Final report presentationPWP3 - Brussels - September 25th, 2013

Resource and Logistics – Ph. Arnou, G. Léna, D. Papastefanakis

EU and OCTA willingness to:Provide an analysis of the current situation of the energy sector in the OCTsAssess the applicability and relevance to OCTs of the new developments in alternative energy productionIdentify the best practices and knowledge existing in the field of RE within the OCTs Identify those best practices which should be further considered for implementation in the various OCTs

The study was developed on the basis of desk research Data collection through questionnaires sent to OCTs’ governments, utilitiesCountry profiles developed for each OCT and validated Detailed Description Sheets of RE Technologies and Specific ApplicationsA general roadmap was developed, and adaptation per OCTs were included

2

Following to the terms of reference the study cover the following fields:

General and specific context of sustainable energy developments: Chapters 1,2,3

Economic and financial analysis, audit on energy management and policies of the energy sector : Chapters 4,5,6,7,8 Annex 1 Country profiles (synthesis of information per OCT)

Identification of existing studies and lessons learnt: Chapters 3,9 Annex 2 Detailed Description Sheets of

Renewable Energy Technologies and Specific Applications Concrete recommendations on sustainable energy solutions

Chapter 11 Roadmaps

Today’s presentation is a brief overview of the extensive dataincluded in the report. Do not hesitate to look at more specificdata: Country Profiles, RE application sheets !

3

1. Economic and energy context in the OCTs2. Energy policies and supporting studies3. Regional initiatives and funding

opportunities4. Potential future developments with

innovative solutions5. Set of recommendations

4

5

GDP / capita (k EUR)

Installed capacity / capita (MW)

6

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Tourism

Offshore finance

Fishing

Other industries

Public sector

Government aid

GDP / capita (k EUR)

7

Economies utilising own assets and environment Most of the Caribbean OCTs (tourism, offshore banking) French Polynesia (tourism, public sector)

Similar economy and climate patterns is a good basis for sharing experience in RE development

New Caledonia, Greenland (industries, public sector) (Gov. support to GL)

Economies with very limited industry base, significant public sector / government support ( > 5,000 people)

St Pierre & Miquelon, Wallis & Futuna, Mayotte Efforts for RE development vis à vis financial support from France Small population islands and more distant territories

St Eustatius (3500 p), Saba (1800 p) : tourism, public aid Montserrat (4900 p, public aid), St Helena (4000 p, remote) Falklands (2840 p), Pitcairn (67 p) : tourism, fishing

Distance may increase RE deployment costs, but low population helps for faster decision / implementation processes

8

Carbon-intensive energy system Dependency on fossil fuels

Supply issues Increasing oil prices, and uncertainty

Transport represents an important share of the primary energy demand Electricity demand growth: 3% to 5% per year despite

general slowdown of the economies Increasing need to provide clean and efficient

energy services Key principles for “greening” the energy sector:

Improvements in energy efficiency Increase the energy services from renewable sources

Benefits Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions Economic return Energy dependence and reliability

9

OCTs are becoming interesting places for testing specific solar, wind and marine technologies adapted to the islands context taking advantage of the available resources.

OCTs are extremely vulnerable to increased oil prices In 2011, global oil prices rose to over US$150/ barrel Production of electricity based on local available

energy sources has become more attractive The average production cost per kWh at diesel power

stations in OCTs may easily reach three to four times the typical production costs in Europe

Electricity tariffs may reach 0.20 – 0.25 €/kWh and even more for some categories of customers

Some OCTs benefit from subsidies provided by the Member State to absorb the difference between production cost and applied tariffs (Mayotte and St P&M)

10

Worldwide renewable energy progress Solar grows more rapidly than any other RE technology. RE increase underpinned by falling technology costs, rising fossil-fuel prices and carbon pricing, and mainly by continued subsidiesRE = 19% of final energy consumption worldwide12% decrease in RE global investments in 2012 due to lower solar prices and weakened US and EU markets Total RE power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,470 GWin 2012, including 115 GW of new RE installed in 2012Wind power accounted for about 39% of new RE power capacity added followed by hydropower and solar PV.

11

In OCTs: No legal obligation to adhere to EU goals for sustainable development Each OCT has established its own targets.Examples:Aruba: 100% RE for power by 2020New Caledonia: 30% of RE in the energy mix in 2020French Polynesia: 50% of RE in power generation in 2020Falklands: RE share of 40% by 2015St Helena: 72% of RE share in final energy by 2020

12

RE share 2010 Target 2020

Denmark 22.1 % 30 %

France 13.5 % 23 %

Netherlands 3.8 % 14 %

UK 3.3 % 15 %

In EU Member States: The "20-20-20" targets for 2020

A 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels;

Raising the share of renewable resources to 20% A 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency

Progress in the EU In 2010, overall RE share 12.7% with significant

differences between Member States:

13

Common characteristics of the OCTsLimited financial resourcesLimited spatial areaLimited availability of technologiesVulnerability

Specific constraints for sustainable energy strategies in the OCTsRemoteness (higher transport costs, tenuous supply line)High energy costs (imported equipment, spares, fuel & oil, external expertise)Variable loads (daily, seasonal, growth)Power quality and reliability

14

Installed energy generation capacity : trend over last 5 years

+57% in RE installed capacity (+121 MW)

+27% in conventional installed electrical capacity (+283 MW)Share of RE installed capacity(2012)

15

Installed energy generation capacity : trend over last 5 years

+57% in RE installed capacity (+121 MW)

+27% in conventional installed electrical capacity (+283 MW)Share of RE installed capacityversus peak load

16

Solar water heaters now widely spread in the territories

Significant increase in the installed RE capacities in several OCTs thanks to large projects tapping conventional renewable energy resources, e.g.: +37 MW hydropower in Greenland +30 MW wind in Aruba +13.7 MW in Mayotte, mainly PV +10.8 MW wind in Curacao

Implementation of less conventional RES has progressed: 650 kW bio-methane unit with composting 1.5 MW biomass-fired unit under consideration in

French Polynesia, 5 MW waste-to-energy plants under consideration in

Aruba and Anguilla etc. 17

PV and Solar ThermalIn many OCTs solar technologies are developing, as their

design, installation, declining cost and maintenance know-how requirements are minimal

French Polynesia 14 MWp, Mayotte 12 MWp, Aruba 4 MWp, New Caledonia 3 MWp,  Wallis & Futuna 2 MWp

WindSignificant wind potential identified in most OCTs. There

are wind parks in 8 of the 16 OCTs. Impact on landscape needs to be considered

HydroOnly mini and micro-hydro feasible. High seasonal

variations are hampering feasibility of hydropower plants. Valuable potential is available in French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Greenland, where ~200 MW is in operation

18

RE systems installed capacities (2013)

Solar PV Wind Hydro

Caribbean OCTs      

Anguilla      

Aruba 4 MWp 30 MW  

British Virgin Islands      

Cayman Islands 0.2 MW    

Former NL Antilles   30 MW  

Turks & Caicos Islands      

Montserrat      

Saint-Barthélemy      

Pacific Ocean OCTs      

New Caledonia 3.1 MWp 37 MW 78 MW

French Polynesia 14 MWp 0.37 MW 47 MW

Wallis & Futuna 2 MWp    

Pitcairn      

Remote OCTs      

Mayotte 11.9 MWp    

Falkland Islands few kW 2 MW  

St Helena few kW 0.5 MW  

St Pierre & Miquelon few kW 0.6 MW  

Greenland few kW few kW 91.3 MW

19

Awareness level Several studies commissioned, results are clear,

implementation is in progress Awareness campaigns (Aruba, Mayotte, Planned in:

NC, SP&M, Anguilla)Main progress areas Energy audits in several OCTs (buildings and industry),

planned in Montserrat, St Pierre & Miquelon Building sector: thermal regulation, compulsory

installation of SWH, replacement of old boilers Lighting: CFLs deployment, solar street lighting (in all

OCTs) resulting in 50-60% reduction in electricity consumed for this end use

Power gen. & transmission: renewing generation capacities (Aruba 28% to >50% efficiency, Falkland islands), upgraded grid (St Helena), recommended regulation change in the TCI for fostering upgrading power generation

20

21

Almost all OCT’s energy policy and strategies are supported by high quality documentation and specific studies

Examples of energy specific studies: Anguilla: National Energy Policy and Anguilla’s

Renewable Energy Integration Project French Polynesia: Renewable Energy Master Plan and

Energy and Climate Strategy Plan Aruba: detailed energy policy and studies with support

of the several institutions and programmes such as the Carbon War Room

Examples of non energy-specific studies: Turks & Caicos Development Strategy report Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon: Strategic Development Plan

22

Good experience and skill level OCTs authorities and utilities have good skills in energy

issues, practices, RE and EE technologies Regular reporting

Technical support provided by dedicated agencies: Ademe in French Polynesia, New Caledonia, ARER in Mayotte Aruba Sustainable Research Institute (ASRI) Aruba TNO office for Bonaire

And Universities such as: Dutch Universities (Delft and Waneingen) in Aruba University of Paris 3 in New Caledonia

Key identified needs in capacity building• Project finance, financing and energy economics, institutional

and regulatory framework, energy management How to help project developers with provision of advisory

support Need to develop networking

23

OCTs are responsible for defining their energy future and setting up the institutional and regulatory framework required to meet their objectivesThere is a variety of situation in the OCTs. Examples:Most often, energy regulation and energy sector development is made by a Ministry in cooperation with the power utilityA regulator only in St Helena Caymand Islands, in preparation in TCI and under consideration in French PolynesiaEnergy efficiency and renewable energy issues are usually under the responsibility of the same entity in the OCTs, usually at a MinistrySome have established a dedicated agency or office (Anguilla for instance). The French Ademe is present in many French OCTs

24

For years, electric utilities were vertically integrated monopolies.

This perception has changed in many countries, but in OCTs this monopoly situation has long been considered as the best option due to their characteristics (resources, area, market, integrated approach, etc.).

Because the development of RE calls for new players, this situation is changing in some OCTs.

However, the integration of these new players in the OCTs’ energy market does not require necessarily the same adaptations as in EU MS.

Organization of market opening and partial competition, arrival of independent operators, injection of RE power into the grid call for regulations adapted to each OCT.

Participation of OCTs utilities is regional networks and associations is part of this momentum: CARILEC in the Caribbean and PPA in the Pacific.

Public utilities and private sector start also to cooperate for power sector development through PPP ventures.

25

26

Examples of ongoing initiatives The Pacific Environment Information Network (PEIN) New

Caledonia, French Polynesia and Wallis et Futuna are members Pacific Islands Greenhouse Gas Abatement through Renewable

Energy Project (PIGGAREP) Island Nations 100% Renewable Energy, including transportation,

by 2013 The Caribbean Renewable Energy Development Programme

(CREDP) The Caribbean Renewable Energy Forum (CREF) Caribbean Wind Energy Initiative – CAWEI European initiatives: CPRM (The Conference of Peripheral Maritime

Regions ) and ISLENET (A network of European Island Authorities)

OCTs are not eligible to participate in most of these programmes. OCTA should undertake contacts to promote eligibility of OCTs in above mentioned initiatives.

27

International initiatives likely to be available to the OCTs:IRENA’s first two clusters created for islands:

Road Maps Interest Cluster, Power Grids Interest Cluster The Caribbean Energy Information System (CEIS)

Intelligent Energy Europe programme a call for proposal is still opened for capacity building

7th Framework Research Programme including: Eucarinet The WINDS-Caribe project

Climate Investment Fund and Global Environment Facility (GEF)EU Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility

28

The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Project (REEEP).

New call for proposals scheduled early 2014 under its 10th Project Cycle. OCTs should register with REEEP to receive call notifications and guidelines.

The European Investment Bank: Direct intervention as already The recently created Global Climate Change FL which clearly indicates

that OCTs can apply for funding. Other regional and multilateral banks:

e.g. the Caribbean Development Bank, EU Member States mechanisms and supports available

such as AFD or Specific programmes (FIDEME or the Fonds Chaleur of ADEME) in

many French OCTs, DFID in Pitcairn or Montserrat. the Netherlands Development Finance Company FMO and its

Infrastructure Development Fund and energy fund programme The Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund

(GEEREF) Anguilla, Montserrat, St Helena and Wallis et Futuna are eligible

29

The European Development Fund (EDF) will continue to be one of the main source of funds with all support provided in ACP countries.

A few OCTs may already have the appropriate environment (public finance framework in place, sound energy policy and strategy) to apply for energy sector policy support programme. Conditions to be met include: a sector policy, a mid-term finance framework, donor coordination and a monitoring system in place

TEP Vertes was implemented in very isolated islands of NC, FP and W&F for a small number of customers. •Total 10.3 M€ with 5.2 M€ from the 9th Regional EDF. •11 small scale systems including hydrid PV + generators for local use and injection to the grid•Main benefits: Provision of energy service to isolated population and strengthening of management capacity

30

Any island can join the Global Sustainable Energy Islands Initiative (GSEII) initiative which intends to contribute to the total transformation by 2020

of some islands. Under this so-called Vision 20/30, a coalition of partners is built and islands ready to join the programme are identified.

Mechanisms through which reduction of carbon emissions is tradable such as the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS)

31

• There are cases in which RE electricity (Wind, PV, Small Hydro) in some of OCTs is less expensive than conventional electricity.

• Realistic analysis demonstrates that the RE applicability in OCTs would be accelerated.

• OCTs are an extensive domain of attracting investments on RE and Energy Efficiency for commercial and/or pilot and innovative projects.

32

Vast geographical distribution Different sizes of population,

economies and morphological landscape

Different climatic conditions, RES resources

Different Technical and Infrastructure constraints (grids, power plants, accessibility, etc.)

High energy cost and heavy dependency and high daily and seasonal electricity peaks

Variety of OCTs policies on RES development and variety on electricity tariffs

Variety of both mature and emerging RES technologies

33

Medium Medium TermTerm

Medium to Medium to Longer TermLonger Term

LongLong TermTerm

Biomass / Biofuels / Biomass trigeneration / Waste to Biomass / Biofuels / Biomass trigeneration / Waste to energy energy

RE DesalinationRE Desalination

Solar Air-conditioning / CSPSolar Air-conditioning / CSP

Sea Water Air Cond / Ocean Sea Water Air Cond / Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Thermal Energy Conversion

Energy StorageEnergy Storage

RE Smart/Micro-gridsRE Smart/Micro-grids

Wave and Tidal powerWave and Tidal power

CurrentCurrentSituationSituation

HydroHydro

WindWind

PVPV

Mature Mature technologiestechnologies

216 MW216 MW

100 MW100 MW

40 MW40 MW

Geothermal / Ground Source Heat PumpsGeothermal / Ground Source Heat Pumps

Innovative and emerging Innovative and emerging technologiestechnologies 34

Micro-hydroMicro-hydro

In the medium term:Hybrid power generation solutions: PV/diesel, wind/diesel,

wind/hydro Combined in a microgrid these can meet the demand of remote areas

without extending main grid

Geothermal and Ground Source Heat Pumps Feasibility studies to identify the existence of geothermal resource, its

temperature, depth, etc. ( high enthalpy applicable to certain OCTs - Caribbean, Greenland, low enthalpy suitable in all OCTs)

Possible applications: heating and cogeneration for industrial, residential and commercial end uses.

Biomass OCTs with agricultural activities such as Greenland, French Polynesia,

Falklands could favour the development of: Gasification, anaerobic digestion, biofuels

Trigeneration: space heating & cooling, DHW and combined power (suitable to OCTs with rich biomass feedstock) 35

In the medium-long term:Micro-hydro

Suitable in places with the necessary head and flow potential throughout the year

Greenland, St. Pierre & Miquelon and the Falklands may exploit micro hydro to satisfy dispersed loads in their territories.

Energy storage options Application: They can significantly improve operation of existing RES

facilities operating on low capacity factors

RE Desalination Adresses a specific need of the OCTs: freshwater

RE Microgrids, RE Storage and RE Smartgrids. Applications: distributed energy. Mitigation of RE intermittency

constraints36

Electrical Energy Storage (ESS) is very beneficial:

Provides Peak Shaving Provides Load Leveling Allows higher RE penetration

Batteries Pumped hydro

Compressed air

Hydrogen system

37

In the long term: Innovative RE technologies Innovative RES may be the answer to particular challenges in the

OCTs (high summer cooling demand, electrification on remote and off-grid areas, waste management and disposal)

Innovative RES technologies can be developed in OCTs on a pilot-based approach if a significant market application is expected and funding available

Detailed feasibility studies are required (siting, demand profile studies, maintenance conditions, environmental impact, social acceptance criteria) prior to development and implementation.

38

Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) uses temperature difference between deep seawater and ambient air

Application: Cooling or AC. Typically in hotels Suitable in tropical areas Costs are still very high

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Applicable to OCTs where high temp. difference between surface ocean

water and 1000m depth water Suitable in tropical areas (French Polynesia) Significant installation costs and environmental impact

Wave power Potentially applicable in St. Pierre & Miquelon and the Falklands Impact on the marine environment should be considered

Tidal energy uses the difference between high and low tide sea level Technology is still in R&D stage since the 1980’s Requires on-site measurements; feasibility studies Impacts on environment and tourism should be considered

39

40

Key principles: Pragmatism and efficiency Need to take advantage of the relationships and

proximity between actors of the energy sector Strong and continuous political will is required Governments should actively support renewable

technologies through a set of actions: adequate framework, incentives,…

Regulation framework is required but an independent agency is necessary only where enough operators and players involved and a large market base

Governments may intervene through regulation (energy and finance ) and through direct intervention

41

REGULATIONEnergy Policy Finance Policy

Feed-in tariffs Tax incentives Quotas and targets Self-supply regulation

Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance lending criteria

Green Bonds Differentiated interest rates Public banking

TARGETED INTERVENTIONPublic finance programmes

Non-financial interventions

Tailored package of financing instruments (with flexible design)

Independent governance structure

public-private partnership

Capacity building Knowledge

management/expertise Multi-stakeholder coordination

42

Principles relevant for all OCTs (CARELEC’s principles):

Planning of the power sector under the responsibility of the electric utility

Where competition is in place, apply the single buyer principle

Possibility for small scale RE to use and to connect to the grid under specific technical and purchase conditions

Simplify technical standards and administrative procedures

Promote self-generation for own use and export of surplus through net metering

Clear guidelines and procedures

43

Data collection Energy audits of public buildings and social housing stock Encourage the implementation of electricity smart meters,

to assist the utility supplier in improving its demand side management policy and strategy

Raising awareness: Development of technical partnerships between

organisations, construction federations, chambers, businesses, for benchmarking and training

Organise awareness activities for the public, for the younger generation, for professionals

Organise awareness workshops for businesses, on how to reduce their operational energy

Creation of Energy Information Desks Set an example through the adaptation and renovation of

public buildings and social housing stock 44

New standards and labelling: Minimum standards for new buildings, Energy Performance

Certification, promote Bioclimatic design principles (insulation, lighting, ventilation)

Minimum % provision of on-site RE for all new building developments and for major refurbishments (for instance SWH)

Regulation favouring CFLs deployment and reducing the sales of incandescent lamps, Minimum energy efficiency performance for imported appliances

Incentives Tax incentives for the adaptation / renovation works of housing and

private buildings Reduced custom duties for the import of low-energy household

appliances Support Support to the power generation and transmission for improved

efficiency Simplify administrative procedures, and allow an easy access (single

window)45

Three priority areas:

1. Training Financing and Economics for developers and local banks Institutional and regulatory framework Energy management

2. Business development advisory support To increase the probability of replication, scaling-up and

investment mobilization Provided to project developers By an experienced business advisory service

46

3. Networking and Communication facility Create an OCT’s Energy Network Create a specific window in the OCTA website with access to

relevant information dealing with green energy Prepare a guideline for developers, implementers and

entrepreneurs on access to financing and the conditions of access specifically for the OCTs

Organization of investors´ forums Drafting and editing brochures, guidelines and operation

manuals Specific communication actions for remarkable studies and

pilot projects within the OCTs and beyond through involvement of financiers

Organization of networking events to share experiences

• The TA team at OCTA could be the facilitator and organizer of all the activities related to capacity building and networking.

• After an assessment of results and performance of networking activities OCTA and the EC should discuss on the continuation of the activities

47

First priority should be Energy Efficiency RE roadmap should be designed according to

energy supply security needs deployment costs required regulation changes ability to attract private investors

Development Development of more of more costly RE costly RE technologiestechnologiesand smart and smart gridsgrids

48

49

Steps Necessary regulation adaptation

Involvement of the private sector

Impact on grid

① Assessment of the local energy system

Not necessary For performing studies No impact

② Detailed load forecast for investment planning

Not necessary For performing studies No impact

③ Assessmentof the local REresource and costs

Not necessary For performing studies No impact

④ Energy Efficiency measures (EE)

Adapted standards for building sector, consumer appliances, lighting products, tax and customs incentives and disincentives, energy certification

Partnership between organisations, construction federations, businesses, for actions such as benchmarking and training

No or positive impact (reduced loads, postponed upgrade)

50

Steps Necessary regulation adaptation

Involvement of the private sector

Impact on grid

⑤ Hydropower Not necessary Public or PrivateInvestors:IPP under PPA

No impact

⑥ Landfill gas to energy and Waste-to energy

Adapted regulations for waste management, and for allowing IPPto connect to the grid

Private investors (Independent power producers under power purchase agreements)

No impact

⑦ Solar Water Heaters (SWH)

Adapted regulation: typically compulsory SWH for new buildings

Commercial availability of SWH systems

No or positive impact (reduced loads, postponed upgrade)

⑧ Wind energy Adapted regulation for allowing independent power producers to connect to the grid

Private investors (Independent power producers under power purchase agreements)

Intermittency may affect grid stability if combined intermittent energy share is > 20% instantaneous power

⑨ Distributed Solar PV

Adapted regulation for allowing injection of excess energy onto the grid and net-metering

Commercial availability of PV systems and skilled installers

Limited impact

51

Steps Necessary regulation adaptation

Involvement of the private sector

Impact on grid

⑩ Centralized Solar PV (storage may be necessary)

Adapted regulation for allowing independent power producers to connect to the grid

Private investment (Independent power producers under power purchase agreements)

Intermittency may affect grid stability if combined intermittent energy share is > 20% of instantaneous power

⑪ Smart metering to increase RE share

Not necessary Utility Positive impact on grid stability if smart metering allows controlling deferrable loads

⑫ Other RE technologies (less conventional and higher costs)

Depending on the technology

Private players for potential assessment and feasibility studies. For pilot projects, and for commercial implementation

Depending of the technology, but increased number of combined RE technologies helps compensating intermittency 52

Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, St Barthelemy, Aruba

St Maarten, Curacao, TCI, Anguilla French Polynesia, New Caledonia Greenland

53

Caribbean OCTS attracting tourism, financial services, and other industries, high GDP/capita, good solar and wind resourceAssess the needs and costs of local energy system, load forecasting and local RE costs Local population may have the capacity to invest in readily available individual RE systems (typically SWH, solar PV panels)for their own use, and to acquire energy efficient appliances. Triggering measures:

Awareness campaigns on EE and RE costs and benefits Regulation (building code, EE standards, compulsory SWH and small

PV systems, specific measures for hotel sector, net-metering or FiTs funded through increased general tariff)

To attract private investors for developing RE-fuelled power plants (waste and landfill gas to energy, wind, solar PV):

Liberalization of power generation for OCTs where market is not yet open

Adoption of targets for RE share in the electricity mix and plan together with Utilities and IPPs a roadmap to transform their electricity mix accordingly and their tariffs as a consequence

①②③

④⑦⑨

⑥⑧⑩

54

Lower investment capacity from local populationFinancial aspects may be treated with more support from the govt, which could set up attractive mechanisms for offshore investments.

Little investment capacity from local populationFinancial aspects may be treated with support from the government Road map to be prepared based on RE master plan availableDevelop demand side actions through fiscal incentives and appropriate subsidies.Large scale SWH substitution campaign with adequate instrumentsImplement PV projects with injection to the grid. Pursue research programs for the RE innovative technologies with specific funding tools

④

⑦⑨

Financing mechanisms involving mining industries should be thought atLocal most cost-efficient untapped RE source should be identified and its deployment cost assessed EE measures for the mining industries should be promotedSuitable mechanism for using resulting energy savings to fund RE development could be studiedExplore and develop hydro resources for power generationDevelop RE based production through call for proposalsDevelop net metering

56

④

⑤

①②③

70% of power already generated by hydropowerLocal, small-scale cost-efficient RE solutions should be identified and their deployment cost assessed. Assessment of EE best practices for the two main industries (fishing and mining)Regulation (building code, EE standards) Public awareness activities on EE. Raise consumer energy awareness using the results of remote metering projectAssessment of the potential of biogas from organic waste and solid biomass Assess potential of hydropower for emerging mining industry (pilot project currently designed: aluminium smelting plant) Assessment of the available options for energy storage (large amounts of stable and predictable hydro power) 

①②③

⑤

⑥

④

④

④

57

St Pierre & Miquelon Wallis & Futuna Mayotte

58

Public sector and financial support from France are essential to the economy. In Mayotte and St Pierre & Miquelon, the electricity tariffs are low and do not reflect the real generation costs.Pursue present efforts in EE in Mayotte and St Pierre & Miquelon

Awareness campaign, distribution of efficient lamps, assessment of potential energy savings in Mayotte

Awareness campaign and promotion of old boilers replacement, efficient lighting, etc. in St Pierre et Miquelon

Start an active strategy in EE in Wallis & FutunaWhere electricity is subsidised, first steps of a RE roadmap could be:

Assessment of the real generation costs of local energy system, the amount of subsidies per kWh, load forecasting analysis, assessment of local RE costs.

Undertake, in partnership with concerned ministry in France, a cost-benefit analysis to assess if partly transferring subsidies from present generation system to investments in RE-based power plants is economically feasible.

④

④

①②③59

In remote islands with a smaller population base, the decision and implementation processes can be faster than in other OCTs.In the Falkland Islands (2,840 people)Regulation (building code, EE standards, mandatory energy audits and certification) Public awareness activities on EE. Feasibility study on the potential of energy from municipal wastePursue plans for increasing wind energy share from 33% to 40% In St Helena (4,000 people)Regulation (building code, EE standards, mandatory energy audits and certification) Public awareness activities on EE. Assessment of the potential of further increasing installed wind capacityUndertake feasibility studies to assess the potential of RES technologies not investigated so far, e.g. solar thermal, PVs and geothermal energy In Pitcairn (58 people): going on with the present solar project and potentially re-start a wind energy project would help increasing RE share but unlikely without DFID. In Saba and St Eustatius, utilities are being restructured: opportunity for mandatory RE ?

⑥

⑧

④

④

⑧

⑧⑩60

Synthesis of key proposals Pragmatism and efficiency in the institutional framework Appropriate regulatory framework leaving room for private sector

mobilization and partnership with public bodies through promotion of PPPs scheme

Regular “Donor” coordination meetings and strengthening fund raising expertise

Develop capacity building in project finance Organise networking between OCTs actors (OCT’s energy network) First priority should be Energy Efficiency

Some RE technologies are less expensive than conventional: new areas of expertise need to be acquired by local practitioners regarding these technologies

OCTs are an ideal field for testing specific technologies and wide RE penetration

RE roadmap designed according to energy supply security needs, deployment costs, required regulation changes, ability to attract private investors

Organise a structured ‘green deal’ business dialog with the stakeholders and decision makers of each OCT in order to fix realistic plans (ready to be implemented) 61

62