GEMIDIRIYA FOUNDATION SRI LANKA

FINAL REPORT

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

Community Development & Livelihood Improvement Project

December 2008

Prepared and Submitted By

Green Tech Consultants (Pvt) Ltd. 94/50, Kirulapone Avenue, Colombo -05

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Table of Contents

Page 1. Introduction, Objectives and Scope 1 2. Legal, Regulatory & Institutional Framework for Environmental Protection in Sri Lanka 6 3. The World Bank Operational Policies & Requirements 13 4. The Purpose of Environmental and Social Management Framework 16 5. Environmental Principles & Considerations Adopted in Phase I 19 6. Phase II Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 22

6.1. Modification to the Phase I Framework 22 6.2. Phase II Proposed Sub-projects 23 6.3. Role of Foundation 24 6.4. Sub-project Level Environmental & Social Reviews 25 6.5. Social Safeguards and Land Acquisition 6.6. Screening Process 27 6.7. Environmental Management Plan 30 6.8. Roles, Responsibilities and Management Framework 31 6.9. Standards & Environmental Codes of Practice 34 6.10. Guidelines for Construction Activities 38 6.11. Capacity Building 40

Annex 1: Sub-Project Brief 43 Annex 2: Negative List of Projects 44 Annex 3: Environmental Screening or Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist 48 Annex 4: Format for Generic Environmental Management Plan 53 Annex 5: Potential Environmental Issues and Mitigation Measures 54 Annex 6: Sector Specific Environmental Monitoring Plans Annex 7: Capacity Building Plan 62 Annex 8: Integrated Pest Management Plan 91 Annex 9: Haritha Lanka Programme 92 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: suitable woody plants for home gardens LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Flowchart of the Land Acquisition Procedure Figure 2: Flowchart of the screening and review process for environmental impacts Figure 3: ESMF flowchart with Roles & Responsibilities Figure 4: Institutional Structure with Roles & Responsibilities

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1. INTRODUCTION The Sri Lanka Community Development and Livelihood Improvement Project (Gemidiriya) of the Ministry of Nation Building and Plantation Infrastructure Development aims at reducing poverty through the improvement of economic opportunities and well being of the rural poor, empowering poor communities and establishing a strong social organization at the village level. The Project uses a community driven development approach to provide assistance to improve social and economic development of the target beneficiary villages. The Phase I of the programme has focused on delivering essential small-scale social infrastructure and services to the rural poor in addition supporting localized livelihood sub-projects. Based on ethically framed five non-negotiable principles and ten golden rules, the implementation arm of the project, the Gemi Diriya Foundation (GDF) has been able to mobilize the community over 1000 villages in a period of less than four years during the Phase I of the project. Under the Phase II of the Project, it is expected to harmonize with the Gama Neguma programme and scale up the approach at the inter-village Pradeshiya Sabha level. The convergence with Gama Neguma means that Phase II programmes will move beyond the intra-village focus of Phase I to target both intra and inter-village development. Phase II will be covering 12 districts including 5 of the Phase I districts. Given the planned scale and scope, the Phase II will likely require some modifications to the Phase I Environmental and Social Management Framework. 1.1 Project Scope Project scope includes five components. Component 1: Village Development Working in three sub-components- Development and Strengthening of Village Organizations (VOs), Funding Community Sub-projects and Strengthening Federation and Partnerships- this component will develop self reliant and self-managed rural people’s organizations (including producers’ federations) that can prioritize, plan and carry out village development. The activities under the component would include capacity building, social and community infrastructure activities, and livelihood improvement investments in their communities. Formation, Development And Strengthening Of Community Based Organizations: The goal of this subcomponent is to develop self reliant, self managed and sustainable people’s organizations for community development and livelihood improvement in the rural areas. Activities to be financed under the sub-component will include: (a) facilitation support by the Divisional Facilitation Team; (b) support by resource persons, NGOs and other institutions with expertise in CBOs’ capacity building; (c) Workshops and trainings to community members, CBOs, and facilitators on institutional building, preparation of Village Development plans, preparation and appraisal of sub projects, community monitoring, general principles of financial management, environmental management and community procurement and so on; (d) Capacity building of para-professionals; (e) Support to set up and manage Community Learning Centres; (f) support to set up and manage companies. Community Sub Projects: This sub-component will finance four main activities: (i) Capacity Building Fund; (ii) Community and Social Infrastructure Activities and Services; (iii) Income Generating Activities, and (iv) Incentive Fund. (i) Capacity Building Fund: The Fund consists of 10% of the amount for community sub projects. Funds are transferred directly to CBOs on receipt of the proposals. The objectives

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of this sub-component are to encourage a paradigm shift from supply driven to demand driven capacity building inputs and to ensure communities’ access to financial resources to actively plan and manage their development plans (including partnerships with the private sector). It is designed for communities to maintain a cadre of facilitators to assist them in developing participatory and inclusive Village Plans and in managing their own organizations; to secure services from a wide range of service providers, to ensure technical soundness and feasibility by accessing technical services; to access experts in the field of enterprise development and market linkages, and to enhance the skills base of para-professionals and CBOs’ office bearers in areas like book keeping, financial management, community procurement, environmental management, sub-project planning and implementation. (ii) Community and Social infrastructure Activities and Services: The objectives of this sub-component are to ensure inclusive and participatory processes in the identification, prioritization and planning of community infrastructure and social services; to empower the communities to manage execution of the identified infrastructure activities; and to expand the scope of social services already accessible to the communities. It is designed to facilitate communities to identify their priority needs for improving quality of their lives. This process of identification and prioritization calls for community cohesion, participation of all the members and sensitivity to the needs of the poorest and the vulnerable. The communities will also be made aware of the project appraisal process so that their sub- projects will meet appraisal criteria. Communities will also be assisted in assessing environmental impacts of sub projects. This sub-component will finance identification of priority needs through a participatory approach and selection of interventions which meet the principle of equity, sustainability and productivity; formulation of sub projects on community and technically and financially feasible social infrastructure activities and services; appraisal of sub projects by the provincial appraisers; and execution and monitoring of sub projects by CBOs. (iii) Income Generating Activities: The objective of this component is to develop sustainable micro-finance institutions at the community level able to meet their members’ credit requirements and to assist them in taking up a wide range of income generation activities. The sub-component will finance the following activities: (a) preparation by CBOs and appraisal by the Provincial Appraisal Teams of sub projects for accessing the community investment fund for building micro finance institutions; (b) technical support by the National Core Team to expand income generation opportunities; and (c) the establishment by the District Coordination Committee and the National Core Team of linkages with formal financial institutions (Commercial banks in the Government and private sector) to meet the growing credit demand of the rural poor. (iv) Incentive Fund: This Fund is assigned to those villages that follow truly participatory and inclusive processes in their identification and prioritization of development activities. The objective of this component is to ensure that communities do not exclude the most vulnerable and voiceless groups (members of lower castes, women-supported households, refugees, alcohol-addicted, disabled, and so on) from the development process. Inter-village Roads (Rural Roads): The objective of this subcomponent is to improve the network of inter-village roads to secure better access of project villages to main roads and market places. Main activities to be financed by the sub-component include the following: (i) Identification of the inter-village roads to be taken up; (ii) Work estimates by Pradeshiya

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Sabha Technical Officers; (iii) Appraisal of proposals; (iv) Agreement between Pradeshiya Sabhas and the Project on works’ execution and release; and (v) Roads’ execution and maintenance by Pradeshiya Sabhas. Component 2: Gama Neguma This component will scale up the collaboration between the Gemidiriya and Gama Neguma programs by focusing on addressing connectivity constraints across villages and augmenting the capacity of Pradeshiya Sabhas to improve service delivery to enhance socio-economic development in the region. The likely focus areas for inter-village zonal activities are rural roads, electricity, rural marketing centres and storage facilities, drinking water supply, bridges, culverts, rehabilitation of irrigation tanks/canals, rural schools/pre-schools, rural information technology, etc. The principles of voice, transparency, accountability and inclusiveness would be adopted in the inter-village activities. A sub-committee of Pradeshiya Sabha will be responsible for coordinating selection and implementation of the inter-village activities. Capacity Building of National, District and Divisional Project Teams: The objective of this sub-component is to develop a shared vision and build required competences among project teams at national, district and divisional levels to enable them to perform their respective roles. This will be achieved by promoting experiential learning, exposure to the organized communities to demonstrate their strength and develop sensitivity to their needs. The project will identify the mix of skills, attitude, and orientation required for the project teams, the line agencies, Pradeshiya Sabhas, NGOs and private sector to respond to the needs of the rural communities. The focus shall be on the role these agencies can meaningfully play to nurture and empower rural communities. Project teams will receive intensive training on social mobilization, community participation, social capital, community based organizations, micro finance institutions, village development plans, environment management and Monitoring and Evaluation. The line departments will receive training on how to give space to the CBOs in the development agenda and on improving the quality of services to be provided to the rural poor. The Pradeshiya Sabhas will be facilitated to actively participate in the program and their capacities will be built to gradually replace the project teams and take over management of the program (2nd phase). Capacity Building of Support Organizations and Service Providers: The objective of this sub-component is to facilitate the active participation of NGOs and the private sector to expand livelihoods options of the poor. The project would invest in building their capacities to so as mould them to forge linkages with the rural communities. The project will identify the NGOs with considerable experience in nurturing community driven development and organize their exposure to project initiatives and facilitate their interaction with CBOs to establish linkages. Similarly, the private sector will be exposed to CBOs. Monitoring and Learning: The objective of this sub-component is to monitor performance (including implementation of the Environmental Management Plans) and progress of the project and to disseminate it among all stakeholders to enable them to effectively address project implementation issues. The sub-component will finance establishment and strengthening of a Monitoring and Learning system that will serve the needs of project agencies at all levels. The information will flow from community members to the Project Director through the Divisional Coordinator interfacing with Divisional Secretaries and service providers. The format for monitoring records will be designed with the participation of various stakeholders. Participatory techniques like beneficiaries’ self assessments, focus groups and key informant discussions will particularly be used for process monitoring, on

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issues related to the evolution of sub-projects, their inclusiveness, transparency and the level of participation in project benefits and in decision-making processes. Process monitoring will be carried out by an external agency. The Monitoring and Learning Coordinator from the project team will anchor all related activities, such as Baseline survey, MIS, process monitoring, follow up studies, impact evaluation and community monitoring. Component 3: Enhancing Capacity of Local, Provincial, and National Agencies to be Demand Responsive This component will strengthen the capacity of local level agencies, provincial councils, national agencies, and support organizations to foster demand driven development. It will focus on making Pradeshiya Sabhas more accountable and responsive to the needs of the poor by establishing participatory sub-committees (comprising 30% Pradeshiya Sabha elected members and 70% community representatives) responsible for the appraisal approval of inter-village investments, and certification of milestones for the release of funds. Component 4: Livelihood Innovation Fund This component will continue piloting innovative community and private sector ideas that need to be incubated and learned from to ensure they can be scaled up and replicated. The component will include both livelihoods development in rural areas and innovative urban-rural linkages- for example; partnership arrangements with urban service sector industries for skills development and job creation for rural youth, etc. Private Sector Linkages: The objective of this sub-component is to promote partnership with private sector so to widen the livelihood options for the poor and to promote micro enterprises. This subcomponent will finance the promotion of: (a) partnerships with the private sector to develop innovative enterprises; and (b) demand driven vocational training facilities to link up job opportunities for educated youths. Care would be taken to ensure that these linkages do not become a channel for exploitation of the unorganized and scattered small producers. Product Development/Test Marketing: The objective of this sub-component is to invest in some well-defined research studies to explore new opportunities in processing and value addition initiatives. This sub-component will finance the piloting of new micro enterprises and research in areas relating to post-harvest methodologies and non-timber forest produce and the development of new economic activities with value added products for livelihood improvement. The project’s interventions include measures to reduce the risks and production costs for CBO members, improve their productivity, timely access to quality inputs, better prices for outputs, marketing tie-ups etc. Financial institutes would be encouraged to come up with special pro-poor rural credit packages with in-built insurance. Rural people need small shops set up by them with products tailored to their needs. The project would support large retail chains to train women in logistics and back and front-end operations. Information Technology Linkages: The objective of this sub-component is to secure communities’ access to emerging technologies to expand livelihoods options for the poor. It will finance activities leading to communities’ access to Information and Communication Technologies among others. Component 5: Project Management and Monitoring This component will support overall coordination, management, monitoring, and learning of the Project at the national, provincial and divisional levels. The management team of the

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Gemidiriya Foundation, a non-profit company chaired by a cabinet- level secretary, will manage the Project in coordination with the Gama Neguma implementation unit in the Ministry of Nation Building. The united management team will directly carry out functions related to policy formulation, monitoring and learning, building linkages with other government agencies and private sector, good governance and accountability. 1.2 The Project Area Based on an analysis of poverty incidence, as revealed by Household Expenditure and Income Surveys, all the districts in Uva and Southern Provinces and Rathnapura district in Sabaragamuwa province are selected for project implementation. The Project has been implemented in about 1000 village communities in approximately 510 GNDs in 6 districts in Uva, Southern and Sabaragamuwa provinces. Gemidiriya Phase II will expand to include additional villages in other poorest divisions of the country. A collaboration model will be worked out for convergence with Gamaneguma, and the Phase II will move beyond intra village focus of Phase I to target both intra and inter-village development.

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2. LEGAL, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SRI LANKA

Sri Lanka is one of the leading countries in the South Asian region in enacting environmental legislations. Its concern for environment dates back to over two and a half millennia. The constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka under chapter VI Directive Principles of State policy & Fundamental duties in section 27-14 and in section 28-f proclaim “The state shall protect, preserve and improve the environment for the benefit of the community”, “The duty & obligation of every person in Sri Lanka to protect nature and conserve its riches” thus showing the commitment by the state and obligations of the citizens. 2.1 The 13th Amendment of the Constitution of Sri Lanka The constitution of Sri Lanka contains several provisions, relating to the environment. (i.e. Article 27 (14) and Article 28). The 13th constitutional amendment introduced a new level of institution for environmental protection and management. Therefore, provincial government also has legislative and executive power over environmental matters. (i.e. Article 154 (A) 9,19 and (III) 17). According to such provincial legislative and executive power, the North Western Provincial council adopted the North Western Provincial Environmental Authority to control, prevent and monitor all environmental related activities. 2.2 Act No. 47 of 1980 and amended in 1988– National Environmental Act The National Environmental Act (NEA) provides conservation and development guidelines for natural resources including water, forest, flora and fauna in Sri Lanka. The 1988 amendment transformed the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) to an enforcement and implementing agency. The CEA issues Environmental Protection Licences (EPL) to medium and high polluting industries under the section 23 (A) of the NEA. Since 1994 issues of EPL to low polluting industries has been delegated to relevant local authorities. Under the section 7 (1), there is provision to establish an Environmental Council to in collaboration with respective line agencies to advise the CEA. The section 9 (1) provide necessary guidelines to establish District Environmental Agency and District Secretary is the Chairman of each District Environmental Agency. Therefore, CEA has special power to monitor, assess and advise the government on critical environmental conservation, management and development issues. Under the Environmental Management functions of CEA, widely included, land use management, natural resources management and conservation, management policy for fisheries and aquatic resources, management policy for wild life, management policy for forestry and management policy on soil conservation. 2.3 Act No. 29 of 1964 – Water Resources Board Act Main responsibilities under this act highlighted are control, regulation and development including the conservation and utilization of the water resources of the country. In addition, the promotion of afforestration, control of soil erosion, prevention of the pollution of rivers, streams and other water sources are also required to be considered. Mainly, the Water Resources Board is the key player of the formulation of national policies relating to the control and use of water resources of the country, as well as coordination of projects undertaken by government departments, local authorities and public corporations relating to the conservation, utilization development of the subterranean water resources of the country and the assessment of the possibilities, benefits and economic feasibilities of such projects.

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2.4 Act No. 13 of 1949 – State Land Ordinance The State Lands Ordinance provides necessary guidelines to:

- The protection of the source, course or bed of any public stream - The protection of springs, reservoirs, lakes ponds lagoons, creeks, canals,

aqueducts etc. - The construction or protection of roads, paths, railways and other means of internal

communication. - The prevention of the erosion of soil. - The preservation of water supplies.

In addition, section 75 of the State Land Ordinance highlights on riparian proprietors activities. The occupier of land or the bank of any public lake or public stream shall have the right to use the water in that lake or stream for domestic purpose and shall not be diverted through a channel, drain or pipe or by means of a pump or other mechanical contrivance but shall be removed in a bucket or other receptacle. 2.5 Act No. 57 of 1981 – Coast Conservation Act The Coast Conservation Act make provisions for the preparation of coastal zone management plans, regulate and control of development activities within the coastal zone, formulation and execution of schemes of work for coast conservation within the coastal zone in the country. Under the section 6 of the act, there is provision to appoint a Coast Conservation Adversary Council. Purpose of the council is advise on all development activities proposed to be commenced in the coastal zone, review the coastal zone management plan, review the environmental impact assessments, etc. The current Coastal Zone Management Plan states that the Director will call for an EIA when such activities may have potentially significant impacts on the coastal zone. 2.6 Act No. 22 of 1955 – Flood Protection Ordinance This ordinance provides necessary provisions to acquisition of lands or building or part of any land or building is required for the purpose of flood protection. 2.7 Acts Nos. 25 of 1951 and amended on 29 of 1952 – Soil Conservation Act The Soil Conservation Act makes provision for the conservation of soil resources for prevention or mitigation of soil erosion and for protection of land against damage by floods and droughts. It is possible to declare any area defined in the order to be an erodable area for the purpose of this act. Under this act, following main activities are prohibited:

- Clean weeding of land or other agricultural practices conductive to soil erosion. - Use of land for agricultural practices within the water sources and banks of streams. - Exploitation of forests and grass land resources and fire activities in declared area.

2.8 Act No. 15 of 1987 – Pradeshiya Sabhas Act The section 12 (2) of the Pradeshiya Sabhas Act has authority to appoint a separate committee to advise the environmental matters. The section 105 of the same act shows the prohibition of causing water or any stream pollution and related offences. The section 106 highlighted pollution caused by factories and relevant offences.

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2.9 Act. No. 33 of 1992 – Mines and Minerals Act. The Geological Survey and Mines Bureau established under the Act No. 33 of 1992, Mines and Minerals Act. Under this act, mining falls within the purview of the geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB). Mining and exploitation for minerals, including sand, must be licensed under the act by the GSMB. Mining licenses are issued only to a qualified individuals and companies registered to do business in Sri Lanka. Mining is not permitted within Archaeological Reserves and within specified distance of monuments. New mining licenses are subject to the EIA process, if the type and extent of mining is listed under the EIA regulations. Additionally, the GSMB has power to stipulate conditions including the taking of deposits and insurance for the protection of environment. Regulations made by the GSMB under the act cover a variety of environmental stipulations, criteria and conditions for licensing and operating mines. This also covers the disposal of mine wastes. The act also deals with the health, safety and welfare of miners. Reclamation of mines is a major problem in Sri Lanka and due to current practice requires the mining enterprise to make a deposit to cover costs of recovery. The deposit however is inadequate for the purpose. Large extents of mined areas, particularly areas mined for clay and sand remain open. Mining rights on public and private land are subject to licensing by the GSMB and all minerals wherever situated belonging to the state. The right to mine particular parcels of public lands may be subject to EIA procedures as well as to lease for permit conditions. 2.10 Forest Ordinance of No. 17 of 1907 as amended by Act No. 23 of 1995 The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka is the law for conservation, protection and management of forest and forest resources for the control of felling and transport of timber and forest related matters. The Forest Ordinance of No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts up to 1995 - Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No. 13 of 1982; No. 84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995. Under the section 4 of No. 23 of 1995 Forest Act, Minister in charge of the forest, has special power to order and declare any specified area of state land or the whole or any specified part of any reserve forest which has unique eco systems, genetic resources or a habitat of rare and endemic species of flora and fauna and micro organism and of threatened species or which need to be preserved in order to achieve an ecological balance in the area by preventing landslides and fire hazardous to human life, as a Conservation Forest. In addition, under the section 5 of this act, Forest Officer of a specified area has special power to stop any public or private way or water course in a reserved forest. It shall be lawful for the District Secretary to determine the amount of compensation to be paid, in case that the water course injuriously affects the interests or one or more individuals to whom on that account compensation should be paid. Under the section 6 of the Act No. 23 of 1995, following activities are prohibited: • Trespasses, or permits cattle to trespass; • Causes any damage by negligence in felling any tree, or cutting or dragging any timber; • Wilfully strips off the bark or leaves from, or girdles, lop, taps, burns or otherwise

damages, any tree; • Poisons water;

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• Quarries stone, burns lime or charcoal, or collects, or subjects to any manufacturing process, any forest produce;

• Extracts coral or mollusk shells or digs or mines for plumbago, gems or other minerals; • In contravention of any regulations made by the Minister, pastures cattle, hunts, shoots,

fishes or sets traps or snares or guns, or constructs or uses ambushes, or uses any explosive substance.

Under the section 12 of this act, the Minister has power to order and publish in the Gazette, constitute any portion of forest a village forest for the benefit of any village community or group of village communities, and may in like manner vary or cancel any such order. Every such order shall specify the limits of such village forest. 2.11 Act No. 49 of 1993 amended in 2008, Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance This act provides for the protection, conservation and preservation of the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka. Under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO), five categories of protected areas are established viz. Strict Nature Reserves, National Parks, Nature Reserves, Jungle Corridors and Intermediate Zones. The CEA has gazetted all the forest and wildlife reserves as environmentally critical areas and to be governed by both FFPO and the Forest Ordinance, under emergency regulations. Under the Act No. 49 of 1993, new section inserted as 9. (a) highlights that, “ No person or organization, whether private or state shall within a distance of one mile of the boundary of any National Reserve declared by order made under the section 2, carry out any development activity of any description whatsoever, without obtaining the prior written approval of the Director”. Therefore, every application is subjected to follow Act No. 47 of 1980 – National Environmental Act. Hence, it is subjected to follow EIA or IEE procedures. 2.12 No. 13 of 2005 – Disaster Management Act Under the Act No. 13 of 2005 of the Disaster Management Act, there is a provision to establish National Council for Disaster Management (NCDM). Major objective of this act is to protect human life, property and the environment of Sri Lanka. Therefore, this act plays key role to protect the environment. Major functions include NCDM, to formulate a National Policy and Program on the management of disasters which shall provide for the protection of life of the community and environment and the maintenance and development of disaster affected areas; the effective use of resources for preparedness prevention, response, relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation; the enhancement of public awareness and training to help people to protect themselves from disasters. Therefore, this act provides necessary guideline for the protection of human life, property and the environment of the country. 2.13 Law No. 2 of 1974 -National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) The NWSDB is the principal agency for water supply and sanitation in Sri Lanka. It was established in January 1975 pursuant to the Law No. 2 of 1974. Prior to its official mandate, the NWSDB started as a sub-unit, under the Public Works Department for Water Supply and Drainage. In 1965, it became a division under the Ministry of Local Government. From 1970, this division functioned as a separate department under the Ministry of Irrigation, Power and Highways and remained so until the Act was approved by the Parliament creating the NWSDB in 1975. General duties of the NWS&DB include: to develop, provide, operate and control an efficient, co-ordinated water supply and to distribute water for public, domestic or

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industrial purpose; to establish develop, operate and control an efficient, co-ordinated sewerage systems. 2.14 National Policy on Conservation and Management of Wild Elephants - 2006 Given the small size of the island and the high human population density of 300 people/square kilometres (300/km2), increased interaction between humans and elephants is inevitable. Expansion of permanent agriculture and human settlements is leading to continuous contraction of habitat available to the elephant. The human-elephant conflict (HEC) in Sri Lanka reached alarmingly high levels but in recent years has been contained through concerted actions of department of Wildlife Conservation. HEC is the major cause of elephant mortality. Unless the problem is resolved or mitigated, it will ultimately lead to the elimination of most elephants that range outside the system of protected areas, which amounts to a significant proportion of the elephant population. Although humans occupied the island for millennia, and resulted in altering the natural forest cover, the island had a substantial forest cover until relatively recent times. In 1880, about 83% of the island was forested, but over the years the forest cover began declining steadily. According to the recent estimates, the natural forest cover has reduced to about 22%. Much of the intact dry forests occur today within the PAs, in the drier parts of the island. The core of the elephant conservation problem in Sri Lanka today stems from the rapid loss of prime elephant habitat. The greatest threat to elephants comes from an expanding human population and its demand for land. Loss of significant extents of elephant range to development continues currently, with a number of irrigation and development projects leading to the conversion of more elephant ranges to irrigated agriculture and settlements. Changes in land use patterns are resulting in a continuous contraction of habitat available to the elephant. Conservation areas have shrunk as the number of people dependent on the land increases. Increasingly it is being recognized that the loss and fragmentation of habitat as the major threat to the Sri Lankan elephant. Today, except for a small remnant population in the Rathnapura District, elephants are restricted to the lowlands in the dry zone. In Moneragala and Hambantota Districts large areas of forest close to Yala, GalOya and UdaWalawe National Parks were converted to sugarcane plantations. Walawe Left Bank Project in Hambantota District has taken large extents of elephant habitats for irrigation settlements. Recognizing the national importance of the elephant, in the year 2006, the Government of Sri Lanka enacted a National Policy for Conservation and Management of Sri Lankan Wild Elephants to ensure the long-term survival of the elephants in the wild in Sri Lanka. The Government Policy shall fulfil the following achievements: • To ensure the long term survival of the elephant in the wild; • To mitigate the human-elephant conflict; • To derive socio-economic benefits from conserving the elephant; • To defray the costs imposed by the human-elephant conflict on communities affected by

it. • To adopt regulatory mechanisms for the removal of elephants from the wild for

management reasons; and • To promote scientific research as the basis for elephant conservation and management

in the wild.

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The environment and ecology in Moneragala, Hambantota and Badulla Districts, in particular are considered good elephant habitat. Considering this, it is impossible to assume that the Project activities will not be affected by the HEC, if no preventive measures are taken. HEC preventive measures need to begin with awareness of the problem and possible solutions that are within the control of affected communities. While the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) has traditionally responded to HEC, by either by translocation of problem elephants or the erection of electric fences, long term sustainability of both options have been in question. Considering the large home ranges of elephants, translocation is destined to fail if the problem elephant is trans-located within its home range. The maintenance of electric fences has also been a problem due to poor emphasis on maintenance programs by the authorities. Community involvement in electric fence construction around villages and maintenance appears to be somewhat viable. While it seems unlikely that HEC can be completely eliminated, management of the problem may be possible. Low cost community based methods such as: communal crop protection; employment of ‘psychological’ barriers; chasing of crop raiding elephants; use of crops that elephants do not utilize, should be considered, with community awareness creating being essential. 2.15 National Policy for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation – 2001 The National Policy for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation approved by the cabinet in 2001 has laid down the framework for the provision of water supply and sanitation services to the rural sector which is defined as “any Grama Niladari Division within a Pradeshiya Sabha area except those in former Town Council areas that have population of over 6,000 people”. It provides guidelines as to the minimum requirements needed to ensure health; and levels of service in terms of the quantity of water, haulage distance, adequacy of source, equity, quality, flexibility for upgrade; and acceptable safe water supply systems, among others. It prescribes ventilated improved pit latrine as the basic sanitation facility and defines other acceptable options that include, among others, piped sewer with treatment, septic tanks with soakage pits, water-sealed latrines with disposable pits. For rural water supply and sanitation, the Policy defines the roles and responsibilities of the Government, provincial councils, local authorities, community-based organizations (CBOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private sector and international donors. It also sets the scope of regulation for which the provincial councils and local authorities can enact statutes and by-laws. 2.16 Act No. 11 of 2007 – Prevention of Mosquito Breeding Act This Act passed for the purpose of ensuring the prevention and eradication of all mosquito borne diseases. Under this act, it shall be the duty of every owner or occupier of any premises to cause, (a) open tins, bottles, boxes, coconut shells, split, coconuts, tyres or any other article or receptacle found in or within such premises , capable of holding water, to be removed, destroyed or otherwise effectively disposed; (b) any well found in the premises and its surroundings to be maintained and kept in good repair so as to make it mosquito-proof and thereby prevent the breeding of mosquitoes; (c) any artificial pond or pool found in such premises to be emptied at least once in every week; (d) any casual collection of water within the premises which is conducive to mosquito breeding, to be regularly drained; (e) shrubs, undergrowth and all other types of vegetation, other than those grown for the purpose of food or those which are ornamental, found within or outside any building or structure within the premises used as a dwelling place which has become a breeding place for mosquitoes, to be removed; (f) the removal and destruction of the water plants having

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the botanical name Pistia Stratiotes and commonly known as “Diya Parandal”, “Kondepasei”, “Telpassy”, “Barawa-Pasi”, “Nanayaviraddi” and of any other water plant, or plants, found within the premises, which may facilitate the breeding of mosquitoes. Hence, this act placed to eradicate prevent the mosquito born diseases and mainly targeted on water sources.

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3. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL POLICIES AND REQUIREMENTS 3.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP/GP 4.01) The nature and scale of the project activities will trigger the following World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and Bank Policies (BP) and General Policies (GP) that need to be addressed at the Project Appraisal. The ongoing Gemidiriya program adopts adequate measures to address the safeguard policies that are triggered for the Phase I of the Project implementation and the following sections will outline those policies, how those would be triggered in Phase II and proposed measures to address in the project design, implementation and monitoring. The World Bank Operational Policies that require consideration under this Project OP/BP/GP 4.01 : Environmental Assessment and will be triggered under the Phase II of the project. Particular attention is needed during preparation of village development plans to ensure that the subproject proposals in the plan have no impact on the Forestry and Natural Habitats, especially since the Southern and Uva Provinces contain large extents of land that are under forestry and natural habitats. However, all such environmentally sensitive areas have been declared as “protected areas” under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance and the Forestry Ordinance. Therefore, development activities are not permitted under protected areas in Sri Lanka and there will be no activities supported under this project that will be within designated protected areas, therefore, the forestry and natural habitats safeguard policies are not being triggered under the project. As part of the policy requirements the Environmental and Social Management Framework is prepared based on a strong participatory approach in undertaking all key activities under the Gemi Diriya program. The project activities would be identified by the communities through a transparent participatory need assessment and planning process through the development of village development plans (VDPs). The implementing agencies level will make all reasonable efforts to consult relevant stakeholders (including the affected communities) in the implementation of subprojects, incorporate local community needs and resolve conflicts. The affected people will be consulted in a meaningful way and allowed to participate actively in the consultation process. The consultations will be carried out in a way which is appropriate for cultural, gender based and other differences among stakeholders. The project components and activities of Phase II is now expanded to accommodate inter-village infrastructure development and would comprise: (i) rehabilitating village tanks for irrigated agriculture, (ii) rebuilding needed infrastructure such as rural roads, (iii) mobilizing the rural population in the focal villages for collective action in development activities, and (iv) supporting livelihood support activities to provide supplementary income to the poor and vulnerable segments of the population. None of these activities do not require the state, to ostensibly, acquire land involuntarily from the owner, who had no course of legal redress. Key ESMF principles, in the context of responding to the external and internal requirements, are considered:

• The Project will support multiple subprojects, the detailed designs of which will not be known at appraisal, although the general thrust is understood by the nature of the sectors (housing, roads, etc.). To ensure effective implementation of environmental and social criteria, the ESMF provides guidance on the approach to be taken during implementation for the selection and design of subprojects and the planning of mitigation measures;

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• Subprojects with the potential for significant environment and/or social impacts are expected to be very few in numbers. If any are identified (through the subproject screening mechanism), subproject specific environmental and/or social assessment will be prepared and will be the subject of review and approval by the Project.

The ESMF and subsequent implementation plans will be disclosed in the government websites and other public places accessible to the local authorities and people. The planning and implementation guidance documents that are developed as part of the ESMF will be translated to local languages and will be disseminated among the targeted communities for their reference and use. The project implementing arm at different levels will also maintain the ESMF and other related documents and will make available for anyone on request. 3.2 Involuntary Resettlement As is the experience with the Phase I, the question of triggering this policy will not arise in the case of the rehabilitation of rural roads, social mobilization and livelihood components of the project as they do not require land acquisition. In the case of rural roads, the project will finance the rehabilitation of existing village which do not require acquisition of private lands. The community mobilization activities of the project foster local organizational development and the livelihood activities are mainly associated with income generating, household level micro-enterprises such as livestock and poultry rearing, home-garden cultivation and small scale private trading, which do not require land acquisition. In the case of the construction of community centres and drinking water wells, the Divisional Secretaries will allocate state lands within the village. Therefore this safeguard policy (OP 4.12) could potentially arise only in the case of rehabilitating tanks where tank beds (land owned by the state) have been encroached and cultivated by people. Once, a tank is rehabilitated, it is likely that tank bed area will get inundated and the tank bed lands will not be available for cultivation. This could affect the livelihoods of people dependent on it and such a situation warrants that the project/ state address the issue. Number of persons involved and the area under tank bed cultivation should be recorded, and provided with equivalent alternate lands either in the command area (if technically feasible) of the rehabilitated tank or in the nearby vicinity. In any case, there would be no involuntary land acquisition under the project. If voluntary land donations off private lands are made, due records would be maintained to ascertain voluntariness of such donations. 3.3 Indigenous People There are a very few indigenous populations in Sri Lanka, specifically, the Veddah (or Wanniyala-aetto). The Veddah are by no means a homogeneous group, sharing a common religion, language, and culture, which is one reason why some people claim that the groups do not actually exist. Nevertheless, there are populations that identify themselves as Veddah, although they no longer adopt the cultural and indigenous practices and habits such as hunting and gathering. However, these communities are recognized by the Government as indigenous people. OD 4.20, unlike OP 4.12, does not apply to individuals; rather, it is applicable to a ‘group’. However, in the country, in general, and the project areas, in particular, there are hardly any

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villages comprising exclusively of indigenous people. The initial inventorization of the Phase II program can identify the majority Indigenous Peoples villages. However, the Project is unlikely to encounter any indigenous people’s villages, and if encountered, a plan of action will be drawn and implemented to address the policy using a check list prepared based on the experience of Phase I. The PMU, however should describe the action, lessons and impact on those indigenous populations as an input to the social safeguard 3.4 Cultural Heritage The safeguard policy on Cultural Heritage triggers when a development project disturbs the built environment with historical interest. In as much as the Project engages exclusively in the rehabilitation of existing roads and village tanks and command areas, it is very unlikely that project activities would disturb any area or site of historic or archaeological interest. Given the very limited extent of the issue, staff engaged in the Phase II should be appraised of the possibility of such considerations (during the regional and national workshops) and advised to seek specialized archaeological expertise in the instance that cultural remains of historic significance should be uncovered during the course of the tank rehabilitation and road reconstruction. 3.5 Safety of Dams The rehabilitation of small irrigation schemes and ground water recharge ponds financed by the project will not have dams and embankments more than 15 m high. Therefore the Safety of Dams Polcy will nto be triggered. Typical interventions would include repairs and improvements such as protection of downstream slopes of dam embankments (e.g. runnel filling and providing lateral drains, etc. to provide safe passage of rainwater and seepage drainage), providing toe-filters and toe drains to improve downstream drainage and arresting excessive seepage flows, upstream slope protection (e.g. rearranging and/or providing rip-rap to prevent scouring), strengthening of the structural stability of spillways and sluice structures etc. While, the anticipated project activities will result in an overall enhancement of the safety of dams (tank bunds) against the risk of failure, the project will not finance construction of new tanks (new dams/tank bunds). However, all generic dam safety measures will be adopted in the design and implementation of the rehabilitation/improvement of tanks, ponds other related structures and in the operation and maintenance (O&M) plans. 3.6 Pest Management Consequent to the envisaged pilot initiatives as well as the agricultural operations under the irrigation tanks rehabilitated by the project, there would be a minimal risk that project may potentially contribute to the spread of pest that affect agriculture and public health and pollution of water sources through the agricultural run-off contaminated with agro-chemicals. However, it is proposed that strategies are developed to manage pests, through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) including biological control, cultural practices and the use of cropping systems and crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pests (Annex 8). The proposed IPM plan should be integrated closely with the existing national and provincial pest management programs of the government. The project should finance measures to promote IPM and careful and judicious use of agrochemicals as an integral part of its agriculture development plans and the pilot initiatives.

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4. THE PURPOSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) details agreed policies, guidelines and procedures to be integrated into the implementation of IDA supported Gemi Diriya Project. The Project started in 2004 as Phase I of an adaptable program loan (APL) and uses a community driven development approach, which puts the ultimate stakeholders – the rural communities – in control of their own development. The program has three core features:

• Simple and clear basic principles – participation, inclusion, transparency, accountability, and cost sharing;

• An autonomous implementing agency – the Foundation – ensures compliance with these principles; and

• Direct transfer of resources to the rural communities. The Phase I program has benefited over one million people in more than 1000 villages or 800 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GNDs) in four provinces and results have been encouraging. The Phase II will deepen the interventions in current areas reached under Phase I and expand to target both inter and intra-village development in other poorer divisions to reach about 40-50 Pradeshiya Sabhas and about 2000 to 2500 GNDs. The program strategy involves:

(i) devolving decision making power and resources for intra-village development to community organizations;

(ii) strengthening local governments and other local level agencies and devolving resources and decision making power to them for inter-village connectivity activities; and

(iii) partnering with the private sector and outside agencies on economic empowerment to increase the scale and diversity of income generating opportunities for the rural poor.

Good environment and social management practice is a well established element of project preparation and implementation. It is also a requirement that the projects and programs financed with IDA resources to comply with World Bank operational policies. Therefore, the project investments are required to satisfy World Bank’s safeguard policies, in addition to conformity with environmental policies and regulations of the Government of Sri Lanka. An ESMF has been prepared in 2004 for the Phase I, based on potential sub-projects that will most likely to be included in village development plans by the respective rural communities. It has served as a template for ensuring that village investments or sub-projects are conducted in an environmentally sound manner. Nonetheless, the Phase I investments have been small, much localized, labour intensive and largely of drinking water supply facilities, rural roads within villages, community centres and small rural enterprise development. No significant impacts on any environmentally sensitive areas are reported. However, with the expansion and widening of the Project scope in Phase II to accommodate inter-village investments, there is a likelihood of having impacts which need to be addressed and managed through proper planning and adopting relevant Therefore, modification to the Phase I ESMF will be required to ensue that the Project will be implemented in an environmentally sound manner. The ESMF describes the procedures and arrangements for addressing safeguard issues. It will assist in considering

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alternatives, deviations and modifications to sub-project activities during planning, design as well as during implementation to mitigate adverse environmental aspects. The ESMF is expected to (1) enhance and internalize the self awareness and knowledge among project stakeholders among communities to treat environmental issues as an integral and indispensable objective of providing project inputs and achieving project outputs and impacts; (2) prevent/mitigate adverse potential environmental issues and impacts through conscious planning and implementation of the project activities; and (3) enhance positive environmental impacts. The ESMF must:

• Refine and define checklists and tools for screening of project activities, including a negative list of activities and their nature and characteristics that would not be funded under the project;

• Specify procedures for assessment, screening and clearances; • List roles and responsibilities of community members, social mobilizers, project staff

at village, district and provincial levels including District Environmental Officers; • Clarify the norms and procedures required for screening, supervision and monitoring; • Include a plan for capacity building and training; • Develop a dam safety assurance plan and pest management plan if and when

necessary. All the project activities and sub-projects that will be prepared on the basis of Village Development Plans will undergo environmental screening using the checklists and procedures by the communities as well as project implementing staff following the roles and responsibilities defined in the framework. Environmental screening process will distinguish sub-projects and activities that will require thorough environmental review to prevent/mitigate negative environmental impacts or those which will provide opportunities to enhance positive impacts. “Feasibility Reports” will include a comprehensive assessment of the environmental parameters associated with the relevant sectors and potential environmental impacts of the sub-project proposals, and based on this assessment specific measures will be carried out to address the impacts. Services of the District Environmental Officers of the Central Environmental Authority or subject matter specialists should be obtained to modify project designs and incorporate environmental management aspects depending on the complexity of the issue. ESMF attempts to respond to the needs of the Gemidiriya implementation and the opportunities provided by it, and seek to achieve following: • Enhance positive and sustainable environmental and social outcomes associated with

Project implementation; • Support the integration of environmental and social aspects associated with the

numerous subprojects into the decision making process; • Support rural poor in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and living standards; • Enhance positive environmental and social outcomes; • Minimize environmental degradation as a result of either individual subprojects or their

cumulative effects; • Protect human health; • Minimize impacts on cultural property.

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Implementation of the ESMF will also support and assist with the achievement of compliance with applicable laws and regulations and with relevant Bank policies on environmental and social development issues. In addition, during the Phase II, the environmental responses will go beyond providing environmental safeguards. It will also include targeted environmental activities that have been identified under the Government’s Haritha Lanka Programme (HLP) with an ultimate objective of developing greener and cleaner villages, thus adding another dimension to the existing CDD model (Annex 9). 5. ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS ADOPTED IN PHASE I

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In Phase I of the Project there were three components supported by the Gemi Diriya programme:

• Capacity building – improving capacities and skills needed to complete activities expected

• Livelihood support activities – improving income generating activities and efforts to reduce unemployment

• Community infrastructure and social services – measures to improve living standards and development of social services.

5.1 Capacity building sub-projects These were normally environmentally benign and provisions of the ESMF were not applicable. 5.2 The Livelihood Support Fund The Livelihood Support Fund was to improve the livelihoods of the community members, especially poor women, unemployed youth and the vulnerable members such as disabled, widows, single mothers, etc. It was a one time grant to help them start very small-scale income generating activities or help them acquire skills leading to income generation. The communities were expected to use the funds for the provision of small-scale rural community infrastructure works such as rural roads, culverts, drainage, water supply schemes, and the like. These livelihood support activities and some of the infrastructure projects had only localised minor negative impacts, mainly during construction, and therefore the provisions of the ESMF was applicable to them. Livelihood support sub projects under phase I are categorized in to two, namely agriculture and non-agriculture. Examples for the livelihood projects in agriculture are:

• Animal husbandry /Dairy industry (curd, yoghurt etc.) • Vegetable and fruit cultivation (chilly, cow-pea, cashew, papaw, banana etc.) both in

chena lands and home gardens • Ornamental plant cultivation • Mushroom industry • Bee keeping • Tea cultivation • Aquaculture

Examples of the livelihood projects in non-agriculture are:

• Post harvest processing (grains, jackfruit, lemon, fruit drinks etc.) • Handicraft production (using rattan, papyrus, reeds etc.) • Small scale domestic industries (production of brooms, brushes, sweet meats,

pottery industry, soft toys etc.) • Mineral industries as Gem cutting, Quartz and Dolomite (Ratnapura) • Small scale businesses (village shops, groceries, bicycle repairing centres, saloons) • Domestic garment industries • Brick making

5.3 Community Infrastructure and social services sub projects

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Examples for the community infrastructure subprojects under Phase I are listed below:

• Rural roads /sidewalls for rural roads • Multipurpose buildings • Rural sports grounds • Water projects- Drinking water wells / agricultural wells/ small scale irrigation canals/

water drainage systems for runoff water • Sanitary facilities (according to a personal circular loan system) • Small scale bridges and culverts • Mini hydropower projects (for 30-50 households) • Conservation of water catchments areas / re-plantation projects • Landscaping programs • Soil conservation programs

5.4 Environmental Impacts of Infrastructure sub projects and Livelihood support subprojects

5.4.1 Environmental impacts of selected livelihood support sub projects: i. Brick industry Deforestation, environmental degradation, spreading of infectious diseases (retaining of rainwater as well as runoff water in abandoned brick pits can serve as breeding ground of disease vectors as mosquitoes),spreading of Invasive Alien Species (IAS), air pollution (due to the emission of polluted air from brick kilns) ii. Chena cultivation Soil erosion, deforestation, use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers are the main issues. Chena cultivation has also contributed to increase human elephant conflict in areas where elephants are in abundance. iii. Wood based projects Respiratory infections (due to saw dust), chemical pollution (due to heavy usage of seasoning chemicals), air pollution (due to the emission of polluted air from smoke houses) can be experienced in wood based activities. There are can be water pollution as well due to dumping of saw dust near waterways. 5.4.2 Environmental impacts of selected Infrastructure projects: i. Drinking water projects Infiltration of pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the nearby agricultural areas (Further contamination can place these communities at high risk from chemical poisoning), chemical contamination of ground water (can lead to grave water shortages, particularly in arid areas as Hambantota), eutrophication (due to totally covered concrete lid of the well), noise pollution (can be occurred due to the operation of the pump houses of the wells) ii. Rural roads

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Soil erosion, human elephant conflict (in some project areas) iii. Culverts/bridges Decrease of freshwater fish populations of the streams (due to the interruption of inter-migration pattern of fish and increased fishing intensity), sand mining, flooding. Appraisal and Assessment Team evaluates the environmental impacts and mitigation measures prior to approval of the sub-project proposals of both community infrastructure fund as well as the livelihood development fund. The above described projects from Phase I and environmental impacts will continue to be relevant during Phase II. 6. PHASE II ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

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The ongoing Phase I of the Project has been the first major community-based, rural focused, village level social and economic infrastructure project undertaken by the Government. Thus the application and use of a conscious potential social safeguard framework and an environmental management framework has been an unprecedented component in this community based rural development program. The Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) provides general policies, guidelines, codes of practice and procedures for the management of environmental issues to be integrated into the implementation of the Project. More specifically the objectives of the ESMF are:

• To establish clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental review, approval and implementation of subprojects to be financed under the project;

• To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental concerns related to subprojects;

• To determine the training and capacity building needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF.

. The ongoing Phase I project has developed and enforced a comprehensive framework for environmental assessment and management which has been described in the earlier section. The Project has so far financed only small-scale project which are aimed to improve the livelihood of small communities, their access to basic environmental services and support income generating activities through micro-credit funding, etc. 6.1 Modifications to the Phase I Framework A majority of project investments in Phase I were labour intensive, small scale civil works and household level, individual, livelihood support income generating activities. Civil works were localized activities at village levels likely to be associated with rehabilitation and improvements of intra-village rural roads, construction of drinking water facilities and buildings that mostly utilize local construction material. The project did not create serious cumulative negative environmental impacts due to the implementation of multiple project components. Given the small size and rehabilitation nature of these activities, their potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally sensitive and important areas including wetlands, forests, grasslands and other natural habitats have not been significant. It is evident from the experience of the ongoing Phase I components that the implementation has not resulted in significant potential environmental safeguard issues and negative impacts. If there are any potential negative impacts they are site-specific related to the project’s village level infrastructure rehabilitation, improvement and construction activities and household level income generating activities which were manageable with proper planning, oversight, and monitoring. Nevertheless, in the case of some of the livelihood subprojects such as constructing and maintaining drinking water wells, it warranted detailed environmental assessment and a monitoring. This is also applicable in the case of brick making industry where cumulative effects can lead to significant negative environmental impacts. However, as opposed to Phase I, which included only localized small-scale infrastructure schemes, the Phase II will finance the essential and urgent improvements to inter-village

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infrastructure development to improve connectivity, productivity and income of the people depending on those schemes. These inter-village interventions will be initially concentrated in pilot areas. Safeguards will required to be enforced more vigorously, although the anticipated related negative environmental impacts are minor and easily manageable. These inter-village developments will designed to be closely aligned with the country’s elected local government activities at Pradeshiya Sabha (PS) level. The overall approach is that the PS with the Project support and utilizing the existing technical capacities available at PS level will take steps to address environmental concerns during subproject preparation and implementation. The Phase I ESMF has been modified, to accommodate the potential environmental issues and mitigation measures for major sub-project types (roads, water, irrigation, buildings), to be undertaken in Phase II. The modifications to the framework has been guided by any new actual and potential environmental issues and risks any environmental themes that may emerge as an outcome of the inter-village development activities. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that is being prescribed will describe the anticipated impacts, planned mitigation measures, how and when they are to be implemented, and who is responsible for monitoring the environmental effects of the subprojects, both positive and negative. In general, it is expected that the Hub technical staff will work with PS sub-committee in preparing the subproject documents to avoid or minimize adverse environmental impacts, as per the ESMF. The application form should contain a certification by the subproject team that all measures required to avoid or minimize adverse environments impacts are included in the subproject design. It is expected to ensure that the design, construction, operation and implementation are carried out in accordance with the improved ESMF. The list of measures to mitigate potential adverse impacts, including terms and conditions and the relevant EMP with any other site specific measures will be part of the contract specifications. 6.2 Phase II proposed sub-projects A list of anticipated subprojects that are proposed is given below. It has been compiled from the pilot initiatives conducted in four PSs.

• Rural roads • Multipurpose buildings • Small scale bridges and culverts • Rural sports grounds and school sports grounds • Water projects- Drinking water wells / agricultural wells/ small scale irrigation canals • Mini hydropower projects (for 30-50 households) • Conservation of water catchments areas / re-plantation projects • Soil conservation programs • Village cascade systems • Health facilities (hospitals, health centres) • Animal husbandry • Solid waste management

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Given that the Phase II will not significantly deviate from the Phase I, the preliminary framework can be used for the Phase II with the suggested improvements, to accommodate the expanded inter-village activities and minimize any adverse environmental impacts. The PS subcommittee and village level planning process in partnership with Appraisal and Monitoring Team should consider alternatives, deviations and modifications to project activities during planning and design as well as during implementation to mitigate adverse environmental aspects. The comprehensive environmental management framework developed, by updating and improving the existing one will be included as a part of its Project Implementation Plan (PIP). The framework will be appraised by the Bank team during appraisal and modified by the Borrower subsequently as required. This framework should describe the procedures and arrangements for addressing safeguard issues. 6.3 Role of the Foundation The process for addressing environmental concerns through the institutional arrangements and procedures used by the Project for managing the identification, preparation, approval and implementation of subprojects are defined in generic steps in this framework. The Foundation’s first activity on the ESMF should be the elaboration of a clear sub-project cycle and the identification of the key decision points for managing the ESMF screening process, including the subproject specific reviews/assessment and management plans, as discussed below. In addition, specification of civil works contract documents will continue to include and enforce generic and activity specific clauses requiring environmental compliance in the execution of project’s civil works. Provisions will be included in cost estimates for civil works to undertake measures both for enhancing positive environmental impacts and mitigate/prevent negative effects. Based on the experience of application and implementation of this framework, the provisions and procedures of this framework will be updated and modified by the Foundation from time as appropriate to suit to the project activities n consultation with PSs and communities. Any substantive deviations from the agreed ESMF will have to be agreed with the World Bank prior to adoption. During Project supervision, the World Bank will assess the implementation of the ESMF and recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance. The reporting framework, screening procedures and preparation of management and mitigation plans will be discussed and agreed by the implementing agencies during the early part of project implementation. A comprehensive review of ESMF’s application will be undertaken after 12 months. Annual reports on project activities during the preceding year should capture the experience with implementation of the ESMF procedures. Bi-annual reviews of the implementation of the ESMF by reviewing a representative sample of subprojects are to be carried out by authorized persons or a group of persons not involved in the subproject implementation. The purpose of the reviews is to assess compliance of ESMF procedures, learn lessons, improve future ESMF performance and to assess the occurrence of, and potential for cumulative impacts due to Project-funded and other development activities. These annual reviews will be the principal source of information to Project Management for improving performance and to Bank’s supervision missions. The overall management framework, including roles and responsibilities, for the implementation of the ESMF will be consistent and fully integrated with the agreed project implementation arrangements at the PS level and with communities. The Foundation will,

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among other things, and in accordance with guidance provided in Annexes (Matrix & screening); (i) develop the sector level criteria for environmental and social management; (ii) develop the cross-cutting guidelines on core environment and social issues (such as the guidelines for resettlement and rehabilitation, site selection criteria for rural and urban housing, debris/rubble collection and disposal guidelines, among many others); (iii) establish reporting framework and formats; (iv) others, as required. The Foundation will also support the identification of suitable innovative environmental programs prescribed in the Haritha Lanka Programme of Sri Lanka (Annex 8) that will be suitable and beneficial to the targeted communities. Such interventions will contribute towards developing greener and cleaner villages. 6.4 Sub-project level Environmental and Social Reviews While most project activities in Phase I are expected to have generic environmental and social issues that are manageable through standards and codes of practice, there will be project activities in Phase I that carry a higher risk of environmental and social disruptions and/or impacts. These subprojects should be the subject of environmental and/or social reviews as the key management tool for identifying opportunities for lower impact project opportunities and/or for the identification of necessary mitigation measures in accordance with the prevailing legal framework and the Bank’s safeguard policies. During the initial needs assessment process to develop Village Development Plans (VDPs) and Pradeshiya Sabha Development Plans (PSDPs), communities and other major stakeholders will be provided with initial awareness on the environmental aspects. Subsequently, all project activities and subprojects that will be prepared on the basis of VDPs and PSDPs will undergo environmental screening using the checklists and procedures by the Village/PS subcommittee as well as project implementing staff following the roles and responsibilities defined in the environmental framework. Environmental screening process will distinguish sub-projects and activities that will require thorough environmental review to prevent/mitigate negative environmental impacts or those which will provide opportunities to enhance positive impacts. The environmental review is to be carried out through the preparation of an environmental subproject information document and subproject brief (Annex 1), by the Village Subcommittee or PS Committee. On the basis of the brief, it should be possible to decide if the subproject is environmentally beneficial or benign. If it is the case, no action would be required in respect of environmental management in the subproject. , If some impacts are identified in the review which are small in scale can be addressed through standardized techniques or the codes of practices. These remedial measures to offset environmental impacts are to be provided in the subproject brief. These measures should be included in the project design. Integration of environmentally recommended measures in the subproject design will ensure that the subproject impacts are taken care of. Supervision during implementation is needed so that all the environmental remedial measures are implemented as planned. To summarize, following are the key steps in the environmental management with less or negligible environmental impacts, in which most of the subprojects are likely to fall.

• Completion of a subproject brief providing environmental subproject information; • Inclusion of recommendations of the brief in subproject plan, if any; • Approval of subproject information document in the subproject review process;

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• Ensuring implementation through supervision during implementation If any subproject has environmental impacts more substantial than above and the impacts are larger and more complex, such subprojects will require a full fledged environmental review and incorporation of the recommended mitigation measures into the subproject design. Examples of subprojects which are most likely to require subproject specific plans include, but not limited to the infrastructure projects such as access roads. The PS subcommittee or Village Level Subcommittee with the assistance of Project Appraiser, Natural Resources and/or Para-professionals will prepare stand alone “Feasibility Reports” for example for the rehabilitation of roads. , Those reports will include a comprehensive assessment of the environmental parameters associated with the schemes, in accordance with the ESMF and potential environmental impacts of the project proposals, and based on this assessment specific measures will be carried out to address the issues. Services of the PS Environmental Officers or Divisional Environmental Officers should be obtained to modify project designs and incorporate environmental management aspects into the EMP depending on the complexity of the issue. The subprojects with potentially greater impacts than above, which involve significant environmental risk, will not be funded under the Project. A negative list of projects has been identified (Annex 2) according to GOSL regulations. This list includes the following:

(i) Projects or activities listed under Part I of the “Prescribed Projects List” and; (ii) Projects or activities listed under Part II of the “Prescribed Projects List”.

Any sub-project or activity that falls within designated “environmentally sensitive areas” as defined in Part III of the “Prescribed Projects List” will be required to obtain environmental clearance from the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) and the World Bank prior to being eligible for funds from under the Project. In order to obtain CEA clearance, an IEE and/or EIA needs to be conducted and reviewed by the CEA. For obtaining World Bank clearance, the EIA has to conform to the Bank’s OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment Safeguard Policy, including its public disclosure requirements. 6.5 Land Acquisition and social Safeguards Social review is carried out to analyse how the community is affected by the subproject identified as a priority need of the local communities. The project activities would be identified by the communities through a transparent participatory need assessment and planning process through the development of VDPs and PSDP. The affected people will be consulted in a meaningful way and allowed to participate actively in the consultation process. Social assessment is the instrument used to analyze social issues and solicit stakeholder views for the design of subprojects. The social assessment’s objective is to increase the likelihood of achieving subproject’s intended social outcomes, insuring their efficiency and equity. To achieve this objective, the likely positive and negative social impacts of the reconstruction activities planned will be assessed, particularly on vulnerable groups, as well as the level of awareness, concerns and attitudes of people towards these planned activities. Social assessment will identify stakeholders and their expectations, interests or concerns. Assessments will be also carried out in reference to social risks of subprojects

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and recommended design changes or mitigation measures or action best able to manage those risks during implementation. Most of the subproject activities such as rehabilitation of rural roads, income generating activities such as household level micro-enterprises will not require any land acquisition. In the case of construction of community centres, drinking water wells the Government will allocate state lands within the village. The majority of lands that have been acquired so far belong to the state land category and have not imposed any procedural issues. Nevertheless, there have been instances of acquiring private lands as well as temple lands, especially for building and water projects. It is also reported that the Project has experienced difficulties in acquiring lands belonging to private estate owners and those owned by the Land Reform Commission (LRC). It is to be noted that land belonging to LRC should be dealt as private lands and need to follow the Land Acquisition Act of which the procedure is described in the following sections. The need for land acquisition in specific subproject areas will only be known during project implementation when subproject briefs are available. The subproject proposals that would require acquisition of productive lands and demolition of structures will be carefully reviewed to minimize or avoid their impacts through avoidance or minimization process. All possible options that have least impacts in terms of land acquisition will be explored, however, in unavoidable extreme cases, land acquisition will be carried out in accordance to the Land Acquisition Act which describes the legal procedure to be followed through, in acquition of land for a public purpose. When a land in any area is needed for any public purpose, Land Acquisition Act of No. 09 of 1950 has provided provision for the acquisition of such lands. The LA Act has laid down the procedure for such land acquisition and to provide for matters connected with or incidental to such provision. The LA Act was amended by No. 39 of 1954, 22 of 1955, 28 of 1964, 20 of 1969, 48 of 1971 and No. 8 of 1979. The procedure to be followed in the acquisition of land in any area for any public purpose is laid down in Figure 1. Figure 1. Flowchart of the Land Acquisition Procedure

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Survey Plan

Inquiry into objections and

submit recommendation

Final Survey Plan

Valuation

Proposal for land acquisition

Min. of Nation Building

Divisional Secretary

Section 2Declaration Notice

Section 4Notice of the objection to

intended acquisition

Section 5Gazette Notification

Requirement of Land for a public purpose

Section 7Gazette Notification

Persons to notify claims for compensation and appear before acquisition officer

Section 9:Inquiry into claims for

compensation

Conclusion of inquiry and decision on compensation

Award of compensationLand Registry

Taking possession of land and handing over to Min. of Nation

Building

Vesting of land and issuance of the certificate

Approval for the declaration Hon. Minister of Lands

Order for the notice of objection to intended acquisition

Order for Acquisition

Order for taking possession of land Hon. Minister of Lands

The above procedure, without even any delays would take about 72 weeks. With the expected delays it may go much beyond 2 years. In the case of an acquisition for the immediate possession, on the ground of urgency of such land the Minister of Nation Building should inform the details of such urgency with a feasibility report to Minister of Lands. Based on the information, after notification under Section 2 Minister of Lands within the meaning of the proviso to section 38 may make an order of possession under the Section 38 of the LA Act. Accordingly DS can take possession of land pending payment of compensation. After the possession of land DS will proceed with the inquiry (Section 5) in to claims and decide on the compensation. After the payment of compensation formal vesting of land will be made to the concerned institution. Through this procedure, the land can be used for the required public purpose in about 6-8 weeks.

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The voluntary donation refers to situation when the title owner surrenders his/her asset without claiming any compensation by executing an undertaking with the implementation agency. In such cases, the divisional secretary will conduct an inquiry on the claims for the said land under Section 9, and will take a decision under Section 10 about the ownership of the land. DS will then take possession of the land and vested with the respective agency. Even in the case of temple lands, the above procedure need to be followed before any investment is made on the land. If the said land is a leased out state land on a permit for occupation under the State Lands Ordinance, the person can surrender the permit and the DS can verify the provisional grant and take possession of the land to be vested with the respective agency. However, if compensation to be paid, for the development activities undertaken by the claimant compensation procedure has to be followed through. In this instant, DS will be reporting through the Land Commissioner’s Department for the Lands Ministers approval. If the permit holder is not willing, acquisition procedure will have to be followed and will take about 3 months as the procedures under sections 2 and 4 are not required. The same procedure will be followed in surrendering or voluntary donating any state land, even in acquiring any state land leased out to a state owned company. There is also a possibility of social conflicts due to tank rehabilitation in Phase II where Puttalam and Kurunegala districts having number of village tanks that need rehabilitation. The potential social conflicts that may arise in the case of rehabilitating tanks where tank beds have been encroached and cultivated by people need to be addressed by the Project. Once a tank bed is rehabilitated, tank bed area will be inundated and will not be available for cultivation. This will have an impact on the livelihoods of people dependent on it. In such cases the likely impacts including the extents and the number of affected people should be assessed and assistance should b provided in accordance to the guidelines provided in Annex 5. They may be allowed to harvest the standing crop before the completion of the subproject and water is impounded. There are a very few indigenous populations in the country, specifically the Veddhas. They are by no longer a homogenous group, sharing a common religion, language and culture. Nevertheless, there are populations that identify themselves as Veddha, although they no longer adopt the cultural and indigenous practices and habits such as hunting and gathering. However, they are recognized by the Government as indigenous people. The Project area in particular, does not have villages comprising exclusively of Veddha community. However for operational purposes, it can be assumed that all those villages with population of 50% or more indigenous people to be considered as a indigenous people village. The matter of defining "indigenous people" is not very simple. In the words of the World Bank (Operational Directive 4.20), "no single definition can capture their diversity". The same directive notes that indigenous people may be identified by such characteristics as:

a. a close attachment to ancestral territories and to the natural resources in these areas;

b. self-identification and identification of a distinct cultural group; by others as members of a distinct cultural group;

c. an indigenous language, often different from the national language; d. presence of customary social and political institutions; and e. primarily subsistence-oriented production.

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A cultural survival plan is now being formulated by the NGO Cultural Survival of Sri Lanka in consultation with the indigenous community, with the active cooperation and participation of the Ministry of Environment, and other concerned ministries and international development aid agencies. Social Safeguards in relation to Indigenous People 1. Indigenous people shall enjoy the full measure of human rights and fundamental freedoms without hindrance or discrimination. The provisions shall be applied without discrimination to male and female members of the community. 2. Shall take steps as necessary to identify the lands which the peoples concerned traditionally occupy, and to provide effective protection of their rights of ownership and possession. 3. Ensure that, whenever appropriate, studies are carried out, in co-operation with the peoples concerned, to assess the social, spiritual, cultural and environmental impact on them of planned development activities. The results of these studies shall be considered as fundamental criteria for the implementation of these activities. 4. Shall consult the peoples concerned, through appropriate procedures and in particular through their representative institutions, whenever consideration is being given to legislative or administrative measures which may affect them directly. 5. Establish means by which these peoples can freely participate, to at least the same extent as other sectors of the population, at all levels of decision-making in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of plans and programmes which may affect them directly. 6. With the participation of the indigenous people, a co-ordinated and systematic action shall be taken to protect the rights of these peoples and to guarantee respect for their integrity. 7. The peoples concerned shall have the right to decide their own priorities for the process of development as it affects their lives, beliefs, institutions and spiritual well-being and the lands they occupy or otherwise use, and to exercise control, to the extent possible, over their own economic, social and cultural development. 8. Shall avoid any negative impacts through subproject implementation and shall promote the full realisation of the social, economic and cultural rights of these peoples with respect for their social and cultural identity, their customs and traditions and their institutions. 9. Special measures shall be adopted as appropriate for safeguarding the persons, institutions, property, labour, cultures and environment of the peoples concerned. 10. The rights of ownership and possession of the peoples concerned over the lands which they traditionally occupy shall be recognised. In addition, measures shall be taken in appropriate cases to safeguard the right of the peoples concerned to use lands not exclusively occupied by them, but to which they have traditionally had access for their subsistence and traditional activities. 6.6Screening Process

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The screening process is the first step in operationalizing the ESMF process (Figure 1). One of the objective of the screening process is to rapidly identify those subprojects which have little or no environmental or social issues so that they can move to implementation in accordance with pre-approved standards or codes of practices or other pre-approved guidelines for environmental and social management. Based on environmental screening, sub-projects with no noticeable impacts are cleared from an environmental perspective; subprojects with some impacts will proceed for the conduction of an environmental assessment which will be evaluated to clear the subproject. Projects with significant impacts will be altogether rejected. Environmental assessment will determine the extent of impacts and how the impacts will be mitigated, or minimized by planning, approaching the activities in an environmentally sensitive manner and adopting specific mitigation measures. The following criteria should be followed for sub-project selection on the environmental grounds.

• Sub-project construction/expansion will not be located in premises of archaeological, historical, cultural, religious sites;

• Sub-project construction/expansion will not be located within conservation areas, protected areas, sanctuary, and forest areas as designated by Wildlife Conservation and Forest Departments;

• Sub-project construction/expansion will not be located on steep slopes, landslide areas, and flood prone areas;

• Sub-projects will not be located within a wetland or on a reservation of surface water bodies.

• Potential environmental impacts associated with location will be minimized by selection of alternative sites;

• Water supply sub-projects will not result in conflicts between water users and unacceptable lowering of water table due to ground water withdrawal;

• All stages of sub-project design and implementation will be done in a participatory manner, with public consultation with potential affected persons;

• Solid waste management sub-projects will not be sited adjacent to settlements; will not include treatment of hazardous waste; and not result in water pollution due to leachate, fly and rodent infestation, and odour and negative visual impacts issues;

• Sub-projects of significant environmental impacts will not be undertaken. • There will no involuntary land acquisition for sub projects

The Sri Lankan environmental regulatory requirements are prescribed by the Act No. 47 of the National Environmental Act, which came into effect in 1980, as amended in 1988, and is administered by the Central Environment Authority. It is a mechanism to ensure that all Sri Lankan facilities and development projects meet the relevant standards and procedures to minimize adverse environmental impacts during construction and operation of a facility. Projects and facilities that discharge a substance to the atmosphere, to the ground or into surface waters may require a licence to operate. The licence is issued by the CEA after review of an application together with detailed project information. CEA, after review of the application, will grant a permit, sometimes with terms and conditions, or may require the preparation of a full environmental assessment prior to granting a permit. The subproject committee while preparing the subproject proposal would first consult the negative list and as far as possible, would not take up a subproject from negative list. The subproject committee will conduct a rapid environmental assessment and carry out an environmental assessment classification. Subprojects not depending on or use of natural resource/ecosystem directly and does not adversely impact any natural resource/ecosystem will not require an environmental assessment.

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Figure 2: Flowchart of the screening and review process for environmental impacts

Some site specific issues may present serious environmental risks/impacts. For example, proximity to a protected area could have potential impacts on a unique habitat (endemic species of fauna or flora) or a high water table area would have potential effect on the design and operation of sanitation systems such as soakaways. In such cases there should be a consideration of alternatives or the sub-project application will be rejected due to the unsuitable site conditions. The site screening mechanism (Annex 3) will identify sites that are potentially unsuitable due to site-specific environmental conditions. The following procedure will be followed for the subprojects that are not disqualified under the above criteria.

(a) The first step in environmental assessment will be preliminary screening. The Village/Pradeshiya Sabha subcommittee (VSC/PSSC) with the assistance of the Hub technical facilitator will accomplish this task using the rapid environmental

Yes Strengthen EA

Yes

Village Development Plan / Pradeshiya Sabha Development Plan

Sub Project

Is the Sub Project in the negative list

Review/ Screening or Rapid EA

Reject the Proposal

Does the Sub Project need a Fully Fledged

EA

Environmental Statement Environmental Clearance

Adverse Irreversible Severe Impacts Insignificant Impacts

EIA with Environmental Clearance from GOSL & World Bank Strengthen

the EA &

Has the EA, being

prepared

Provide Envt. Clearance

Are the Guideline or ECoP Integrated with Contracts

No Yes

No

Yes No

No

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assessment checklist (Annex 3). Based on the screening the technical facilitator will prepare an environmental subproject brief.

(b) Rapid environmental checklist is attached to the application form. This will be useful in accepting or dropping a subproject proposal in early stages. The Appraisal and Monitoring Team (AMT) should review and approve the subprojects subject to EA and Government procedures;

(c) Projects assessed to have some adverse environmental impacts will be required to go through a full fledged EA (Annexes 5 & 6). The Project Appraiser, Natural Resource Management will provide required environmental assessments to the AMT. The generic formats for EMP and monitoring reports are provided in Annex 4.

(d) The Technical Facilitator will also ensure that the environmental assessment is undertaken in a participatory manner and the stakeholder consultations will be documented in the environmental assessment documents.

(e) The AMT will review the documents and will provide contractors with guidelines for environmentally sound construction practices and include environmental safety requirements into the technical specifications and contracts for civil works.

(f) Environmental assessments will be approved before commencement of detailed design in order to ensure that good practices are included in the technical design.

(g) The Technical Facilitator will ensure that environmental concerns are addressed during planning, design, construction, and operations of the subprojects and appropriate mitigation measures are in place. They will undertake monitoring in each phase of subproject implementation in addition to the VSCs and PSSCs.

The AMT after completing their appraisals will prepare a detailed appraisal report which contains the information collected during appraisal. The report will give an overview of the subproject with the terms and conditions. It will contain comprehensive information on the subproject and act as a data base. This report among others will provide a section on environmental feasibility of the subproject. This section will state the impact of the subproject in terms of the ESMF. Mitigation measures suggested for environmental issues will be highlighted. A detailed environmental assessment should form part of the detailed subproject proposal. The report will come out with the environmental impacts of the sub-project, to depict whether the sub-project has significant impact on environment, no significant impact, or do not have any environmental impact. The sub-projects that, on the basis of screening, do not have any environmental impact have to be cleared from an environmental perspective. The sub-projects that have no significant impact, but will still need to be evaluated, by conducting an environmental assessment; Sub-projects that have significant impacts will be rejected. The disbursement or allocation of funds will be in accordance to the subproject agreement. The Maha Sabha/Pradeshiya Sabha shall have the absolute discretion to disburse the funds as per the disbursement schedule and reserves to itself the right to alter, cancel or postpone the disbursement in accordance with the progress and compliance to the terms and conditions of the subproject. It is expected to ensure that the design, construction, operation and implementation of the subproject are carried out in accordance with ESMF. Subproject selection, design, contracting, monitoring and evaluation will be consistent with agreed guidelines, requirements and documentation as required under the screening and review process which will be fully integrated into the Project Implementation Plan/Operations Manual.

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The list of measures to mitigate potential adverse impacts, including terms and conditions and the sector specific generic EMP (Annex 4), supplemented by any additional site specific measures will attached as a Part of the contract specifications. A clause in the Particular Conditions of Contract will refer to these environmental management requirements EMP and will state that it is a supplement to the above Part of the Specifications. The Particular Conditions of Contract will also stipulate that any non-compliance with the mitigation measures set out in the contract will attract the same remedies under the contract as any non-compliance with the contract provisions; such remedies would be instructions, notices, suspension of works, etc. The Instruction to Bidders will highlight the inclusion of the EMP in the contract specifications and the contractor’s obligation of compliance. The performance agreement will carry a clause to the effect that the recipient shall ensure the design; construction; operation and implementation of the sub-project are carried out in accordance with the ESMF. 6.7 Environmental Management Plans Environment is broadly defined to include the natural environment (air, water and land), and human health and safety. The subproject planning should strive for plans and designs that avoid creating adverse environmental impacts that have to be explicitly managed. The communities, Pradeshiya Sabhas and Project staff can use the ESMF in a participatory process to support good environmental planning. Subproject specific Environmental Management Plans (EMP) will be developed for all infrastructure activities unless it has been identified that an Environmental Code of Practices (ECoP) is sufficient. In the case of small scale localized subprojects, the Hub Technical Facilitator will help the VSC to evaluate the extent, severity and duration of probable impacts of each of the environmental problems/issues. He/She will also help to develop appropriate mitigation measures for subprojects having marginal or short term impacts. The AMT will verify the adequacy of the measures and also will monitor implementation during milestone certification. The primary responsibility for compliance with ESMF will rest with the Village Organisation and Pradeshiya Sabha. Subproject identification and preparation will be the responsibility of the respective VSC or PSSC, while implementation will be handled through the Hub office and the District Office. The implementing agencies may need additional support in the form of consultants to prepare the mitigation plans, subproject-specific environmental management plans or any other subproject specific studies that are required. PSSC with the assistance of Paraprofessionals1 will conduct the EA of the proposed subprojects and will develop possible adverse impacts and a description of mitigation measures. An outcome of the above environmental reviews will in most cases be an environmental management plan that is subproject specific with monitoring indicators, roles and responsibilities and forecasting the tentative costs. The EMP will indicate the impacts predicted, mitigation measures to minimize the impacts, identify the institutional arrangements for undertaking the mitigation measures and monitoring arrangements, implementation schedules of the mitigation arrangements and reporting requirements and cost estimates and sources of funds. An EMP is required only in 1 The role to be played by the para-professionals and the responsibilities to be shouldered are to be discussed with the client prior to submitting recommendations.

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the case of subprojects where explicit limited impact assessment is required. The basic elements of the EMP are mentioned below.

• A description of possible adverse effects that the assessment is intended to deal with;

• A description of planned mitigation measures, and how and when they will be implemented;

• A program for monitoring the environmental effects of the subproject, both positive and negative;

• A description of who will be responsible for implementing the mitigation measures; and

• A cost estimate and source of funds. The EMP will also include specific guidelines for debris disposal as well as resource extraction (sand, timber, metal) for all specific construction activities financed under the Project. As in the Phase I, the AMT will verify the adequacy of the measures and suggest improvements during appraisal and sanctioning subproject proposal. Community participation is essential in an environmental assessment since local knowledge is important in identifying, designing and planning the implementation of practical mitigation measures. It is especially important where the success of the EMP depends on community support and action, both in implementing mitigation measures and in monitoring their effectiveness. 6.8 Roles and Responsibilities Hub Technical Facilitator holds the responsibility of providing timely technical assistance to the Village Organizations/Pradeshiya Sabhas and facilitates the development of subprojects (Figure 2). He/She is also responsible in providing technical information and skills to the subproject committee members and help to maintain quality of implementation. The subproject proposals developed by the village communities and Pradeshiya Sabhas will be checked for its compliance with the project rules and verified for improvement by the AMT set up at the provincial level. The task of the AMT is to appraise the proposals submitted by the village organizations/Pradeshiya Sabhas, certify milestones for the release of instalments to the Village Organizations/Pradeshiya Sabhas and sanction the subproject. This will ensure that the proposals comply with technical standards and safeguard requirements, economic viability and ease of operation and management after completion. All the subprojects will be assessed for environmental impacts and cleared for ensuring environmental sustainability. Roles and Responsibilities of the AMT:

• Carryout desk and field appraisal of subprojects; • Certification of milestones for approval of subprojects and release of funds; • Maintain database on program monitoring and prepare monitoring reports for the

national team.

Figure 3. ESMF flowchart with Roles & Responsibilities

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Facilitation Role

TF

VSC/ PSSC

TF

VSS/ PSSC

DTL

TF

DTL

AMT

CF/ DTL/TF

VSC/PSSC

Sub. Project Brief

Recommendation/ Implement/EA-

proceed

Env. Assessment

Significant Impact /reject No Sig. Impact-proceed

EMP

Proceed

Review of EMP

Proceed

Monitoring Recommendation / Proceed

/ review

Envt. Subproject Info.

Rapid Envt. Assessment

Env. Impacts Mitigation measures

Env. Impacts Mitigation Measures

Responsibilities Cost

Guidelines

Technical Specs Contract arrangements Milestones/ Installments

EMP Compliance

Responsibility Content

VSC: Village Subcommittee PA: Project Appraiser PSSC: Pradeshiya Sabha Subcommittee TF: Technical Facilitator AMT: Appraisal & Monitoring Team CF: Chief Facilitator EMP: Environment Monitoring Plan DTL: District Team Leader

The Village Organization/Pradeshiya Sabha (VO/PS) will enter into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Subproject Committee for controlling and guiding release of funds to the Subproject Committee. The subproject committee while implementing the subprojects will ensure that all mitigation measures are implemented. The AMT while certifying milestones for release of instalments will ensure that the mitigation measures are adequately implemented as recommended. The Chief Facilitator (CF) will be reporting to district leader, on a monthly basis about the implementation progress, issues, and problems through a monthly progress report. The Chief Facilitator/District Team Leader (DTL) will assist the Village Organizations/Pradeshiya Sabhas in complying with the conditions for appraisal and release of instalment of funds. The CF/DTL will liaison with the AMT for the timely appraisal of the subproject proposals, evaluation physical achievements of milestones and release of funds to village organization. The Chief Facilitator/District Leader will assist the village community to set up community monitoring for project implementation. They will visit the village communities/Pradeshiya Sabhas on a regular basis and provide them back stopping support wherever required. The Project Appraiser, Natural Resources in the AMT is responsible for appraising the environmental aspects of the subproject (Figure 3). He/She will carry out the desk/field review of the environmental aspects of the subproject and ensure that all the approved subprojects are environmentally sound. He/she will also ensure that the EMPs are implemented by Village Organizations/Pradeshiya Sabhas prior to certification of

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milestones. The appraisal responsibilities will have to be gradually devolved to the Pradeshiya Sabha Sub Committee in the case of subprojects monitored by them. There should be consistency in the procedures for review and approval of subproject applications. They also need to be integrated into the planned project process of approving subprojects. It is crucial that the procedures are clearly linked to the project-defined subproject cycle so they can be readily included in, or referenced from, the Project manuals. The roles and responsibilities of various authorities at different levels, as appropriate are thus defined in a consistent manner with the subproject cycle to take environmental concerns into due consideration.

Figure 4: Institutional Structure with Roles & Responsibilities

Role Responsibilities

VO/PS • Develop Village Development Plans / Pradeshiya Sabha Development Plans • Assist development of subproject proposal • Establish a subcommittee for subproject implementation

VSC PSSC

• Develop the subproject brief for environmental clearance • Facilitate the environment assessment procedure • Facilitate the monitoring of ECoPs/ Guidelines/ EMPs • Conduct Rapid Environment Assessment

TF • Facilitate development of subproject brief • Conduct Rapid Environment Assessment • Enforce good environmental practices

PA • Conduct environment assessment • Develop EMPs • Monitor and enforce EMPs

AMT

• Appraise environmental aspects of the subproject • Review EMPs • Provide environment related specifications and guidelines • Establish environment related milestones • Provide environmental clearance

CF

• Report to DTL on implementation progress, issues and problems • Assist VO in complying with the environmental aspects of the subproject

proposal • Liaison with TF for the timely delivery of environment assessment reports • Assist monitoring of project implementation • Ensure physical achievements of milestones and release of funds to village

Organizations

DTL

• Report to SPO on implementation progress, issues and problems • Assist PS in complying with the environmental aspects of the subproject

proposal • Liaison with PA for the timely delivery of environment assessment reports • Liaison with AMT for the timely appraisal of subproject proposals • Ensure physical achievements of milestones and release of funds to

Pradeshiya Sabhas • Assist monitoring of project implementation

SPO

• Monitoring the implementation progress, environmental issues and problems • Assist DTL in complying with the environmental aspects of the subproject

implementation • Liaison with DTL and AMT for the timely delivery of environmental reports

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Role Responsibilities and appraisal of subproject proposals.

6.9 Standards and Environmental Codes of Practice The small-scale localized subproject activities are unlikely to entail any significant environmental issues and as such the screening process should consist largely in the verification of inclusion of appropriate standards in the subproject design and contract documentation. Areas which are likely to be more effectively covered through the development of standards and codes include, but are not limited to, the following: Good practices for rubble/debris collection and disposal

The debris created from the various infrastructure projects has generated a considerable amount of solid waste, both bio-degradable and non-bio-degradable. The solid waste accumulation from the infrastructure projects can serve as breeding grounds of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, flies and other pests. Because of this can increase the spread of infectious diseases. In addition this debris detracts from the beauty of the environment. Therefore special care should be given to proper disposal of waste material from the project sites.

• Debris should be sorted, separating recyclable components from non-biodegradable litter. All recyclable debris should be separated and reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (as fill materials for embankments, foundations). The disposal of remaining debris shall be carried out only at sites identified and approved by the local authorities.

• Shall ensure that these sites (a) are not located within designated forest areas; (b) do not impact natural drainage courses; and (c) do not impact endangered flora and fauna. Under no circumstances shall the construction dispose of any material in environmentally sensitive areas.

• While undertaking cleanup operations as the waste gets generated, measures should be taken not to harm eco-systems/vegetation. Fallen timber and other recyclable material (bricks, tiles etc.) should be salvaged for use or sale.

• In the event any debris or silt from the sites is deposited on adjacent land, action should be taken immediately to remove such, debris or silt and restore the affected area to its original state to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

• Bentonite slurry or similar debris generated from pile driving or any other construction activities shall be disposed of to avoid overflow into the surface water bodies or form mud puddles in the area.

• All spills and collected petroleum products shall be disposed of in accordance with standard environmental procedures/guidelines.

• Fuel storage and refilling areas should be located at least 300 m from all cross drainage structures and important water bodies or as directed by the Engineer.

• Comply with EIA and EPL Regulations under the National Environment Act. Good practices in aquaculture and pisciculture

• Suitable sites should be selected for the construction of aquaculture ponds in order to

minimize the soil erosion. (e.g. dykes of the ponds should be constructed maintaining a standard height and an angle)

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• Deforestation should be minimized during the pond construction. (e.g. habitat destruction of mangroves due to brackish water aquaculture)

• Collection of endemic fish species from natural waterways should be avoided. Good practices in brick-making industry • Increased extraction of clay (earth) would involve the clearing of more vegetation

leaving soil exposed to erosion. To eliminate this abandoned brick pits should be reforested with suitable home garden species (table 1) as well as with indigenous woody species giving special emphasis to the pioneering species.

Table 1: suitable woody plants for home gardens

Sinhala name Tamil name Scientific name Beli Vilvam Acronychia marmelos Caju Montin-kai Anacardium occidentale Amba Mangai Mangifera indica Murunga Murungamaram Moringa oleifera Delum Madalai/Madalunkai Punica granatum Kathurumurunga Akatti/Agati-Keerai Sesbania grandiflora Dehi Desikkai Citrus spp.

• The abandoned pits should be covered with earth as much as possible to avoid the

aggregation of water. • High chimneys should be constructed to minimize the health hazards which can be

caused by the polluted air released by the brick kilns. • Planting of suitable fuel wood species for the use of brick kilns can be introduced in to

the home gardens as a future option to minimize deforestation. • Feasibility studies should be done to assess the possibility of the abandoned brick

making sites for future aquaculture development. • Awareness should be created among the villagers on the negative environmental and

health impacts of the industry and should discourage the continuity of the industry. • Introduction of alternative income generation activities to the villagers is highly

recommended.

Good practices in conservation farming • Awareness should be created among the communities to minimize the chemical usage

for the agricultural activities and to shift in to more environmentally friendly agricultural practices (e.g. use of organic fertilizers should be maximized.).

• Monoculture should be avoided as much as possible and intercropping systems, agro-forestry systems etc. should be introduced.

• Deforestation should be avoided and live fences should be established in home gardens.

• Stone walls, canals etc. should be constructed to minimize soil erosion both at home gardens and highland areas.

• Chena cultivation closer to forest reserves or closer to natural water ways should be minimized wherever possible to avoid environmental degradation

Good practices in small scale construction.

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• Some communities are more at risk than others and they should be given priority attention. As an example, communities in the Sabaragamuwa Province (Ratnapura District) are vulnerable to earth slips and floods as a consequence of the instability of hill slopes. Therefore special emphasis should be given during the site selection for infrastructure projects to minimize the negative impacts.

• Special care should be taken to minimize soil erosion due to construction practices • Follow proper building design and construction practices, including respecting relevant

laws and policies. • Environmentally friendly alternatives should be used as raw materials wherever

possible for construction purposes. E.g. recycled wood, recycled glass and use masonry cement for plastering etc.)

• Use alternatives to tropical hardwood timber. E.g. plantation timber, timber aggregates. • Identify metal aggregate quarry sites (for producing both coarse and fine aggregate)

that would cause minimal environmental damage. • Construction designs should ensure good drainage systems in place as approved by

relevant local authorities. Good practices for constructing and maintaining drinking water wells

• A special consideration should be given during the site selection for the drinking water wells as they can suffer damage due to the infiltration of pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the nearby agricultural areas.

• In case of suspicion of pollution of the water of the well (e.g. by visible oil film on the surface) it should be reported to the authorities who should take action in clean-up.

• Prior to use, chemical analysis should be carried out on wells and other water sources that were either contaminated or suspected of being contaminated.

• Wells should only be cleaned and pumped by qualified and trained personnel with reporting to the local authorities as the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB).

• Deep wells (more than 5m deep) and wells pumped with motorized pumps should be regularly monitored for salinity as they stand a greater risk of salinization.

• Wells should not be deepened in the coastal aquifers in an attempt to avoid salt water intrusion. In addition new deep wells should not be drilled in the coastal aquifers in an attempt to get fresh water for drinking purposes.

• All interventions should be undertaken in full consultation with the appropriate authorities such as the Urban Development Authority (UDA), the Rural Development Authority (RDA), the Government Agent (GA) and the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB).

• All plans should also be devised in full consultation with local communities to ensure needs are met in a culturally acceptable way and in accordance with local practices and water use rights as it is necessary to avoid actions that enhance tensions or lead to conflict.

• Plant native species around water wells to assist in bioremediation. Good practices for environmental conservation during project work

• Some terrestrial eco-systems (e.g. forests) suffered considerable damage from development projects. Limiting further damage to these important eco-systems and restoring them in a participatory and sustainable manner is essential.

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• It is vital to integrate environmental conservation in to the development planning of the Gemidiriya Project to convert the project in to more sustainable one.

• It is essential to actively conserve nearby important eco-systems that provide benefits to nearby communities.

• It is essential that stakeholder communities are empowered to adapt and cope with recurrent environmental impacts.

• Eco-systems do not function as closed units but as open systems that are affected by ecological processes that occur on a larger scale. Because of this, every effort at development should be assessed in the context of the landscape i.e. it is necessary to look at the broader picture, not just the specific development site alone.

• Practical environmental impact mitigatory plans should be prepared using wide stakeholder participation for stakeholder communities.

It is necessary to set baseline environmental performance benchmarks in key performance areas, in order to ensure vigilant environmental monitoring. These key areas include,

1. Energy conservation and optimization (such as energy efficient lighting and solar heating)

2. Water conservation (e.g. collection of rain water) 3. Waste water management 4. Solid waste management (e.g. composting of organic waste) 5. Maintenance of air quality and reduction of emissions of green house gases 6. Erosion control and landscaping (such as using only indigenous species, moving

away from monoculture) 7. Reducing, recycling and reusing natural resources

Restoration activities such as replanting, establishment of shelterbelt and catchments plantation need careful thought and implementation, and framed within the broader context of integrated management based on the existing land uses prevalent in the area. As an example protection, social fencing in areas with good root stock, assisted natural regeneration, ground preparation, planting etc. should be identified properly. Local extension officers of agencies such as Forest Department and Agriculture Department should be consulted for technical guidance to ensure proper site identification and technology adoption. Use indigenous, multiple-use and locally beneficial species while carrying out restoration in degraded development sites. Planting program or restoration program should be always implemented with the advice of local Forest Department staff.

Good practices for Social issues

• Empowering stakeholder communities by including them in decision making and creating a sense of community ownership is essential.

• Ensure that from the beginning, development process is participatory involving sufficient consultation among all stake holders within the project area and builds on traditional knowledge available on the management of natural and managed eco-systems within the local communities.

• It is crucial to formulate a clear vision that links and balances development with medium to long-term benefits to local communities as well as the environment. When development options are selected, make every effort to ensure that the trade offs, wherever they arise, are equitably (not necessarily equally) distributed among all

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stakeholders and that the balance between eco-system and human livelihood needs is maintained.

6.10 Guidelines for construction activities Environmental guidelines for some of the anticipated subprojects are mentioned below: Community Water Supply

• The water source will be assessed and ensure that all parties are consulted and agreement is reached on the use of the source.

• The sub-project development should not adversely affect the present users of the source.

• Treatment system should have adequate capacity to care for the raw water quality. • Source protection measures are recommended in to ensure the raw water quality. • Shall give special consideration to avoid the drinking water wells being polluted due

to the infiltration of pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the nearby agricultural areas.

• Shall adopt measures to prevent eutrophication conditions. It will prevent activation of anaerobic bacteria that produces harmful gases as hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide etc.

• Continuous water quality assessments should be done to monitor the quality of the drinking water

• The subproject should maintain an adequate flow during the dry weather after considering the environmental flow requirements.

• Storage of water shall be considered if the economic and environmental impacts are within acceptable limits. The subproject will not be implemented if

• The critical components of the subprojects should not be subjected to frequent floods.

• Any cleared top soil should be set aside for later use or to be used for agriculture purposes.

• Vegetation cover will be replaced after construction of the scheme. • Pipe laying on steep slopes and on the road surface of newly rehabilitated roads will

be avoided. • Complied with National Policy on Rural water Supply and Sanitation, National Policy

on Water Supply and Sanitation, EIA and Environmental Pollution Licensing (EPL) Regulations under the National Environmental Act.

Roads In addition to the criteria already identified for location of subprojects, it should be noted that communities in the Sabaragamuwa Province (Ratnapura District) are vulnerable to earth slips and floods as a consequence of the instability of hill slopes. Construction of roads and multi purpose buildings etc. should not be built on sharp and bare slopes in the Sabaragamuwa Province. Also in remote areas, especially in Moneragala district care should be taken in constructing new roads to avoid locations of elephant movements (elephant corridors). New road constructions bring more people and vehicles, and the human elephant conflict will come to an alarming rate. The Construction:

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• shall adhere to the mitigation measures set down and take all other measures required by the authorities to prevent harm, and to minimize the impact of the operations on the environment;

• shall limit construction works to between 6 am and 7 pm if it is to be carried out in or near residential areas;

• shall avoid the use of heavy or noisy equipment in specified areas at night, or in sensitive areas such as near a hospital;

• shall carry out regular watering of earth, and gravel haul roads to prevent dust pollution during dry periods and shall cover material haulage trucks with tarpaulins to prevent spillage;

• whenever possible locally recruit the majority of the workforce and shall provide appropriate training as necessary;

• shall install and maintain a temporary septic tank system if any residential labour camp is unavoidable and without causing pollution of nearby watercourses;

• shall select a site for disposal of spoil prior to the start of construction work; • shall establish a method and system for storing and disposing of all solid wastes

generated by the labour camp, if established; • shall ensure that site offices, depots, asphalt plants and workshops are located in

appropriate areas as approved by the RDA and not within 500 meters of existing residential settlements and not within 1000 meters for asphalt plants;

• shall ensure that site offices, depots and particularly storage areas for diesel fuel and bitumen and asphalt plants are not located within 500 meters of watercourses, and are operated so that no pollutants enter watercourses, either overland or through groundwater seepage, especially during periods of rain;

• shall locate the crushing plants subjected to the approval of the Engineer, and not be close to environmentally sensitive areas or to existing residential settlements, and shall be operated with approved fitted dust control devices;

• shall control the earthworks properly, especially during the rainy season. • shall maintain stable cut and fill slopes at all times and caused the least possible

disturbance areas outside the prescribed limits of the work; • shall dispose any excavated cut or unsuitable material in designated tipping areas as

agreed to by the Engineer. • shall protect any cut or fill slopes from erosion, through planting with grass or other

plant cover. The recent tsunami related reconstruction has created a demand for construction material such as sand, clay for bricks and timber. Therefore in order to avoid encouraging illegal extraction of such resources required under this Project, all construction contracts under this Project will include clauses in the contracts to ensure that sand, clay and timber are obtained from authorized locations and sources that are licensed by relevant GOSL authorities. Building construction As the building construction activities implemented thus far are scattered and limited in scale, there had been no significant accumulated environmental damage due to Project activities. However, all construction and renovation will adhere to the existing building and other applicable codes of practice in Sri Lanka. The contractor is required to pay attention to and address the following in the EMP:

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• Addressing noise pollution during construction activities; • Cultural preservation of culturally significant buildings • Ecological issues of the site • External appearance (aesthetics) • Floodwater protection provisions • Designing appropriate landscaping • Waste disposal • Avoidance of hazardous material.

Solid Waste Management

• Shall ensure that the disposal sites will not be located near residential areas. • Shall establish a buffer strip around the site wherever possible. • Shall take adequate environmental safeguards to maintain the environmental quality

of the surrounding area in absence of a buffer zone. • Shall ensure a leachate collection system and treatment if leachate will critically

pollute the downstream water-bodies. • Transfer stations will be avoided as much as possible. • Shall take adequate measures to prevent pollution of roads during transport of solid

waste. • Shall cover and fence the sites properly to prevent stray animals and scavengers. • Comply with National Solid Waste Management Strategy of the Ministry of

Environment and EIA and EPL Regulations under the National Environmental Act. 6.11 Capacity Building An assessment of the institutional capacity to implement the ESMF was carried out to plan a capacity building and training plan. The capacity building assessment assesses the adequacy of institutional structure and its authorities at all relevant levels, to address environmental management issues;

• The number and qualifications of staff to carry out their ESMF responsibilities; • Resources to support staff in their work; and • Knowledge and experience relevant to carrying out environmental assessments.

The Project envisages capacity building at all levels to ensure that the ESMF is effectively operationalized. The Project staff (Hub and District Team) involved in environmental matters has to be exposed to formal training in the management of environmental issues. The training program for various role players will include an orientation program on the ESMF, environmental assessment processes, and participatory methodologies. Capacity building will help improve the effectiveness of stakeholders at various levels in the management of environmental and social impacts during planning, implementation and operation of proposed investments. Capacity building will enhance the ESMF management capacity by allowing real application of the critical practices such as the following: Basic practices:

• screening impacts, scoping assessments, planning mitigation options, public consultation to assess feasibility and acceptability options;

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• Environment: site selection to minimize environmental impacts and social disruption; restoration of drainage patterns including mitigation matters in contracts; management of impacts during construction; monitoring of effectiveness of measures;

• Monitoring and grievance redress: transparency and supervision responsibilities. The PSs have a very limited institutional capacity to implement the ESMF. Except for a Secretary, who usually keeps track of all activities in a PS, the other council members including the Chairman, are elected community representatives. However, as a part of the institutional capacity building, the sub committee members including the technical and environmental officers will be trained in different aspects of the Project, including interpretation and implementation of environmental impact management guidelines. Different groups involved in project implementation have different training needs in terms of raised awareness, sensitization to the issues, and detailed technical training. While some would require training on general awareness building and more specific training would be needed for others. The three major areas for anticipated trainings are:

• Awareness raising for participants who need to appreciate the significance or relevance of environmental issues;

• Sensitization to the issues for participants who need to be familiar enough with the issues that they can make informal and specific requests for technical support; and

• Detailed technical training for participants who will need to analyze potentially adverse environmental impacts, to prescribe mitigation approaches and measures, and to prepare and supervise the implementation of management plans. This training will address such matters as community participation methods; environmental assessment; using the ESMF; and subproject supervision and monitoring.

Project will provide environmental awareness and skill development training to field level project staff, social mobilizers, para professionals and community members to carry out environmental screening, monitoring and incorporating appropriate mitigation measures during sub-project formulation and execution. The training manuals as well as the environmental assessment checklists developed will be used for this purpose. Based on the assessment, a capacity building plan (Annex 7) has been proposed for the life time of the Project. The needs for various participants (community sub committee, PS sub committee, Project staff, and government officials) have to be different of necessity. There would also be a need for further or “refresher” training. The plan should include mechanisms for periodically bringing trainees together to examine the need for and design of additional training. It is required to integrate the services of paraprofessionals into the subproject cycle. Adequate resources should be allocated to ensure appropriate capacity for effective implementation of the ESMF. Required areas of training include:

• Environment and ecology • Poverty and environment • Environmental issues and degradation • Possible environmental consequences of subprojects • IEE (Initial Environmental Examinations), EA (Environmental Assessments) and EIA

(Environmental Impact Assessment) processes • Environmental legislations • Participatory methods (PRA, RRA etc.) • To develop EMP (Environmental Management Plan) • ESMF and procedure

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The objectives of the training under the ESMF are to:

• Support village organizations to prioritize their needs, and to identify, prepare, implement and manage the environmental aspects of their subprojects;

• Ensure that PS officials have the capacity to assist in preparing subproject proposals, and to appraise, approve and supervise the implementation of subprojects;

• Enhance the capacity of the Project staff who are involved in preparing and implementation of subprojects.

The environmental sustainability of the Project which involves multiple small-scale subprojects is highly and unavoidably dependent on the capacity of the communities, local and national authorities to carry out the associated design, planning, approval and implantation of its activities. Thus to ensure that capacity, it is vital that the Project allocates sufficient resources to training and capacity building especially in the early years. These efforts will not only benefit the Project, but will also build local capacity to undertake other development initiatives funded locally or by other donors. Annex 1. Sub Project Brief Format Sub-Project: Sub-Project Type: Eligibility – Y/N General Description of the Sub-Project: (including justification) Name of the VO/PS: EPL: Y/N Baseline Description of the Environment: (including potentially impacted parameters) Environmental Information:

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Activity Impact Severity Duration (N,M,S) (T,P) Site/location Pre-implementation During Implementation Post Implementation Operation & Maintenance N – Negligible M – Moderate S – Severe T – Temporary P - Permanent Social Information: Land acquisition Relocation Indigenous people HEC Rapid Environment Assessment: Attached Subcommittee VO/PS (Observations) Recommendation: Clearance: Y/N Recommended Subjected to:

Detailed EA Required: Y/N Not Recommended: Incomplete/Ineligible Technical Facilitator Project Appraiser Annex 2. Negative List of Projects Under the National Environmental Act (NEA) and regulations, made there under, an EIA or IEE is required for every listed projects referred to as prescribed projects. There are 52 projects listed by generic description, magnitude and location as prescribed projects under the NEA No. 47 of 1980 through the Gazette Extraordinary No. 722/22 dated 24th June 1993. These will be considered as ineligible for funding under the Gemi Diriya Project. List of Prescribed Projects Part (I) Projects and undertaking if located wholly or partly outside the coastal zone as defined by coast conservation Act, No. 57 of 1981.

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1. All river basin development and irrigation projects excluding minor irrigation works (as

defined by the Irrigation Ordinance Chapter 453) 2. Reclamation of land, wetland area exceeding 4 hectares. 3. Extraction of timber covering land area exceeding 5 hectares. 4. Conversion of forests covering an area exceeding 1 hectares in to non-forest uses. 5. Clearing of land areas exceeding 50 hectares. 6. Mining and mineral Extraction

o Inland deep mining and mineral extraction involving a depth exceeding 25 meters. o Inland surface mining of cumulative areas exceeding 10 hectares. o All off shore mining and mineral extractions. o Mechanized mining and quarrying operations of aggregate, marble, limestone, silica,

quartz, and decorative stone within 1 kilometer of any residential or commercial areas.

7. Transportation Systems o Construction of national and provincial highways involving a length exceeding 10

kilometers. o Construction of railway lines. o Construction of airports. o Construction of airstrips. o Expansion of airports or airstrips that increase capacity by 50 percent or more.

8. Port and Harbour Development o Construction of Ports. o Construction of Harbours. o Port expansion involving an annual increase of 50 percent or more in handling

capacity per annum. 9. Power Generation and Transmission

o Construction of hydroelectric power stations exceeding 50 Megawatts. o Construction of thermal power plants having generation capacity exceeding 25

Megawatts at a single location or capacity addition exceeding 25Megawatts to existing plants.

o Construction of nuclear power plants o All renewable energy based electricity generating stations exceeding 50 Megawatts.

10. Transmission Lines o Installation of overhead transmission lines of length exceeding 10 kilometers and

voltage above 50 kilovolts. 11. Housing and Building

o Construction of dwelling housing units exceeding 1,000 units. o Construction of all commercial buildings as defined by Urban Development Authority

established by the Urban Development Authority Law, No. 41 of 1978 having built up area exceeding 10,000 square meters.

o Integrated multi-development activities consisting of housing, industry, commercial infrastructure covering a land area exceeding 10 hectares.

12. Resettlement o Involuntary resettlement exceeding 100 families other than resettlement effected

under emergency situation. 13. Water Supply

o All ground water extraction projects of capacity exceeding ½ million cubic meters per day.

o Construction of water treatment plants capacity exceeding ½ million cubic meters. 14. Pipelines

o Laying of gas and liquid (excluding water) transfer pipelines of length exceeding 1 kilometer.

15. Hotels o Construction of Hotels or holiday resorts projects which provide recreational facilities

exceeding 99 rooms or 40 Hectares, as the case may be.

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16. Fisheries o Aquaculture development projects of extent exceeding 4 hectares. o Construction of fisheries harbours. o Fisheries harbour expansion projects involving an increase of 50 percent or more in

fish handling capacity per annum. 17. All tunneling projects 18. Disposal of Waste

o Construction of any solid waste disposal facility having a capacity exceeding 100 tons per day.

o Construction of waste treatment plants treating toxic or hazardous waste. 19. Development of all Industrial estates and Parks exceeding an area of 10 Hectares. 20. Iron and Steel Industries

o Manufacture of iron and steel products of production capacity exceeding 100 tons per day using iron ore as raw material.

o Manufacture of iron and steel products of production capacity exceeding 100 tons per day using scrap iron as raw material.

21. Non – Ferrous Basic Metal Industries. o Smelting of aluminium or copper or led of production capacity exceeding 25 tons per

day. 22. Basic Industrial Chemicals

o Formulation of toxic chemicals of production capacity exceeding 50 tons per day. o Manufacture of toxic chemicals of production capacity exceeding 25 tons per day.

23. Pesticides and Fertilizer o Formulation of pesticides of combined production capacity exceeding 50 tons per

day. o Manufacture of toxic chemicals of production capacity exceeding 25 tons per day

24. Petroleum and Petrochemicals o Petroleum refineries producing gasoline, fuel oils, illuminating oils, lubricating oils and

grease, aviation and marine fuel and liquefied petroleum gas from crude petroleum. o Manufacture of petro-chemicals of combined production capacity exceeding 100 tons

per day from raw materials obtained from production process of oil refinery or natural gas separation.

25. Tyre and Tube Industries o Manufacture of tyre and tubes of combined production capacity exceeding 100 tons

per day from natural or synthetic rubber . 26. Sugar Factories

o Manufacture of refined sugar of combined production capacity exceeding 50 tons per day.

27. Cement and Lime o Manufacture of Cement. o Manufacture of lime employing kiln capacity exceeding 50 tons per day.

28. Paper and Pulp o Manufacture of paper or pulp combined production capacity exceeding 50 tons per

day. 29. Spanning, Weaving and Finishing of Textiles

o Integrated cotton or synthetic textile mills employing spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing operations together, of combined production capacity exceeding 50 tons per day.

30. Tanneries and Leather Finishing o Chrome tanneries of combined production capacity exceeding 25 tons per day. o Vegetable (bark) of combined production capacity exceeding 50 tons per day. (Note:

Projects and undertaking setout in item 20 to 30 are located within Industrial Estates and parks as described at 19 above, the approval shall not be necessary under the provision of Part (IVC) of the act.)

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31. Industries which involve the manufacture, storage or use of Radio Active Materials as defined in the Atomic Energy Authority Act, No. 19 of 1969 or Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act No. 21 of 1956, excluding for national security reasons.

Part (II) 32. All projects and undertakings listed in Part (I) irrespective of their magnitudes and irrespective

of whether they are located in the coastal zone or not, if located wholly or partly within the areas specified in Part (III) of the schedule.

The following industries, if located wholly or partly within the areas specified in Part (III) of the schedule:

33. Iron and Steel 34. Non-Ferrous Basic Metal 35. Basic Industrial Chemicals 36. Pesticides and Fertilizers 37. Synthetic Resins, Plastic materials and man made Fibers 38. Other Chemical Products 39. Petroleum and Petro- chemical Products 40. Tyres and Tubes 41. Manufacturing and Refining of Sugar 42. Alcoholic Sprits 43. Malt Liquors and Malt 44. Cement and Lime 45. Non-metallic Mineral Products 46. Paper, Pulp and Paperboard 47. Spinning, Weaving and Finishing of Textiles 48. Tanneries and Leather Finishing 49. Shipbuilding and Repairs 50. Railroad Equipment 51. Motor Vehicles 52. Air Craft

Part (III)

1. Within 100 meters from the boundaries of or within any area declared under: o The National Heritage Wilderness Act No. 3 of 1988. o The Forest Ordinance (Chapter 451) o Whether or nor such area wholly or partly within the Coastal Zone as defined in the

Coast Conservation Act, No. 57 of 1981. 2. Within the following areas whether or not the area wholly or partly within the Coastal Zone.

o Any erodable area declared under the Soil Conservation Act (Chapter 450) o Any Flood Area declared under the Flood Protection Ordinance (Chapter 449) and

any flood protection area declared under the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation Act, No. 15 of 1968 as amended by Act, No. 52 of 1982.

o 60 Meters from the bank of a public stream as defined in the Crown Land Ordinance (Chapter 454) and having a width of more than 25 meters at any point of its course.

o Any reservation beyond the full supply level of a reservoir. o Any archaeological reserve, ancient or protected monument as defined under the

Antiquities Ordinance (Chapter 188). o Any area declared under the Botanic Gardens Ordinance (Chapter 446)

In addition, the Gazette Extraordinary No. 722/22 dated 24th June 1993, nominated following state agencies as project approving agencies. Project Approving Agencies (PAA)

1. Ministry of Policy Planning and Implementation 2. Ministry of Lands, Irrigation and Mahaweli Development 3. Ministry of Power and Energy 4. Ministry of Transport and Highways

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5. Ministry of Industries, Science and Technology 6. Ministry of Housing and Construction 7. Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 8. Ministry of Agricultural Development and Research 9. Coast Conservation Department 10. Central Environmental Authority 11. Urban Development Authority 12. Board of Investment of Sri Lanka 13. Geological Surveys and Mines Bureau 14. Ceylon Tourist Board

Annex 3. Environmental Screening or Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist All proposed subprojects will be subject to environmental screening exercise in order to: prevent execution of subprojects with significant negative environmental impacts; decrease potential negative impacts through adaptations in design, location or execution; prevent or mitigate negative cumulative impacts; enhance positive impacts; and prevent additional stress on environmentally sensitive areas. Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist No Screening Questions Yes No Not

Applicable Remarks

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A Project Location Is the project area / site:

1 Adjacent to or within any Environmentally Sensitive Area

• Protected area • Wetland / Floodplains • Mangrove • Estuarine • Buffer zone of protected area • Special area for protecting bio diversity • Bay / Lagoon • Rivers /Waterways / and canals • Coastal Zone 2 Affect to Natural Biological Environment • Wildlife habitat • Ecology of fisheries • Threatened and endangered species • Elephant corridors 3 Adjacent or within any Historic Culturally

Important Site

• Might any site or structure of historic / culturally significance be affected

• Might any known archaeological or culturally important site be affected

4 Affect to Visual Resources • Might the activity cause a change in the visual

character in or near the area through alteration

• Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features?

• Might the activity introduce new materials, colours and forms to the immediate landscape?

5 Affect to Open Space and Recreation • Might any site /open space / use of access /or

recreation areas significance be affected

• Might any impacts to existing community structures / business enterprise / or housing

• Might any impacts to existing community facilities No Screening Questions Yes No Not

Applicable Remarks

B Project Implementation Stage (Construction) Will the project implementation activity cause

1 Adjacent to or within any Environmentally Sensitive Area

• Protected area • Wetland / floodplains • Mangrove • Estuarine • Buffer zone of protected area

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• Special area for protecting bio diversity • Bay / lagoon • Rivers /waterways / and canals • Coastal zone 2 Natural Biological Environment • Wildlife habitat • Ecology of fisheries • Threatened and endangered species • Elephant corridors 3 Soil and Water Resources • Surface water hydrology • Surface water quality • Ground water quality • Soil erosion • Geology • Climate 4 Environmental Hazards and Pollution Threats • Might the activity involve the use, storage, release

of or disposal of any potentially hazardous

• Might the activity cause an increase or probability of increase of environmental hazards

• Might the activity be susceptible to environmental hazard due to its location

• Might the activity affect the quality of water resources within, adjacent to or near the project area

• Might the activity result in a deleterious effect on the quality of any water resources/ watershed area

• Might the activity affect downstream irrigation water supply

• Might the activity affect downstream drinking water supply

5 Resources Conservation and Use • Might the activity affect commercial fisheries or

aquacultural resources or production

• Might the activity affect the potential use or extraction of scare mineral resources

• Might the activity affect or eliminate land suitable for agricultural production

6 Air Quality / Atmospheric Environment • Might the activity affect air quality in the project

area, immediately adjacent areas, or the region

• Might the activity generate the dust / ash and affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas.

• Might the activity result in the generation of noise & affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas.

7 Community Facilities / Services / Open Spaces / Recreations

• Might the proposed activity result in change in community facilities, services or institutions

• Might any impacts to existing community structures / business enterprise / or housing

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• Will the activity result in impact to life style values system

• Might any site /open space / use of access /or recreation areas significance be affected

8 Historic and Culturally Important Resources • Might any site or structure of historic significance

be affected

• Might any known archaeological or culturally important site be affected by the activity

• Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features

9 Visual Resources /Aesthetics of the Site • Might the activity cause a change in the visual

character in or near the area through alteration

• Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features?

• Might the activity introduce new materials, colours and forms to the immediate landscape?

10 Economics and Environment • Might the proposed activity cause elimination or

relocation of existing commercial and industrial enterprises

• Might the activity cause generation of or reduction in employment

• Might the proposed activity affect property values and local tax revenues

• Might the proposed activity cause generation of social conflicts

No. Screening Questions Yes No Not

Applicable Remarks

C Project Operation Stage Will the project operation activity cause

1 Adjacent to or within any Environmentally Sensitive Area

• Protected area • Wetland / floodplains • Mangrove • Estuarine • Buffer zone of protected area • Special area for protecting bio diversity • Bay / lagoon • Rivers /waterways / and canals • Coastal zone 2 Natural Biological Environment • Wildlife habitat • Ecology of fisheries • Threatened and endangered species • Elephant corridors 3 Soil and Water Resources • Surface water hydrology

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• Surface water quality • Ground water quality • Soil erosion • Geology • Climate 4 Environmental Hazards and Pollution Threats • Might the activity involve the use, storage, release

of or disposal of any potentially hazardous

• Might the activity cause an increase or probability of increase of environmental hazards

• Might the activity be susceptible to environmental hazard due to its location

• Might the activity affect the quality of water resources within, adjacent to or near the project area

• Might the activity result in a deleterious effect on the quality of any water resources/ watershed area

• Might the activity affect downstream irrigation water supply

• Might the activity affect downstream drinking water supply

5 Resources Conservation and Use • Might the activity affect commercial fisheries or

aquacultural resources or production

• Might the activity affect the potential use or extraction of scare mineral resources

• Might the activity affect or eliminate land suitable for agricultural production

6 Air Quality / Atmospheric Environment • Might the activity affect air quality in the project

area, immediately adjacent areas, or the region

• Might the activity generate the dust / ash and affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas.

• Might the activity result in the generation of noise & affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas.

7 Community Facilities / Services / Open Spaces / Recreations

• Might the proposed activity result in change in community facilities, services or institutions

• Might any impacts to existing community structures / business enterprise / or housing

• Will the activity result in impact to life style values system

• Might any site /open space / use of access /or recreation areas significance be affected

8 Historic and Culturally Important Resources • Might any site or structure of historic significance

be affected

• Might any known archaeological or culturally important site be affected by the activity

• Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features

9 Visual Resources/Aesthetics of the Site

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• Might the activity cause a change in the visual character in or near the area through alteration

• Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features?

• Might the activity introduce new materials, colours and forms to the immediate landscape?

10 Economics and Environment

• Might the proposed activity cause elimination or relocation of existing commercial and industrial enterprises

• Might the activity cause generation of or reduction in employment

• Might the proposed activity affect property values and local tax revenues

• Might the proposed activity cause generation of social conflicts

Annex 4: Format for Generic Environmental Management Plan TITLE: Environment Management Plan for the ………………………….. ………. Sub Project Village Company: Seemasahitha……………………………Gemidiriya Samagama Address: Total Number of families in the Village: Number of beneficiaries of the sub project: Total Cost of the sub project:

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Brief Description of the Sub project: Mitigation Plan for Negative Impacts:

No Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility for Mitigation

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 2 3

Monitoring Plan for Mitigation measures: (To be reported quarterly)

STATUS Mitigation measure Completed

100% Completed

50% Completed & Maintained

Success of Maintenance

(high/medium/low) Confirmation of Monitoring: Site Inspection Done by: Environment Sub Committee/Social Audit Committee: Date of Inspection: Special Remarks if required: Committee members attended:

Name of Member Position Signature Signature of Village Company Chairman/Chairwoman: …………………………… Date: Annex 5. Potential Environmental Issues and Mitigation Measures Environmental Safeguards

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Sector Subproject type Activities envisaged Environmental issues

Envt. Management Measures

Road Repair of existing roads

Repair of existing roads Soil erosion due to land excavation

Careful design to control soil erosion through ground canopy layers and Proper control of clearing vegetative cover. Minimum clearing of trees and bushes

Alteration of stream flows, loss of fauna and flora due to reclamation of wetlands

Proper siting management techniques and replacement of wetland at suitable locations.

Damages to historical or cultural important structures and loss of historical and cultural values

Careful site selection and avoiding such locations

Hazard to health of workers and nearby community due to noise and vibration of excavation

Follow the instruction for land excavation and watering the surface when dry season. Proper maintenance of the equipments, Use noise barriers if appropriate. Use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level. Working hours only day time, night works restrictions

Dust and air pollution due to material transportation/ loading and unloading.

Bring the material in covered vehicles to avoid dust and air pollution. Wet the surface in dry season

Pollution of water bodies due to construction

Careful planning of water use. Maintenance of construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces

Contamination of soil by fuel and lubricants

All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works

Heavy extraction of water for constructions

Total requirement per day need to inform prior to start constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water

Loss of minor water sources and disruption to water users

Consumers shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for quality or quantity of water adversely be affected due to the construction activity, need to address relevant authority

Siltation in to water bodies due to abundant burrow pits

Selection of the site need to sufficient distance from the water sources

Danger or Hazard to Careful planning and management

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community and environment due to disposal of harmful construction waste, such as chemicals and oils

required for the disposal of harmful construction waste with supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oils should not to release freely to the ground.

Spillage on the road All the material should be clean immediately by manually or mechanical sweeping and road surface need to washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary.

Water Drinking water Tapping ground water source, laying pipelines and construction of storage tanks

Encroachment in to forests /swamplands, impediment to movement of wildlife and people

Proper careful site selection, careful planning and appropriate attention in project formulation

Soil erosion due to areas left exposed and silt runnoff

Careful design to control soil erosion through ground canopy layers and Proper control of clearing vegetative cover. Minimum clearing of trees and bushes

Conflicts in water supply rights

Proper siting management techniques, careful operations and planning

Water Drinking water Tapping ground water source, laying pipelines and construction of storage tanks

Damages to historical or cultural important structures and loss of historical and cultural values

Careful site selection and avoiding such locations

Hazard to health of workers and nearby community due to noise and vibration of excavation

Follow the instruction for land excavation and watering the surface when dry season. Proper maintenance of the equipments, Use noise barriers if appropriate. Use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level. Working hours only day time, night works restrictions

Dust and air pollution due to material transportation/ loading and unloading.

Bring the material in covered vehicles to avoid dust and air pollution. Wet the surface in dry season

Pollution of water bodies due to construction

Careful planning of water use. Maintenance of construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces

Contamination of soil by fuel and lubricants

All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works

Heavy extraction of Total requirement per day need to

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water for constructions

inform prior to start constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water

Loss of minor water sources and disruption to water users

Consumers shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for quality or quantity of water adversely be affected due to the construction activity, need to address relevant authority

Siltation in to water bodies due to abundant burrow pits

Selection of the site need to sufficient distance from the water sources

Danger or Hazard to community and environment due to disposal of harmful construction waste, such as chemicals and oils

Careful planning and management required for the disposal of harmful construction waste with supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oil should not to release freely to the ground.

Spillage on the road All the material should be clean immediately by manually or mechanical sweeping and road surface need to washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary.

Conflicts on water rights, impacts on flora, fauna and aquatic life, damages to natural ecosystem, due to over pumping of ground water for community use.

Careful planning, design and operation

Contamination of water by agro chemicals and pesticides

Careful use of agrochemicals and training programmes on catchments community. Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring.

Building Multipurpose Building

Construction of multipurpose building

Soil erosion due to areas left exposed and silt runnoff

Careful design to control soil erosion through ground canopy layers and Proper control of clearing vegetative cover. Minimum clearing of trees and bushes

Soil erosion and silt runoff, damages to existing vegetative cover due to new access roads

Avoid cutting big trees and minimum clearing of bushes

Damages to historical or cultural important structures and loss of historical and cultural values

Careful site selection and avoiding such locations

Hazard to health of workers and nearby

Follow the instruction for land excavation and watering the surface

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community due to noise and vibration of excavation

when dry season. Proper maintenance of the equipments, Use noise barriers if appropriate. Use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level. Working hours only day time, night works restrictions

Dust and air pollution due to material transportation/ loading and unloading.

Bring the material in covered vehicles to avoid dust and air pollution. Wet the surface in dry season

Loss of fauna and flora due to cutting, filling and levelling of land

Follow the instruction for land excavation, covering material when transporting, use clean fill material, watering the surface to minimize the dust during dry season.

Noise, vibration and dust due to soil compaction

Working hours only day time, night works restrictions, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level

Soil Erosion and silt runoff, damages to existing canopy cover due to construction of storm water drainage system

Avoid cutting big trees and minimum clearing of bushes

Heavy extraction of water for constructions

Total requirement per day need to inform prior to start constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water

Contamination of soil by fuel and lubricants

All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works

Siltation in to water bodies due to abundant burrow pits

Selection of the site need to sufficient distance from the water sources

Danger or Hazard to community and environment due to disposal of harmful construction waste, such as chemicals and oils

Careful planning and management required for the disposal of harmful construction waste with supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oils should not to release freely to the ground.

Spillage on the road All the material should be clean immediately by manually or mechanical sweeping and road surface need to washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary.

Blockage of the internal storm water system, odour problems in the

Plan and implement waste water disposal system Construction of soaking pits with

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vicinity and attraction of insects, pollution of ground water table due to waster disposal

adequate capacity to retain waste water without any outflow. Covering the soaking pits to prevent harbouring of mosquitoes and other insects.

Pollution of ground water table and surrounding environment due to solid waste and garbage disposal

Plan and implement solid and garbage disposal system. Discuss with local authorities to collect solid and garages

Irrigation Supply of irrigation water

Tapping existing water source construction of storage tanks / canals

Encroachment in to forests /swamplands, impediment to movement of wildlife and people

Proper careful site selection, careful planning and appropriate attention in project formulation

Soil erosion due to areas left exposed and silt runnoff

Careful design to control soil erosion through ground canopy layers & proper control of clearing vegetative cover. Minimum clearing of trees and bushes

Irrigation Supply of irrigation water

Tapping existing water source construction of storage tanks / canals

Conflicts in water supply rights

Proper siting management techniques, careful operations and planning

Damages to historical or cultural important structures & loss of historical and cultural values

Careful site selection and avoiding such locations

Hazard to health of workers and nearby community due to noise and vibration of excavation

Follow the instruction for land excavation and watering the surface when dry season. Proper maintenance of the equipments, Use noise barriers if appropriate. Use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level. Working hours only day time, night works restrictions

Dust and air pollution due to material transportation/ loading and unloading.

Bring the material in covered vehicles to avoid dust and air pollution. Wet the surface in dry season

Pollution of water bodies due to construction

Careful planning of water use. Maintenance of construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces

Contamination of soil by fuel and lubricants

All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works

Heavy extraction of water for

Total requirement per day need to inform prior to start constructions

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constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water

Loss of minor water sources and disruption to water users

Consumers shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for quality or quantity of water adversely be affected due to the construction activity, need to address relevant authority

Siltation in to water bodies due to abundant burrow pits

Selection of the site need to sufficient distance from the water sources

Danger or Hazard to community and environment due to disposal of harmful construction waste, such as chemicals and oils

Careful planning and management required for the disposal of harmful construction waste with supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oil should not to release freely to the ground.

Spillage on the roads and surroundings

All the material should be clean immediately by manually or mechanical sweeping and road surface need to washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary.

Conflicts on water rights, impacts on flora, fauna and aquatic life, damages to natural ecosystem, due to over use of irrigation water for cultivation (paddy)

Careful planning, design and operation

Contamination of water by agro chemicals and pesticides

Careful use of agrochemicals and training programmes on command area community. Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring.

Contamination of irrigation water by agro chemicals and pesticides, it will affect to domestic inland fishery

Careful use of agrochemicals and training programmes on command area community. Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring.

Damages to public health and wildlife due to contamination of irrigation water by agro chemicals and pesticides

Careful use of agrochemicals and training programmes on command area community. Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring

Social Safeguards

Sector Subproject & type of activities

Potential impacts Social Concerns Typical Mitigation Measures

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Roads Construction of Rural Roads

Encroachment into Cultural and Historical sites

Need to protect historical and cultural values

Avoid cultural and historical sites

Hazard to health of workers and community due to noise and vibration

Use minimum time period for such activities

Prior notice to affected community, position the equipment as far as practical from noise sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level

Heavy traffic due to material transportation/ loading and unloading.

Local police is responsible to minimize the impact

Use local police to minimize the impact

Road accidents due to construction activities

Sign boards and security fence need to established

The security and sign boards need to placed, slope of burrow areas necessary to maintain at an angle of repose which to ensure the stability of the area.

Contamination of soil and water by fuel and lubricants

Health hazards due to water pollution

Plant machinery and equipment must be services as per preventive maintenance schedule. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works

Disruption of drinking water supply

Prior notice required. Immediate breakdown establishment is essential

Consumers shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for quality or quantity of water adversely be affected due to the construction activity

Loss of electricity and telecommunication

Prior notice required. Immediate breakdown establishment is essential

Consumers shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for and disruption due to the construction activity

Abundant burrow pits It will greater negative impacts on human life

Selection of the Site need to sufficient distance from the human settlement

Disposal of harmful construction waste

Possible to pollute ground water

All the chemicals, oil should not to release freely to the ground.

Water Construction of Drinking water supply scheme

Encroachment into Cultural and Historical sites

Need to protect historical and cultural values

Avoid cultural and historical sites

Hazard to health of workers and community due to noise and vibration

Use minimum time period for such activities

Prior notice to affected community, position the equipment as far as practical from noise sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level

Heavy traffic due to material transportation/ loading and unloading.

Local police is responsible to minimize the impact

Use local police to minimize the impact

Conflicts in water supply rights,

Equal distribution Careful operations planning of minimize problems

Contamination of soil and water by fuel and lubricants

Health hazards due to water pollution

Plant machinery and equipment must be services as per preventive maintenance schedule. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible

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person, prior to start daily works Loss of electricity and

telecommunication Prior notice required. Immediate breakdown establishment is essential

Consumers shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for and disruption due to the construction activity

Contamination of agro chemical and pesticides

Health hazards due to water pollution

Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring.

Disposal of harmful construction waste

Possible to pollute ground water

All the chemicals, oil should not to release freely to the ground.

Irrigation Construction of irrigation water supply scheme

Encroachment into Cultural and Historical sites

Need to protect historical and cultural values

Avoid cultural and historical sites

Hazard to health of workers and community due to noise and vibration

Use minimum time period for such activities

Prior notice to affected community, position the equipment as far as practical from noise sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level

Heavy traffic due to material transportation/ loading and unloading.

Local police is responsible to minimize the impact

Use local police to minimize the impact

Irrigation Construction of irrigation water supply scheme

Disposal of harmful construction waste

Possible to pollute ground water

All the chemicals, oil should not to release freely to the ground.

Over use of irrigation water

Equal distribution of irrigation water

Careful planning, design and operation

Damages to public health due to contamination by agrochemicals

Water quality checking is required

Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring.

Buildings Construction of multipurpose building

Hazard to health of workers and community due to noise and vibration

Use minimum time period for such activities

Prior notice to affected community, position the equipment as far as practical from noise sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level

Disposal of harmful construction waste

Possible to pollute ground water

All the chemicals, oil should not to release freely to the ground.

Blockage of the internal storm water system, odour problems in the vicinity and attraction of insects, pollution of ground water table due to waste water disposal

Relevant authority need to pay attention to minimize the impact

Plan and implement waste water disposal system Construction of soaking pits with adequate capacity to retain waste water without any outflow. Covering the soaking pits to prevent harbouring of mosquitoes and other insects.

Pollution of ground water table and surrounding environment due to garbage disposal

Relevant authority need to pay attention to minimize the impact

Plan and implement solid and garbage disposal system. Discuss with local authorities to collect solid and garages

Sector Subproject & type of activities

Potential Impacts Social Concerns Typical Mitigation Measures

Roads & Land acquisition Loss of access to Loss of customary Avoidance or minimization by

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Buildings livelihoods Loss of structures Damages to standing crops & plantations Loss of customary and traditional rights (option of voluntary donation is available to the assets owner)

and traditional rights Affected population need to know their rights to compensation and available options. Timely provision of compensation and assistance. Remaining land may become uneconomical. Impact, if any on the public infrastructure and social services.

identifying vacant public lands and exploring all other options. Clear and transparent communication mechanism. Consultation and participation during preparation of mitigation plans Compensation for loss of assets at replacement costs Compensation and assistance to be made available prior to implementation. Rehabilitation assistance to improve livelihoods or at least to pre-affected level Special measures for vulnerable groups such as female headed households. Compensation and assistance, on the principle that affected people shall not suffer net losses. Establish a grievance redress mechanism.

Irrigation Inundation of tank bed area

Loss of access to livelihoods Loss of access to productive lands Loss of customary and traditional rights.

Timely provision of compensation and assistance.

Identification of equivalent and alternate lands in the command area or in the vicinity Allow to harvest standing crop before tank rehabilitation is completed and water is impounded Assistance to temporary loss of land Special measures to protect vulnerable groups.

*The above list is only illustrative and any additional activities will be mitigated in accordance with requirements and needs.

Annex 6. Generic Environmental Monitoring Plan

Projects on Multipurpose Building Constructions – Pre Construction Stage

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No Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility for Mitigation

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Acquisition of lands for project implementation

Project Proponent

Land Commissioners Department (LCD) / District Secretariat, Divisional Secretariat (DS)/ Project Approving Agency (PAA) / Local Authority (LA)

1. Acreage of land 2. Acreage belongs to FD 3. Acreage belongs to DWLC 4. Acreage belongs to cultural and historical sites 5. Acreage belongs to environmental sensitive area

2 Land clearing and demarcation

Soil Erosion and silt runnoff - impairment of down stream water quality.

Proper careful site selection, careful design to control soil erosion through ground canopy layers, Proper control of clearing vegetative cover, Careful planning to protect existing environment, Minimum clearing of trees and bushes

Contractor CEA / PAA/ LA 1. No. of implemented soil erosion control measures. 2. No. of affected water bodies

3 Preparation of access roads

Soil erosion and silt runoff, damages to existing vegetative cover

Avoid cutting big trees and minimum clearing of bushes

Contractor PAA/ LA 1.No. of implemented soil erosion control measures

4 Encroachment into Cultural and Historical sites

Alteration of historical or cultural important sites, Damages to historical or cultural important structures, Loss of historical and cultural values

Careful site selection, Avoiding such locations, replacement of such locations at suitable locations,

Project proponent at planning stage and Contractor at construction stage

CEA / FD/Department of Archaeology /Department of Wild Life Conservation//PAA

1. No. of cultural important sites affected 2. No. of cultural important sites avoided / replaced

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5 Metalling and tarring of the access road

Contractor PAA/ LA

6 Cutting, Filling and levelling of land

Loss of fauna and flora, increased peak and flood flows, high sediment transportation, generation of dust,

Follow the instruction for land excavation and material transport, covering material when transporting, use clean fill material, watering the surface to minimize the dust, apply proper management practices to protect environment

Contractor CEA/ LA/ PAA community representatives

1. No. of complains recived

7 Water and electricity supply connections

Avoid cutting big trees

Contractor PAA/ LA 1. No. of big trees cut

8 Excavation Soil Erosion, damages to environmental aesthetic, hazard to health of workers and nearby community, noise and vibration

Follow the instruction for land excavation, soil erosion due to slope of cuts shall be rectified and surfed in order to prevent from erosive forces, watering the surface when dry season, proper construction planning and monitoring,

Contractor CEA / GSMB/ LA/ PAA, community representatives.

1.No. of implemented soil erosion control measures 2. No. of affected people 3. No. of affected historical and cultural sites

9 Use and Transport of Construction materials

Depletion of construction materials, dust and air pollution, heavy traffic due to material transportation/ loading and unloading.

Use construction material from permitted quarries only, use of not polluting material, bring the material in covered vehicles to avoid dust and air pollution, wet the surface in

Contractor CEA / LA / PAA 1.No. of complains received 2. No. of people affected

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dry season, proper waste disposal system

10 Mobilization and storage of construction materials

Accidents or other disruptions of utility services and domestic access

Selection of suitable sites for material storage

Contractor LA/PAA 1. No. of accidents recorded 2. No. of utility services affected

11 Compaction Noise, vibration and dust

Working hours only day time, night works restrictions, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts

Contractor CEA / LA/ PAA/ Community representatives

1. No. of days worked in night. 2. No. of complains received

12 Construction of storm water drainage system

Soil Erosion and silt runoff, damages to existing canopy cover

Avoid cutting big trees and minimum clearing of bushes

Contractor PAA/LA 1.No. of implemented soil erosion control measures

Projects on Multipurpose Building Construction – Construction Stage

No

Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility for Mitigation

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Civil Construction

Accidents or other disruptions of utility services viz water, electricity, telecommunication

Appropriate planning and maximum safeguard for workers, Prior notice to utility service authority to minimize the damages and immediate maintenance and repairs when damage occur.

Contractor Relevant Utility service authorities

National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NW&SDB)/ Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB)/Sri Lanka Telicom (SLT)/ LA/ PAA/ Community representatives

1. No. of accidents recorded 2. No. of people affected 3. No. of utility services disrupted

2 Civil Construction

Dust, air pollution / noise/

Working hours only day time, night works

Contractor CEA / LA / PAA/ Community representatives

1. No. of days worked in night. 2. No. of

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vibration /

restrictions, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts. Wet surface in dry season,

complains received

3 Civil Construction

Pollution of water bodies

Appropriate planning and controls, careful planning of water use, appropriate procedure to safeguard workers / residents and wildlife, Maintenance of construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces

Contractor CEA / WRB/ NWS&DB/LA/ PAA/ Community representatives

1. No. of complains received 2. No. of affected people 3. No. of poor maintenance cases recorded

4 Civil Construction

Heavy extraction of water for constructions

Total requirement per day need to inform prior to start constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water sources (streams, existing water lines, tanks)

Contractor NW&SDB

NW&SDB /LA / Irrigation Department

1.Total requirement (L) 2. No. of rejected cases 3.No. of accepted cases

5 Civil Construction

Loss of electricity and telecommunication

Consumers shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for and disruption due to the

Consumers SLT / CEB 1. No. of complains received 2. No. of affected people recorded

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construction activity

6 Construction Disruption of street traffic f or prolonged periods including traffic congestion and blocking of access to buildings

Careful construction schedule and prior notice to residents and users. Use sign boards to minimize the damages, use alternative routes and aware prior to start the construction

Contractor Project Proponent Local Police

RDA/ Local Police / LA /PAA

1. No. of complains received on traffic2. No. of complains received on blocking building access

7 Construction Contamination of soil by fuel and lubricants

Plant machinery and equipment must be services as per preventive maintenance schedule at the service station where valid EPL obtained from CEA. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works

Contractor CEA /LA 1. No. of poor maintenance cases recorded

Projects on Multipurpose Building Construction – Post Construction Stage

No Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Abundant burrow pits

Siltation in to water bodies

Selection of the Site need to sufficient distance from the water sources

Contractor CEA / LA/ Community representatives

1. no. of Abundant burrow pits recorded

2 Disposal of harmful construction waste

Danger or Hazard to community Chemicals, oils which can be harmful to flora

Careful planning and management required for the disposal of harmful construction waste with

Contractor CEA / LA / Community representatives

1. No. of complains received 2. No. of cases recorded 3. No. of cases solved

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supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oils should not to release freely to the ground.

3 Spillage on the road and surrounding

Traffic congestion and blocking of access to buildings. damages to environmental aesthetic, hazard to health of workers and nearby community,

All the material should be clean immediately by manually mechanical sweeping , road surface need to washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary

Contractor LA /PAA 1. No. of complains received 2. No. of cases recorded 3. No. of cases solved

4 Landscaping and aesthetic enhancement

Contractor LA/PAA

5 Waste water disposal

Blockage of the internal storm water system, odour problems in the vicinity and attraction of insects, pollution of ground water table

Plan and implement waste water disposal system Construction of soaking pits with adequate capacity to retain waste water without any outflow. Covering the soaking pits to prevent harbouring of mosquitoes and other insects.

Contractor LA / PAA 1.No. of cases recorded 2.No. of cases examined

6 Solid waste garbage disposal

Pollution of ground water table and surrounding environment

Plan and implement solid and garbage disposal system. Discuss with local authorities to collect solid and garages

Project Proponent

LA /PAA 1.No. of cases recorded 2.No. of cases examined

Projects on Irrigation – Pre Construction Stage

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No

Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility for Mitigation

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Acquisition of lands for project implementation

Encroachment in to forests /swamplands, impediment to movement of wildlife and people

Proper careful site selection, careful planning and appropriate attention in project formulation

Project Proponent

Central Environmental Authority (CEA) / Water Resources Board (WRB)/Forest Department (FD) Irrigation Department / Local Authority (LA) / National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NW&SDB)/ Department of Wild Life Conservation (DWLC) Project Approving Agency (PAA) and participation of community representatives

1. Acreage of land 2. Acreage belongs to FD 3. Acreage belongs to DWLC 4. Acreage belongs to cultural and historical sites 5. Acreage belongs to environmental sensitive area

2 Land clearing and demarcation

Soil erosion due to areas left exposed and silt runnoff - impairment of down stream water quality, Disturbances to eco system, loss of vegetation, flora and fauna, Loss of aesthetic values.

Careful design to control soil erosion through ground canopy layers, Proper control of clearing vegetative cover, Careful planning to protect existing environment, Minimum clearing of trees and bushes, Avoid environmentally sensitive areas.

Contractor CEA / WRB/ ID / FD/DWLC/ LA / NW&SDB/ PAA and participation of community representatives

1.No. of implemented soil erosion control measures. 2. No. of affected water bodies

3 Modification of water source

Conflicts in water supply rights, alteration of stream flows, loss

Proper siting management techniques, careful operations planning of minimize

Project Proponent at planning stage and Contractor at construction stage

CEA / DWLC /ID / NW&SDB /FD/LA / PAA / WRB

1. No. of cases recorded on water right conflicts 2. No. of conflict affected people

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of fauna and flora, change in water quality, high sediment transportation, downstream flow variation, loss of fisheries and aquatic ecology.

problems

4 Encroachment into Cultural and Historical sites

Alteration of historical or cultural important sites, Damages to historical or cultural important structures, Loss of historical and cultural values

Careful site selection, Avoiding such locations, replacement of such locations at suitable locations,

Project proponent at planning stage and Contractor at construction stage

CEA / FD/ID/Department of Archaeology /DWLC//PAA

1. No. of cultural important sites affected 2. No. of cultural important sites avoided / replaced

5 Excavation Soil Erosion, damages to environmental aesthetic, damages to historic and archeological sites and momentums, loss of historic and cultural values, hazard to health of workers and nearby community, dust/ odors/fumes/ noise and vibration

Follow the instruction for land excavation, soil erosion due to slope of cuts shall be rectified and surfed in order to prevent from erosive forces, avoided historical and cultural important sites, watering the surface when dry season, proper construction planning and monitoring

CEA / GSMB/ID/ Department of Archeology/ PAA

1.No. of implemented soil erosion control measures 2. No. of affected people 3. No. of affected historical and cultural sites

6

Filling Land Alteration of stream flows and tanks, loss

Follow the instruction for land filling and material

Contractor CEA/ GSMB / WRB/ID/ LA/ PAA community representatives

1. Acreage of land filled. 2. Acreage of environmental

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of fauna and flora, change in water quality, increased peak and flood flows, high sediment transportation, generation of dust

transport, covering material when transporting, use clean fill material, watering the surface to minimize the dust, apply proper management practices to protect environment

sensitive area

7 Drilling and Blasting

Noise and vibration, hazards to workers and nearby community, dust /odours/fumes

Prior notice to neighbouring community, Proper maintenance of the equipments, use noise barriers if appropriate, position the equipment as far as practical from noise sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, precautionary measures need safety of the surrounding community and workers.

Project proponent is responsible to include protection measures in to contract document Contractor is responsible when implement

GSMB/ CEA/ LA/ PAA, community representatives

1. No. of cases recorded 2. No. of complains received 3. No. of people affected

8 Use and Transport of Construction materials

Depletion of construction materials, dust and air pollution, heavy traffic due to material transportation/ loading and unloading.

Use construction material from permitted quarries only, use of not polluting material, bring the material in covered vehicles to avoid dust and air pollution, wet the surface in dry season, proper waste

Contractor CEA / LA / PAA 1.No. of complains received 2. No. of people affected

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disposal system 9

Storage of construction materials

Accidents or other disruptions of utility services and domestic access

Selection of suitable sites for material storage

Contractor LA / PAA 1. No. of accidents recorded 2. No. of utility services affected

Projects on Irrigation Water – Construction Stage

No

Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility for Mitigation

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Excavation of canals (primary, secondary, tertiary) and water storage tanks

Soil Erosion, damages to environmental aesthetic, damages to historic and archaeological sites and momentums, loss of historic and cultural values, hazard to health of workers and nearby community, dust/ odors/fumes/ noise and vibration., disruption to domestic access.

Follow the instruction for land excavation, soil erosion due to slope of cuts shall be rectified and surfed in order to prevent from erosive forces, avoided historical and cultural important sites, watering the surface when dry season, proper construction planning and monitoring, avoid disturbances to domestic access.

Contractor CEA / GSMB/ ID/ FD/ DWLC

1.No. of implemented soil erosion control measures. 2. No. of affected historic and cultural sites 3. No. of affected people

2 Civil Construction

Soil modification including water logging, Stalinization and alkalization and loss of soil fertility (loss of soil organic matter) and

Careful construction stage planning plus monitoring. Provision of adequate drainage and / or flushing which must be part of the project.

PAA (prime) Contractor

CEA/ID/GSMB/WRB / PAA

1. No. of cases identified

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reduce crop yield.

3 Civil Construction

Water quality and quantity (Effects of mineral constituents, return flow, hydrological changes, )

Careful planning plus monitoring and frequent water quality analysis.

PAA CEA/ID/WRB/PAA

1. No. of cases identified

4 Civil Construction

Effects on flora and fauna in irrigation vicinity. The change in soil moisture condition in the vicinity of the irrigation area will result in change in the existing ecosystem

Careful construction stage planning plus monitoring. Collect baseline data and information for post construction analysis

CEA / PA CEA / ID/ WRB/ DWLC/ PAA

1. No. of cases identified

5 Civil construction

Loss of soil plus damage to downstream water quality

Careful construction stage planning plus monitoring

Contractor CEA/LA/PAA 1. No. of cases identified

6 Civil Construction

Hazard to health of workers and nearby community due to solid waste

Follow proper solid waste management instruction, avoid solid waste disposal close to construction sites, Supply of purified drinking water for affected community is required during the construction period.

Contractor / LA

LA /PAA 1. No. of affected people

7 Civil Construction

Accidents or other disruptions of utility services viz water,

Appropriate planning and maximum safeguard for workers, Prior notice to utility

Contractor Relevant Utility service authorities

NW&SDB/RDA /CEB/SLT LA/ PAA Community representatives

1. No. of accidents recorded 2. No. of people affected 3. No. of utility

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electricity, telecommunication

service authority to minimize the damages and immediate maintenance and repairs when damage occur.

services disrupted

8 Civil Construction

Dust, air pollution / noise/ vibration /

Working hours only day time, night works restrictions use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts. Wet surface in dry season,

Contractor CEA /LA / PAA/ Community representatives

1. No. of days worked in night. 2. No. of complains received

9 Civil Construction

Pollution of water bodies

Appropriate planning and controls, careful planning of water use, appropriate procedure to safeguard workers / residents and wildlife, Maintenance of construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces

Contractor CEA / WRB/ID/LA/ PAA/ Community representatives

1. No. of complains received 2. No. of affected people 3. No. of poor maintenance cases recorded

10 Civil Construction

Contamination of soil by fuel and lubricants

Plant machinery and equipment must be services as per preventive maintenance schedule at the service station where valid EPL obtained from CEA. All the

Contractor CEA /LA 1. No. of poor maintenance cases recorded

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machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works

11 Civil Construction

Contamination of soil by fuel and lubricants

Plant machinery and equipment must be services as per preventive maintenance schedule at the service station where valid EPL obtained from CEA. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works

Contractor CEA /LA 1. No. of complains received 2. No. of poor maintenance cases recorded

12 Civil Construction

Heavy extraction of water for constructions

Total requirement per day need to inform prior to start constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water sources (streams, existing water lines, tanks)

Contractor NW&SDB /ID

NW&SDB /LA / ID

1.Total requirement (L) 2. No. of rejected cases 3.No. of accepted cases

13 Civil Construction

Loss of minor water sources and disruption to water users

Consumers shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for quality or quantity of water adversely be affected due to the construction activity

Consumers NW&SDB /LA / ID

1. No. of complains received 2. No. of affected people recorded

14 Civil Construction

Loss of electricity

Consumers shall be noticed

Consumers SLT / CEB 1. No. of complains

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and telecommunication

in advance, if there is a possibility for and disruption due to the construction activity

received 2. No. of affected people recorded

Projects on Irrigation – Post Construction Stage

No

Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Abundant burrow pits

Siltation in to water bodies

Selection of the Site need to sufficient distance from the water sources

Contractor CEA / LA/ Community representatives

1. no. of Abundant burrow pits recorded

2 Disposal of harmful construction waste

Danger or Hazard to community Chemicals, oils which can be harmful to flora

Careful planning and management required for the disposal of harmful construction waste with supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oils should not to release freely to the ground.

Contractor CEA / LA / Community representatives

1. No. of complains received 2. No. of cases recorded 3. No. of cases solved

3 Spillage on the roads and surroundings

Traffic congestion and blocking of access to buildings. damages to environmental aesthetic, hazard to health of workers and nearby community,

All the material should be clean immediately by manually mechanical sweeping , road surface need to washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary

Contractor RDA / LA 1. No. of complains received 2. No. of cases recorded 3. No. of cases solved

4 Over use of irrigation water

Conflicts on water rights, impacts on flora, fauna and aquatic life,

Careful planning, design and operation

Project Proponent

CEA/PAA / ID/ Community Representatives

1. No. of cases recorded on water right conflicts 2. No. of conflict affected people

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damages to natural ecosystem, Conflicts with other users viz household/ industrial users

5 Inequalities in water distribution

Careful planning, design and operation

Project Proponent

ID/ PAA/ Community Representatives

1. No. of cases recorded

6 Contamination of irrigation water by agro chemicals and pesticides

Project benefits impaired plus damages to downstream water quality and human health

Careful planning, design and operation. Careful use of agrochemicals and recommended to training programmes on command area community. Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring.

Project Proponent

CEA / LA/ NWS&DB/ ID/Community Representatives

1. No. of cases identified 2. No. of cases examined

7 Contamination of irrigation water by agro chemicals and pesticides

Due to use of toxic biocides may impair on even eliminate the domestic inland fishery.

Careful use of agrochemicals and recommended to training programmes on command area community. Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring.

Project Proponent

CEA / LA/ NWS&DB/ ID/Community Representatives

1. No. of cases identified 2. No. of cases examined

8 Use of irrigation water sources for bathing and domestic purpose

Damages to public health

Careful use of agrochemicals and recommended to training programmes on command area community. Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring.

Project Proponent

CEA / LA/ NWS&DB/ ID/Community Representatives

1. No. of cases recorded 2. No. of training prog. Conducted

9 Conversion of Damages to Careful Project CEA / ID 1. Acreages

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forest lands to farm lands

existing ecosystem and wildlife. Damages to forest resources

planning, design and operation

Proponent converted to farm land

Projects on Road Constructions – Pre Construction Stage

No

Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility for Mitigation

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Land clearing and demarcation

Soil Erosion and silt runnoff - impairment of down stream water quality, Disturbances to eco system, loss of vegetation, flora and fauna, Loss of aesthetic values

Proper careful site selection, careful design to control soil erosion through ground canopy layers, Proper control of clearing vegetative cover, Minimum clearing of trees and bushes,

Contractor CEA / Water Resources Board (WRB)/ Irrigation Department / Local Authority (LA) / Project Approving Agency (PAA) and participation of community representatives

1.No. of implemented soil erosion control measures. 2. No. of affected water bodies

2 Reclamation of Wetlands

Alteration of stream flows, loss of fauna and flora, change in water quality, increased peak and flood flows, high sediment transportation

Avoiding wetland as much as possible. Proper siting management techniques. Replacement of wetland at suitable locations

Project Proponent at planning stage and Contractor at construction stage

CEA / Department of Wild Life Conservation (DWLC) / Irrigation Department (ID) / LA / PAA / Road Development Authority (RDA)(Central / Provincial) / WRB

1. No. of wetland replaced or avoided

3 Encroachment into Cultural and Historical sites

Alteration of historical or cultural important sites, Damages to historical or cultural important structures, Loss of

Careful site selection, Avoiding such locations, replacement of such locations at suitable locations,

Project proponent at planning stage and Contractor at construction stage

CEA / Forest Department (FD) /LA/ RDA/Department of Archaeology / PAA

1. No. of cultural important sites affected 2. No. of cultural important sites avoided / replaced

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historical and cultural values

4 Filling Land Alteration of stream flows, loss of fauna and flora, change in water quality, increased peak and flood flows, high sediment transportation, generation of dust,

Follow the instruction for land excavation and material transport, covering material when transporting, use clean fill material, watering the surface to minimize the dust

Contractor CEA/ Geological Surveys and Mines Bureau (GSMB) / WRB/ LA/ RDA/PAA community representatives

1. Acreage of land filled. 2. Acreage of environmental sensitive area

5 Excavation Soil Erosion, damages to environmental aesthetic, hazard to health of workers and nearby community, noise and vibration

Follow the instruction for land excavation, soil erosion due to slope of cuts shall be rectified and surfed in order to prevent from erosive forces, watering the surface when dry season

Contractor CEA / GSMB/ LA/ RDA/ PAA, community representatives.

1.No. of implemented soil erosion control measures 2. No. of affected people

6 Drilling and Blasting

Noise and vibration, hazards to workers and neighbors,

Prior notice to neighboring community, Proper maintenance of the equipments, use noise barriers if appropriate, position the equipment as far as practical from noise sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level

Project proponent is responsible to include protection measures to contract document Contractor is responsible when implement

GSMB/ CEA/ RDA/ LA/ PAA, community representatives

1.No. of affected people

7 Use and Transport of Construction materials

Depletion of construction materials, dust and air

Use construction material from permitted

Contractor CEA / RDA / LA / PAA

1.No. of complains received 2. No. of people

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pollution, heavy traffic due to material transportation/ loading and unloading.

quarries only, use of not polluting material, bring the material in covered vehicles to avoid dust and air pollution, wet the surface in dry season, proper waste disposal system

affected

8 Compaction Noise, vibration and dust

Working hours only day time, night works restrictions, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts

Contractor CEA / RDA/ LA/ PAA/ Community representatives

1.No. of complains received

Projects on Road Construction – Construction Stage

No

Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility for Mitigation

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Culverts and Bridges / Embankments

Impediment to the natural water movement if capacity is small

Use culverts with adequate diameter to allow free flow of water thus allowing free movement for local aquatic conditions, flow regimes and fish movement and human use. Embankments to accommodate swales with traps for spillage erosion control. Minimize the number of water crossings

Contractor RDA / LA/ PAA / Community representatives

1. no. of Culverts and Bridges properly functioning

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affected. 2. Construction Accidents or

other disruptions of utility services viz water, electricity, telecommunication

Appropriate planning and maximum safeguard for workers, Prior notice to utility service authority to minimize the damages and immediate maintenance and repairs when damage occur.

Contractor Relevant Utility service authorities

RDA / National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NW&SDB)/ Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB)/Sri Lanka Telicom (SLT)/ LA/ PAA/ Community representatives

1. No. of accidents recorded 2. No. of people affected 3. No. of utility services disrupted

3 Construction Dust, air pollution / noise/ vibration /

Working hours only day time, night works restrictions use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts. Wet surface in dry season,

Contractor CEA / RDA / LA / PAA/ Community representatives

1. No. of days worked in night. 2. No. of complains received

4 Construction Pollution of water bodies

Appropriate planning and controls, careful planning of water use, appropriate procedure to safeguard workers / residents and wildlife, Maintenance of construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces

Contractor CEA / WRB/ NWS&DB/LA/ PAA/ Community representatives

1. No. of complains received 2. No. of affected people 3. No. of poor maintenance cases recorded

5 Construction Disruption of street traffic f or prolonged

Careful construction schedule and prior notice to

Contractor Project Proponent Local Police

RDA/ Local Police / LA /PAA

1. No. of complains received on traffic 2. No. of

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periods including traffic congestion and blocking of access to buildings

residents and users. Use sign boards to minimize the damages, use alternative routes and aware prior to start the construction

complains received on blocking building access

6 Construction Danger or Hazard to community

The security and sign boards need to placed, slope of burrow areas necessary to maintain at an angle of repose which to ensure the stability of the area.

Contractor RDA / LA 1. No. of sign board established. 2. No. of complains received on insecurity matters

7 Construction Contamination of soil by fuel and lubricants

Plant machinery and equipment must be services as per preventive maintenance schedule at the service station where valid EPL obtained from CEA. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works

Contractor CEA /LA 1. No. of cases identified 2. No. of cases examined

8 Construction Heavy extraction of water for constructions

Total requirement per day need to inform prior to start constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water sources (streams, existing water lines, tanks)

Contractor NW&SDB

NW&SDB /LA / ID

1.Total requirement (L) 2. No. of rejected cases 3.No. of accepted cases

9 Construction Loss of Consumers Consumers NW&SDB /LA / 1. No. of

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minor water sources and disruption to water users

shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for quality or quantity of water adversely be affected due to the construction activity

ID complains received 2. No. of affected people recorded

10 Construction Loss of electricity and telecommunication

Consumers shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for and disruption due to the construction activity

Consumers SLT / CEB 1. No. of complains received 2. No. of affected people recorded

Projects on Road Construction – Post Construction Stage

No

Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Abundant burrow pits

Siltation in to water bodies

Selection of the Site need to sufficient distance from the water sources

Contractor CEA / LA/ Community representatives

1. no. of Abundant burrow pits recorded

2 Disposal of harmful construction waste

Danger or Hazard to community Chemicals, oils which can be harmful to flora

Careful planning and management required for the disposal of harmful construction waste with supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oils should not to release freely to the ground.

Contractor CEA / LA / Community representatives

1. No. of complains received 2. No. of cases recorded 3. No. of cases solved

3 Spillage on the road

Traffic congestion and blocking of access to buildings. damages to

All the material should be clean immediately by manually or mechanical sweeping , road surface need to

Contractor RDA / LA 1. No. of complains received 2. No. of cases recorded 3. No. of cases solved

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environmental aesthetic, hazard to health of workers and nearby community,

washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary

Projects on Drinking Water – Pre Construction Stage

No

Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility for Mitigation

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Acquisition of lands for project implementation

Encroachment in to forests /swamplands, impediment to movement of wildlife and people

Proper careful site selection, careful planning and appropriate attention in project formulation

Project Proponent

Central Environmental Authority (CEA) / Water Resources Board (WRB)/Forest Department (FD) Irrigation Department / Local Authority (LA) / National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NW&SDB)/ Department of Wild Life Conservation (DWLC) Project Approving Agency (PAA) and participation of community representatives

1. Acreage of land 2. Acreage belongs to FD 3. Acreage belongs to DWLC 4. Acreage belongs to cultural and historical sites 5. Acreage belongs to environmental sensitive area

2 Land clearing and demarcation

Soil erosion due to areas left exposed and silt runnoff - impairment of down stream water quality, Disturbances to eco system, loss of vegetation, flora and

Careful design to control soil erosion through ground canopy layers, Proper control of clearing vegetative cover, Careful planning to protect existing environment, Minimum clearing of trees and bushes, Avoid environmentally sensitive areas.

Contractor CEA / WRB/ ID / FD/DWLC/ LA / NW&SDB/ PAA and participation of community representatives

1.No. of implemented soil erosion control measures. 2. No. of affected water bodies

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fauna, Loss of aesthetic values.

3 Modification of water source

Conflicts in water supply rights, alteration of stream flows, loss of fauna and flora, change in water quality, high sediment transportation, downstream flow variation, loss of fisheries and aquatic ecology.

Proper siting management techniques, careful operations planning of minimize problems

Project Proponent at planning stage and Contractor at construction stage

CEA / DWLC /ID / NW&SDB /FD/LA / PAA / WRB

1. No. of cases recorded on water right conflicts 2. No. of conflict affected people. 3. No. of cases recorded on water quality

4 Encroachment into Cultural and Historical sites

Alteration of historical or cultural important sites, Damages to historical or cultural important structures, Loss of historical and cultural values

Careful site selection, Avoiding such locations, replacement of such locations at suitable locations,

Project proponent at planning stage and Contractor at construction stage

CEA / FD/Department of Archaeology /DWLC//PAA

1. No. of cultural important sites affected 2. No. of cultural important sites avoided / replaced

Excavation Soil Erosion, damages to environmental aesthetic, damages to historic and archeological sites and momentums, loss of historic and cultural values, hazard to health of workers and

Follow the instruction for land excavation, soil erosion due to slope of cuts shall be rectified and surfed in order to prevent from erosive forces, avoided historical and cultural important sites, watering the surface when dry season, proper construction

Contractor CEA / GSMB/ Department of Archeology/ PAA

1.No. of implemented soil erosion control measures 2. No. of affected people 3. No. of affected historical and cultural sites

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nearby community, dust/ odors/fumes/ noise and vibration

planning and monitoring

6

Filling Land Alteration of stream flows, loss of fauna and flora, change in water quality, increased peak and flood flows, high sediment transportation, generation of dust

Follow the instruction for land filling and material transport, covering material when transporting, use clean fill material, watering the surface to minimize the dust, apply proper management practices to protect environment

Contractor CEA/ GSMB / WRB/ LA/ PAA community representatives

1. Acreage of land filled. 2. Acreage of environmental sensitive area

7 Drilling and Blasting

Noise and vibration, hazards to workers and nearby community, dust /odours/fumes

Prior notice to neighbouring community, Proper maintenance of the equipments, use noise barriers if appropriate, position the equipment as far as practical from noise sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, precautionary measures need safety of the surrounding community and workers.

Project proponent is responsible to include protection measures in to contract document Contractor is responsible when implement

GSMB/ CEA/ LA/ PAA, community representatives

1. No. of cases recorded 2. No. of complains received 3. No. of people affected

8 Use and Transport of Construction materials

Depletion of construction materials, dust and air pollution, heavy traffic due to material

Use construction material from permitted quarries only, use of not polluting material, bring the material in covered vehicles

Contractor CEA / LA / PAA 1.No. of complains received 2. No. of people affected

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transportation/ loading and unloading.

to avoid dust and air pollution, wet the surface in dry season, proper waste disposal system

9

Storage of construction materials

Accidents or other disruptions of utility services and domestic access

Selection of suitable sites for material storage

Contractor LA / PAA 1. No. of accidents recorded 2. No. of utility services affected

Projects on Drinking Water – Construction Stage

No

Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility for Mitigation

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Excavation and pipe laying

Soil Erosion, damages to environmental aesthetic, damages to historic and archaeological sites and momentums, loss of historic and cultural values, hazard to health of workers and nearby community, dust/ odours/fumes/ noise and vibration, disruption of utility services and domestic access.

Follow the instruction for land excavation, soil erosion due to slope of cuts shall be rectified and surfed in order to prevent from erosive forces, avoided historical and cultural important sites, watering the surface when dry season, proper construction planning and monitoring, avoid disturbances to utility services and domestic access.

Contractor CEA / GSMB/ Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB)/ Sri Lanka Telecom (SLT)/ NWS&DB / Central or Provincial Road Development Authority (RDA)/PAA

1.No. of implemented soil erosion control measures 2. No. of affected people 3. No. of affected historical and cultural sites

2 Civil construction

Loss of soil plus damage to downstream

Careful construction stage planning plus monitoring

Contractor CEA/LA/PAA 1. No. of cases recorded

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water quality

3 Civil Construction

Hazard to health of workers and nearby community due to solid waste

Follow proper solid waste management instruction, avoid solid waste disposal close to construction sites, Supply of purified drinking water for affected community is required during the construction period.

Contractor / LA

LA /PAA 1. No. of affected people

4 Civil Construction

Accidents or other disruptions of utility services viz water, electricity, telecommunication

Appropriate planning and maximum safeguard for workers, Prior notice to utility service authority to minimize the damages and immediate maintenance and repairs when damage occur.

Contractor Relevant Utility service authorities

NW&SDB/RDA /CEB/SLT LA/ PAA Community representatives

1. No. of accidents recorded 2. No. of people affected 3. No. of utility services disrupted

5 Civil Construction

Dust , air pollution / noise/ vibration /

Working hours only day time, night works restrictions use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts. Wet surface in dry season,

Contractor CEA /LA / PAA/ Community representatives

1. No. of days worked in night. 2. No. of complains received

6 Civil Construction

Pollution of water bodies

Appropriate planning and controls, careful planning of water use, appropriate procedure to safeguard workers / residents and wildlife, Maintenance of construction machineries in

Contractor CEA / WRB/ NWS&DB/LA/ PAA/ Community representatives

1. No. of complains received 2. No. of affected people 3. No. of poor maintenance cases recorded

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good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces

7 Civil Construction

Contamination of soil by fuel and lubricants

Plant machinery and equipment must be services as per preventive maintenance schedule at the service station where valid EPL obtained from CEA. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works

Contractor CEA /LA 1. No. of poor maintenance cases recorded

8 Civil Construction

Heavy extraction of water for constructions

Total requirement per day need to inform prior to start constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water sources (streams, existing water lines, tanks)

Contractor NW&SDB

NW&SDB /LA / ID

1.Total requirement (L) 2. No. of rejected cases 3.No. of accepted cases

9 Civil Construction

Loss of minor water sources and disruption to water users

Consumers shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for quality or quantity of water adversely be affected due to the construction activity

Consumers NW&SDB /LA / ID

1. No. of complains received 2. No. of affected people recorded

10 Civil Construction

Loss of electricity and telecommunication

Consumers shall be noticed in advance, if there is a possibility for and disruption due to the construction activity

Consumers SLT / CEB 1. No. of complains received 2. No. of affected people recorded

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Projects on Drinking Water – Post Construction Stage

No

Activity / Sub Activity

Damages to Environment

Recommended Feasible Mitigation Measures

Responsibility

Responsibility for Monitoring and Supervision

Monitoring Indicators

Cost

1 Abundant burrow pits

Siltation in to water bodies

Selection of the Site need to sufficient distance from the water sources

Contractor CEA / LA/ Community representatives

1. no. of Abundant burrow pits recorded

2 Disposal of harmful construction waste

Danger or Hazard to community Chemicals, oils which can be harmful to flora

Careful planning and management required for the disposal of harmful construction waste with supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oils should not to release freely to the ground.

Contractor CEA / LA / Community representatives

1. No. of complains received 2. No. of cases recorded 3. No. of cases solved

3 Spillage on the road and surrounding

Traffic congestion and blocking of access to buildings. damages to environmental aesthetic, hazard to health of workers and nearby community,

All the material should be clean immediately by manually mechanical sweeping , road surface need to washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary

Contractor RDA / LA 1. No. of complains received 2. No. of cases recorded 3. No. of cases solved

4 Over pumping of ground water

Conflicts on water rights, impacts on flora, fauna and aquatic life, damages to natural ecosystem, Conflicts with other users viz irrigation

Careful planning, design and operation

Project Proponent

CEA/PAA / ID/ Community Representatives

1. No. of cases recorded on water right conflicts 2. No. of conflict affected people

5 Inequalities in water

Careful planning, design and

Project Proponent

LA/ PAA/ Community

1. No. of cases recorded

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distribution operation Representatives 6 Contamination

of water by agro chemicals and pesticides

Project benefits impaired plus damages to downstream water quality and human health

Careful planning, design and operation. Careful use of agrochemicals and recommended to training programmes on catchments community. Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring.

Project Proponent

CEA / LA/ NWS&DB/ Community Representatives

1. No. of cases identified 2. No. of cases examined

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Annex: 7

Capacity Building Plan

Outline of different training needs

Role Responsibilities Areas of knowledge needed VO/PS/Local communities

• Develop Village Development Plans / Pradeshiya Sabha Development Plans

• Assist development of subproject proposal

• Environmental awareness (function / uses/ importance for the well being of the humans etc.)

• Environmental sensitization • Knowledge on the concept of ecological

footprints in order to monitor the greenness of their villages or to carry out activities in the villages to become green throughout the project period

• Participatory methods (RRA/PRA) to maximize the public consultation to assess feasibility and acceptability options to minimize environmental impacts and social disruption

• Identification of possible/existing threats to the environment and conservation issues during the planning stage/implementation and operation stages of the project

• Knowledge on screening the impacts on environment using available checklists during the site selection at the planning stage

VSC/PSSC • Develop the subproject brief for

environmental clearance • Facilitate the environment

assessment procedure • Facilitate the monitoring of

ECoPs/ Guidelines/ EMPs • Conduct Rapid Environment

Assessment

• Knowledge on basic environmental aspects & concepts

• Identification of possible/existing threats to the environment and conservation issues during the planning stage

• Knowledge on screening the impacts on environment using available checklists during the site selection at the planning and implementation stages

• Knowledge to conduct IEEs/EAs for the approval of the project site if necessary ( during the planning stage of the project)

• Knowledge on the concept of ecological footprints in order to monitor the greenness of their villages or to carry out activities in the villages to become green

TF/LF • Facilitate development of subproject brief

• Conduct Rapid Environment Assessment

• Enforce good environmental practices

• Develop EMPs

• Detailed knowledge on environmental aspects & concepts (Identification of different eco-systems/ importance of bio-diversity/conservation of bio-diversity/ commonly found threatened species included in the IUCN redlist/ environmental pollution/Ecological foot print (EFP)/Biological Capacity (BC)/ Carbon sequestration etc.)

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• Identification of possible/existing threats to the environment and conservation issues during the planning stage/implementation and operation stages of the project

• Knowledge on screening the impacts on environment using available checklists during the site selection at the planning stage

• Identification of possible steps to minimize the threats during the planning, implementation and operation stages

• Identification of mitigatory measures for existing issues during the operation stage

• Participatory methods (RRA/PRA) to build rapport with the community/ to assess the community attitude towards the environment and other social issues (during all the stages of the project)

• Knowledge to conduct EAs for the approval of the project site if necessary ( during the planning stage of the project)

• Knowledge on existing environmental laws, regulations, policies etc.

• Knowledge on monitoring of effectiveness of measures during the implementation and operation stage

• Knowledge on the concept of ecological footprints in order to monitor the greenness of their villages or to carry out activities in the villages to become green.

AMT • Appraise environmental aspects

of the subproject • Review EMPs • Provide environment related

specifications and guidelines • Establish environment related

milestones • Provide environmental

clearance

• Detailed knowledge on environment • Knowledge to conduct IEEs/EAs during the

implementation and operation stages of the project

• Identification of mitigatory measures for existing issues

• Knowledge to prepare detailed EMPs • Knowledge to make best practices guidelines

for environmental safeguards

CF • Report to DTL on implementation progress, issues and problems

• Assist VO in complying with the environmental aspects of the subproject proposal

• Liaison with TF for the timely delivery of environment assessment reports

• Assist monitoring of project implementation

• Knowledge on environmental aspects • Knowledge on participatory methods

(RRA/PRA) • Knowledge to conduct IEEs/EAs during the

implementation and operation stages of the project

• Identification of mitigatory measures for existing issues

• Knowledge to prepare detailed EMPs

DTL • Report to SPO on implementation progress, issues and problems

• Knowledge on environmental aspects • Knowledge on EMPs

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• Assist PS in complying with the environmental aspects of the subproject proposal

• Liaison with PA for the timely delivery of environment assessment reports

• Liaison with AMT for the timely appraisal of subproject proposals

• Assist monitoring of project implementation

• Knowledge on ESMF

SPO • Monitoring the implementation progress, environmental issues and problems

• Assist DTL in complying with the environmental aspects of the subproject implementation

• Liaison with DTL and AMT for the timely delivery of environmental reports and appraisal of subproject proposals.

• Detailed knowledge on environment (concepts and aspects)

• Detailed knowledge on existing local and International (International treaties and conventions etc.) environmental laws, regulations, policies etc.

• Knowledge on ESMF

Capacity Building Training Programs

Participants Duration Service providers Material needed 1. VO/PS

2. VSC/ PSSC 3. TF/LF 4. AMT 5. CF 6. DTL 7. SPO 8. Local communities

1 week training during first year of the project 2 week training prior to implementation 2 day training program and exposure visits annually 1 week during the implementation period 1 week during implementation stage 1 week during Implementation stage Refresher training 1 week during the planning period and 1 day monthly exposure visits/ workshops at every six months

DWLC/CEA/FD/National and International NGOs in Environmental Conservation field/ Universities/Line Ministries/Department of Social Services/CCD/MPPA/NARA/NAQDA

Environmental Assessment checklists/ Training and information manuals/ brochures/ information leaflets

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Annex 8. Integrated Pest Management Plan As a part of project preparation, the Foundation should develop an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plan as an integral component of its agricultural development activities with inputs from the professional staff of the Provincial Agriculture Department and private sector consultants. The objectives of the IPM program and plan are to suppress pests that may cause economic damage, reduce environmental pollution, and reduce human exposure to pesticides. The IPM program will be composed of the following:

- monitoring the pest population and other relevant factors; - accurate identification of the pest; - determination of thresholds that trigger control measures; - timing treatments to the best advantage; - spot-treating; - selection of less disruptive methods; - evaluation of effectiveness of treatment and fine tune future actions;

- training of farmers involved The development of IPM is a response to the failure of chemical pesticides to provide long-term solutions to pest problems. IPM replaces reliance on pesticide use and builds upon the knowledge of farmers on pest and predators, use of resistant varieties, beneficial insects, crop rotations and improved soil management. IPM encourages farmers to access information on non-chemical alternatives to pest control and offers an ideal strategy for improving the income of farming families by cutting spending on agro-chemicals. The IPM will be designed to become an eco-system based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pest damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant plant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates their need and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target pest. The IPM strategy will be applied in a manner that minimizes risks to the environment, human health, and beneficial non-target organisms.

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Annex 9: Haritha Lanka Programme Haritha Lanka Programme intends to develop National Sustainable Development Strategy, taking in to account the Millennium Development Goals, 2010 targets of Convention on Biological Diversity and the international treaties the GOSL has signed up to now. In developing HLP the Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources has very seriously considered the new trends in global environment and has included concepts such as Ecological Foot Print (EFP) and Biological Capacity (BC) which are hotly discussed in the international fora. Falling in line with these concepts is not a difficult task to Sri Lanka because it is a greener country with rich biodiversity and require only very little interventions to be in par with countries having sound EFP and BC. Hence several key strategies are outlined that could be easily carried out in the Gemidiriya/Maga Neguma Villages to direct the community to monitor the greenness of their villages and to carry out interventions leading the villages to become green. The actions under each strategy have been spelled out and Key Performance Indicators (KPI) developed. The strategy One, Carbon sinks protected (Bio Diversity Conservation) has four actions and the KPI for action one is existing baseline information that need to be collected only once. Unless a massive removal of forest or a plantation (Rubber, Tea etc) take place this will not change significantly. Action two is involvement of the community. They will determine the baseline (existing situation) and fixed the ultimate as the long term goal. Any figure less than that could be fixed as short and medium term. The remaining two actions deal with nature based ecotourism and Human Elephant Conflict. Strategy two is Reduction of Pollution loads to land & water (Land Resources Management). Five actions are listed that could be easily measurable by the community. The KPIs are simple and not complicated. Obtaining the amount applied in kilogram or litre is difficult and not reliable. The targets for action three and five cannot be fixed and have to be kept open. Strategy three is improving efficiency and equity in drinking & irrigation water distribution (Water Resources Management). The three actions listed cover the tank rehabilitation, provision of drinking water and maintenance of such projects. Strategy four is Reduction in Travelling distance & Time (Transport, Infrastructure [Rural roads] & Service Facilities) The three actions outlined here cover the new roads built, existing roads renovated and service centres in the village. Also these KPIs will generate environmental activities and mobilize the community and raise environmental consciousness in Gemi Diriya and Gama Neguma villages. The frequency of data collection should be quarterly, based on seasons (for Maha in November and February; Yala in May and August). These should be incorporated in to the MIS village format.