Final Manuscript (3rd Part Body)

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GRADUATE SCHOOL PAGE 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In human life, generation of waste is an inevitable end result. In unison

with the improvement of quality of the human life is the removal of that waste.

One of the consequences of the global urbanization is increasing volume of solid

waste. The rising urban population is generating solid waste at an ever-faster

rate, it was estimated that about 1.3 billion metric tons of municipal solid waste

was generated globally in 1990 (Beede & Bloom, 1995) and at present the yearly

production of solid waste in the world may be about 1.6 billion metric tons. A

considerable amount of money goes into managing such huge volume of solid

waste. Asian countries alone spent about US$25 billion on solid waste

management per year in the early 1990s; the figure is projected to rise to around

US$50 billion by 2025 (Hoornweg & Thomas, 1999). These figures testify that

solid waste management (SWM) has become a large, complex and costly service.

Cities in developed countries have financial resources and skills to adequately

handle the cost and complexity of SWM which may not be present in developing

countries. It is projected that the world population between 2000 and 2030 will


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be absorbed by urban areas in developing countries (U.N. 2004) and this will

pose big challenges in the Solid Waste Management System.

Solid Waste Management techniques were initially intended to get rid of

waste from the surrounding area of habitable zones in order to maintain public

health. After understanding the hazards of uncontrolled disposal, measures were

created and put into practice, essentially through sanitary land filling.

Reorientation in Solid Waste Management systems toward sustainability is now

a global thrust and Asian countries are deeply involved in this transition,

emphasizing sustainability and economic condition, A.V. Shekdar / Waste

Management 29 (2009).

In the Philippines, it is estimated that roughly 6,700 tons / day of waste is

being generated daily (The Garbage Book, ADB, 2004) of which only ten percent

is being recycled and composted, and ninety percent either hauled to the citys

dumpsite, dumped illegally in rivers, creeks, Manila Bay, or openly burned.

When the municipality of Navotas was converted into a city on June

2007, by R.A. 9003, there was a creation of an office for City Environment and

Natural Resource, whose main task is to look into the citys Solid Waste

Management. The office prepared a 10-year Solid Waste Management Plan in

compliance with R.A. 9003 The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000 and consistent with the National Solid Waste Management framework for

feasible re-use, recycling and composting of wastes.


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The national framework also mandates the city government to identify

the amount of landfill and transportation capacity for those solid wastes which

cannot be re-used, recycled, or composted.

The solid waste management plan of Navotas City identifies the Key

Performance Areas and respective indicators which are supposedly to be

regularly monitored and evaluated for corrective actions and revisions to the

original plan, if needed. The plan has been implemented since January 2008 and

still in place as originally conceptualized. With its 2 years in use, the researcher

will assess the extent of implementation as perceived by the different

stakeholders.

1.2 RESEARCH IMPLICATION

The City of Navotas and its populace are the essential beneficiaries of the

study. The residents of the aforementioned benefit from the information gained

and recommendations from the study. It will also substantiate viability of the

solid waste management plan being implemented by the city government.

The study can also be used by other areas of the government in

comparison to their solid waste management plan and find ideas suitable in

establishing, improving or evaluating their existing solid waste management

plan.


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The study bears constructive information which is ecologically aware,

cost-effective, practicable and workable to make better the present solid waste

management plan. It will be useful for the citys future studies, research and

evaluation on solid waste management system. The results of the study can be

useful in determining, generally the trends of the kind of wastes being produced

by the city in terms of its residential and industrial population and at the same

time are able to educate them in the goal to reduce and act in accordance with

the solid waste management system.

The goal of this study is to identify and be able to highlight the items in

the plan that needs improvement, amendment, deletion and integration, so that,

with todays technologies and advancement, objectives of the plan can be easily

attained.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The following research questions are introduced and presented

correspondingly:

1. What are the present Solid Waste Management Practices of the City with

regards to:

a.) Performance Objectives

b.) Monitoring and Evaluation

c.) Corrective Actions


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2. Are there significant differences on the perceived efficiency of waste

segregation when grouped to Barangays, then further clustered into a.)

Residential b.) Commercial c.) Institutional d.) Industrial?

3. What recommendations are forwarded by respondents to improve the

performance?

4. What can be reworked to improve the existing Solid Waste Management

Plan?

1.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The current condition in solid waste management of Navotas City in its

time frame is on its 2ndphase (Compliance to the Solid Waste Management Act)

transitioning to the 3rd

phase (Medium to Long Term Plan).

Since the start of the implementation of the plan, several factors need to

be considered if execution of the plan is being implemented properly to

determine its effectiveness. Taking into consideration the take-off from

collecting the garbage. The initial part of the system can be greatly affected

starting from its source. Figure 1. shows the flow of the solid waste management

system program.

The success of waste segregation at source and the proper disposal of

segregated waste is the backbone of the program. This will determine if the City


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can adhere to its self designed Solid Waste Management Plan at commencement

and give an affirmative outcome.

Figure 1. Solid Waste Management System Program

Source: 10-year SWM plan of Navotas City 2007

It is expected that the measurement or evaluation on the current Solid

Waste Management Plan of the City may come across areas that may need

improvement, adjustment or even total variation. The Plan, being introduced to

the existing system of the City may be dependent on the type of awareness the

community is familiar of. Although an extensive awareness program is being

provided by certain government agencies, it cannot guarantee the dissemination

Segregation at Source

Transportation:Dump truck equipment or

Pushcarts, Rolling Trash Bins orTrikes/Pedicabs

Materials Recovery andRecycling Facility

CompostingFacility20 25%

Residuals fromMRF and CF

Recyclables/Reusable:

glass, plastic, metal,paper, etc.

Compost

Sanitary Landfill


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of knowledge and information to the general public. Implementing agencies,

manpower, equipment, monetary allotment and the overall enforcement of the

CENRO on solid waste management are aspects on evaluation of the plan.

1.5 RESEARCH SIMULACRUM

R.A. 9003s guiding principle and targets for solid waste avoidance and

volume reduction are through source segregation and waste minimization

measures together with composting, recycling, re-use recovery and other

processes before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and

environmentally sound solid waste management facilities. In the conceptual

framework of RA 9003, it illustrates the roles of municipal government and the

barangay in implementing waste diversion. The barangays are required to

implement mandatory source segregation, establish materials recovery facility,

collect and process the recyclables and biodegradables. The recyclables are

further sorted in the MRF and sold to junkshops while the biodegradables are

processed into composts. The city government, on the other hand, is tasked to

collect and disposed residual and special wastes. For the latter, municipal

governments are required to set-up a separate and contained physical areas in

their disposal facilities, and whenever feasible, encourage take-back schemes by

manufacturers and traders.


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The study focuses on the plans existing measures of the Performance

Objectives, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Corrective Actions as the means to

determine the output quantifying the adherence of the stakeholders and

implementors to the objectives of the plan, based on R.A. 9003s program. These

inputs are assumed to have effect on execution of the plan.

Figure 2. Research Simulacrum

R.A. 9003Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

(Sec. 16 Local Government Solid Waste ManagementPlans)

Navotas City

10-Year Solid Waste Management Plan (Plan Features)

Impact and ProcessEvaluation

Proper SegregationCollectionTransportStorageTreatment

Disposal

Inputs

Implementors andStakeholders

Performance ObjectivesMonitoring and Evaluation

Corrective Actions

Outputs

Reduction of Solid WasteEnvironmentalCompliance

Level of Success

Proposed Schemes

Assessment and Evaluation


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1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

To be able to focus on the primary concern of the study, the following areas

were limited to the following:

1. This paper is limited to the assessment of the Solid Waste Management

Plan of Navotas City and will concentrate on the three areas, namely:

a. Performance Objective

i. Massive Information and Education Campaign

ii. Manpower

iii. Equipment

iv. Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility

b. Monitoring and evaluation

i. Monthly Reports from Barangays and Schools

ii. Ocular Inspection and Monitoring

iii. Waste Composition

iv. Collection schedule / Frequency

v. Waste Minimization

c. Corrective Action

2. The respondents represented by the 14 barangays thereat, and by the

officers/staff of the CENRO.

a. San Rafael Village


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b. North Bay Boulevard South

c. North Bay Boulevard North

d. Bangkulasi

e. Bagumbayan South

f. Bagumbayan North

g. Navotas East

h. Navotas West

i. Sipac-Almacen

j. San Jose

k. Daanghari

l. San Roque

m. Tangos

n. Tanza.

3. A survey questionnaire was developed and was the source of primary

data for analysis.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

To understand the key terms being used in this study. These terms are

defined according how they are used in the study in order to make easy

understanding of the problem and avoid ambiguous meaning to terms which can

be otherwise interpreted in different ways.


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CENRO shall refer to the City Environment and Natural Resources Office of the

city.

Collectionshall refer to the act of removing solid waste from the source or from

a common storage point.

Composting shall refer to the systematic decomposition of organic matter by

micro-organism, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product.

Controlled dumpshall refer to a disposal site at which solid waste is deposited in

accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of dumpsite

operation.

DENRshall refer to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or

placing of any solid waste into or in any land.

Disposal site shall refer to a site where solid waste is finally discharged and

deposited.

Ecological solid waste managementshall refer to the systematic administration

of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated

transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment and disposal of

solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm

the environment.


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Environmentally acceptable shall refer to the quality of being re-usable, bio-

degradable, or compostable, recyclable and not toxic or hazardous to the

environment.

Environmentally preferableshall refer to products of services that have a lesser

or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared

with competing products or services that serve the same purpose. This

comparison may consider raw materials acquisition, production,

manufacturing, packaging, distribution, reuse, operation, maintenance or

disposal of the product or service.

Generationshall refer to the act or process of producing solid waste.

Generatorshall refer to the person, entity or institution producing solid waste.

Hazardous waste shall refer to solid waste or combination of solid waste which

because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious

characteristics may cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in

mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating

reversible illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to

human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored,

transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.

Implementorshall refer to the person, group who implements the program.

Materials recovery facility shall include solid waste transfer station or sorting

station, drop-off center, a composting facility, and a recycling facility.


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MMDAshall refer to the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority

Municipal wastes shall refer to wastes produced from activities within local

government units which include a combination of domestic, commercial,

institutional, and industrial wastes and street litters.

NCSWMB shall refer to the Navotas City Solid Waste Management Board

NCSWMP shall refer to the Navotas City Solid Waste Management Plan

Person(s)shall refer to any being, natural or juridical, susceptible of rights and

obligations, or of being the subject of legal relations.

PET Polyethyleen terephthalate-Plastics bottles from soda and water

PIO shall refer to the citys Public Information Office

POSOshall refer to the citys Public Order and Safety Office

Post-consumer material shall refer only to those materials or products

generated by a business or consumer which have served their intended

end use, and which have been separated or diverted from solid waste for

the purpose of being collected, processed and used as a raw material in

the manufacturing of recycled product, excluding materials and by-

products generated from, and commonly used within an original

manufacturing process, such as mill scrap.

Receptacles shall refer to individual containers used for the source separation

and the collection of recyclable materials.


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Recovered material shall refer to material and by-products that have been

recovered or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of being

collected, processed, and used as a raw material in the manufacture of a

recycled product.

Recyclable materialshall refer to any waste material retrieved from the waste

stream and free from contamination that can still be converted into

suitable beneficial use or for other purposes, including, but not limited, to

newspaper, ferrous scrap metal, non-ferrous scrap metal, used oil,

corrugated cardboard, aluminum, glass, office paper, tin cans, plastics

and other materials as may be determined by the Commission.

Recycled materialshall refer to post-consumer material that has been recycled

and returned to the economy.

Recyclingshall refer to the treating of used or waste materials through a process

of making them suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes, and

includes any process by which solid waste materials are transformed into

new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their

identity, and which may be used as raw materials for the production of

other goods or services: provided, that the collection, segregation, and

re-use of previously used packaging material shall be deemed recycling

under the Act.


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Re-useshall refer to the process of recovering materials intended for the same

or different purpose without the alteration of physical and chemical

characteristics.

Sanitary Landfill shall refer to a waste disposal site designed, constructed,

operated, and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control

over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the

development and operation of the facility.

Segregationshall refer to sorting and segregation of different materials found in

solid waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to

reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal.

Segregation at source shall refer to a solid waste management practice of

separating, at the point of origin, different materials found in solid waste

in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the

volume of waste for collection and disposal.

Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-

hazardous institutional, ports/harbour and industrial waste, street

sweepings, construction debris, agriculture waste, and other non-

hazardous/non-toxic solid waste. Unless specifically noted otherwise, the

term solid waste as used in the Act shall not include:


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a) waste identified or listed as hazardous waste of a solid, liquid,

contained gaseous or semi-solid form which may cause or contribute

to an increase in mortality or in serious situations, incapacitate or

cause irreversible bodily damage or acute/chronic effect on the

health of persons and other organisms;

b) infectious waste from hospitals such as equipment, instruments,

utensils, and fomites of a disposable nature from patients who are

suspected to have or have been diagnosed as having communicable

diseases and must therefore be isolated as required by public health

agencies, laboratory wastes such as pathological specimens (i.e., all

tissues, specimens of blood elements, excreta, and secretions

obtained from patients or laboratory animals), and disposable fomites

that may harbor or transmit pathogenic organisms, and surgical

operating room pathologic specimens and disposable fomites

attendant thereto, and similar disposable materials from outpatient

areas and emergency rooms; and

c) waste resulting from mining activities, including contaminated soil

and debris

Solid waste managementshall refer to the discipline associated with the control

of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and

disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best


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principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation,

aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also

responsive to public attitudes.

Solid waste management facilityshall refer to any resource recovery system or

component thereof, any system, program, or facility for resource

conservation; any facility for the collection, source separation, storage,

transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, or disposal of solid

waste.

Source reduction shall refer to the reduction of solid waste before it enters the

solid waste stream by methods such as product design, materials

substitution, materials re-use and packaging restrictions.

Source separationshall refer to the sorting of solid waste into some or all of its

component parts at the point of generation.

Special wastes shall refer to household hazardous wastes such as paints,

thinners, household batteries, lead-acid batteries, spray canisters and the

like. These include wastes from residential and commercial sources that

comprise of bulky wastes, consumer electronics, white goods, yard

wastes that are collected separately, batteries, oil and tires. These

wastes are usually handled separately from other residential and

commercial wastes.


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Storage shall refer to the interim containment of solid waste after generation

and prior to collection for ultimate recovery or disposal.

SWMP shall refer to the Solid Waste Management Plan

Transfer stations shall refer to those facilities utilized to receive solid wastes,

temporarily store, separate, convert, or otherwise process the materials

in the solid wastes, or to transfer the solid wastes directly from smaller to

larger vehicles for transport. This term does not include any of the

following:

a) a facility whose principal function is to receive, store, separate,

convert, or otherwise in accordance with national minimum

standards.

b) a facility, whose principal function is to receive, store, convert, or

otherwise process wastes which have already been separated for re-

use and are not intended for disposal; and

c) the operation premises of a duly licensed solid waste handling

operator who receives, stores, transfers, or otherwise processes

wastes as an activity incidental to the conduct of a refuse collection

and disposal business.

Waste diversionshall refer to activities which reduce or eliminate the amount of

solid wastes from waste disposal facilities.


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White goodsshall refer to large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and

industrial appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers, and

clothes washers and dryers collected separately. White goods are usually

dismantled for the recovery of specific materials (e.g. copper, aluminum,

etc.)

Yard waste shall refer to wood, small, or chipped branches, leaves, grass

clippings, garden debris, vegetables residue that is recognizable as part of

a plant or vegetable and other materials identified by the National Solid

Waste Management Commission (NSWMC).


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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter would be discussing comprehension, technologies,

programs, policies, schemes and development from related literatures and

academic journals on the subject of solid waste management and to provide

better understanding on the researchers aim on the study.

2.1 SOLID WASTE / MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Municipal solid waste refers to food, paper, rubbish, packaging and ashes

discarded by households and commercial establishments; non-hazardous and

non-toxic institutional or industrial waste; street sweepings, construction debris,

and agricultural waste. To the ordinary Filipino, solid waste is anything that is

considered basura and there is expectation, especially in the more urban

areas, that it is the responsibility of local government officials to reduce and

control the solid waste problem. The problems of solid waste management

confronting local government units are becoming more complex as population

and local economies grow. LGUs need to continually review and map out short-

term and long-term solutions to effectively deal with them. (Solid Waste

Management: Mapping out Solutions at the Local Level: Service Delivery with


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Impact: Resource Books for Local Government, Philippine-Canada Local

Government Support Program, 2003)

2.2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

A study by Peter Beigl, Sandra Lebersorger, Stefan Salhofer (2006) cited

that: Waste management for municipal waste is considered a public service,

providing citizens with a system of disposing of their waste in an environmentally

sound and economically feasible way. The amount and composition of waste

generated comprise the basic information needed for the planning, operation

and optimization of waste management systems. The demand for reliable data

concerning waste arising (waste generation) is implicitly included in the majority

of national waste management laws. More explicitly, waste legislation requires

assessment of the current waste arising and forecasts, such as in Ireland

(Dennison et al., 1996a) and in Germany, where the competent public

authorities (cities or counties (Kreise)) are required to assure guaranteed

disposal for a period of 10 years in advance (cf. Sircar et al., 2003).

Y. Xu, G.H. Huang, X.S. Quin, M.F. Cao (2009) Municipal solid waste

(MSW) management continues to be a major challenge for urban communities

throughout the world. The rising MSW generation rates, increasing

environmental and health concerns, shrinking waste disposal capacities, and


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varying legislative and political conditions have significant impacts on selection

of best waste-management practices.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) by definition; includes all activities

pertaining to the control, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of

solid wastes in accordance with the best principles of public health, economics,

engineering, conservation, aesthetic and other environmental considerations.

R.A. 9003 or also known as the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 Section 2.b focuses on the avoidance and

volume reduction of waste through source reduction and waste minimization

measures, including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal

process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate

and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with

ecologically sustainable development principles.

2.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MODELS

Modelling of waste management is not a new idea as discussed by A.J.

Morrissey, J. Browne (2003). In his study he reviewed the different types of

models developed from time to time. Many of the models identified are decision

support models, using a variety of methods and tools, such as risk assessment,

environmental impact assessment, cost benefit analysis, multi criteria decision

making and life cycle analysis, as part of the decision making process. Most


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models identified assume that all options and decision criteria have already been

identified and that the most important stage of the process is the actual

evaluation of the alternatives using one of these tools or methods. The type of

tool selected also depends on the decision being made and on the decision-

makers (Zopounidis and Doumpos, 2002; Guitouni and Martel, 1998; EEA, 2003).

Tools such as these are an important part of the waste management models

identified, but only a part, as the focus of this research is on models for

municipal waste management, and therefore goes beyond the tool used to assist

in the decision making process.

Ka-Mbayu Kapepula, Gerard Colson, Karim Sabri, Philippe Thonart (2006)

described in developing countries, household solid waste management (HSWM)

in large cities is often mismanaged, resulting in severe consequences for the

urban population such as high rates of morbidity, aesthetic degradation,

economic losses produced by flood propagation or simply by the absence of

waste valorisation through recycling and recovery. At the same time, informal

activities are developed around the solid waste activities, which can enrich some

intermediaries working without any official allowance.

This research gave awareness that the rapid population growth produces

more and more urban wastes that are not sorted and are considered as valueless

by inhabitants, except for some small parts purchased by itinerant informal

merchants. This growth is mainly a result of the migration of starving people


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from rural areas to the peri-urban areas, where they build slums with the hope

of improving their situation.

Solid wastes are not always collected and sometimes are thrown

anywhere by the population, resulting in dumps that likewise result to epidemics

and floods.

The collection and the transportation of increasing quantities of waste

are difficult in several unstructured areas of the city given the situation of having

twisted and narrow streets, absence of passable ways and the deterioration of

existing ones. Increasing the public health impacts, all these phenomena are of

increasing concern. Ignoring clever sorting and economic valorisation of wastes,

unfortunately, is perceived by a great majority as pure nuisances as solid waste

are concerned.

In the study of Chung-Chiang Chen (2010) The recycling system, in

general, requires the cooperation from households and the public to separate

their waste into different waste types and not bringing mixed general waste to

the site. Basically, all the local governments regulate that all household solid

wastes should be sorted at home. Otherwise, the collectors have rights to refuse

the unsorted solid wastes. Even though, MSW management authorities still need

to separate the resource recyclables and food wastes from the general waste at

the final disposal plants (incineration plants or landfill sites). All the recyclables,

food waste, and the general waste are collected by the public collecting system


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provided by local authorities. Therefore, the recyclables collected R1 and food

wastes collected R2 are treated as output variables while total waste generated I

and man power M (collectors provided by local authorities) for waste collection

are treated as input variables. In addition, Scott (1999) suggests that old people

are found to be more participative in recycling behaviours to a larger extent than

the young. The age composition of old people is treated as the input variable for

calculating the sorting efficiency. We use the eldness index E as the proxy

variable of the age composition. The eldness index E is defined as ratio of the

number of the aged (65 years old or older) to the children (below 14 years old).

And thus the sorting efficiency Ns is expressed as: Ns = R1R2E / IM

Simon De Jaeger, Johan Eyckmans (2007) made a research to give a brief

introduction to quantitative evaluation techniques that can be used to evaluate

the effectiveness of voluntary policy programs with non-experimental data and

to argue that these are relevant tools for assessing the effectiveness of voluntary

waste management programs. For further research, they believe other

quantitative policy evaluation techniques like matching and instrumental

variables type of estimators could be applied to the Flemish case study. Given

the significant results obtained by the dynamic DiD analysis, to think that these

alternative techniques will not yield different evaluation results in general.

However, some techniques like instrumental variables techniques applied to

panel data would give additional detailed insights into the reasons why


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particular types of subscribers perform less than what could be expected.

However, applications of such techniques require more detailed data, for

instance on municipal waste pricing policies, some of which are currently not

available in Flanders.

The study of the results made by Samonporn Suttibak, Vilas

Nitivattananon (2008), suggest that, in the context of recycling programs

implemented in Thailand, waste recycling systems could be enhanced by

addressing these influencing factors: perception of administrator awareness of

SWM problems, lack of skilled operators and source separation, and reducing

transportation costs, cooperation with NGOs, and provision of free organic

waste bins. In addition, innovative influencing factors that were found in this

study are reducing transportation costs by providing door-to-door services,

providing low investment costs, providing interest, compensatory goods, and

loans for recyclers, and managing the garbage bank program as a cooperative

organization. These factors may be the best approach in areas where the socio-

economic contexts are similar to those of Thailand.

Key points to recommend for development partners who intend to

develop and enhance recycling performance systems include (i) determining the

innovative incentives for recyclers that are suitable for socio-economic context;

(ii) a convenient method to encourage people to participate in recycling; (iii)

mechanisms to reduce transportation costs should be addressed; (iv) introducing


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decentralized recycling programs which succeed with available financial sources;

and (v) subsidization or grants which establish CFs or MRFs on a large scale.

MRFs should be considered and connected with the promotion of other recycling

programs and capacity building. This study contributes to finding the

methodology for identifying the measures related to involving partners, building

capacity, and influencing factors, which may be used in similar situations,

particularly where recycling programs have been implemented and need to

improve their performance. In addition, the systematic approach to finding

management measures which has been used in this study is expected to

contribute and to be applied to other key problems areas.

There are still significant knowledge gaps in the study that needed to be

addressed. Firstly, influencing factors that encompass economic, financial,

technical, and institutional aspects need to be developed as performance

indicators to cope with all management aspects in order to achieve more

sustainable approaches to SWM. Secondly, since this study focuses more on the

implementation phase, the influencing factors should be examined which

respond to planning, ending with monitoring and evaluation phases. Thirdly,

since this study has found different factors influencing recycling performance

than would have been expected from literature review, this suggests that further

study is needed in other areas and other recycling programs that would help in


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understanding the importance of measuring recycling performance through

effectiveness, efficiency, and service ratio dimensions.

M. Melalnen (2002) discussed in his research that there are two major

outcomes determined by his study. Firstly, it appears that the minimizing of

wastes in small and medium sized enterprise (SME)s in Finland is driven more by

the costs of raw materials than by waste costs. To the majority of SMEs, the

waste costs are so insignificant that they provide little incentive to introduce

waste reduction. Waste minimization is, therefore, not guided by waste costs

but by the loss of raw materials. It is thus crucial to find procedures to support

SMEs in upgrading efficiency in their use of materials, which is also a way to

combine competitiveness and sustainability.

Secondly, a classification of SMEs was constructed to describe their

attitudes towards environmental protection. It was discovered that, in general,

innovative and proactive SMEs in Finland build up environmental management

system (EMS)s because of the demand from external stakeholders. An EMS

functions on a topdown principle: customers and directors of corporations

demand that sub-contractors and subsidiary companies implement EMSs. EMSs

appear to have a high instrumental value for entrepreneurs under strong

pressure from stakeholders. However, EMSs do not currently provide much

impetus for SMEs to implement waste minimization. A detailed analysis of the


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observed links between waste minimization and EMSs has been presented

elsewhere by Ilomaki and Melanen (2001).

The result of the study implies that pressure from external stakeholders is

the major stimulus for proactive SMEs to improve their environmental

performance. This finding contradicts the conclusions of many other studies, for

example Clayton et al. (1999), which claim that regulation is the principal

stimulus for firms to improve their performance. In the SMEs of the study, the

direct effect of regulation was small.

The direct influence of public waste regulation also appears to be minor

in large industrial plants, except for the impacts of the municipal waste charge

and the national waste tax, which have prompted waste recovery in some

enterprises.4 Those interviewed in this study also felt that the principal pressure

to upgrade environmental protection and a companys own waste policy comes

from customers.

There are several explanations for this situation. The primary reason is

probably the fact that proactive companies strive to foresee changes of public

regulation and have already achieved the required level when a new obligation

comes into force. Public regulation in this case influences indirectly. The

outcome can also be partly explained by assuming that enterprises face the

demands placed by public regulation through the claims of customers, and their

original source, i.e. regulation, is not identified.


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The waste policy instruments currently used in Finland, at least in the

case companies of the study, do not support waste prevention. Regulation

should thus be markedly tightened if waste avoidance is genuinely regarded as

the first objective in the policy hierarchy. To some extent waste prevention does

take place in enterprises but the motivating factors are other than waste

regulation. If public regulation is to be intensified, the most effective instrument

will probably be taxation implemented on a broad basis.

An extensive study and field survey made by Haskarlianus Pasang,

Graham A. Moore, Guntur Sitorus (2006) identified numerous problems and

constraints that hinder the application of a more sustainable MSW management

in Jakarta. Interestingly, based on direct investigation, they are not so much

related to financial and technical aspects, but rather to vision, commitment and

policy initiatives such as long-term planning, revenue collection, sharing disposal

facilities, level of stockholder participation, and transparency in decision-making.

To foster more sustainable MSW management, there is a need to find

and develop a genuine and realistic solution, including initiating action that fits

with the actual waste generation, composition, and characteristics, as well as the

socio-economic context. Because of the extensive nature of the problems, a new

approach would best be designed to build upon the existing system. It is vital

that there should be a strong community involvement, particularly in source

reduction, and that the system is cost neutral or provides financial benefit to the


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community. As neighbourhood associations already exist within Jakartas formal

government structure and have been an important part of the community for a

long time, they may provide a promising management unit for implementing

alternative solutions.

An experimental study through the Pil-KAB project in Menteng Council,

Jakarta, and field study by the author have demonstrated a range of lessons to

be learned and could be used as the basis of the development of a new approach

in MSW management at the community level. Introducing this approach would

not change the nature of the existing neighbourhood association function, but

could enhance its capacity and position. Among the neighbourhood-based waste

management (NBWM) activities, education, waste collection, fee collection,

recycling, composting, and micro-business would be the drivers of the waste-

management cart to a better service that is available to all levels of households.

The activities could potentially generate money through the selling of recyclable

and compostable materials, as well as compost products. This income could be

used to contribute to the expenses of waste collection and other community

activities, including providing incentives for the community such as waste

containers and additional safety measures. Transportation fees levied by the

Cleansing Department or its contractors for waste cartage from the NBWM

transfer point to a final disposal site might also be paid by the income generated

by the community owned business.


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Potential incentives and benefits for government from the existence of

the NBWM are as follows: (i) reducing the burden of the municipal government

for collection and transportation, enabling the Cleansing Department to focus on

commercial, industrial and hazardous wastes,

as well as transportation and better managed disposal facilities; (ii) reducing the

amount of waste generated, collected, transported and disposed of and, in turn,

reducing environmental impacts; and (iii) increasing revenues from waste.

A promising solution for the massive waste problems faced by the

government, adopting and implementing the NBWM in Jakarta could ease its

burden. However, since there is no single NBWM approach that would fit within

existing systems in the city, careful evaluation, monitoring and adjustment might

be needed to account for the different levels of community involvement, socio-

relationships and leadership across Jakarta. Moreover, considering the expected

outcome of this approach, as well as the changing process within the existing

system, introduction of local policies and regulations and their enforcement are

extremely important. Further investigation of the economic value and economic

scale of the approach, as well as the way to deal with the existing informal

recycling workers, would be needed.

A few general conclusions on SWM service delivery can be drawn from

the study made by Shafiul Azam Ahmeda, Syed Mansoor Ali (2006) on SWM


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service through publicprivatepeople partnership. These are described as

follows.

Firstly, this study found that it is possible to improve SWM service

delivery through publicprivate partnership despite institutional and financial

constraints present in developing countries. This observation is significant

because total reform of the urban service agencies, particularly the public

agencies, may be challenging and time-consuming. The findings of this study

showed that service delivery might be improved markedly within a short period

by developing partnership between the public and the private sector.

Secondly, the study indicated that achieving such partnerships may not

require any radical institutional overhaul. Facilitating agencies with adequate

capacity may enable the public and private sector to forge partnership within

their existing institutional concern or better will, understanding.

Thirdly, the study documented that the financial constraints present in

the urban service sector may be partially offset by untapped resources. It was

found that citizens are willing to pay service charge in addition to regular

municipal taxes provided that the services are of acceptable quality. Financial

limitation should not be considered as an impediment for improving service

level, as citizens may be quite willing to pay enhanced fees for improved service.

Fourthly, it became evident through the study that it is possible to

achieve behaviour and attitude change in people and service agencies. It was


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possible, with assistance from facilitating agencies, to achieve behaviour change

among citizens. People accustomed to throw garbage on the street or into drains

stopped this practice and started to bring their garbage to collection vans.

Similarly, municipal officials started to view NGOs and CBOs as their allies and

not troublemakers. Likewise, the private sector also changed their view of

municipal staff as inaccessible and obstinate.

Fifthly, it was shown that accountability and transparency in urban

service delivery may be improved even without introducing any major

institutional reform. It was documented that accountability and responsiveness

improve significantly when people, politicians and service providers face one

another in discussion platforms. It is possible to achieve such functioning

platforms with assistance by facilitating agencies. The platforms provided an

opportunity for free exchange of views between the service receivers, service

providers and public representatives. This direct interaction transformed the

traditional distant and unresponsive service agencies into more responsive and

accountable agencies. It also improved peoples exercise of their voice to

demand acceptable service and politicians responsibility to ensure delivery of

such services by the service agencies. In essence, a democratization of service

delivery improved accountability.

For further research, the authors recommend investigation into the

following areas (i) This study mainly looked into the outcome of facilitation, and


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not the cost of facilitation. The cost of facilitation in comparison with other

competing models such as purely public or purely private service delivery should

be investigated. (ii) This study indicated a lack of monitoring in service quality,

particularly by the public agency. Further research is needed to develop

monitoring indicators of urban service delivery for developing countries that may

be used to benchmark the public sector, private sector, and PPP. (iii) Reaching

research findings to the relevant users for bringing change in practice is an area

that deserves more attention. Research is needed to develop an effective way to

feed back study findings to policymakers and practitioners of urban service

delivery sector in developing countries.

Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most challenging issues

faced by developing countries that suffer from serious pollution problems

caused by the generation of large waste quantities. This paper presented by

Issam A. Al-Khatib, Maria Monou, Abdul Salam F. Abu Zahra, Hafez Q. Shaheen,

Despo Kassinos (2010), the case Study of SWM in the Nablus district Palestine.

There are 72 localities in the Nablus district and a total population of approx.

336,380 inhabitants in 2006 (projection based on figures from Palestinian Central

Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), 1999).

Joint Councils for Services, Planning and Development (JCSPD) were

formed to create a stronger institutional framework in Nablus, reduce waste

management costs, support sustainable development of communities, improve


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environmental and health conditions and raise the quality and efficiency of

services in rural areas (Ministry of Local Government, 2004). One important

improvement was the allocation of collection services to most localities and

improvement of the existing ones. Moreover, major obstacles to proper MSWM

such as, lack of reliable data and research, shortage of trained manpower,

inadequate legal and regulatory cover, poor institutional and administrative

arrangements, shortage of equipment, financial and technical difficulties and a

serious shortage of competent private operators were improved.

Regarding solid waste treatment and reuse, the Environmental Quality

Authority (EQA) of Palestine suggested that separation and composting of

organic waste, incineration, separation and recycling of certain waste streams

were considered alternatives that depend on the effectiveness of the proposed

collection and landfill measures. The characterization of solid waste streams and

the estimation of solid waste generation rates are critical data required to

propose any sustainable management system and to find the most appropriate

and viable alternative solutions to MSWM. It is one of the greatest challenges

that organizations face today; how to diversify the treatment options, increase

the reliability of infrastructure systems, and leverage the redistribution of waste

streams among incineration, composting, recycling, and other facilities to their

competitive advantage region-wide. Although the main constituents of domestic

solid waste are similar worldwide, the generated quantity, the density and the


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proportion of constituents vary widely, even within a country according to the

level of economic development, geographic location, weather and social

conditions (Sufian and Bala, 2007).

Sustainability is a popular word today. Ashok V. Shekdar (2008),

everyone from commodity manufacturers and service providers to

international policy makers is using the term in one context or another. It is

unclear whether all of these stakeholders understand the term sustainable

development to mean the same thing. It has been estimated that current rates

of resource extraction are ten thousand times higher than rates of natural

resource generation. In the foreseeable future, there is a little chance that this

proportion would change significantly. Moreover, it is unclear whether SWM can

contribute in a meaningful way. Accordingly, it would be best to develop

sustainable SWM rather SWM for sustainable society. The SWM system should

be compatible with both the financial capacity of a given society and with the

assimilative capacity of its adjoining environment.

The Asian continent is a mixture of complex cultures, a mix that is truly

reflected in the MSW systems. Countries like Japan showcase a sustainable

approach through MSW management. Meanwhile, countries like China strive to

meet new demands arising from aggressive development. For every nation, solid

waste management is a vital, ongoing and significant public service system that

needs to be efficiently delivered to the community to maintain aesthetic and


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public health standards. Municipal agencies must plan and operate the system in

keeping with increasing urbanization and population growth. Today, Asian

countries have the potential to demonstrate sustainable SWM systems through

an integrated approach. A systematic effort is necessary to improve various

factors, including policy and legal frameworks, institutional arrangements,

financial provisions, technology, operations management, human resource

development, and public participation and awareness of integrated sustainable

solid waste management (ISSWM) systems.


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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the approach, techniques and design created in

the formation of the study. Information on the source of data, respondents of

the study, sampling technique, instruments and other statistical treatments used

in the research are explained.

3.1 METHOD OF RESEARCH

Impact and Process Evaluation shall be used in this research. These

methods would help determine the range and extent of the outcomes of the

plan. This could also aid in the guidance of what needs to be improved on the

current Solid Waste Management Plan.

Impact evaluation is undertaken on programs which are judged to be

settled, or in place. They can be regarded as occurring at some logical end point

of the developmental process. The following are reasons for conducting an

impact evaluation: 1.) know the range and extent of outcomes of the program

under review, and 2.) provide guidance on what to do next.

Process evaluation is concerned with what actually happens in practice.

Three major approaches are used: 1.) studies of program implementation, 2.)


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guidance for refinement of developing programs, and 3.) responsiveness to the

needs of practitioners. The three approaches have different purposes, different

ways in which data are collected and analysed, and different audiences. (Owen,

1993)

3.2 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

3.2.1 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

The primary source of data was acquired through survey questionnaires.

Copies of the questionnaires shall be distributed to the fourteen barangays of

Navotas. In these fourteen barangays, a random selection of respondents from

the Residential, Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional groups was made. The

questionnaire contains the following informations: respondents profile,

responses on significant items of the plan with regard to Performance

Objectives, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Corrective Actions being

implemented in the City. The questionnaire was patterned in Likert scale type for

the respondents to be able to rate each item with straightforwardness.

The questionnaire was translated into the local dialect (Tagalog) for

better understanding of the items for the respondents. Back translation was also

done to determine if there would be effect or changes in the intended use of the

questionnaire.


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3.2.2 PRELIMINARY TESTING OF QUESTIONNAIRE

The researcher made a preliminary testing of the questionnaire among

forty (40) respondents who were located in an adjacent city where the study was

conducted to establish its comprehensibility and feasibility.

3.2.3 VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT

The researcher employed Reliability Analysis procedure to calculate the

number of commonly used measures of scales reliability and also provide

information about the relationship between individual items in the scale. Alpha

(Cronbachs) model of reliability measures how well a set of items measures a

single uni-dimensional latent construct. When a data has a multi-dimensional

structure, Cronbachs Alpha will usually be low. Technically speaking, it is not a

statistical test; it is a coefficient of reliability or consistency. It can be written as a

function of the number of test items and the average inter-correlation among

items. Cornbachs alpha is represented by the following formula: (SPSS

www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/faq/alpha.html )

= (N x r) / (1 + (N-1) x r)

where: = the coefficient of reliability

N = number of items

r = the average inter-item correlation among items

The formula above, in conclusion, if the number of items

increases, Cronbachs Alpha also increases. Moreover, if the average inter-item

correlation increases, Cronbachs Alpha increases as well. If the inter-item

correlations are high, then there is evidence that the items measuring the same


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underlying constructs. Thus, defining when an individual claims that they have

high or good reliability.

Cronbachs alpha reliability coefficient normally ranges between 0 and 1.

However, there is actually no lower limit to the coefficient. The closer

Cronbachs alpha coefficient is to 1.0 the greater the internal consistency of the

items in the scale. George and Mallery (2003) provide the following rule of

thumb as shown in Table 3.1

Coefficient Value Interpretation_ > .9 Excellent

_ > .8 Good

_ > .7 Acceptable

_ > .6 Questionable

_ > .5 Poor

_ < .5 Unacceptable

Presented below is Chronbachs Alpha Test for Reliability Result using

SPSS v. 15.0. Table 3.2 presents the Case Processing Summary.

N %

Cases Valid 15 37.5

Excluded(a) 25 62.5

Total 40 100.0

Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Out of the 40

respondents, 15 of them qualify for the Chronbachs alpha test, only 15 was used

in the reliability test. 25 were omitted due to lack of responses or missing data.


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Table 3.3 presents the Reliability Statistics.

Cronbach's

Alpha

N of

Items

.892 46

In order to say that the questionnaire is reliable enough to answer all of

the objectives and all the questions are related to one another, a value more

than .7 or 70% reliability (alpha value) is needed. In this case, the alpha value is

.892 which means that the questionnaire is Good as shown on the

interpretation of Table 3.1.

3.2.4 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORDS

The secondary source of data was obtained from the Citys Chronological

Records being submitted to the EMB pertaining to the policies and objectives of

the Solid Waste Management Act such as solid waste avoidance and volume

reduction.

3.3 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

3.3.1 DOCUMENTARY INVESTIGATION

Interrelated documents were obtained from the different government

bureaus namely: Navotas City Hall, Department of Environment and Natural

Resources, National Solid Waste Management Commission, and Environment

Management Bureau.


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3.4 DATA GATHERING PROCESS

Copies of the questionnaires were handed out to the different

respondents personally by the researcher to be able to administer proper

answering of questions, and clarification on different items in the questionnaires

that the respondents might have difficulty in interpreting.

3.5 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

A follow-up discussion on essential items was done to verify and check on

the responses from the distributed questionnaires. These are the items which

required personal observation to determine if the answers fail to agree with

from the actual setting.

3.6 DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH LOCALE

Today, Navotas is one of the constituent cities of Metro Manila with 15

other cities and 1 municipality administratively referred to as the National

Capital Region.

The Citys political subdivision was changed to barangays following the

nationwide implementation of the Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP) in the

1970s when the country was under Martial Law. The IRP has increased its

subdivision into 14 barangays, namely: San Rafael Village, North Bay Boulevard

South, North Bay Boulevard North, Bangkulasi, Bagumbayan South, Bagumbayan


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North, Navotas East, Navotas West, Sipac-Almacen, San Jose, Daanghari, San

Roque, Tangos and Tanza moved through history in impact political

developments:

3.6.1 Physical Characteristics

Navotas is a coastal town in the northwest part of Metropolitan Manila.

It is a narrow strip of land with an aggregated shoreline of approximately 4.5 km.

Boundaries

North:Obando Bulacan

South: Manila

East: Daang Cawayan

River, Binuangan River,

Bangculasi River, Dampalit

River, Batasan River, Navotas River, Malabon River.

West: Manila Bay

3.6.2 Location and Topography

Navotas is a small fishing town in the northwest part of Metropolitan

Manila. It is a long island system presenting as aggregate shoreline of

approximately 4.5 kms. fronting Manila Bay.

Towards the North, Navotas shares common border with the town of

Obando, Bulacan, along Sukol Creek. The Eastern boundary of Navotas is a larger


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natural stream of water composed of Binuangan River, the Daang Cawayan

River, the Dampalit River, the Batasan River, the Navotas River, the Bangculasi

Channel, and the Malabon Channel and the Estero de Maypajo.

It also shares a common boundary with Manila in the south. On the

west, the water of Manila Bay washes the seashore of Navotas. It has fourteen

barangays where which eleven are along the coastal area and three (3) are

within interior places.

Navotas is generally a flat land in which most part of it is utilized for

residency. Better residential structures are located in residential subdivision of

Carville and Merville at Barangay Tanza and San Rafael Village.

Shipyards engaged in shipbuilding and repair mostly occupies the

riverbanks. All river that surround this locality were once a very rich fishing

ground but due to heavy population aggravated by silt, marine life within it cease

to exist.

3.6.3 Land Area/Physical Land Use

Navotas has an area of 10.69 sq.kms. or 1,077 hectares of land, which is

distributed mostly to agriculture (fish culturing) and residential use. This

includes the reclaimed area being utilized by the Philippines Fishery

Development Authority.

Limited land resources for industrialization purpose and flooding problem

hindered the development of Navotas.


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No. of Health Personnel : 316

B. Social Welfare

Total No. of Day Care Center : 19

Total No. of Social Welfare Centers : 2

C. Education

No. of Schools Public Private

Elementary 13 2

Secondary 9 3

Tertiary 1 1

D. Peace and Order

Crime Rate (crime occur, per month) : 22.08%

Crime Solution Efficiency : 98.81%

Police to Population Ratio : 1:1,628

II. Economic Profile

A. Trade and Industry

No. of Business Establishments : 2,580

Financial Institutions

Banks : 23

Lending Companies : 16

Manufacturing : 142

Cooperatives : 28


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Tiangges : 6

Baklad/Tahungan : 362

Fishponds : 5

Fishing Corporations : 15

Shipyard Builders : 23

Total : 3,200

[Detailed list of commercial establishments can be found in Appendix XII]

3.6.5 Current Conditions in Solid Waste Management

I. Waste Generation

Current waste generated in the City of Navotas is composed of wastes

from households, commercial, industrial, and institutional establishments in the

fourteen (14) barangays: San Rafael Village, North Bay Boulevard South, North

Bay Boulevard North, Bangkulasi, Bagumbayan South, Bagumbayan North,

Navotas East, Navotas West, Sipac-Almacen, San Jose, Daanghari, San Roque,

Tangos and Tanza.

II. Waste Generation Based on Actual Collection

From 1994 to February 2006, Navotas hired the services of various

contractors and henceforth acquired several waste collection equipment to

manage its waste collection operation by administration. From 2006 to 2007, an


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average of 280 cu.m. or 80 tons/day of waste actually collected were brought to

the disposal site.

Figure 3. Map of Navotas divided into Barangays


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Figure 4. Zoning Map of Navotas


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III. Waste Generation Based on the MMDA/NSWMC Standard

Generation Rate

Based on the projected population of Navotas for 2006, the estimated

waste generation per day is 120.886 tons. Analyzing the amount of waste

brought to the disposal site, the discrepancy of 40.886 tons could be attributed

to the waste collection efficiency and waste reduction effort of the city.

IV. Waste Composition and Characterization

The waste characterization study for the City of Navotas was carried out

in order to:

a.) Establish a baseline data on waste for the city.

b.) Upgrade the present waste management system.

The survey for the quantity of waste was conducted at the former

Transfer Station of Navotas located at Barangay Bagumbayan North from July 16-

30, 2003 for seven (7) days. The prescribed format for the recording of data was

provided and recorded by the assigned team. A regular work schedule was

arranged starting at 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Pre-measurement of the truck

dimension (volume) was determined by the working team composed of ten (10)

personnel.

Classifications of waste materials were based from the format prescribed

by the DENR (see Appendix VII). The following is the resulting summation of

quantity of the samples from general sources:


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Paper - - 16.47 %

Glass - - 3.24 %

Metal - - 3.19 %

Plastic - - 23.50 %

Other organic - - 50.60%

(Biodegradable)

Other inorganic - - 1.00%

(Non-biodegradable)

Hazardous - - 1.00 %

Special - - 1.00%

(White Waste)

Major Sources of waste are:

Households - - 74.00 %

Market - - 4.00 %

Industrial/Commercial - - 16.00 %

Institutions - - 1.00 %

River waste - - 2.50 %

Street Sweeping - - 2.50 %

During the waste composition study conducted, high percentage of mixed

wastes disposal is still very much in practice, recyclables are low due to salvaging


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done by scavengers at pick up points. Absence of recyclable industrial wastes is

noticeable as industries have private haulers with dump facilities to dispose their

wastes.

V. Administrative Systems in Support of Citys Waste Management

Programs

A. Organizational Structure

The Solid Waste Management Programs had historically emanated from,

and was given direction by the Office of the Mayor. The Environmental

Sanitation Office (ESO) which will be upgraded to City Environment and Natural

Resources Office (CENRO) is tasked to oversee the day-to-day activities

associated with waste management concerns, supported by various other

personnel.

The administrative support structure that has continued to prevail over

the Citys SWMP is otherwise housed within what is called the Environmental

Sanitation Office (ESO). While the ESO continues to discharge its duties and

responsibilities, the near-term will see the active involvement of the

reconstituted Solid Waste Management Board as it is specifically tasked under

the provisions of R.A. 9003 for a cohesive and fully-integrated implementation of

the Plan. Over the transition period until its adoption, the Plan shall be under

the ESOs/CENROs administrative jurisdiction.


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The ESOs/CENROs structure is graphically depicted in the following

figure.

Figure 5. Organizational Structure

The ESO/CENRO works closely with the following units or offices in the

City Government of Navotas that includes, among others the: Public Order and

Safety Office (POSO), the City Public Information Office (CPIO) thru TXT TOBY

(principally tasked with and credited for a quick response or action to citizens

concerns or complaints particularly as these relate to solid wastes), the City

Engineers Office, the Legal Office and so on.

B. Equipment and Staff

This section describes the ESO/CENRO in terms of staff complementation,

their training, and related equipment managed. It also mentions the trainings on

solid waste management available to the staff and other employees and the


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public and their sponsors. The information serves as indicators on the capability

of the Office to provide the service.

Table 3.4 Under the City Administration

Personnel Number

Supervisor 1

Dispatcher 3

Area Inspector 2

Driver 17

Waste Collector (Sanitation Crew) 51

Chief Mechanic 1

Assistant Mechanic 1

Welder Mechanic 1

Automotive Electrician 1

Helper/Utility 3


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Table 3.5 Under the Barangay Administration

Personnel Number Sufficiently Trained

Dispatcher 1/Barangay yes

Driver 1/Truck yes

Garbage Collector 3/Truck yes

C. Collection, Transfer and Disposal

This section describes the existing system, service area, collection routes,

and the collection frequency of solid waste in Navotas City

Main Road-Street Sweepings : every day

Barangay/Residential Areas : thrice a week

Business/Industrial Establishments : by schedule (charged w/

special fees)

Public Schools : thrice a week

Private Schools : by schedule (charged w/

special fees)

Markets : daily


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Basically, waste in the 14 Barangays within the city proper are collected

during M-W-F in District-I and T-TH-S in District-II every night and special waste,

recyclables and other residual waste are collected on Sundays. Waste collection

from Schools, Business, Institutions and other establishments who operates

during the day are done during daytime. Generally, the system of collection is

Door-to-Door pursuant to Municipal Ordinance 2003-13 adopted from MMDA

Regulations on Unified Approach of Waste Collection.

Table 3.6 Existing Containment and Collection System from Source

The City Health Officer and the ESO/CENRO shall provide necessary

training to personnel and collectors to ensure that the solid wastes are handled

property in accordance with the guidelines pursuant to the R.A.9003. All

collectors and other personnel directly dealing with collection of solid waste

shall be equipped with personal protective equipment and paraphernalia such

as, but not limited to gloves, marks and safety boots, to protect them from the


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hazards of handling solid wastes. Equipment shall be maintained in good

condition and kept clean to prevent the propagation or attraction of vectors and

the creation of nuisances. For the purpose of identification, vehicles shall bear

the body number, the name and telephone number of the agency collecting solid

waste.

D. Waste Management Facilities

Intermediate Facilities

Navotas City does not have yet elaborate intermediate facilities intended

to receive or accommodate the processing of its solid wastes. What it has are

Barangay and School-based Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in compliance

to RA 9003. The types of waste commonly received in these facilities are dry

recyclables. Composting is practiced in some schools. Some barangays linked-up

with the Junkshops in their localities to serve as extension MRFs for dry

recyclables.

E. Final Disposal

The City of Navotas in collaboration and cooperation with the

Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) and Philippine Ecology

Systems (PHILECO) developed and established a DENR-approved Controlled

Disposal Facility (CDF) in Barangay Tanza in 2002 as the final disposal site of the

citys and the City of Manilas waste. In the same year, the existing open

dumpsite of Navotas was closed as required by R.A.9003. Likewise, pursuant to


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R.A.9003, the CDF is closed with a DENR-approved closure plan in 2006 to give

way to an authorized 35 hectare-Sanitary Landfill (see Appendix VII) about 300

meters away from the site.

The Sanitary Landfill located in Barangay Tanza - In 2006 the CDF was

closed in compliance with RA-9003 to give way to the operation of a 35 hectare-

Sanitary Landfill as a requirement by law that all CDFs must be closed within 5

years from the effectivity of the Act pursuant to an approved closure plan from

the DENR developed by private contractor Philippine Ecology Systems

Corporation thru Memorandum of Understanding with the MMDA and the City

of Navotas and thru a Sangguniang Bayan Resolution (see Appendix IX). It is

estimated to receive approx. 2,000 tons/day of residual waste from the Cities of

Navotas, Manila and Malabon for a period of fifteen (15) years since it started

operation in 2006.

3.7 POPULATION AND SAMPLING TEST

The respondents were represented by the 14 barangays thereat, and by

the officers/staff of the CENRO.

The sample of the study consisted of 1.) ESO / CENRO / Barangay staff

(the implementing body), 2.) Household, 3.) Commercial, 4.) Industrial and 5.)

Institutional (stakeholders) respondents.


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ESO / CENRO / Barangay Staff were chosen as respondents in view of the

fact that they are the implementing body in the solid waste management plan.

With this regard, only the workers who have stayed under the management for

at least two years were chosen since the researcher believes that this would be

enough for them to be familiar with the solid waste management practices of

the city.

Random household, commercial, industrial and institutional respondents

were selected for they are the stakeholders of the plan. Each individual is

chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the

same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process, and

each subset of individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the

sample as any other subset of individuals.

The Office of the City Mayor, Office of the City Administrator, City

Planning and Development Office, City Engineers Office and Sangguniang

Panlungsod shall be contacted to secure needed permits for the different

establishments to conduct the study.

Table 3.7 shows the population of the City of Navotas and Table 3.8

shows the population per barangay of the City which were extracted from the

documents obtained from Navotas City Environment and Natural Resources

Office.


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Table 3.7

POPULATION OF RESPONDENTS

Year Population Pop. Growth Rate

2006 268,040 2%

2007 273,400 2%

2008 278,868 2%

2009 284,446 2%

2010 290,135 2%

2011 295,937 2%

2012 301,856 2%

2013 307,893 2%

2014 314,051 2%

2015 320,332 2%

Table 3.8

POPULATION PER BARANGAY (2006 2010)

Barangay Name

Population

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Bagumabyan South 4,227 4,312 4,398 4,486 4,575

Bagumbayan North 3,418 3,486 3,556 3,627 3,700

Sipac Almacen 12,649 12,902 13,160 13,423 13,692

North Bay Blvd. South 79,493 81,083 82,705 84,359 86,046

North Bay Blvd. North 15,831 16,148 16,471 16,800 17,136

Tanza 31,773 32,408 33,057 33,718 34,392

San Roque 18,500 18,870 19,247 19,632 20,025

Tangos 35,657 36,370 37,098 37,839 38,596

Navotas East 2,533 2,584 2,635 2,688 2,742Navotas West 8,841 9,018 9,198 9,382 9,570

San Rafael Village 3,035 3,096 3,158 3,221 3,285

Bangkulasi 7,875 8,033 8,193 8,357 8,524

San Jose 25,882 26,400 26,928 27,466 28,016

Daanghari 18,326 18,693 19,066 19,448 19,837

Total Population 268,040 273,400 278,868 284,446 290,135


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Slovins formula sampling technique was used to determine the number

of samples to be taken from the said population. The formula was used to take

into account confidence levels and margins of error. Nothing about the

behaviour of the sample is known, thus Slovins formula was used.

n = N / 1 + (Ne^2)

where: n = number of samples

N = total population

e = error tolerance

n = 290,135

1 + 290,135 * 0.05 * 0.05

n = 399.44 / 14 (distributed to 14 barangays)

n = 28.532 29

rounded up to 30 respondents per barangay

Stratified sampling was used by the researcher to make certain that the

members of the sample population be proportional to that of the total

population. Table 3.9 shows the designation of each barangays and the number

of assigned respondents.


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Purposive sampling was applied by the researcher to gain access to

particular subset of people. It was used to include people of interest and exclude

those who do not suit the purpose. Design based on choosing individuals as

samples according to the purpose of the researchers at his control.

Table 3.9

DESIGNATION OF BARANGAYS AND SIZE OF RESPONDENTS

Barangay Name Designation Respondents

Bagumabyan South 1 30

Bagumbayan North 2 30

Sipac Almacen 3 30

North Bay Blvd. South 4 30

North Bay Blvd. North 5 30

Tanza 6 30

San Roque 7 30

Tangos 8 30

Navotas East 9 30

Navotas West 10 30

San Rafael Village 11 30

Bangkulasi 12 30

San Jose 13 30

Daanghari 14 30

Total 14 420

Table 3.10 shows the number of questionnaires distributed, targeted and

retrieved per Barangay. The researcher anticipated that some of the

questionnaires distributed would be ignored so it was planned to distribute 45

questionnaires per barangay to have margin for ignored and overlooked

questionnaires. Barangays 3 and 14 were able to go over the targeted number of


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retrieved questionnaires (103% and 133%). Barangay 13 has the lowest

retrieved questionnaires (50%). Taken as a whole, the ratio of retrieved

questionnaire is 93%. Detailed Demographic Profile of Respondents can be found

in Appendix

Table 3.10

NUMBER OF QUEATIONNAIRES DISTRIBUTED, TARGETED AND RETRIEVED PER

BARANGAY

BarangayQuestionnaires

DistributedTarget Retrieved Percentage

Barangay 1 45 30 28 93%

Barangay 2 45 30 29 97%

Barangay 3 45 30 31 103%

Barangay 4 45 30 29 97%

Barangay 5 45 30 28 93%

Barangay 6 45 30 30 100%

Barangay 7 45 30 30 100%

Barangay 8 45 30 30 100%Barangay 9 45 30 28 93%

Barangay 10 45 30 19 63%

Barangay 11 45 30 28 93%

Barangay 12 45 30 27 90%

Barangay 13 45 30 15 50%

Barangay 14 45 30 40 133%

Total 630 420 392 93%

Table 3.11 shows the number of Institutional establishments in the City

categorized in private and public schools and the number of retrieved

questionnaires.


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Table 3.11

NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND RETRIEVED RESPONDENTS

PER BARANGAY

Barangay Private Public Retrieved Percentage

Barangay 1 0 0 0 0%

Barangay 2 0 1 1 100%

Barangay 3 0 0 0 0%

Barangay 4 0 2 1 50%

Barangay 5 0 1 1 100%Barangay 6 0 4 3 75%



Barangay 9 0 0 0 0%


Barangay 11 0 2 1 50%


Barangay 13 2 2 3 75%

Barangay 14 1 1 2 100%

Total 3 24 14 52%

Table 3.12 shows the number of Commercial establishments in the City of

Navotas. Only the sizeable establishments were taken into consideration and

these respondents were clustered as one group due to the small number per

barangay. Some barangays do not have commercial establishments at all. Only

the medium and large sized enterprises were selected for the study.

Table 3.13 shows the number of respondents retrieved from the

implementers of the SWM plan of the City.

Table 3.12


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NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND RETRIEVED RESPONDENTS

Number of Establishments Target Retrieved Percentage

3200 355 10 3%

Table 3.13

NUMBER OF IMPLEMENTER (BARANGAY) RESPONDENTS PER BARANGAY

Barangay Target Retrieved Percentage

Barangay 1 1 1 100%

Documents

Final Manuscript (3rd Part Body)