustus and Livia didn’t have kids. Tried to get Julia to give heir. Her first two husbands die before she does and so do

her sons.

Had to adopt son – Tiberius, Livia’s son (doesn’t like him). Augustus lives to be 80 years old.

Tiberius (Augustus’s stepson) was unpopular – cut back on games – cut back on taxes. Gaius (AKA Caligula “Baby Boot”) (A’s great-grandson) was evil and insane.

- Tried to make himself a god: appoint his horse a high priest and a member of the senate; raised taxes; gets assassinated.

Cladius (A’s grandnephew) forced senate into making him Princeps.- Made fun of because he was lame and had a speech impediment; probably poisoned by

wife and niece. Nero (A’s great-great grandson becomes emperor (37-68CE)

- Held many treason trials, fire destroyed ½ of Rome and he rebuilds but is blamed with setting it so that he could be a famous builder. He blames Christians (just began) and persecutes them. Commits suicide in 68CE.

Pax Romana

200 year span from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius. Rome brought peace, unity, order and prosperity to area from Euphrates River to Britain. Trade between empires grew (grain, ivory, gold, lions, luxury goods, like amber, and furs

from North Europe, spices and jewels from India and silk from China – Silk Road). Prosperity doesn’t last and Rome falls into a period of decline and inflation. Rome turns to a

barter system.

Long Range Causes Territorial expansion Grain Surplus Slave Labor Mobs of Unemployed soldiers and landless farmers in RomeImmediate Causes Needs of Plebeians ignored Corruption in the state Rebellions throughout the republic Rise of Roman generals in the government

__________________________________________The Shift From Republic to Empire in Rome

Immediate Effects Pax Romana Reform of the army and civil service Expansion of trade and commerce

Long Range Effects Problems with imperial successions Settlement of Germanic tribes inside empire borders Continued use of slaves Inflation Decline of the Roman Empire

Roman-Greek

Roman-Grecco civilization

Christianity will spread due to unity of area of Rome. Gladiators Thesodius I spread Christianity and ended the Olympics

Decline

Powerful leaders fought for control of throne Lots of civil wars disrupted trade Outside invasions primarily Germans

Constantine

Unity of the Roman empire helped spread Christianity Arch of Constantine is a symbol of religious freedom

- Constantine made Byzantium the eastern capital of the Roman Empire. Renames the city Constantinople.

City picked because strategically at crossroads of trade between Asia and Europe; had protected landlocked harbor; three sides of city surrounded by water and Wall of Constantine built on the fourth side.

Western Roman Empire fell and Eastern Roman Empire prospered.- When West Rome fell, Eastern people began calling themselves the Byzantines…

Byzantine Empire emerges.- Empire was ruled by an emperor – never a republic. Emperor had total control.

Justinian was the most famous emperor (527-565)- Incorporated Christian principles and welfare into laws.- Death penalty was “unchristian” so criminals were blinded, had tongue torn out,

appendages cut off, women raped, etc. When empire split in two, Eastern Christians did not accept the authority of the pope back in

Rome.- Conducted church rituals in Greek instead of Latin.- By 1054, a schism (formal division) split the church.- Byzantine = Eastern (Greek) Orthodox; Western Roman Empire (Roman Catholic)

Decline began in 1080- Byzantine attacked; get help from Venice in exchange for free-trade – this causes

Byzantine to go bankrupt.- 1204: 4th crusade goes to Constantinople to convert to Roman Catholic.- 1261: Byzantine regains power- 1347: Bubonic plague (black death) shatters empire- 1353: Ottoman Empire attacks; use cannon to knock down Wall of Constantine. Empire

collapses. Constantinople is now known as Istanbul and is still part of Turkey (from Ottoman Empire).

Castles and Feudalism

Charlemagne

Charlemagne (AKA Charles the Great) set up the empire in 800CE- Became leader when he crushed the rebellion of Roman nobles.- Crowned emperor by Pope Leo III – this angered the people of Constantinople and drove

a greater wedge between Roman Catholics and Orthodox. Charlemagne tried to create united Christian traditions

- Blended Roman, German, and Christian traditions Had officials who kept complete records of his rule.

- He could read but he could not write. Dies in 814 and empire falls apart. 30 years of battle for power.

- 843: Grandsons sign Treaty of Verdun and divide empire in three.

Invasions of Europe

For 200 years after the death of Charlemagne, Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings battered Europe.

Magyars from around Hungary swept in from the east. Muslims controlled Spain and parts of Italy. Vikings (from Scandinavia) attacked throughout Europe and had settlements in England and

Ireland Response – military elite emerges in Europe, feudal system develops

Feudalism

Feudal society:- An economic, social, and political system in which upper-class landowners give

protection and use of lands to lowerclass laborers. The laborers give military of other services to the landowners.

- Based on a set of obligations between noble and laborer. Structure:

- Head = king. He grants fiefs (estates) to lords (nobles). Lords owe kings loyalty and military service Lords would divide fiefs among vassals (lesser lords). Men and women could be

lords or vassals because women could inherit land. Vassals would divide their fiefs among knights (mounted warriors). Everyone in these groups was a noble. At bottom = commoners/mostly peasants. Most peasants were serfs, who were tired

to lord’s land and were not free to leave. Obligations reflect that this was a time of war.

Bottom Heavy

Knighthood (knights = mounted warriors) (paid/for hire)- 7 years sent to castle of dad’s lord to be taught

If lazy = severe beating- Finished training at 21 years and was made knight.

Kneel before older knight and bow head. Older knight strikes boy with hand or flat side of the sword and says, “In the name of God, St. Michael, and St. George, I dub thee knight.

1100s real fighting dwindle so tournaments are held. Chivalry = code of conduct/be brave, true, loyal. Fight fairly and be generous to enemy.

- Death before dishonor- Called for women to be cherished and protected- Troubadors = wandering poets who sang women’s beauty adopt ideas.

Castles

Homes fortified with keep (wooden towers) and surrounded by moat (water filled ditch).- 1100s had stone castles with high towers and drawbridges over moats. Wars centered on

seizing castles.- Wood, stone, and mortar were 3 main materials used in castle building.- Some features of the castle included 50 foot high towers, wells, basements (for storage

and cattle), and a Great Hall/Kitchen.

Manoralism

Economic system of Medieval Europe based on agricultural.- 1000s of farm units called manors scattered throughout Europe.- Manors were held by feudal lords…included a village and surrounding lands

administered by the lord Self-sufficient community and produced everything they needed Manor included a manor house (home to the lord), grain mill, oven, blacksmith shop,

pasture land, fields, and a peasant village. Often surrounded by forest – sometimes outlaws lived there.

- There were two groups of serfs: semifree serfs and villains…Both held land from which they couldn’t be evicted as long as they paid the required dues and services…The difference in the two was that the serf was the property of the lord, whereas the villain was legally free as to his person

The Crusades

Started as military campaigns to capture Holy Land (Palestine) from Seljuk Turks- During 600s Arab Muslims took Holy Land from Byzantine Empire.

Islam teaches tolerance/ Christians and Jews allowed to live in Palestine- 1070: Seljuk Turks (warlike from Central Asia) conquer…won’t let Christians visit and

threaten Constantinople…the Byzantine Empire asks the Pope for help.- 1095: Pope Urban II tells Western Eurochristians to go to war with the Turks. Pope sees

this as chance to reunite Roman Catholic and Orthodox factions of the church.- People become crusaders because…

If died in jihad, sins would be forgiven and would go to heaven Sought glory and adventure Criminals and debtors were pardoned Sought land and wealth for themselves

- Four major crusades occurred from 1096-1270 First only “successful” one in 1099…Christians conquer Jerusalem and massacre

Muslims and Jews

- Crusaders divide land into four small states.- 1187: Jerusalem falls into the hands of Salahal-Din, muslim leader- Third Crusade: Europe tries to retake Jerusalem and tries to divide Muslim lands in

North Africa and all end in defeat of Europeans- Fourth Crusade: Europeans don’t fight Muslims – they fight Christians and capture

Byzantine empire in 1204. 1291: Muslims capture last Christian outpost; massacre their enemies.

Outcomes

Beginning of persecution for many Western European Jews. Crusades led to decline in feudalism

- Nobles lost money because of costs of joining crusades and often hired knights with money not payment of fiefs.

Increased trade between West Europe and Middle East- New foods and fabrics; ideas – Math, science, medicine, art- Trade rights flourish; Venice built ships/trade ports in Hamburg, Flanders, and

Scandinavia…Trade wine, salt, wool, and cloth.- Hanseatic League forms to protect merchants and supply maps (Hamburg, Lubeck,

Bremen). Trade creates wealth which leads to growth of towns

- 14th century towns ~ 5000-10000 people but were packed into city walls- Built upwards to save space. Houses had 4-6 stories. Each floor got wider as it goes

higher for more space. BUT problem for street – people throw garbage and other goods out window. No sewers or drainage systems. Rotting garbage, horse, oxen, and human waste

insects, rats, disease. Water too polluted to drink so people drank beer or wine. Curfew at sundown because of robbers.

- Guilds develop… Specialized groups of workers (cobblers, weavers, masons, blacksmiths, etc.)

organized into guilds…had fixed hours, wages, working conditions, etc.- Towns gradually got greater privileges from lord.

Eventually no more feudal due…got charter stating rights of people in town, organized courts, right to elect officials, etc.

- People begin to think they would be better under strong central government with uniform currency, weights and measurements, courts, protection/soldiers, etc.

- Monarchs begin to asset power over nobles and the church…eventually nation-states will form.

Black Death (Bubonic Plague)- Hits Europe in the mid 1300s…had hit Europe, Asia, North Africa once before but had

died down… one strain had lived on Gobi Desert.- Disease spread by flea infested rats carried to Europe on trade ships from Asia.

Fleas and rats loved town conditions- People with the disease had dark patches on body, tongue, would turn black, had high

fever, sweats, cough, blood, stank, died within 3 days. one-third to one-half of the Europeans killed by plague China lost 35 million people, India depopulated In Cairo ~ 7,000 died per day

- People turned to magic and witch cures…Some saw it as God’s punishment and beat themselves with whips to repent…Christians blamed Jews and slaughtered them.

- Loss of population means less workers…serfs get to demand freedom and wages…guilds grow.

- Ring Around the Rosy “Ring around the rosy…” – circular red spots “…Pocket full of posies…” – posies warded off plague “…ashes, ashes…” – cremation of bodies “…we all fall down.” – everyone is dead.

The Roman Catholic Church

(1) The pope possessed the authority of God on earth.(2) Gregory the Great expanded the membership in the Middle Ages between 590-604.(3) Leo III expanded the political power of the pope by crowning Charlemagne emperor.(4) Henry IV had to travel to Italy and stand outside the papal residence, barefoot and robed in

burlap, for three wintry days for his penance.(5) Excommunication was the cutting off of an individual from the sacraments of the church…

Interdict was the excommunication applied to an entire country or region.(6) People believed that their souls would burn in hell forever if they died while

excommunicated.(7) The idea of monastic life started during the 3rd century.(8) A monk named Benedict wrote basic rules for monastic life. Some examples are that

followers vowed to not own worldly goods and remain unmarried.(9) The Inquisition was held during the 1100s and 1200s…it was a court-created policy to

punish heretics and prevent heresies from gaining followers.