Final Plumbing 2

O V E R V I E W

P l u m b i n g

Definition

the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them

water, liquid and other carried-wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property

pipes and fixtures after installation i.e., the ‘plumbing system’

- NPC 217.6

H i s t o r y

Plumbing Practice in the Philippines

In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila.

In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized

Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code of the City of Manila” was enacted and placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila.

H i s t o r y

On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacañang.

Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the “Building Code of the Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing Code of 1959” as referral code in full text.

The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which President Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.

In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” upon ratification of President Ramon Magsaysay.

321

P r i n c i p l e s

All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage.

22 Basic Principles of the Plumbing Code

Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise.

Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.

4Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.

65

P r i n c i p l e s

Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.

Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.

7Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.

8The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.

9P r i n c i p l e s

All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.

10Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.

11The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.

12Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building.

13Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.

P r i n c i p l e s

14Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the building drainage system.

15Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.

16No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated.

17If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank.

2019

P r i n c i p l e s

Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers.

All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use.

18Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.

21Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage.

22Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.

C o m p o n e n t s

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

PLUMBING FIXTURES

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM

Nature of Water

The Water Cycle:

3 MajorPhases:

Evaporation

Condensation

Precipitation

The Plumbing Cycle

Components & Flow in Water Systems:

S U P P L Y

Water Mains,Storage Tanks

DISTRIBUTION

Pressure,Piping

Networks

U S E

PlumbingFixtures

COLLECTION

Gravity,Piping

NetworksTREATMENT

Sewage Plants,Natural

Purification

S O U R C E

Lakes, Rivers,Reservoirs

Treated waterreturned to theoriginal source

DISPOSAL

Sanitary andStorm Sewers

The Plumbing Cycle

Water Functions Diagram:

SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION U S E COLLECTION DISPOSAL

Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always be only in one direction (from supply to disposal)The two sides should always be carefully separated from each other

WATER DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM

Sources of WaterFor Domestic Use:

SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES

RainWater

DISADVANTAGES

Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water supply system

Only a source during the wet season;

Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes;

Roofs may not be clean

Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds;

Cistern water for drinking should be boiled, chlorinated or otherwise sterilized


SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

NaturalSurfaceWater

Obtained fromponds, lakesand rivers

Easy to acquire;

Usually in large quantities;

Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and, when treated, for community water supply

Contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, & inorganic substances; Purification & treatment is necessary


SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES

GroundWater

DISADVANTAGES

Obtained fromunderground by means of mechanical &manual equipment;

From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for domestic use in most rural areas

Usually has an abundant supply;

requires less treatment because of natural filtering

May have organic matter & chemical elements; treatment is suggested;

Character of ground water, its hardness, depends upon the nature and condition of the soil and rock through which it passes or percolates

Water TreatmentTreatment & Purification:

OBJECTIONALBLEELEMENT

Calcium, Magnesium

REASONS FOR TREATMENT

Produces hardness

Sulfur Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to plumbing, stains clothing, etc.

Salt Bad taste, highly corrosive

Iron Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures, interferes with water softeners, iron bacteria clogs pipes

Pathogenic germs Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis

Acid Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains clothing

Algae Bad taste & odor

Water TreatmentTreatment & Purification:

OBJECTIONALBLEELEMENT

Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide

METHOD OF TREATMENT

Aeration

Suspended Material Coagulation & Settling Process

Bacteria Chemicals & Sand filtration

Calcium & Magnesium

Addition of water softeners

Iron Iron Filters

Sulfur Chlorination

Pathogenic Germs Disinfection

Acid Marble or Limestone Filtration

Quality of WaterWater Quality Problems &

Their Correction:PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

1. Acidity Entrance ofoxygen andcarbon dioxide

Corrosion of non-ferrous pipes Rusting & clogging of steel pipes

Raising alkaline content by the introduction of a neutralizer (sodium silicate)

2. Hardness Presence ofmagnesium andcalcium salts

Clogging ofpipesImpairedlaundry andcooking

BoilingUse of an ionexchanger (zeolite process)

3. Turbidity Silt or mud insurface or in ground

DiscolorationBad taste

Filtration

Quality of WaterWater Quality Problems &

Their Correction:PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

4. Color Presence ofIron and manganese

Discoloration of fixtures and laundry

Oxidizing filter

5. Pollution Contaminationby organicmatter or sewage

Disease Chlorination

Purification of Water

4 Steps of Water

Purification for

Community Use:

AERATION

COAGULATION & PRECIPITATION

FILTRATION

CHLORINATION

praying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide

S

ddition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is gathered in large dumps and disposed of.

A

ater is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles.

W

ater is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria.

W

Wells & Pumps

(Types According to Method of Construction)

Dug Well

Most common typeUsually dug manuallyAround 15 m deep

Individual Well Springs:

a.k.a. ‘shallow well’

(General):Shallow WellsDeep Wells

Types of Wells

Wells & Pumps

Bored WellSimilar to dug well, but constructed using an auger

Jetted WellUse of extreme water pressure so as not toaffect existing foundations in the vicinity

Used only where ground is relatively soft

Seldom driven below 15 meters

Wells & Pumps

Driven WellDug with driven point attached to the pipes

Drilled WellUsed for drilling oilCan reach up to 1000 m

Wells & Pumps

2 Most Common Sources of Contamination:

Septic Tankleach fields

Livestock feedlots

Locatinga Well:

Location mustnot be less than 100 ft. away from such pollution sources

Locate on higher groundThe deeper the well, the better! (allows natural filtration)

Wells & Pumps

Methods of Well Screening:

Wells & Pumps

Piston Pumps2 Basic Types of Pumps

Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a pistonSingle Action (water is drawn in with only 1 motion) or;

Double Action (water is drawn in with either stroke)

Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

Wells & Pumps

Centrifugal PumpsWater is drawn into the pump & discharged with a centrifugal force

Wells & Pumps

Shallow Well Pumps

Deep Well Pumps

Types of Pumps

Shallow well reciprocating pump

Shallow well jet pumpRotary pump

Deep well reciprocating pump

Deep well jet or ejector pump; a.k.a. ‘Venturi”Submersible pumpMulti-stage turbine pump

Gravity Supply Tanks(Overhead Water Tanks):

Main Components:

Supply PipeInletOverflow PipeDrip PanGate Valves

Water Tanks & Cisterns

Used in Overhead Feed System

Pneumatic Water Tanks:


Used in the Air Pressure SystemUsed with a pump

Types of Hot Water Tanks:


Range Boiler

Storage Boiler

Small hot water tank (30-60 cmIn diameter; not more than 180cmIn length)

Large hot water tank (60-130 cmIn diameter; not more than 5 m In length)

Made of galvanized steel sheet, copper or stainless steel

Made of heavy duty material sheets applied with rust proof paint

From standard metal gauge, working pressure limit is 85 psi.

Controls & ValvesFunction of Valves:

Control of the water system- Start or shut down a system- Regulate pressure- Check backflow- Control the direction of water

Rules Regarding Locationof Valves:

Locate & distribute valves in such a manner that they can isolate a certain section of the network in case of system breakdown (before each branch)

Locate valves where they are not too visible while remaining accessible to users

Controls & Valves

Types of Valves:

Gate Valve a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’

Used mainly to completely close or completely open the water line (does not control flow of water)

Best suited to the main supply and pump lines wherein operation is infrequent

2 Types:The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc

The Double Disc Valve

Controls & Valves

Globe Valve Controls the flow of water with a movable spindle

Can reduce water pressure

Only one side of the valve is an inlet

3 Types:The Plug Type Disc Valve

The Conventional Disc Valve

The Composition Disc Valve

Controls & Valves

Check Valve Main function is to prevent reversal of flow (backflow) in the line

4 Types:The Swing Check Valve

The Lift Check Valve

Vertical Check Valve

Horizontal Check Valve

Controls & Valves

Angle Valve Operates in the same manner as globe valve (disc & seat design)

Used to make a 90° turn in a line

Reduces number of joints

Foot Valve Located at the lower end of the pumps

Used mainly to prevent loss of priming of the pumps

a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’

Controls & Valves

Safety Valve Used on water systems, heating systems, compressed air lines & other pipe lines with excessive pressure

Controls & Valves

Types of Faucets/Bibbs:Compression

CockOperates by the compression of a soft packing upon a metal sheet

Key Cock Operates with a round tapering plug ground to fit a metal sheet.‘Hose bibb”- has grooves fit fora hose

Ball Faucet Constructed with a ball connected to the handle

Water Distribution System

Water Hammer

Defects in Water Distribution Systems:

a knocking in the pipes caused when faucets in the lower levels are shut off abruptly or automatically

WATER HAMMER

BACK SIPHONAGE

Back Siphonage

the force exerted by the decelerating water causes the pipes to shake and rattle

the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such pipe

‘Back Flow’– the flow of water or other liquids, ,mixtures, orsubstances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood level rim of the receptacle.


Direct Pressure Distribution

Classification of Public Water Distribution:

Water is obtained through a large intake installed on the lake basin & extended into deep water

DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

Components:Water basinReceiving wellFiltration plant


Indirect Pressure Distribution

Classification of Public Water Distribution:

DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

Water is taken form a drilled well orunderground water INDIRECT PRESSURE

DISTRIBUTION Involves individual special mechanicalequipment

Cold Water Distribution System

Service Pipe

Parts of the Cold Water Distribution System (Potable & Tap):

pipe from the street water main or other source of water supply to the building served

SERVICE PIPE

WATER METER

HORIZONTAL SUPPLYMAIN

Water Meter

device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that passes through the water service

Horizontal Supply Main

the principal water distribution piperunning from the water meter from which the various branches andrisers to the fixtures are taken.


Riser

a water supply pipe extendingvertically to one full story or more to convey water into pipe branches or plumbing fixtures

SERVICE PIPE

WATER METER

HORIZONTAL SUPPLYMAIN

RISER

FIXTURE BRANCH

CONTROLS & VALVES

STORAGE TANKS

Fixture Branch

the water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water-distributing pipe

Controls & Valves

used for control, isolation and repair of the water distribution system

Storage Tanks

Parts of the Cold Water Distribution System (Potable & Tap):


Upfeed System

Direct Upfeed- Water is provided by the city water

companies using normal pressure from public water main

UPFEED SYSTEM

Types of the Cold Water Distribution Systems (within buildings):


UPFEED SYSTEM

Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)- When pressure supplied by city water

supply is not strong enough- Compressed air is used to raise and

push water into the system


UPFEED SYSTEM

DOWNFEED OR GRAVITY SYSTEM

Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System

- Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building and is distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity.


ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & tanks.

1. Pressure from water main is inadequate to supply tall buildings.

2. Water supply is affected during peak load hour.

Upfeed System

Air Pressure System

1. With compact pumping unit.2. Sanitary due to air tight water

chamber.3. economic (smaller pipe diameter)4. less initial construction &

maintenance cost5. Oxygen in the compressed air

serves as purifying agent.6. Adaptable air pressure.7. Air pressure serves zones of

about 10 stores intervals.

1. Water supply is affected by loss of pressure inside the tank in case of power interruption.


ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Water is subject to contamination.2. High maintenance cost.3. Occupies valuable space.4. Requires stronger foundation and

other structure to carry additional load of tank and water.

1. Water is not affected by peak load hour.

2. Not affected by power interruptions.

3. Time needed to replace broken parts does not affect water supply.

Overheadfeeed System

Hot Water Distribution System

Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems (within buildings):

Upfeed and Gravity Return SystemWith a continuing network of pipes to provide constant circulation of waterHot water rises on its own & does not need any pump for circulation

Hot water is immediately drawn form the fixture any timeProvided economical circulating return of unused hot waterEliminate waste of waterLarger pipe is installed at the top of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the lower floors of the building


Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems (within buildings):

Downfeed and Gravity Return System Hot water rises on to the highest point of the plumbing system and travels to the fixtures via gravity (closed pipe system)‘overhead feed & gravity return system’

Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water & gravity.Larger pipe is installedat the bottom of theriser & the diminishing sizes passesthrough the upper floors of the building


Types of Hot Water Distribution Systems (within buildings):

Pump Circuit System

For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings


Hot Water ConsumptionKIND OF

BUILDINGGALLONS PER

PERSONS PER HOUROffice Buildings

School Buildings

Apartment Buildings

Hotels

Factories

Residential

4 to 5

2 to 3

8

8 to 10

4 to 6

10

Working Load of Hot Water Systems

KIND OF BUILDING AVERAGE WORKINGLOAD

School, Office & Industrial types

Apartments & Residences

Hotels & Restaurants

25%

35%

50%


2 Types of Water Heating Systems:Hot Water Space Heating System

Hot Water Supply System

Water is confined within a system at low temperature

Not a closed system which operate on much higher temperature

Protection of Hot Water Tank:

System Relief Valve

Temperature & Pressure Relief

Used for Hot Water Space Heating System

Used for Hot Water Supply System

FIRE PROTECTIONSYSTEM

Water & Water Supply for Fire Fighting

Supplying Water forFire Protection Systems:

The Elevated Water TankThe Underground Water Reservoir

No longer being utilized in new buildings

Types of Fire Protection Systems:

Dry Standpipe System

How it works: a standpipe is connected to the exterior of the building

The standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of the water supply or waste disposal system but primarily for use as water conveyance in case of fire

CONNECT TO FIRE HOSE


Wet Standpipe SystemHow it works: a piping network (line is directly connected to the main water line) connects to all levels of a building (at least 1 standpipe on each level)

Wet Standpipe System with Siamese ConnectionHow it works: a piping network (line is directly connected to the main water line) connects to all levels of a building (at least 1 standpipe on each level); additionally, a Siamese connection is located outside the building for additional water supply (connects to fire truck hose)


Sprinkler System

Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads

Spacing of Sprinkler Heads:

Spacing of Sprinkler Heads

KIND OF BUILDING COVERAGE OF ONESPRINKLER HEAD

Light Hazard Occupancy

Extra hazard Occupancy

20 square meters

10 square meters

Special Installation RequirementsAt least one fire department connection on each frontageA master alarm system valve control for all water supplies other than fire department connectionsSpecial fire walls between protected areasSloping water proof floors with drains or scupper to carry away waste water

Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Plumbing Fixtures

Definition:Receptacles which are used to provide, receive and discharge water, liquid and water-carried wastes into a drainage system with which they are connected to

Classifications:Soil Scullery Bathing

Water ClosetsUrinalsSlop Sinks

Kitchen SinksLaundry Tubs

LavatoriesBathtubsShower BathsBidetsJacuzzisFoot/Sitz TubShower ReceptorsFloor drainsShower Compartments

Bar Sinks

Soil Fixtures

Types:According to Type of Flushing

Flush Tank water closetsDirect Flush Valve (DFV) water closets

WATER CLOSETS

-Flushing action can be obtained directly from a flush valve connected into the bowl

Setting:Water closet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 mWater closet center to WC center: minimum of 0.75 m

According to Flush Tank TypesIntegral Flush TankClose Coupled Flush TankLow Flush TankHigh Flush Tank

Soil Fixtures

According to MountingFloor MountedWall Hung

According to Flushing Action

- Flushes through a simple wash down action

Wash Down

- Discharges waste into a trapway located at the front of the bowl- Has a bulge on the front- Has a small amount of standing water

- Cost less but is least efficient and noisiest

Wash down

Soil Fixtures

- Has a larger trapway making it less likely to clog

Siphon Jet

- Quieter flushing action- Retains a large amount of standing water

- Flushes through a siphon action created in the trapway

Reverse Trap

Soil Fixtures

Direct Flush Valve - flushing action is obtained directly from a flush valve connected into the bowl

- Less noisy and very efficient

Siphon Vortex

- Flushing action is started by a whirlpool motion followed by a complete flush down

- Retains a large amount of standing water

Soil Fixtures

Soil Fixtures

Soil Fixtures

OCCUPANCY MIN. WC KIND & NO. OF USERSDwelling or Apartment 1 family

Elementary Schools 121

for 1-20 personsFor 21-50 personsper additional 50 persons

Assembly Places(Theaters and Auditoriums- for public use)

12334812

per 1-100 malesper 101-200 malesper 201-400 malesper 1-50 femalesper 51-100 femalesper 101-200 femalesper additional 500 males over 400per additional 300 females over 400

Dormitories 111

per 10 malesper 8 femalesper additional 25 males, 20 females

Industrial 123451

per 1 - 10 personsfor 11 - 25 personsfor 26 - 50 personsfor 51 - 75 personsfor 76 - 100 personsper additional 30 persons in excess of 100

Minimum Requirements for Water Closets

Soil Fixtures

Types:Wall Hung

URINALS

Pedestal

Through

Stall

Soil Fixtures

Setting:Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.30 mUrinal center to urinal center: minimum of 0.60 m

Flushing:Flushing trough urinals shall be done through automatic flushing tanks. (NPC 408.1)

Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging a predetermined quantity of water. No manually controlled flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals. (NPC 408.2)

Soil Fixtures

OCCUPANCY MIN. # KIND & NO. OF USERSSchools:

ElementarySecondary

11

per 75 malesper 35 males

Office or Public Building 12341

per 1-100 malesper 101-200 malesper 201-400 malesper 401-600 malesFor each additional 300 males

Assembly Places( Theaters and auditoriums)- for public use)

12341

per 1-100 malesper 101-200 malesper 201-400 malesper 401-600 malesFor each additional 500 males

Dormitories 11

Per 25 malesper 50 males in excess of 150

Industrial and Commercial 0 0

Minimum Requirements for Urinals

Scullery Fixtures

KITCHEN SINKSMaterials:Cast Iron EnamelFormed Steel Coated with Porcelain EnamelStainless Steel

Configurations:Single, Double or Triple WellShallow or Deep Well

LAUNDRY TUBS

Materials:Cement or Cement with TilesPorcelain

Scullery Fixtures

BAR SINKS

SLOP SINKS

Where janitors clean & leave their mops

LAVATORIES

Types:PedestalPullman or Counter(self-rimming, flush, undercounter)

Wall HungThrough

Bathing Fixtures

BATHTUBS

with removable panel of sufficient dimension to access pump

WHIRLPOOLBATHS

circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of the trappump and circulation piping shall be self draining

SHOWER BATHSMetal enclosure containingshower head, valves and faucets

Bathing Fixtures

BIDETS

JACUZZISLuxury type bathtubs

Setting:Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m

Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of 0.75 m

Bathing Fixtures

FLOOR DRAINS

With approved-type hinged strainer plate having the sum of the areas of the small holes of the waterway equal to the cross-sectional area of the tailpiece

Provided with integrally cast water stop outside flange around the body at mid depth and with an inside caulk outlet to provide a watertight joint in the floor

SHOWER RECEPTORS

Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% slope or more than 4% slope.

Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum 559 mm wide door.

For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be eliminated.

Bathing Fixtures

SHOWERCOMPARTMENTS

Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.6 sqm and shall be capable of encompassing a 762 mm diameter circle.

This area shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain to a height of 1.78 m with no protrusions other than the fixture valve, shower head and safety grab rails.

Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more than 4.9 m apart.

SANITARY DRAINAGESYSTEM

Sanitary Piping Layout

The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the house sewer or the terminating point of the Sanitary system

Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and vents, should be located strategically so as to ensure efficiency

General Rules in designing the Sanitary system:

Waste Collection System

2 Subsystems of the Sanitary System:

Ventilation System

used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.

Vent Pipe

a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.

Trap

the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings extending through one or more stories and extended thru the roof.

Stack

Essential Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System

any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.

Branch

conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.

Waste Pipe

Essential Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System

House/Building Sewer

House/Building Drain

extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site.

part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building.

Principles of Waste & Soil(EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in

Horizontal to Horizontal change in directionuse 45° wye branches combination wye – 1/8 bend branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep

Vertical to Horizontal change in direction45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep

CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES

Principles of Waste & Soil(EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in

Horizontal to vertical change in direction

use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination wye -1/8 bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweeps.

No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross)

Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes larger than the largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm dia.)

Sanitary Drainage Lines

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT OF SIZES OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES

The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend on the amount of waste it carries.

A lavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3 liters/min (7.5 gallons per min or 1 cu ft per min), which is equivalent to the Fixture Unit (F.U.)

For a continuous flow into a drainage system, such as from sump pump or ejector, air conditioning equipment or similar devices, two (2) fixture units shall be allowed for every 0.063 L/s of flow.

The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based on the size of required trap.


ITEM NO. PIPE SIZE FIXTURE UNIT

Maximum Trap Loading

1 32 mm 1

2 38 mm 3

3 51 mm 4

4 76 mm 6

5 102 mm 8

Exception: On self-service laundries.

ITEM NO. LITERS/SEC (GPM) FIXTURE UNIT

Discharge Capacity

1 Up to 0.47 L/s (Up to 7.5 gpm) 1

2 0.50 to 0.95 (8 to 15 gpm) 2

3 1 to 1.89 (16 to 30 gpm) 4

4 1.95 to 3.15 (31 to 50 gpm) 6

Notes:1.Capacity over 3.15 L/s shall be determined by the Administrative Authority.2.For a continuous flow into a drainage system, such as from sump pump or ejector, air-conditioning equipment or similar devices, two (2) fixture units shall be allowed for every 0.063 L/s of flow.3.1 gpm = 0.063 L/s


Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2% or 20mm/m (¼” per foot).

Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building plans, pipes 102 mm dia or larger may have a slope of not less than 1% or 10mm/m, approved by the Administrative Authority

MINIMUM SLOPE OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES

Traps & Interceptors

Types of Permissible Traps:The Common P-Trap

Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, & urinals

Materials commonly used for the P-trap: nickel, chrome plated brass,Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.

The Deep Seal P-Trap

Water seal is about twice the size ofThe common P-trap


The Running Trap

Used within the line of house drain

The Stand Trap

Used for fixtures such as slop sinksThat are usually built low in the ground, leaving very little space for a foundation & a trap

Serves as a water seal & structural support for the fixture


Types of Permissible Traps:The Drum Trap

Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)

Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water (bathtubs, shower or floor drains)


Types of Prohibited Traps:Traps with movable parts or concealed interior partitions

The S-Trap

Predecessor of P-traps

No fixtures shall be double-trapped

Used when not all traps had to connect to ventilation systems

Traps REQUIRED

Each plumbing fixture, excepting those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap.

REQUIREMENTS:

Not more than one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the vent)

One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment sinks or laundry tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the same room, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75 m apart.


SIZE OF TRAPS:

The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is connected.

Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative Authority for special conditions.


Minimum sizes of traps for common plumbing fixtures

ITEMNO.

FIXTURETRAP & TRAP

ARM SIZE

DRAINAGEFIXTUREUNITS

1 Bathtubs 38 mm 2

2 Bidets 38 mm 2

3 Floor Drains 51 mm 2

4 Shower, single stall 51 mm 2

5 Sink (residential) 38 mm 2

6 Urinal, wall mounted, integral trap 51 mm 3

7 Wash Basin (single) 32 mm 1

8 Water Closet (private installation) 76 mm 4

9 Water Closet (public installation) 76 mm 6


INSTALLATION OF TRAPS:The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.

The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.

Note: In no case shall the trap distance be less than 2 times the diameter of the trap arm.

TRAP ARMDIAMETER

DISTANCETO VENT

Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms

32 mm 0.76 m

38 mm 1.07 m

51 mm 1.52 m

76 mm 1.83 m

102 mm & larger 3.05 m

For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.


INDUSTRIAL INTERCEPTORS (CLARIFIERS) & SEPARATORS:Interceptors (a device designed and installed to separate and retain deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matters from normal wastes and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the disposal terminal by gravity) shall have a water seal of not less than 152 mm deep.

Each interceptor shall be properly vented.

Slaughterhouses, packing establishments, and any establishment which discharges wastewater with considerable amount of grease, hairs, feathers , etc. shall drain through a screening device and thence into a grease interceptor.


Auto wash racks and/or floor or slabs used for cleaning machinery or machine parts shall be adequately protected against storm or surface water and shall drain into an interceptor which will separate oil and grease before the effluent reaches the public stream.

Clean-outs

Clean-outs REQUIRED

at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line

at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total developed length

at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction thereof

additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°

inside the building near the connection between the building drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.

REQUIREMENTS:

Clean-outs

Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED

on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is serving sinks or urinals.

on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)

Clean-outs

SIZE OF CLEAN-OUTS:Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size of pipe served

SIZE OFPIPE

SIZE OFCLEANOUT

THREADSPER 25.4MM

Clean-Out Size

38 mm 38 mm 11-1/2

51 mm 38 mm 11-1/2

64 mm 64 mm 8

76 mm 64 mm 8

102 mm & larger 89 mm 8

Clean-outs

INSTALLATION OF CLEAN-OUTS:

Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the direction of flow or at right angles to the direction of flow except in the case of a wye branch.

Each 90° clean-out extension shall be constructed from a wye fitting or an approved fitting of equivalent sweep.

Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance of not less than 305 mm; those 51 mm or more shall have a front clearance of 450 mm.

Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be extended to or above finish floor or shall be extended outside the building when there is less than 450 mm vertical clearance or 750 horizontal clearance to the means of access.

No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be located more than 6.1 m from an access door, trap door or crawl hole.

Vents & Venting System

Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system

Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.

VENTILATION


Main Soil & Waste Vent

the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitarysystemConnected to the Main Soil & WasteStackThe portion where waste does not travel throughContinues to the roof; the portionpenetrating the roof is called the Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)

Main Types: VENTS


Main Ventthe principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches are connected.

serves as support to the Main Soil &Waste Vent

a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’


Individual Vent or Back Vent

a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, thatconnects with the vent system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air.

Vents & Venting SystemOther Types:

Unit, Common or Dual Vent

an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe sill serve two (2) traps.


Relief Vent

a vertical vent line that providesadditional circulation of air between the drainage and vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a specially designed system such as a “yoke vent” connection between the soil and vent stacks.


Yoke or By-pass Vent

a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor and higher than the highest spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the stacks.


Circuit Vent

a group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme (highest) fixture connection on a horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.

a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’

Serves a battery of fixtures

Vents & Venting SystemLooped Vent

a vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe branch at a point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a horizontal line above the highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected there

Used in spaces without partitions


Wet Vent

that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also flows through.


Local Vent

a pipe or shaft to convey foul airfrom a plumbing fixture or a roomto the outer air.

Dry Vent

a vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes.


Vent Stack

the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system. The uppermost end above the roof is called Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).

Stack Vent

the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.


Vents REQUIRED

Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-pressure through venting.

Vents NOT REQUIRED

on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly tapped and vented.

Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into a floor sink or other approved type receptor.

REQUIREMENTS:


SIZE OF VENTS:The sizes of vent piping shall be determined from its length and the total number of fixture units connected thereto.

The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32 mm (1-1/4”) nor less in size than one-half (1/2) the diameter of the drain to which it is connected.

Installation of Vents

GRADES & CONNECTIONSAll horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or sags & shall be graded and connected to drip back by gravity to the drainage pipe it serves.

Each vent shall rise vertically 152 mm above the highest level rim of the fixtures served before offsetting horizontally.

All vent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the roof or shall be reconnected to the soil or waste stack vent at a point below the roof. The “vent stack through roof” (VSTR) shall be increased one (1) pipe size above the connection between the stack vent and the horizontal vent.

Two (2) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be served by a common vertical vent pipe connected to an approved double branch fitting.


VENT TERMINATION

VSTR shall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm above the roof nor less than 300 mm from any vertical surface nearby.

Each vent opening shall terminate:Not less than 3.00 m from any openable window;Not less than 0.90 m above any openable window;Not less than 0.90 m away from any lot line, alley and street boundary lines.

Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3.00 m distant from any part of the roof that is used for human activities and shall extend not less than 2.10 m above such roof.


VENT STACK & RELIEF VENTS

Each soil or waste stack extending ten (10) or more storeys above the building drain shall be served by a parallel vent stack which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper terminal at the roof and connect to the soil or waste stack at ground level and at every fifth floor levels with a “yoke vent” at a point below the horizontal soil or waste branch connection to the stack and at the nearby vent stack above the same floor to provide a relief vent.

The yoke vent connection at the vent stack shall be placed 1.0 m above the floor level and, by means of a wye branch at the soil stack, shall be placed below the fixture branch serving that floor.

The size of yoke vent shall be not less in diameter than either the soil stack or the vent stack, whichever is smaller.


SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS:Trap Seal Loss

Retardation of flow

Deterioration of the Materials

- Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system due to inadequate ventilation of traps- Attributed to the following conditions: Siphonage

Back PressureEvaporationCapillary ActionWind Effects

- Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity

INDIRECT WASTE PIPING, WET-VENTED SYSTEMS & SPECIAL WASTES

Indirect Waste Pipe – is a pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.

GREASE TRAPS:For establishments like restaurants, cafes, lunch counters, cafeterias, bars and clubs, hotel, hospital, sanitarium, factory or school kitchens. A grease trap is not required for individual dwelling units.

No grease trap shall be installed for a facility that has an approved rate of flow of more than 3.4 liters per second (54.26 gpm) nor less than 1.3 L/s (20.74 gpm).

House Drain Appliances

Each grease trap shall have an approved water seal of not less than 51 mm in depth or the diameter of its outlet, whichever is greater.

No food waste disposal unit shall discharge into a grease interceptor or grease trap.

HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES:


Earth Cooled Grease Trap

GREASE TRAPS:

2 Main Types

Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the drainage or sewer system in quantities that can effect line stoppage or hinder sewage treatment or private sewage disposal.

Mechanical Grease Trap


Operating Principles (separation of grease from water): grease suspended in waste floats to the surface

Earth cooled Grease Trap Mechanical Grease Trap


TOTAL # OFFIXTURES

CONNECTED

REQUIREDRATE OF

FLOW

GREASERETENTIONCAPACITY

Grease Trap Capacity

1 76 L/ min. 18 Kg

2 95 L/ min. 23 Kg

3 132 L/ min. 32 Kg

4 189 L/ min. 45 Kg


HOUSE TRAPS:Placed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wallof the building

Drain Tiles:Used to prevent groundwater from seeping through thebasement walls & foundationHollow tiles are placed around the perimeter of the foundation where water is collected; drain tiles are connected to the houseDrain or sump pit


Garage Traps:a.k.a. garage catch basin

Operating Principles: trap is filled with water & located at theLowest point of the garage so it can collect all wastes.


Back Flow Valves:Used in house drain to prevent the unlikely occurrence of back flowsSimilar to check valves


The Sewage Ejectors:Pumps the wastes up form the sump pit to the sewers (whichare usually higher than basement levels)

Private Sewage Disposal Systems

SEPTIC TANKSDefinition:

A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed

to receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer,

separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and

store digested solids through a period of detention, and

allow the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal

SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water and settle at the bottom of the septic tank

SCUM- lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the water

EFFLUENT- liquid content of sewage

DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process; where used water and water-carried wastes are brought to various disposal outlets


Bacteria in septic tankto encourage decomposition:

Aerobic bacteria- relies on oxygen to survive

Anaerobic bacteria- can survive in places without oxygen



SINGLE CHAMBER SEPTIC TANK:


should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural calculations, and such other pertinent data as needed.

DESIGN CRITERIA:

PLANS:

shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent of acceptable standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge and scum accumulations.

QUALITY OF DESIGN:

constructed of durable materials, not subject to excessive corrosion or decay, shall be watertight.

MATERIALS:

Material: cement (usually) or pre-fabricated cast iron


have a minimum of 2 compartments:First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity; shall be at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity

COMPARTMENTS:

In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.

with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension; one over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required over the baffle wall.

MANHOLES:

maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible from the manhole


Inlet and Outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer pipe

SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR VERTICAL LEGS:

Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.

Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the water surface

LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET:

Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm above the invert of the outlet pipe.

equal to the cross sectional area of the house sewer.

VENT DIAMETER:


Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.

AIR SPACE:

Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back vent openings.

PARTITION (between compartments):

An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in no case less than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed in the inlet compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of the fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles are prohibited.

Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 14.4 kPa

STRUCTURE:


The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various building occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater.

CAPACITY:

The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall also be limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage field.

Should not be located underneath the house

LOCATION:

At least 15 meters from the water distribution system

SEWERS CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS:

Combination Public Sewers

Storm Sewers

Oldest varietyCarries both storm & sanitary wastes

Carries only rainwater collected from the storm drain or from the streets

Terminates at natural drainage areas (i.e. lakes, rivers, and water reservoirs)

Require manholes to serve as clean-outs and to make sewers accessible for inspection and repair built at depth of about 2 to 3 meters; diameter ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 meters

Sanitary Sewers

Carries regular sanitary wastes onlyTerminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for treatmentBuilt at a depth of 3 meters

Termination points of individual units or structures

2 TYPES OF SANITARY SEWERS:Tributary Sewers

Usually round shaped, with diameters between 0.60 to 1.2 metersMade of vitrified clay or cement pipes; often installed by the curb line, before the street

SEWERS

a.k.a. ‘collecting sewers’

Intercepting Sewers

Termination points of tributary sewersPlaced much lower in the ground, from 4 to 30 meters in depthVaries in shape but have a diameter or effective opening ranging from 0.60 to 3 meters

Sloped at an angle of 1:50 or 2%Lifting stations are placed at certain intervals and pumps or sewage ejectors are used to lift the waste; sewers terminate at the disposal plant

SEWERS

Sewers REQUIRED

Drainage pipes of all buildings shall be connected to the public sewer. When not available, they shall be connected to an approved private sewage disposal system.

REQUIREMENTS:

Public sewer may be considered as not being available if it is more than 61 meters from any proposed building or exterior drainage facility.

Exception: Single family dwellings with an existing private sewage disposal system may not be connected to a new public sewer when no hazard, nuisance or unsanitary condition is evident and when there is no sufficient grade or fall existing to permit proper drainage flow by gravity to the public sewer.

SEWERS

It is unlawful to discharge any ashes, cinders, solids, rags, flammable, poisonous, explosive liquids or gases, oils, grease, and other things whatsoever which would cause damage to the public sewer or private disposal system.

DAMAGE TO PUBLIC SEWER OR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

No rain, surface or subsurface waters shall discharge into any excreta drainage system.

No cesspool and septic tank effluents, seepage pit or under drain system shall be connected to the excreta building sewer leading to a public sewer main.

No commercial food waste grinder shall be connected to a private or public sewage disposal system.

SEWERS

SIZE OF SEWER:The minimum size of any building sewer shall be determined on the basis of the total number of fixture units drained by such sewer. No building sewer shall be smaller than 150 mm diameter nor less in size than the building drain.

SEWERS

INSTALLATION OF SEWER:

Building sewers shall be run in practical alignment at a uniform slope of not less than 2% or 21 mm/m toward the point of disposal.

Exception: When impractical due to depth of street sewer, structural features or to adverse arrangement of building, to obtain a slope of 2%, sewers 102 mm and 152 mm in dia may have a slope of not less than 1% (10.5 mm/m) and those 203 mm dia and larger may have a slope of not less than 0.5% (5.3 mm/m)

SEWERS

Location of building sewer in relation to other services is shown below. 0.60 m from any building or structure15.2 m from water supply wells15.2 m from streams0.30 m from domestic supply pipes0.30 m from public water main

No building sewer shall be installed less than 0.6 meter from the outer face of any building foundation, nor less than 0.3 meter below the finish surface of the ground.

SEWERS

the water pipe is placed on a solid shelf excavated at one side of the common trench with a minimum horizontal distance of at least 0.3 m from the sewer or drain pipe (NPC 1208.1.2).

Water pipes crossing sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which are not approved for use within a building shall be laid a minimum of 0.3 m clear above the sewer or drain pipe. Water pipe joint shall be installed not less than 3 meters away from sewer line in both directions.

the bottom of the water pipe is 0.3 meter above the top of the sewer or drainage pipe (NPC 1208.1.1),

Building sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which are not approved for use within a building shall not be laid in the same trench as water pipes unless (NPC 1208.1);

SEWERS


dependent on the required septic tank capacity or estimated sewage flow rate, whichever is greater, and;the type of soil found in the excavation.

DISPOSAL FIELDSDESIGN CRITERIA:

AREA:

No excavation for leach bed shall extend within 1.5 m of the water table.

DISTANCE FROM WATER TABLE:

WITH SEEPAGE PIT:

Filter material in the trenches shall terminate 1.5 m from pit excavation and the pipe extending from such points to the seepage pit shall be watertight.


based on the quantity of liquid waste and on the character and porosity of the surrounding soil.

SEEPAGE PITSDESIGN CRITERIA:

CAPACITY:

calculated as the excavated side wall area below the inlet.

MINIMUM EFFECTIVE ABSORPTION AREA:

served through a distribution box or shall be connected in series by means of a watertight connection. The outlet shall have a vented leg fitting extending 304.8 mm below the inlet fitting.

MULTIPLE SEEPAGE PITS:


Circular in shape with excavated diameter of not less than 2.2 m and to be lined with clay or concrete brick.

SIZE OF SEEPAGE PIT:

Brick lining shall have a minimum compressive strength of 17225 kPa.

STRENGTH:


CESSPOOLS


Temporary expedient pending the construction of a public sewer, so long as it is established that a public sewer will be available in less than 2 years and the soil and ground water conditions are favorable;

DESIGN CRITERIA:

TEMPORARY PERMITS:

As an overflow facility when installed in conjunction with an existing cesspool;

As a means of sewage disposal for limited, minor, or temporary uses.


When liquid wastes containing excessive amounts of grease, garbage, flammable wastes, sand, or other ingredients which may affect the operation of a private sewage disposal system, an interceptor for such waste shall be installed.

COMMERCIAL / INDUSTRIALSPECIAL LIQUID WASTE

DISPOSALDESIGN CRITERIA:

REQUIREMENTS:

Waste from interceptors may be discharged to a septic tank or other primary system or into a separate disposal system.

DISPOSAL:


GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

Location of Sewage Disposal System

MIN. HORIZONTALDISTANCE IN CLEAR

REQUIRED FROM

BLDGSEWER

DISPOSALFIELD

SEEPAGEPIT OR

CESSPOOL

SEPTICTANK

1 Buildings or structures*

0.6 m 1.5 m 2.4 m 2.4 m

2 Property lineAdjoining privateProperty

Clear** 1.5 m 1.5 m 2.4 m

3 Water supply wells

15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m 45.7 m

4 Streams 15.2 m 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m

5 Trees - 3 m - 3 m


GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

Location of Sewage Disposal System

MIN. HORIZONTALDISTANCE IN CLEAR

REQUIRED FROM

BLDGSEWER

DISPOSALFIELD

SEEPAGEPIT OR

CESSPOOL

SEPTICTANK

6 Seepage pits orCesspools

- 1.5 m 1.5 m 3.7 m

7 Disposal field 1.5 m 1.2 m 1.5 m

8 On site domesticWater service line

0.3 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

9 Pressure publicWater main

3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m

Sewage Treatment Plan (STP)

An aeration system within the tank;Some features of STP:

A submersible mixer to mix the waste;A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying;A decanter;Blowers;A fully electronic control system, etc.

Water Recycling

Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must pass through

The Activated Sludge Process

2 Most Common Types of Municipal Sewage Treatment

First Phase- gets rid of heavy materials with the use of three different filter houses

Second Phase- clarifies the effluent

Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts it to fertilizers

Produces water with 99-99.5% purity

Water Recycling

The Activated Sludge Process

1. Grit Chamber 2. Coarse screen house

3. Fine screen house

4. incinerator

5. Activated sludge tank

6. Aeratingbasin

8. Power House 7. Clarifier outlet

9. Drier house

12. warehouse

10. Liquidextractor

house

11. Chemical house

13. Vacuumpowerhouse

Raw sewage inlet

Water Recycling

a.k.a ‘Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System’

The Trickling Filter Process

Requires less mechanical elements and less stages

Produces water with 95% purity

Requires a large ground area for its building

STORM DRAINAGESYSTEM

Rainwater Pipes

Rainwater piping shall not be used as soil, waste and vent pipes.Downspout and gutter sizes are based upon the maximum depth of rainfall per hour falling upon a given roof area in square meters. Normally a 102 mm/hr rainfall intensity is used around Metro Manila.

Gutter sizes are also dependent on the slope of the horizontal pipe.

DOWNSPOUTS OR CONDUCTOR PIPES, GUTTERS

Round, square (sized to enclose its equivalent round pipe) or rectangular (shall have at least the same cross-sectional area as its equivalent round pipe,

except that the ratio of its side dimensions shall not exceed 3 to 1) rainwater pipes may be used for downspouts.

Downspouts for high-rise buildings shall be of stronger pipe materials to resist the high hydrostatic pressure, they shall be installed within a pipe chase, and have no intermediate branch from the roof to the ground level.

Rainwater Pipes

ROOF DRAINSRoof drains shall be equipped with dome-type strainers extending 102 mm above the surface of the roof surface. With a minimum total net inlet area of 1 – ½ times the area of the outlet pipe to which it is connected.

Roof deck strainers shall be approved flat-surface type, with a total net inlet area not less than 2 times the area of the outlet pipe to which the drain is connected.

Roof drains passing through building interiors shall be made watertight by the use of C.I. drain with integrally-cast waterstop ring around the outside of the body and placed at mid-depth of the concrete roof slab and the installation of a clamped suitable flashing material around the drain.

In all cases the outlet connections are inside-caulk or female screwed.

Storm Water System

The Independent System

a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’

3 Major Systems ofCollecting Storm Water:

Brings collected water directly to the water reservoirs

Storm Water System

The Combined System

Combines storm water with sanitary wastes

Storm Water System

The Natural System

Without using any roof gutters or downspouts

Also when rainwater are collected in cisterns

Storm Water System

The Gutter

Roofing Elements toCollect Rainwater:

The Downspout

Usually located along the entire perimeter of the roof

Located every 8 to 10 meters & at every corner of the roof (but, to avoid clogging of pipes, it is best to locate them every 4 to 6 m)

Storm Water System

The Strainer or Roof Drain

Used to prevent clogging of pipes

The Shoe

Storm Water System

The Storm LineConnects to each catch basin

The Catch Basin

Downspouts should terminate in a catch basin (can serve more than one downspout)Delivers water to the sewers in the street via gravity

PIPES and FITTINGS

Cast Iron Soil Pipe

2 Types:

Most popular and generally specified material for drainage installation.

Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)

SV type - generally used; for building installations

XV type - extra duty; for underground installations

Acid Resistant Cast Iron PipeMade of an alloy of cast iron and siliconInstalled where acid wastes are being dischargedBrittle

Commercial length: 600 cm

Diameters: 50-150mm

HUBSPIGOT

Pipes & Fittings

4 Varieties:Standard Pipe Single Hub Pipe

Double Hub Pipe Hubless Pipe

Pipes & Fittings

Joints:

Asbestos PipeMade of an asbestos fibers and portland cementUsed as soil, waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts

Grouted and firmly packed with oakum or old hempRope soaked in tar with pure lead or cement mortar (not less than 25mm deep well calked)Cement mortar (in place of mineral lead) for chimneys

Bituminous Fiber Sewer PipecheapestLight in weight, slightly flexible and could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joints

may be softened/damaged by excessive hot water or chemical flow

Pipes & Fittings

Vitrified Clay PipeOne of the oldest materials used for sewer linesHighly resistant to most acids

Brittle

Lead PipeHighly resistant to acidPoisonous and injurious, is therefore not recommended to convey water for human consumption

Galvanized Wrought Iron PipeBetter then steel pipe for plumbing installationResistant to acid waste

Pipes & Fittings

Copper PipeDurable and extremely corrosive resistantEasy to install

K type- heaviest; for underground

L type- lighter; in both rigid and flexible form; for residential water supply line and radiant heating installations

Classification:

M type- thinnest; in rigid form; for small water supply lines and radiant heating installations

Smooth interior surface

Brass PipeMost expensiveMade of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%)

Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface

Pipes & Fittings

Plastic or Synthetic PipeDeveloped in Germany in 1935

2 Types:Rigid type

Flexible type

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)Polypropylene (PP)Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)

The Polyethylene (PE)- coil form; 30 m longThe Polybutylene (PB)- coil form; 30 m – 150 m long

Most are produced from synthetic resins

Pipes & Fittings

Considerations in choosing materials:

Quality and durability.

Resistance to external and internal contact with foreign matters.

Resistance to acid waste and other chemical elements that will pass into it.

Cost of materials and labor.

Pipes & Fittings

Pipes & FittingsTypes of Fittings:

COUPLING/SOCKET

EXTENSIONPIECE/NIPPLE

REDUCER

MALEADAPTOR

FEMALEADAPTOR

45°STREETELBOW

REDUCINGELBOW

90°STREETELBOW

Pipes & Fittings

TEE

REDUCINGTEE

CAP

CROSS

PLUG

UNION

DOUBLEHUB

Pipes & FittingsOther water Service Fittings & Devices:

CORPORATIONSTOP

CURBSTOP

METERSTOP

CURBSTOPBOX

WATERMETER

Sanitary Fittings

Pipes & Fittings

Pipes & Fittings

Working Drawings

Piping Symbols for Plumbing:

DRAIN OR WASTE ABOVE GROUND

DRAIN OR WASTE BELOW GROUND

VENT

SD STORM DRAIN

COLD WATER

SW SOFT COLD WATER

HOT WATER

S SPRINKLER MAIN

SPRINKLER BRANCH AND HEAD

Working Drawings

GASG G

COMPRESSED AIRA

VACUUMV

SEWER – CAST IRONS - CI

SEWER – CLAY TILES - CT

SEWER – PLASTIC S - P

Working Drawings

Plumbing Abbreviations:

ABBR.ITEM

Cast IronCenterlineCleanout

CICLCO

Cold WaterCopperDishwasher

CWCOP.DW

Floor DrainGalvanized IronHose Bib

FDGAL. IHB

ABBR.ITEM

Hot WaterLaundry TrayLavatory

HWLTLAV.

Medicine CabinetPlasticPlumbing

MCPLAS.PLBG.

Water ClosetWater HeaterWater Softener

WCWHWS

Working DrawingsPipe & Fitting Symbols:

Working Drawings

Working Drawings

Working Drawings

FUEL GAS PIPINGSYSTEM

LP Gas‘Liquefied Petroleum Gas’ saturated hydrocarbons found in petroleum (i.e. butane, propane, isobutane, etc.)

CYLINDER- where gas is stored

PIGTAIL- where high pressure vapor flows through when cylinder valve is opened

a.k.a. ‘Bottled Gas’

Typical LP Gas service installation:

REGULATOR-reduces the high pressure -of gas to the proper operating gas pressure ofthe appliance

for Home, Commercial and Industrial Use

LP GasSafety Precautions for installation of LP Gas

Cylinders & Gas Appliances:

Location of Cylinders

Install out of doors or in a building or section of a building having good floor and ceiling level ventilation directly to the open; (outdoors) in areas with no (combustible materials) vegetation (i.e. Grass, weeds) waste paper, garbage, etc. within 19 feet of a cylinder

Locate in a place where it is accessible to LP Gas deliverymen

Install on a firm, dry, level foundation (cement or cement blocks) to prevent damage to the bottom ring from soil corrosionDo not place below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft. distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings leading to cellars & other depressions (where gas might accumulate)

LP GasLocate in a place safe from accidental damage from vehicles & tampering by children or unauthorized persons; should be protected by cylinder hoods (if located in driveways or alleys)

Use in the upright position, with the valves uppermost.

Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of heat

When cylinders are being connected/disconnected there should be no open flame or similar source of ignition in the vicinityClose the cylinder valves before disconnecting

Replace cylinder cap when the cylinder is disconnected to protect the cylinder valve in transit and prevent the cylinder valve from being used as a handle

LP GasSafety Precautions for installation of LP Gas

Cylinders & Gas Appliances:

Pressure Regulators & Other Service Equipment

Pressure regulators, copper tube pigtails, throw-over- valves and manifolds which are connected to the cylinders should be rigidly supported

The vent in the regulator should be facing downward (to prevent entry of rain)

All safety valve outlets in the service equipment should be vented to the open air & not choked with dust or other foreign matter

LP Gas

Gas Piping & Shut-Off Valves

Piping should be adequately supported to the well, beyond the reach of people passing by.

When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints should be allowed at these places to minimize danger of leaks.

Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.

Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood, paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used.

Suitable gas line shut-off valve should be fitted for every appliance.

Both ends of the connection to portable appliances should be securely attached by means of clips. Hose should be of a type resistant to LP gas.

LP Gas

Location of Appliance

The location of the gas appliance in the kitchen should be decided before the piping is laid out. Appliances should be set where conditions for ventilations and air circulation are met.

A permanent and adequate air supply should be provided for the appliance. This source of air for combustion and ventilation should not be subject to accidental interruption or curtailment.

Appliance should be installed in a way to allow ease of repair and adjustment of appliance burners and parts

A water heater should be installed in a place with adequate ventilation and with a sufficient clearance between ceiling and top of heater.

LP Gas

Testing for Leaks

Before any system of gas piping is finally put into service, it should be carefully tested to ensure that it is gastight. Where any part of the system is to be enclosed or concealed, this test should precede the work of closing in.

Matches, candles, or other sources of ignition should not be used to check for gas leakage. The position of a leak may be detected by using soap solution.

Leaking or otherwise defective pipes or fittings should be replaced. No attempt should be made to affect temporary repair.

Inspection & Test

Water Testing:

Air Pressure Testing:

Testing of water supply piping is conducted by closing all outlets & filling the system with water from the main to locate leaks and other potential problems

Used in detecting leaks by filling the piping system with compressed air (use of soap suds in locating escaping air)

Joints & Connections

Types of Joints:

Caulked JointsFor bell-and-spigot cast iron soil pipe & other similar joints

engagement length

Face to facedistance

Tightness:Perform Pressure Test on joints and connections of pipes& fittings to ensure gastight & watertight connections.

Joints & ConnectionsCalking:Align pipes

Packing Oakum- Wrap an oakum or hemp around the spigot Neck; Drive the oakum into the bottom of the hub using a yarning iron; compress firmly (make a 20-25mm clearance from top of bell)

Ladle Lead- Seal joint with lead (3mm above bell)

Packing with Calking Iron


Threaded JointsFor iron pipe size (IPS), pipe and fittings shall be standard taper pipethreads

Threads on plastic pipe shall be factory cut or molded

Lubricate clean-out plugs & caps with water-soluble, non-hardening material

Considerations:Direct Connections

Measuring and CuttingThreading OperationsSizing of the Pipes

The manner of planning and layouting of pipes;Short and direct installations of pipelines (if possible)


Solder & Sweat Joints

For joints in copper tubing

Solders and fluxes with lead content which exceeds 0.002 are prohibited in piping systems used to convey potable water

Soldering of joints:Clean pipe with emery cloth (or fine sand paper)

Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste

Heat the fitting with a propane torch

Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste

Wrap soldered joint with wet rags


Wiped Joints Joints in lead pipe or fittings; between lead pipe or fittings & brass or copper pipe, ferrules, solder nipples or traps

Joints between lead pipe & cast iron, steel or wrought iron pipe shall be made by means of a caulking ferruleor soldering nipple

Flared JointsFor soft copper, water tubing shall beexpanded with a proper flaring tool

Cement MortarJoints

Prohibited on new building sewers


Asbestos Cement Sewer

Pipe Joints

Shall be a sleeve coupling of the samecomposition as the pipe or of otherapproved materials, and sealed with neoprene rubber rings or joined by anapproved type compression coupling


Copper WaterTube

joints shall be made by the use of approved brass fittings soldered, or by brass compression type fitting

Burned LeadJoints

Shall be lapped and the assembly shall be fused together to form a uniform weld at least as thick as the lead sheets being joined


Solvent CementPlastic Pipe

Joints

Shall comply with appropriate IAMPOinstallation standard

Method:Measure the face to face distance of the fittings

Cut with sharp knife/hacksaw/handsaw

Clean pipe end with Methyl Ethyl Keton (MEK)or AcetoneApply solvent cement to the shoulder fitting and butt-end of pipe

Insert pipe into the fitting

When bending plastic pipes, pack pipe with sandthen heat using flame torch or hot water, gradually applying pressure

Special Joints:

Copper TubingTo Screw Pipe

Joints

Joints shall be made by use of brassadaptor fittings

Joints shall be properly sweated orsoldered

Slip Joints Used in fixture traps (exposed for Maintenance) and drains

Expansion Joints

Used in soil & waste stack

Joints shall be free & accessible


Unions May be used in drainage work when accessibly located in the trap seal orBetween a fixture & its trap


Plastic PipeConnection to

Other Materials

Use only approved types of fittings &adapters designed for the specifictransition intended


Flanged Fixture Connections:Fixture connections between drainage pipes & water closets, floor outlet service sinks, pedestal urinals, and earthenware trap standards shall be by means of approved brass, hard lead, ABS, PVC, or iron flanges caulked, soldered, solvent cemented or screwed to the drainage pipe

Closet beds or stubs must be cut off square

Wall-mounted water closet fixtures shall be securely bolted to an approved carrier fitting;Gasket material shall be graphite-impregnated asbestos, felt, or similar approved types


Prohibited Joints & Connections:

For Drainage Systems– any fitting or connection which has an enlargement, chamber or recess with a ledge, shoulder or reduction of pipe area, that offers any obstructions to flow through the drain

An enlargement of 76 mm to 102 mm closet bend or stub shall be considered an obstruction

Hangers & Supports

Supporting Cast-iron Pipe:Supports shall be placed at every joint on horizontal runs unless distance between joints is less than 4 ft.

Use strap iron or special pipe hangers for this purpose

Hangers & SupportsVertical runs of cast-iron pipe can be attached to the building structure with wire staples, vertical pipe brackets or pie straps

Friction clamps should support the weight of cast-iron pipe at each floor level

Hangers & Supports

Masonry Anchors/Fasteners:Lag shields (made from lead) are commonly used to attach pipe hangers or fixtures to concrete or masonry

Hangers & SupportsCaulking anchors provide a fastener which is permanently attached to the concrete or masonry; it is internally threaded to accept machine screws and bolts

Hangers & Supports

Toggle Bolts are used when attaching pipes to hollow masonry units; with spring-operated wings

Hangers & Supports

Plastic Anchors can be installed in smaller holes

Documents

Final Plumbing 2