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Demonstrate knowledge of a particular body system. Describe the bodily components of the system. Describe the pathology of the system. Teach word components and abbreviations.
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CHAPTER GOALS
• Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations.
• Define combining forms for organs and know the meaning of related terminology.
• Describe signs, symptoms and disease conditions affecting the digestive system.
INGESTION AND DIGESTION
• Ingestion – food materials taken into the mouth
• Digestion – food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract. Ø Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex
nutrients. Proteins → amino acids Sugars → glucose Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides
ABSORPTION
• Digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining cells of the small intestine.
• Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.
• Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food.
ELIMINATION
• The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
• The large intestine concentrates feces.
• The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Signs and symptoms • Anorexia – lack of appetite
• Ascites – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
• Borborygmus (plural: borborygmi) – rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract
• Constipation – difficulty in passing stools
• Diarrhea – frequent passage of loose, watery stools
PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing
• Eructation – gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
• Flatus – gas expelled through the anus
• Hematochezia – passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
• Jaundice (icterus) – yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Melena – black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
• Nausea – unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit
• Steatorrhea – fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
ORAL CAVITY
ORAL CAVITY
ORAL CAVITY
ORAL CAVITY: SALIVARY GLANDS
PHARYNX: DEGLUTITION
PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS: ORAL CAVITY AND TEETH
• Aphthous stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
• Dental caries – tooth decay
• Herpetic stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpes virus
• Oral leukoplakia – white plaques or patches
• Periodontal disease – inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• Achalasia – failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• Esophageal cancer – malignant tumor of the esophagus
• Esophageal varices – swollen, varicose veins at
the lower end of the esophagus • Gastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of the
stomach
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach Peptic ulcer – open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• Hernia – protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it
QUICK QUIZ:
3. Which terms means swallowing A. Mas<ca<on B. Deglu<<on C. Emulsifica<on D. Peristalsis
PARTS OF THE STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE Villi in the lining of the small intestine
LARGE INTESTINE
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
[Small and Large Intestines] • Anal fistula – abnormal tube-like
passageway near the anus
• Colonic polyposis – polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Colorectal cancer – adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• Crohn disease – chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
• Diverticulosis – abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• Dysentery – painful, inflamed intestines
• Hemorrhoids – swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
• Ileus – failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) – inflammation of the colon and small intestine
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• Intussusception – telescoping of the intestines
• IBS – irritable bowel syndrome – group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension
• Ulcerative colitis – chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers
• Volvulus – twisting of the intestines on itself
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Which term is the first part of the large intes<ne? A. Cecum B. Duodenum C. Jejunum D. Pylorus
LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS
LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS
The pancreas and its functions
LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS
Besides producing bile, the liver: • Helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
• Manufactures blood proteins necessary for cloNng
• Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bile
• Removes toxins and poisons from the blood
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS
Cholelithiasis – gallstones in the gallbladder
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS
• Cirrhosis – chronic degenerative disease of the liver
• Pancreatic cancer – malignant tumor of the pancreas
• Pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas
• Viral hepatitis – inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
QUICK QUIZ
1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?
A. Gluconeogenesis B. Emulsifica<on C. Hyperbilirubinemia D. Glycogenolysis
FOOD PATHWAY THROUGH THE GI TRACT
Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus.
VOCABULARY
absorp<on amino acids amylase anus
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intes<ne into the bloodstream Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch Terminal end or opening of the diges<ve tract to the outside of body
VOCABULARY
appendix bile
bilirubin
bowel
Blind pouch hanging from the cecum Diges<ve juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts Pigment released by the liver in bile Intes<ne
VOCABULARY
canine teeth cecum colon common bile duct
Pointed, dog-‐like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth First part of the large intes<ne Consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus
VOCABULARY
defeca<on
deglu<<on
den<n diges<on
Elimina<on of feces from the diges<ve tract through the anus Swallowing
Primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protec<ve layer of cementum in the root
Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
VOCABULARY
duodenum elimina<on
emulsifica<on
enamel
First part of the small intes<ne; measures 12 inches long Act of removal of materials from the body Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules
Hard, outermost layer of a tooth
VOCABULARY
enzyme
esophagus
faPy acids feces
Chemical that speeds up reac<ons between substances; enzyme names end in –ase Tube connec<ng the throat to the stomach Substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids Solid wastes; stool
VOCABULARY
gallbladder glucose glycogen hydrochloric acid
Small sac under the liver; stores bile Simple sugar Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for diges<on of food
VOCABULARY
ileum incisor insulin
jejunum
Third part of the small intes<ne One of four front teeth in the dental arch Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and s<mulates glycogen forma<on by the liver
Second part of the small intes<ne
VOCABULARY
• lipase
• liver
• lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Pancrea<c enzyme needed to digest fats
Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-‐out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2 ½ to 3 pounds Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter
VOCABULARY mas<ca<on molar teeth palate pancreas
Chewing Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch Roof of the mouth Organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes
VOCABULARY
papillae (singular:
papilla)
paro<d gland
Peristalsis
pharynx
Small, nipple-‐like eleva<ons on the tongue Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
Rhythmic contrac<ons of the tubular organs
Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose
VOCABULARY
portal vein
Protease
pulp
pyloric sphincter
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intes<nes Enzyme that digests protein
So[ <ssue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it
VOCABULARY
pylorus rectum rugae saliva
Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
Last sec<on of the large intes<ne, connec<ng the end of the colon and the anus Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
Diges<ve juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase
VOCABULARY
salivary glands sigmoid colon sphincter stomach
Paro<d, sublingual, and submandibular glands
Fourth and last, S-‐shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; emp<es into the rectum
Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus
VOCABULARY
triglycerides uvula villi (singular: villus)
Fat molecules composed of three parts faPy acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids
So[ <ssue hanging from the middle of the so[ palate
Microscopic projec<ons in the wall of the small intes<ne that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING FORMS PARTS OF THE BODY
• an/o • append/o, appendic/o • bucc/o • cec/o • celi/o • cheil/o • cholecyst/o • choledoch/o
anus appendix cheek cecum belly,abdomen lip gallbladder common bile duct
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING FORMS PARTS OF THE BODY (PT. 2)
• col/o colon • colon/o colon • dent/i tooth • duoden/o duodenum • enter/o intestines, usually small intestine • esophag/o esophagus • faci/o face • gastr/o stomach • gingiv/o gums
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING FORMS PARTS OF THE BODY (PT. 3)
• gloss/o tongue • hepat/o liver • ile/o ileum • jejun/o jejunum • labi/o lip • lapar/o abdomen • lingu/o tongue • mandibul/o lower jaw, mandible • odont/o tooth
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING FORMS PARTS OF THE BODY (PT. 4)
• or/o mouth • palat/o palate • pancreat/o pancreas • peritone/o peritoneum • pharyng/o throat • proct/o anus and rectum • pylor/o pyloric sphincter • rect/o rectum • sialaden/o salivary gland
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING FORMS PARTS OF THE BODY (PT. 5)
• sigmoid/o sigmoid colon • stomat/o mouth • uvul/o uvula
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING FORMS SUBSTANCES
• amyl/o starch • bil/i gall, bile • bilirubin/o bilirubin (bile pigment) • chol/e gall or bile • chlorhydr/o hydrochloric acid • gluc/o sugar • glyc/o sugar
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING FORMS SUBSTANCES (PT. 2)
• glycogen/o glycogen, animal starch • lip/o fat • lith/o stone • prote/o protein • py/o pus • sial/o saliva, salivary • steat/o fat
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY – SUFFIXES
-ase enzyme -chezia defecation, elimination of wastes -iasis abnormal condition -prandial meal
Suffix Meaning
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means inflamma<on of the lip? A. Cholecys<<s B. Celiac C. Appendici<s D. Cheili<s
THREE TYPES OF ANASTOMOSOMES
CHAPTER GOALS
• Define new suffixes and use them with digestive system combining forms.
• List and explain laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations common to the digestive system.
• Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper context, such as medical reports and records.
SUFFIXES
• -ectasis, -ectasia dilation, widening • -emesis vomiting • -pepsia digestion • -phagia eating, swallowing • -plasty surgical repair • -ptysis spitting
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES
• -rrhage, -rrhagia bursting forth (of blood) • -rrhaphy suture • -rrhea flow, discharge • -spasm involuntary contraction of
muscles • -stasis stopping; controlling • -stenosis narrowing, tightening • -tresia opening
Suffix Meaning
QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which term means difficulty in swallowing? A. Dysphasia B. Dysphagia C. Dysplasia D. Polyphagia
QUICK QUIZ: 2. Which term means to control or stop
bleeding? A. Hemostasis B. Hematoma C. Hemoptysis D. Cholestasis
COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY
• bucc/o cheek • cec/o cecum • celi/o abdomen • cheil/o lip • chol/e gall, bile • cholangi/o bile duct (vessel) • cholecyst/o gallbladder • choledoch/o common bile duct
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS AND
TERMINOLOGY
• col/o colon • colon/o colon • dent/i tooth • duoden/o duodenum • enter/o intestines • esophag/o esophagus • gastr/o stomach • gingiv/o gums
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY
• gloss/o tongue • gluc/o sugar • glyc/o sugar • hepat/o liver • herni/o hernia • ile/o ileum • jejun/o jejunum • labi/o lip
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY
• lingu/o tongue • lip/o fat • lith/o stone • odont/o tooth • or/o mouth • palat/o palate • pancreat/o pancreas
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY
• proct/o anus and rectum • pylor/o pyloric sphincter • rect/o rectum • sialaden/o salivary gland • splen/o spleen • steat/o fat • stomat/o mouth
Combining Form Meaning
QUICK QUIZ:
3. Which term means enlarged liver? A. Acromegaly B. Cardiomegaly C. Hepatomegaly D. Hepa<<s
LABORATORY TESTS
Ø Liver function tests (LFTs): tests for enzymes and bilirubin in blood
Ø Stool culture: test for microorganisms in stool
Ø Stool guaiac test or Hemoccult test: test to detect blood in feces
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which of the following tests for the clear fluid that remains a[er blood has cloPed (serum)?
A. Stool guaiac B. Hemoccult C. Stool culture D. LFTs
LABORATORY TESTS: X-RAYS
• Lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema)
• Upper gastrointestinal series
• Cholangiography • Computed tomography
(CT scan)
CLINICAL PROCEDURES Ø Ultrasound examination
• Abdominal ultrasonography
• Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
Ø Magnetic resonance techniques • Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) Ø Nuclear medicine test
• Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan (HIDA scan)
MISCELLANEOUS PROCEDURES
Ø Gastric bypass or bariatric surgery: reduces stomach size Ø Gastrointestinal endoscopy: visual examination of the GI tract Ø Laparoscopy: visual examination of the abdomen Ø Liver biopsy: removal of liver tissue for microscopic examination Ø Nasogastric intubation: insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach Ø Paracentesis (abdominocentesis): puncture to remove fluid from abdomen
QUICK QUIZ: 5. Which procedure is a surgical puncture to
remove fluid from the abdomen? A. Laparoscopy B. Laparotomy C. Abdominectomy D. Abdominocentesis
ABBREVIATIONS
• BRBPR • EGD • G tube • GERD • GI • LAC • NPO
Bright red blood per rectum Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Gastrostomy tube; PEG tube Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastrointestinal Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy Nothing by mouth
LA FINE