The University of Melbourne

Environments & Design Student Centre

Ground Floor of the Baldwin Spencer Building003936000000000197210

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Subject Code: ENVS10003_2014_SM1 Subject Name: ConstructingEnvironments

Student ID Number: 643890 Student Name: Liam Nuttall

Tutorial: T05

Assignment Name: A01 LOGBOOK FINAL SUBMISSION (all studio sessions)

Assignment Due Date: May 19 2014 at 01:00 PM

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Week 3

Structural ElementsThe form of a building must be designed in a way that its loads can follow an acceptable path, usually requiring different structural elements consisting of certain materials and shapes to carry out the necessary task. Some of the most common elements are:

-Struts are slender elements designed to carry loads parallel a long there axis, appropriate for compres-sion forces.-Ties are similar to struts but are designed to act in tension. Ties are used in different roles; hurricane ties are used to make timber structures more resis-tant to high winds for example. Fig 11

-Beam are generally horizontal elements designed to carry a vertical laod using its bending resistance. It resists both compression and tension forces.-Slab/plates are wide horizontal elements designed to carry vertical laods in bending. These are usu-ally used in a system where by they are supported on beams. I imagine that that this would be a fast method of erecting a building and slabs are easily pre-frabrication.-Panels are deep vertical elements designed to carry vertical and horizontal loads.

1 Hurricane Ties Could Save You Thousands.” - Fourstateshomepage.com. http://www.fourstateshomepage.com/story/hurricane-ties-could-save-you-thousands/d/story/IFeuhiLDdEKFvbF-Briv6ZQ (accessed May 16, 2014).

Footings and FoundationsThese are components of a buildings substrucutre that transfers its loads to ground. The distinction between them is that footings are the structure they whilst the foundation is the soil that the footings sit on (Australian Terms). Settlement (see glossary) should be accounted for and foundations and footings designed so this occurs evenly or else cracking will appear in the structure because loads will not travel through the appropriate paths.

Structural Systems

Retaining + Foundation WallsWhen sites are excavated, a structural system is required to hold the soil around the remaining cavity. Retaining walls prevent the soil collapsing into the space. The specific amount of pressure acting on the walls must be considered to prevent overturning.

Fig 21 above shows a retaining wall holding back the soils of a slope, another situation where such structures are needed.

1 “.” . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_Re-taining_wall.jpg (accessed May 16, 2014).

Materials

In terms of materials, mass constructions are “monolithic” in nature (glossary). These are generally strong in compression but weak in tension, have good thermal masses and are

extremely durable. These materials can be seen across many cultures throughout time. One reason being that many are modular, which allows for easy construction methods to be used (clay/mud brick, concrete blocks, ashlar stone ). Non-modular materials also exist and can be just as practrical; concrete in particular is a very common used material (rammed earth, monolithic stones).

Mass Construction

MasonryThis field is a subset of mass construction that involves building with units of mass material that are bonded with an agent, like bricks and mortar.

An interesting rule is that the properties of an individual masonry unit can generally be applied to the whole structure, acting as a monolithic whole.

BricksOne of the most commonly used modular mass construction unit is the brick. They are made of clay or shale, and are shapened then hardened in a kiln, with three forms able to be produced; extruded and wire cut, machine moulded and handmade, shown in Fig 31, Fig 42, Fig 53 respectively.

1,3 TBS Merchants. “Products.” Brick from TBS Building Supplies. http://www.tbsmerchants.co.uk/cgi-bin/build/showroom/bricks/products.html (accessed May 18, 2014).2 Crazy Brick Layer Dude. “Bricks.” . http://crazybricklayer-dude.com/index.php?go=bricks (accessed April 20, 2014).

Fig 3

Fig 4

Fig 5

Equilibrium + Forces

Buildings have a number of forces acting on them from various directions, equilibirum is the state of balance resulting from the equal action of opposing forces. A simple example of a structure in equilibrium is a cantilevered awning.

Forces have a tendency to make an object/point rotate, producing a movement about it if it is applied at a distance from that point a long a line of action that does pass through that point.

Forces are measured by the product of the force magnitude and the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and the point (distance called the momentum arm) or Mo= fxd in kNm.

Arrangements of brick courses:

Brick joints:

Clay Bricks have the advantage of being able to be joined with water based mortar and ventilate well, allowing moisture to escape so the agent won’t deteriorate. However expansion joints need to be included in a clay brick system as the bricks will absorb water and expand. Salts and lime will also be drawn up, causing serious pathologies and aesthetic problems like effloresence.

The image1 above shows a column made of a clay brick system with raked joints, taken on during a tutorial tour of the Parkville Campus.

Concrete Blocks

Made from the combination of cement, sand gravel and water in a process that involves the stages of mixing, moulding and curing to produce a usable unit. Because of their strength, cement blocks can be hollow, which allows for lighter structures. They can be load bearing (Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)) or non-load bearing, and are usually used in the construction of walls (structural or decorative). The standard CMU weights 11 kg and unlike clay bricks, concrete blocks shrink. It is interesting to think that poured concrete is prone to cracking because of the gradual shrinking, but concrete blocks may not suffer the same reductions in structural stregnth because expansion joints between the units will prevent cracking.

1 Nuttall, Liam. S, “Lot 6.” Photograph

Centre of Gravity/Mass

An object’s centre of gravity is the point about which an object is balanced or where the entire weight of the object is concentrated. If an object’s centre of mass lies outside its support base or the extenet of its support, it will fall over. This was demonstrated during the tutorial using a simple tool, as shown in the diagram below.

BibliographyCrazy Brick Layer Dude. "Bricks." . http://crazybricklayerdude.com/index.php?go=bricks (accessed April 20, 2014).

"." . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_Retaining_wall.jpg (accessed May 16, 2014).

"Hurricane Ties Could Save You Thousands." - Fourstateshomepage.com. http://www.four s tate shome page . com/stor y/hur r i cane -t i e s - c o u l d - s a ve - yo u - t h o u s a n d s / d / s t o r y /IFeuhiLDdEKFvbFBriv6ZQ (accessed May 16, 2014).

Nuttall, Liam. S, “Lot 6.” Photograph

TBS Merchants. "Products." Brick from TBS Building Supplies. http://www.tbsmerchants.co.uk/cgi-bin/build/showroom/bricks/products.html (accessed May 18, 2014).

Knowledge Map

Bibliography

Week 4

Span and SpacingStructural Systems

These are general terms that applicable across construction. The span of something refers to the distance measured between two structural supports, and is not necessarily the same length as the member.

Spacing refers to the repeating distance between a series of similar elements like columns. This is usually meaasured centreline to centreline. The spacing of supporting elements depends on the spanning capabilities of the supported elements.

The image (Fig 1.1) of Melbourne University’s new Architecture Building reveals the steel frame being built to support a cantilevered section of the project. Underneath the overhang, the frame provides a clear example of the concepts of span and spacing. The spacing of the steel joists occur at regular intervals of equal span.

1 Herr, Sia. “Nearing Completion.” NADAAA BLOG » Melbourne Uni. http://nadaaa.com/blog/?cat=76 (accessed May 18, 2014).

Floor and Framing Systems

Multi-level constructions are commonly erected by creating a frame system, on which slab floors are placed, or concrete is puoured into. Loads are carried by horizontal beams to cloumns, which then transfer the load down to foundation via the footings, much like the load paths explored in Tutorial 1 and the concepts learned in Week 3.The slabs used in a construction can be “one way” or “two way;” one way slabs only spanning two beams so that its load only travels from one beam to another, two way slabs transferring their loads across multiple beams, as shown below.

There are different flooring systems that are generally divided by material. Steel systems are used on projects of various scales, large and small, making use of heavy guage “structural steel members” or light guage “steel framing.” Projects can involve the use of both types of guages, but usually depend on the loads that need to be accounted for. Girders are the main beams in a steel frame system.Timber systems are usually used in smaller constructions as timber is not as strong as steel in compression or tension. The system uses a combination of ‘bearers” (primary beams) and joists (secondary beams) as shown in Fig 21 below.

1 Build Right. “Sub-floor framing - Floor joists.” . https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/10_floor_systems/10_sub_floor_framing_floor_joists/page_001.htm (accessed May 14, 2014).

Materials

Beams and CantileversBeams are horizontal structural elements that are at the core of most structural systems. They transfer loads to vertical supports, which can be joined at a beam’s ends, different points, just off the ends or be cantilevered.Cantilevers occur when structural elements are supported at one end, with the other free of supports, as shown in Fig 1. Loads are carried along horizontal structural members back to vertical supports, away from the “free”end. These kind of structures are more common in the modern era with the development of structural steel and more advanced construction systems.

ConcreteConstruction Systems and Processes

One of the most ubiguitous construction materials, concrete, has been used for millenia. Popularized by the Romans in their long standing structures like the Patheon. It is a product of simple ingredients (cement, water and sand and gravel aggregates) that in turn produces incredibly durable and strong constructs. A common ratio of ingredients is :

1 cement: 2 fine aggregate: 4 coarse aggregate: 0.4-0.5 water

These components bind by hydration (bonds formed by the attraction of water’s negative

crystals form and interlock, making the water ratio incredibly important. Portland cement is the most commonly used. Concrete is plastic/fluid before setting, making it a relatively easily moldable material; formwork is built to keep the concrete in shape during the “curing” state until it sets.

Above is an image (Fig 31) showing formwork awaitng concrete to poured into it to form a flooring system. Formwork consists of panels seperated by “spreaders” and bracing to keep the system in place during the curing process.Steel reinforcement rods can be see rising abvoe the formwork, out of where the concrete is intended to set. Very strong in compression, steel reinforcement is very common in concrete structures as it adds to the tensile strength, so it can act in tension without faulting.Once concrete has been poured, it generally takes 7 days to reach 75% of its compressive strength,1 Variant Factory LLC. “Product Gallery Variant Factory LLC.” Site Variant Factory Ltd. Formwork for monolithic construction. Support scaffolding. Satellite and Ethernet antennas. Industrial luminaries. Cattle breeding machinery. http://www.variant-factory.eu/gallery#pho-to=0/1 (accessed May 12, 2014).

with testing required on the 25th day. During the curing process, the setting concrete has vibrations applied to it in order to eliminate any bubbles of air, to ensure they don’t detract from the concrete’s eventual strength.Concrete, dpending on the the components used, is porous, a poor conductor (heat and electricity), hard to recycle and has a high embodied energy. However its most obvious characteristic, that it is extremely durable, means that it is a long lasting material and somewhat offsets the large amount of energy embodied in it. The porosity of concrete means that steel reinforcement bars are prone to rust, which affects the exterior surface over time, and means that the concrete can crack over time as it expands by absorbing water.

In-situ concreteIn-situ concrete is the label applied to concrete that is poured on site, often delivered to a site in a plastic state and directed to already erected formwork. During the latter stages of curing and after vibration, the surface of the concrete is “skreeded” to create a flat finish. It is difficult to acheive a perfectly flat finish in-situ when compared to pre-cast concrete. This method of using concrete is generally used for strutcural purposes. Other methods of using in-situ concrete include using “shot-crete,” a process whereby plastic concrete is placed under high pressure and sprayed via a hose to quickly cover surfaces, useful for shaping.

Pre-cast/fabricated ConcreteA modern construction process involves the production of concrete modules off-site (ex-situ) in a controlled environment, which can then be transported to a site for erection. Highly standardised outcomes with higher quality controls can be expected using this method. There are many benefits of using this construction method; construction sites progress at a much faster rate as the process of pouring and curing is done offsite and pieces can be placed and joined quickly.

Displayed in the image above (Fig 51) are the pre-cast concrete panels used in the Architecture Building, with the holes for joints evident.There are some limitations in using pre-cast concrete however. Modules are limited in size according to transportation logistics; on site changes are hard to incorporate to plans once pieces have been cast, without casting a new, altered module. One additional consideration is that pre-cast concrete modules are economical to re-use, even though they are often highly specific in dimension. They are as easy to take apart as they are to assemble, so they can be disassembled and taken away to be reused or recycled quickly.

1 NADAAA. “Nearing Completion.” NADAAA BLOG » Mel-bourne Uni. http://nadaaa.com/blog/?cat=76 (accessed May 14, 2014).

Joints in Concrete ConstructionConstruction joints divides construction into small, managebale segements in-situ and occur where one pre-cast module meets another with pre-cast concrete. Control joints are required with in-situ concrete to absorb expansions/contractions resulting from thermal variations over time.Choice as to which joint is chosen often depends on structural necessity and/or the desired aesthetic finish. Both are potential weak points in a structure.

Case Study

Dermont McGeown - PropertyDevelopments can be seperated in terms of funding sources; those funded by the government (public) and those funded by parties driven by profit (private).Property development creates spaces for use that didn’t exist before, or that is different to what was there before; it capitalizes on opportunities present. Feasibility plans must be carried out beforehand and usually involve site, market and marketability analysis. If commissioned by a private party, they wan’t to ensure that the project is likely to be profitable, whereas a public client has functionality at the forefront of it’s concerns. Successful development is dependent on location, and fulfillment of users needs by developed spaces.

A photo above (Fig 41) showing the South Lawn carpark, taken during a tutorial tour, depicts how formwork can create highly shaped products

1 ”Week 24 – cathedrals of learning and cities of sand.” . http://sophieinmelbourne.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/mel-bourne-uni-car-park.jpg (accessed May 11, 2014).

The new Architecture Building at Melbourne University’s Parkville campus provides a good example of how quickly pre-fab concrete structures can be erected, with the majority of the construction taking place within the period of a year.

Roger Poole - Architect (Batessmart)Some of the issues that architects face include criticism from those concerned with how a building will suit the existing built context. Roger Poole worked on 171 Collins Street and had to peruade various parties that the building was a good backdrop for St. James Cathedral in Melbourne’s CBD and other historical buildings in the area. Understanding the rights and obligations of others is fundimental to successfully completing a project.For another project (35 Spring Stree), Roger had to balance the internal and external climate with the interest of the people and the city. Again balance was vital in ensuring that the project “saw daylight.”

Peter Suffren - ConstructionOnce the planning of 171 Collins Street was apporved, the original investors “un-sold” the project. A project management team was hired to ensure that the plan was carried out effectively and accurately. They are motivated to perform well by profit, aiming to complete all aspects of their contracts to earn bonuses. Risk management is one of the biggest factors that is involved with large projects, as value for money is the concern at the end

of the day. Minimal risk equals a greater amount of profit as costs are minimizes in turn.

BibliographyBuild Right. "Sub-floor framing - Floor joists." . https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buil-dright/content/bcgbc4010a/10_floor_systems/10_sub_floor_framing_floor_joists/page_001.htm (accessed May 14, 2014).

Herr, Sia. "Nearing Completion." NADAAA BLOG » Melbourne Uni. http://nadaaa.com/blog/?cat=76 (accessed May 18, 2014).

NADAAA. "Nearing Completion." NADAAA BLOG » Melbourne Uni. http://nadaaa.com/blog/?cat=76 (accessed May 14, 2014).

"Week 24 – cathedrals of learning and cities of sand." . http://sophieinmelbourne.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/melbourne-uni-car-park.jpg (ac-cessed May 11, 2014).

Variant Factory LLC. "Product Gallery Variant Factory LLC." Site Variant Factory Ltd. Formwork for monolithic construction. Support scaffolding. Satellite and Ethernet antennas. Industrial luminar-ies. Cattle breeding machinery. http://www.vari-ant-factory.eu/gallery#photo=0/1 (accessed May 12, 2014).

Knowledge Map

Week 5The task of this weeks tutorial involved constructing a model of one part of Melbourne University’s new Oval Pavilion, based of the construction drawings that were available to us. My group was tasked with constructing the structural system of the basement wet area and the levels above.

We used materials that we considered appropriate to construct the model, a sturdy foam core board for the base and the walls were made of balsa wood. We used UHU glue to attach all the components together.

Every step was taken as a group in the construction of the model. We first discussed at what scale we would be building the model (1:20) and what the subsequent dimensions of the floor plan would be. We realized that the model was going to be quite large and consequently we could not afford to make any mistakes as there would not be sufficient material to make ammendments.

The first half an hour of the two and a half hour model making period was dedicated to planning the build, which turned out to be a wise move when some of the other groups in the tutorial who neglected to do so, started to make serious errors or misjudgements. The necessity for planning at all scales of construction projects was summarized aptly.

The walls of the segment that we were constructing are load bearing, constructed of concrete blocks (Concrete Masonry Units) specifically. This means that is should be quite strong in compressive strength, supporting the loads from above adequately. The walls also act as retaining walls, resisting the surrounding soil pressing in on the created cavity that the basement sits in.

The joints appear to all be “mount” joints, ones that allow for the shrinkage and expansion of individual concrete units over time. This is especially important in the basement setting as there is likely to be an increased amount of moisture present.The image below shows the walls of the basement segment being allowed to set in place, similar to formwork allowing poured concrete to set in a desire shape.

The sketch above depicts the single skin solid masonry wall used for the interior and exterior walls of the model. The exterior wall that is under the ground surface only has one skin, but there is a single skin brick veneer infront of a cavity above the surface, as shown below.

The image above shows our model of the basement section with the interior walls of the wet area. Mask-ing tape can be seen along the joints of the walls as we decided that this would add to the strength of the model and ensure that the walls set square. We were supposed to construct the column system that sits on ground floor of the building, but unfortunately ran out of time to do so. The system features a steel frame that bears the structural loads of the building.

The other groups were instructed to replicate the truss system of the roofin model. They created two different parts of the system and hoped that they would be able to join them at the end of the studio, which they were able to so. These models made evident the complexities of the structural system in this design, specifically the cantilevered awning of the pavilion with its unique shape. The image below shows the groups joining their respectives models at the end of the studio, requiring props to keep it in place in the absence of walls and the other structural elements that would normally be present. They used balsa, masking tape and blu-tak to represent the steel frame of the system.

A clearer perspective of the truss system is shown above. Perpendicular joists sit on the beam of the truss, transferring their loads to it, which transfer the load to the steel columns of the ground floor, which transfers the load to footings and foundations via the load bearing walls of the basement walls.This is summarized in the load path diagram below.

Knowledge Map

Week 8This week we looked at the Oval Pavilion development again as a case study. We were individually assgined a detail from the construction drawing set to draw at 1:1 to be presented in week 10, two weeks time. I was given A46-03 from the set, a detail showing the bottom of the brick veneer cavity wall adjoining the load bearing concrete block wall from the ground surface up.

We discussed our assigned details for a couple of minutes, attempting to best understand what we were looking for on the construction and how best to draw it. We then made our way to the pavilion as a studio to investigate the details that we had each been assigned on a much more practical level. The opportunity to view the actual construction provided for a very effective lesson in how sections of the structural systems are depicted. We also got a good look at materials that were not as obvious in the plans as they were in person.

Above is the 1:5 drawing of the detail that I was provided with. It is quite a simple drawing to follow, the concrete blocks run along the centre-left axis of the detail, with the cavity in the centre and the brick veneer skin to the right. The detail shows a steel bracket set into the concrete slab that the brick skin sits on, providing structural support.Above that and set into the mortar between the concrete and the first brick course visible on the exterior is depicted to be flashing, which should assist in draining any moisture that accumulates in the cavity via the weep holes drawn below the flashing. The concrete slab sits directly on the foundation of the soil that presses against the pavilion’s basement walls, which is further to the left in the drawing.

I didn’t start the actual drawing activity in the studio, waiting until I had a sufficient amount of time and space to carry out the task. It was interesting how quickly I made an error in laying the drawing out, I imagine that many did as the scale transfer took sometime to get used to.

I made the decision to use a 0.6p fineliner for the majority of the lines drawn, in order to give them some weight and visibilty in the presentation.The textures and patterns of the materials in the drawings were replicated with a very fine 0.5p fineliner, so that they would be visible but not dominant, creating a subtle product that did not detract from the form of the detail that was most important.

The instructions provided for folding the A1 sheet to an easily filable and unfoldable A4 sheet were much more difficult to follow than initially anticipated.

Knowledge Map

Week 9This week was a pretty exciting week as we had the opportunity to visit a large high rise construction site in the city. The project involved adding an additional 5 floors to the existing 23 floors of the Owen Dixon Chambers, a building of Lawyers offices in the legal district on Lonsdale Street and will costs ~$28 to $30 million.

The site manager led us on a tour of the site, explaining many of the process. methods and techniques that we could observe and those that weren’t as obvious. Constructing within the CBD brings a large number of issues that must be dealt with. Work on the site can only really be carried out during “working hours” (0900-1700) as there are residential blocks nearby. But to add to the difficuly that brings, services like plumbing, heating, data and ventilation can not be interrupted during working hours for long periods as people are still making use of the offices below the site.

One the central elements of the site, literally and conceptually, is the 450 tonne crane that operates from 0630 to 1730. This is one of the first things that was planned for the site. The street below where all materials will be lifted from, is a one way street in the CBD. Planning and permission for road closurues are necessary and must be carried out well ahead of time. The logistics of the job are quite strict and are adhered to without question to ensure that construction runs to schedule.

The heavy guage structural steel frame had been completed for all the floors upon my visit, as were the important internal walls. The site was currently at the stage where the glass and facade panels were being put in place.

The crane sits on the first floor of the extension, the former roof, which means that a huge additional load must be accounted for. The load of the crane is spread using “grillage,” or cross membered steel beams as shown above.There are huge number of sub-contractors that are independent of each other, but must be co-ordinated so that they all have adequate use of the crane within it’s operating hours. During the visit I saw or had pointed out to me a number of electricians, plumbers, air-conditioning mechanics and the tradies responsible for the installation of the facade panels that were being erected whilst I was there.

In terms of the materials that were being used, large steel columns formed the primary vertical supports, whilst steel girders formed the primary horizontal supports. There were also diagonal braces present in the frame to had compressive strength. All these elements can be seen in the photo below.

Internally, stud walls formed the dividing walls and the first two floors of the project had the everything but the panels in place. The ceiling will consist of an “acoustic” ceiling that is hung from the hebel floor above. A cavity will lie between the paneled ceiling and the hebel floor, in which insulation and wiring will lie.

Quite an important part of the build is the craning of materials up to the relevant floors. In terms of personnel, a temporary lift had been bolted to the exterior of the existing lift shaft (shown above), one which has the capacity to ferry 28 tradies at a time.

The floors were made of “hebel” concrete, a lightweight concrete that has a large amount of air in its structure.

Because the project was being built ontop of an existing building, the issue of weight had to be very strictly adhered to. The existing building’s footings had been engineered to hold a certain load with a specific safety factor. The new project had been approved to have a final weight that did not exceed a limit that was considered safe, so all the materials had to be very light and approved.

This material choice created some issues for the builders, machinery like scissors lifts were required to be kept at least 5 meters from each other on the hebel floors lest their combined weights be too much for the floors, as shown below.

The hebel slabs have a 4 hour fire rating that also ensures structural integrity remains intact for as long as possible.Smoke seals are located between the floors of each floor:

The central stair shaft features a constant ventilation system that will ensure fresh air is in constant supply, and that the pressure difference will keep the fire doors shut unless opened by hand. These doors always open into the shaft to allo quick entry from the office spaces.

The steel frame appeared to consist of fixed joints, held by numerous bolts and welds in some places. The hebel slabs were placed directly onto the steel joists of the secondary horizontal structural system, then bloted together. The internal dividing walls were screwed to the ceiling and floors, strong joints not as necessary there as they were non-loadbearing walls.

In regards to materials. two loading bays were where materials were brought in, and waste taken away. These bays were essentially large skips that could be pushed off the edge of the building as needed. A colour system along the side of the skip guided users as to how much more it could take per load, important when considering the lightweight floors. The skips were built on platforms that spread the weight over a greater surface area for this reason.

Safety considerations for the eventual occupants is a special concern when constructing high rise buildings. The fire precautions designed into the project were numerous. The ceilings and floors were coated in a “verniculi” spray, which solidified and acts as a retardant across the structure. This is intended to delay the melting of the steel, in hopes that a structural collapse would be able to be prevented in the ensuing time.

The image above shows a stud wall room with the acoustic ceiling’s lightweight steel frame and cavity visible, wiring and data infrastructure being put into place as well.These walls are non-load bearing, evidently as they do not make contact with the floor above, so loads can not be transfered. The jonts between the panels of the stud wall system appear to be sealed with a plaster, but are awaiting a finish.

Knowledge Map

Week 10This week I presented my 1:1 drawing of the Oval Pavilion section that I had been assigned. My drawing was relatively straight forward to replicate but took a decent amount of time, the conversion of scale requiring me to check every measurement a few times.

The other drawings that were presented by the studio members were all of quite a high standard and allowed us all to gain a greater understanding of the structural components and complexities within the case building. The specific patterns of various materials is still taking some time to get used to.

The majority of the tutorial was spent visiting the Oval Pavilion construction site to gain a better understanding of the sections that we had drawn, and of the ones that the studio members had drawn. Unfortunately I was seperated from my studio, but I went just after the rest attended the site and made my own observations.

It was quite interesting to examine the section that I had drawn at 1:1 scale physically. Above is a photo I took of the base of the brick veneer skin. The elements of the detail drawing are evident in the final built structure, which is exciting for a construction student to see.A weephole can be made out to the left of the wall’s corner, above the first mortar joint (the joints have a raked finish).

As for waterproofing in my given detail, the cavity flashing is not visible from the exterior, but the mentioned weephole provides a sign that it is likely to be there.

I spotted this vent built into coursework of the brick veneer. My guess is that it also provides for ventilation from the wall cavity.

Knowledge Map

GlossaryAlloy- product resulting from the mixture of a metal with another elementAnisotropic - does not have the same properties in all directionsBearers- primary beams in a timber systemBearing Capacity- Centre of Mass/Gravity- the point about which an object is balanced/ where the entire weight of the object is concentrated.CLT- cross laminated timber, laminates glued at 90 degrees to each otherCompression- subject of a material to compressive stress, two forces acting in converging directions Column- a vertical suppport member, usually supports horizontal support membersComposite- construction or material involving multiple dissimilar materialsCornice- any horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture elementCorrosion- gradual destruction of materials by a chemical processCross Bracing- diagonal supports between support membersCuring- the stage after the pouring of concrete, when it “sets” by chemical reactionDefect- a shortcoming or imperfectionDeflection- degree to which a structural element is displaced under a loadEquilibrium- a state if balance/rest resulting from the equal action of opposing forces.

Fascia- horizontal band that runs underneath a roof overhangFrame- structural system where componenets support other components structurally Glulam- glue laminated timber, glued pieces of dressed timberGrillage- a heavy framework of cross-timbering or metal beams forming a foundation for building on difficult groundHebel- a lightweight, prefabricated concrete wall and floor panel systemJoists- secondary beams in a timber systemLVL- laminated veneer lumber, thin laminates with grains aligned longitudinallyMoment of Inertia- mass property of a rigid body that defines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about an axis of rotationPlastic- materials in moldable stateSaftey Factor- structural capacity of a system beyond the expected loads or actual loadsSettlement- the movement of a building over time as it compresses the soil beneath itShear force- unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction, and another part of the body in the opposite directionSkirting- element of which it’s purpose is to cover the joint between the wall surface and the floorSpacing- repeating distance between a series of similar elementsSpan- the distance measured between two supportsSubstructure - forms the underlying foundation of the building

Super structure- vertical extension of a building abvove the foundationsStructural joint- where elements meet without applying a static load from one element to anotherTension- pulling force exerted by each end of a one-dimensional continuous object