Final Exam (S2) Environmental Science Ms. Phillips 2013-2014

Final Exam (S2)Environmental Science

Ms. Phillips

2013-2014

Which of the following is NOT one of the main areas of Earth science?

0astrology0geology0oceanography0astronomy0none of the above

The area of Earth science that examines the physical and biological changes that have occurred in Earth’s past is called ____.

0meteorology0oceanography0physical geology0historical geology0meteorites

Which of Earth’s spheres includes the oceans, groundwater, lakes, and glaciers?

0the atmosphere0the hydrosphere0the biosphere0the geosphere0none of the above

The life-forms of the biosphere are located in the ____.

0geosphere only0hydrosphere and

atmosphere only0hydrosphere only0atmosphere,

hydrosphere, and geosphere0none of the above

What are the three main parts of the geosphere?

0atmosphere, crust, core0crust, mantle, core0lithosphere, mantle, core0asthenosphere,

lithosphere, atmosphere0none of the above

The theory of plate tectonics helps scientists explain __________.

0how earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur0how ocean currents move

over Earth’s surface0why hurricanes occur0why Earth’s core is less

dense than the mantle0none of the above

What is the driving force for the movement of the lithospheric plates?

0heat from the sun0unequal distribution of

heat within Earth0heat in the atmosphere0unequal distribution of

heat in the oceans0none of the above

Earth is considered a system because all of its parts ____.

0represent separate closed systems0were formed at the same

time0are powered by the same

energy source0interact0none of the above

Any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole is a(n) ____.

0sphere0energy source0tectonic plate0system0none of the above

What are the two sources of energy for the Earth system?

0lightning and the sun0the sun and Earth’s

interior0the sun and wind0Earth’s interior and the

winds0none of the above

Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource?

0energy from flowing water0iron0petroleum0coal0none of the above

Resources that can be replenished over a relatively short time span are called _________.

0fossil fuels0renewable resources0nonrenewable resources0mineral resources0none of the above

Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource?

0cotton0copper0natural gas0coal0none of the above

Renewable resources ____.

0can be replenished over months, years, or decades0are all living resources0have finite supplies that will

one day be used up0include iron, natural gas, and

copper0none of the above

Which of the following is an example of a nonrenewable resource?

0cotton0trees0cattle0uranium0none of the above

Which of the following energy resources might replace dwindling petroleum supplies one day?

0coal and natural gas0tar sands and uranium0oil shale and tar sands0wind and coal0none of the above

Vein deposits are usually produced by __________.

0hydrothermal solutions0cementation and

compaction0weathering0density sorting0none of the above

Which of the following is a nonmetallic mineral resource?

0wood0coal0iron0aggregate0none of the above

What are nonmetallic resources commonly used for?

0manufacturing steel0producing energy0the nonmetallic elements

they contain or their physical and chemical properties0the metallic elements they

contain or their physical and chemical properties0none of the above

The advantages of solar energy include the fact that it is ____.

0absent at night0nonrenewable0expensive0non-polluting0none of the above

Wind power generates ____.

0noise pollution0air pollution0water pollution0soil pollution0none of the above

Hydroelectric power is produced by ____.

0falling water that turns a turbine0tides that pour through a dam

barrier0hot water that comes from deep

underground0electric current that flows

across a dam0none of the above

What is the source of geothermal energy?

0natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water0sunlight heating surface waters0the splitting of atoms to release

energy0very hot minerals deep

underground

0none of the above

Fresh water is used for which of the following?

0drinking0growing food0cooking0all of the above0none of the above

The water cycle is the ____.

0the evaporation of water from Earth’s surface0distribution of drinking water on

Earth0the recycling of water after

industrial use0unending circulation of Earth’s

water supply0none of the above

Plants release water into the atmosphere through a process called ____.

0infiltration0precipitation0evaporation0transpiration0all of the above

The average annual precipitation worldwide must equal the quantity of water ____.

0locked in glaciers0evaporated0infiltrated0transpired0all of the above

The ability of a stream to erode and transport material depends largely on its ____.

0density0length0width0velocity0all of the above

A natural levee is ____.0an erosional feature perpendicular

to the stream channel0an erosional feature parallel to the

stream channel0a depositional feature parallel to

the stream channel0a depositional feature

perpendicular to the stream channel

0all of the above

A floodplain forms where a stream ____.

0cuts mainly side to side0cuts downward rapidly0carries no bed load0is far above its base level0none of the above

One major cause of floods is ____.

0light rain over a large area0a decrease in stream

discharge0increased capacity of

stream channels0rapid spring snow melt0all of the above

Groundwater is found underground in the zone of ____.

0saturation0aeration0soil0sediment0none of the above

Which of the following is a measure of a material’s ability to transmit fluids through interconnected pore spaces?

0permeability0capacity0porosity0competence0all of the above

Springs form where _________.

0groundwater sinks into the soil0there is no water table0flooding makes streams

overflow their banks0the water table intersects

the ground surface0none of the above

When groundwater enters underground fractures or caverns in hot igneous rocks, where it is heated to boiling temperatures, what feature can form?

0aquitard0sinkhole0geyser0spring0all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a major source of groundwater pollution?

0compost0pesticides0sewage0industrial chemicals0none of the above

A thick ice mass that forms over the land from the accumulation, compaction, and recrystallization of snow is a _____________.

0drumlin0cirque0fjord0glacier0all of the above

Currently, about what percent of Earth’s land surface is covered by glaciers?

070%0110%025%040%010%

Which of the following is NOT true about glaciers?

0They show evidence of past or present flow.0They form from the

recrystallization of snow.0They originate on land.0They exist only in the

Northern Hemisphere.0all of the above

During the most recent ice age, what percentage of Earth’s surface was covered by glaciers?

010%030%075%090%0all of the above

Which of the following features was formed by glacial erosion?

0Navajo Lake0the Mississippi River0the Missouri River0the Great Lakes0the Basin and Range

What force causes most of the erosion in desert areas?

0fire0running water0gravity0ice0wind

Why can a heavy rain shower cause a large amount of erosion in a desert area?

0There is a lack of vegetation to hold the soil in place.0Lizards don’t like water0Temperatures are very high.0Streams overflow easily.0Desert ground cannot

absorb any water.

What is the main type of weathering in deserts?

0weathering by water0chemical weathering0weathering by organic acids0physical weathering0all of the above

Abrasion changes the desert surface by ____.

0creating pinnacles and narrow pedestals in the rock0creating blowouts0cutting and polishing

exposed rock surfaces0depositing loess across the

landscape0all of the above

Deflation affected the Dust Bowl in the 1930s by ____.

0lowering the land0depositing coarse sand

and gravel0building up sand dunes0creating rock pinnacles0all of the above

Windblown silt that blankets a landscape is called ____.

0loess0a blowout0desert pavement0a sand dune0none of the above

Over time, sand dunes tend to migrate ____.

0in random directions0in the same direction as

the wind blows0toward the wind0perpendicular to the

movement of the wind0all of the above

Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis stated that all the continents once joined together to form ____.

0two major supercontinents and three smaller continents0two major supercontinents0three major supercontinents0one major supercontinent0none of the above

http://www.phschool.com/iText/sci_exp/iText/products/0-13-181243-2/ch1/ch1_s3_1.html



The supercontinent in the continental drift hypothesis was called ____.

0Panthalassa0Pangaea0Mesosaurus0Africa0All of the above




What hypothesis states that the continents were once joined to form a single supercontinent?

0seafloor spreading0continental drift0paleomagnetism0plate tectonics0None of the above




One kind of evidence that supports Wegener’s hypothesis is that ____.

0fossils of the same organism have been found on different continents0major rivers on different

continents match0the same magnetic directions exist

on different continents0land bridges still exist that connect

major continents0none of the above




Evidence about ancient climates indicates that ____.

0glacial ice once covered much of what is now India and Australia

0continents in the Northern Hemisphere today were once centered over the South Pole

0no continents occupied the Southern Hemisphere

0continents in the Southern Hemisphere today were once centered over the North Pole

http://www.mnh.si.edu/exhibits/backyard-dinosaurs/revealing-climate-terrain.cfm

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/part5.html





Which of the following was NOT used in support of the continental drift hypothesis?

0fit of South America and Africa0fossil evidence0Paleomagnetism0ancient climate0none of the above

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth520/content/l3_p5.html



What was the main reason Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis was rejected?

0He was not well liked by other scientists.

0His evidence was incorrect.0He could provide only illogical

explanations for the movement of the continents.

0He could not provide a mechanism for the movement of the continents.

0All of the abovehttp://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/histgeol/wegener/wegener.htm

http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/histgeol/wegener/wegener.htm

http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/histgeol/wegener/wegener.htm

The lithospheric plates move an average of ____.

05 centimeters per year05 inches per year050 inches per year050 centimeters per year0none of the above

http://www.pnsn.org/outreach/about-earthquakes/plate-tectonics



What kind of plate boundary occurs where two plates grind past each other without destroying or producing lithosphere?

0divergent boundary0transitional boundary0convergent boundary0transform fault boundary0all of the above

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/plate-boundaries.html



A divergent boundary at two oceanic plates can result in a ____.

0volcanic island arc0rift valley0continental volcanic arc0subduction zone0all of the above

http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/rift-valley/?ar_a=1



Which of the following is a geographic example of a transform fault boundary?

0the Mid-Atlantic Ridge0the East African Rift valley0the Andes Mountains0the San Andreas Fault0none of the above

http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates4.html



New ocean crust is formed at ____.

0transform fault boundaries0divergent boundaries0continental volcanic arcs0convergent boundaries0all of the above




How old is Earth?

016 million years02 billion years04.6 million years04.56 billion years0all of the above

http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html



Which of the following gases was NOT part of Earth’s original atmosphere?

0oxygen0water vapor0carbon dioxide0nitrogen0none of the above

http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/atmosphere-formation



How far back does the fossil record extend?

0560 million years03.5 billion years01 billion years03 million years0all of the above

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacteriafr.html



What important event in animal evolution marks the beginning of the Cambrian?

0the appearance of hard parts0the ability to swim0the appearance of fossils0the ability to fly0none of the above

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/cambrian.php



During the Pennsylvanian period, large tropical swamps extended across North America, eventually forming __________.

0vast coal deposits0tropical rain forests0mountain ranges0inland seas0all of the above

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/carboniferous/carboniferous.php



The Rocky Mountains began to form as the North American plate overrode the ____.

0Pacific plate0African continent0supercontinent Pangaea0Atlantic rift0none of the above

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:gHXk_sEEGOMJ:www.mdt.mt.gov/travinfo/docs/roadsigns/RockyTrench.pdf+&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us



What were the first true terrestrial animals?

0reptiles0marsupials0trilobites0mammals0all of the above

http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G104/lectures/104land.html



Which of the following was NOT one of the changes in development and specialization that primitive mammals underwent?

0increase in size0increase in brain capacity0specialization of teeth0increase in stomach

capacity0none of the above

http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/mammals.html



How are mammals distinct from reptiles?

0Mammals lay eggs.0Mammals have body hair.0Mammals have lungs.0Mammals are cold-

blooded.0none of the above

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:iCQSCeOe2vwJ:www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/raven6b/graphics/raven06b/other/raven06_48.pdf+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us




Mammals became dominant only after ____.

0continental glaciers retreated0inland seas dried up0the Cenozoic Era ended0the industrial revolution0dinner0dinosaurs became extinct





What is the salinity of seawater?

075 percent010 percent05.5 percent03.5 percent01.5 percent

Ocean salinity is usually expressed in ____.

0chemical formulas0love letters0parts per billion0Charts0parts per thousand

In addition to salinity, what factor affects the density of seawater?

0boat size0latitude0temperature0depth0salt content

Organisms that drift with ocean currents are called ____.

0plankton0hitchhikers0benthos0nekton0photic

What term describes organisms that live on or in the ocean floor?

0pelagic0iguanas0benthos0nekton0plankton

Marine organisms are classified according to how they ____.

0live and move0move0live0eat0communicate

How do animals survive in the deeper parts of the seafloor?

0they vacation0They feed at the surface.0They photosynthesize.0They feed on each other.0none of the above

Which ocean zone does sunlight penetrate?

0time zone0neritic zone0aphotic zone0abyssal zone0photic zone

How is chemical energy transferred from algae to marine animals?

0feeding0reproducing0swimming0none of the above0all of the above

Which animal would have the greatest chance of survival?

0one that ate a wide variety of prey0one that fed through a food

chain0one that fed through a food web0both the first and third options

are true0none of the above

Because of the Coriolis effect, ocean currents in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the __________.

0north0south0left0right0all of the above

Ocean currents that move toward the poles are ____.

0warm0warm in the Northern

Hemisphere and cold in the Southern Hemisphere0cold0cold in the Northern

Hemisphere and warm in the Southern Hemisphere0none of the above

What is true about an ocean current that is moving toward the equator?

0It is cold.0It is slow.0It is warm.0It is fast.0none of the above

Which of the following is visible evidence of energy passing through water?

0density tide0Coriolis effect0sea arch0wave0all of the above

The smallest daily tidal range occurs during which type of tide?

0ebb tide0spring tide0neap tide0flood tide0none of the above

Which of the following is a tidal current?

0neap tide0flood tide0spring tide0both a and c0none of the above

The accumulation of sediment found along the shore of a lake or ocean is called a ____.

0dust bowl0neap tide0sea arch0longshore current0beach

Wave impact and pressure cause ___________.

0irritability0refraction0deposition0tides0erosion

Waves in shallow water become bent and begin to run parallel to shore, a process known as ____.

0relocation0oscillation0refraction0erosion0reflection

Which of the following is a landform created by wave erosion?

0breakwater0estuary0bomb shelter0tombolo0sea arch

Global winds move warm air toward the ____.

0oceans0parking lot0equator0atmosphere0poles

What do plants release into the air during transpiration?

0water vapor0insects0carbon dioxide0complex sugars0pollen

Which type of climate has no winters?

0highland0dry0polar0humid tropical0none of the above

Where are dry-summer tropical climates found in the United States?

0Vermont0California0Texas0Arizona0Utah

In dry climates, rates of evaporation exceed ____.

0average temperatures0rates of precipitation0number of sunny days0rates of condensation0all of the above

What happens to air when it sinks?

0It becomes wetter.0Its pressure decreases.0It expands and cools.0It compresses and

warms.0none of the above

Which climate experiences seasonal periods of perpetual night?

0polar0humid tropical0highland0humid mid-latitude0all of the above

In general, how do highland climates compare to nearby areas at lower elevations?

0They are warmer and wetter.0They are cooler and wetter.0They are more popular with

tourists0They are warmer and drier.0They are cooler and drier.

What phenomenon naturally warms Earth’s lower atmosphere and surface?

0belief in unicorns0the formation of

sunspots0global warming0the greenhouse effect0changes in the shape of

Earth’s orbit

What is the relationship between fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect?

0Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

0Burning fossil fuels decreases the absorption capacity of greenhouse gases.

0Burning fossil fuels decreases incoming solar radiation.

0Burning fossil fuels lowers the greenhouse effect.

0none of the above

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Final Exam (S2) Environmental Science Ms. Phillips 2013-2014