Final Agnment Cherakah

SIANTAN HUTAN

Ixora coccineaPICTURES

Whole plant Leaf and Stem

1. Family Rubiaceae

2. Scientific name

Ixora coccinea

3. Local name Siantan Hutan, Jungle Geranium, Flame of the Woods, Jungle Flame, West Indian jasmine, Rangan, Kheme, Ponna, Chann Tanea, Techi, Pan, Santan, Jarum-Jarum

4. Medicinal properties and benefits

i. Antioxidant:According to Elumalai et al. (2012), extract of the flower of Ixora coccinea possesses flavonoids, steroids and tannin materials which showed strong reducing power and total antioxidant capacity.

ii. Anti-inflammatory:The leaf extract of Ixora coccinea can against both acute and chronic inflammation (Elumalai et al., 2012).iii. Antimicrobial:

According to Philomina and Kumar (2011), the flower extract of Ixora coccinea have potential antibacterial activity was more active against gram negative bacteria than gram positive bacteria.iv. Antidiarrhoeal:

According to Maniyar, Bhixavatimath, and Agashikar (2010), the aqueous extracts of flowers of Ixora coccinea showed antidiarrheal potential.

v. Others:Ixora coccinea contains important phytochemicals which allow it to possess gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, antinociceptive, antimutagenic, antineoplastic, and chemopreventive effects (Baliga & Kurian, 2012).

5. Traditional uses and belief

It is traditionally used as: Decoction of leaves for wounds, skin ulcers, hiccups, Nausea,

Anorexia, Sore throat, Bronchitis cough and Asthma Decoction of flower for Hypertension, Irregular menstruation and

Female reproduction organ infections Dried and powdered roots for Dysentery, Diarrhoea, Sores and Ulcers Poultice of leaves and flowers for Sprains, Eczema, Boils and

Contusions

1

Flower

TURI

Sesbania grandiflora

PICTURES

Whole plant

Leaves

DESCRIPTION:1. Family Lenguminasae

2. Scientific name

Sesbania grandiflora

3. Local name Turi, Geti, Agati, Òhai ùlaùla, Òhai keòkeò, Corkwood Tree, West Indian Pea, Vegetable Hummingbird, Brède Malabar, Bakphul, Gaway Gaway, Katuday, Katuray, Katurai, Khae and Sesban.


i. Antibacterial and AntifungalAccording to Anantaworasakul, Klayraung and Okonogi (2011) the stem bark of Sesbania grandiflora extract has the highest antibacterial action which contains promising antibacterial substances against Gram negative bacteria.

ii. Antioxidant According to Reeta et al. (2013) the flower of Sesbania grandiflora rich in tannins and nutrients that can re-activate the skin’s ability to heal wrinkles. iii. Anticancer

According to Sreelatha, Padma and Umasankari (2011) the ethanol extract of seeds of Sesbania grandiflora was effective in inhibiting the tumour growth. iv. Others

Leaves, flowers and aerial parts of Sesbania grandiflora contains isolated sterols, saponinns and tannins which have Antirolithiatic, Anticolvunsant and anxiolytic and Hepatoprotective activities (Bahera, Karki and Shekar, 2012).


It is traditionally used as: Leaves and flowers as a vegetable. Decoction of root to reduce coughing and dispose phlegm. Decoction of bark skin to relieve fever and headaches. Others: used for bruises, catarrh, dysentery, smallpox, sores, sore

throat, and stomatitis.

2

Fruit and Stem

ANGGERIK TANAH

Bletilla striateae

PICTURES

Whole plant

Leaves

DESCRIPTION:1. Family Orchidaceae

2. Scientific name

Bletilla striateae

3. Local name Anggerik tanah and Bletilla rhizome


i. AntioxidantAccording to Wu, Chen and Lai (2010), Bletilla striateae contains chemicals contents that have antioxidant ability.

ii. Anti-infectionTakagi et al. (1983) found that Bletilla striateae can promote the regeneration of the wound tissue through its anti-infection effect. iii. Antitumor

According to Jiang et, al. (2013), Bletilla striateae is used to treat swollen tissues induced by malignant tumors, e.g. breast cancer.


It has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat astriction, hemorrhage and swelling.

It is known to cure pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, gastric and duodenal ulcer and is also used as a refrigerant and moisturizer.

JAMBU BOL

3

Stem

Syzygium malaccense L.

PICTURES

Whole plant Leaves

1. Family Myrtaceae

2. Scientific name

Syzygium malaccense L

3. Local name Burmese (thabyo-thabyay); English (wax jambu,malay-apple,long fruited rose-apple); Filipino (tersana,pomerac); French (poirier de Malaque); German (Apfel- Jambose); Indonesian (jambu bol); Malay (jambu bol); Spanish (Pomarrosa malay); Thai (chomphu-saraek); Vietnamese (cay roi).


i. AntibioticSeeded fruits, seeds, bark and leaves of Syzygium malaccense L have shown antibiotic activity and have some effect on blood pressure and respiration (National Tropical Botanical garden, 2014).

ii. AntioxidantAccording to Savitha, Padmavathy and Sundhararajan (2011), the extract of fresh leaves of Syzygium malaccense exhibited strong antioxidant activity and contains a higher amount of phenolics and flavonoids.


Young leaves from saplings and the bark from mature trees are made into a warm drink for the mother of a newborn baby in order to assist in expelling the afterbirth and to cleanse the mother's body after giving birth or even after a miscarriage.

The leaves can be processed for a tonic, and the old fruit of this plant was considered a helpful remedy for sore throats.

Decoction of the bark is used to treat thrush Powder of the dried leaves can be applied on a cracked tongue. Preparation of the root is a remedy for itching. The root acts as a diuretic and is given to alleviate edema. The root bark is useful against dysentery. Decoction of the fruit, leaves or seeds as a febrifuge. Others: for constipation, diabetes, coughs, pulmonary catarrh,

headache and other ailments.

SERAI WANGI

4

Stem

Cymbopogon nardus

PICTURES

Whole plant Stem Leaf

DESCRIPTION:1. Family Poaceae

2. Scientific name

Cymbopogon nardus

3. Local name Serai wangi


i. Antibacterial According to Jades (2012), Cymbopogon nardus exhibited high antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae, penicillin-susceptible and resistant to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. It also induces hypotension, possibly by reduction in vascular resistance caused by inhibition of the Ca2+ influx, and bradycardia probably due to an activation of cardiac muscarinic receptors.

ii. Others: It also serves as antifungal/antimycotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antiviral, analgesic and strengthens connective tissue (Jades, 2012).


Cymbopogon nardus is used for treating digestive tract spasms, stomachache, high blood pressure, convulsions, pain, vomiting, cough, achy joints (rheumatism), fever, the common cold, and exhaustion.

It is also used to kill germs and as a mild astringent. Some people apply Cymbopogon nardus and its essential oil directly to the skin for headache, stomachache, abdominal pain, and muscle pain.

By inhalation, the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus is used as aromatherapy for muscle pain.

KESOM

Persicaria odorata

5

PICTURES


DESCRIPTION:1. Family Polygonaceae

2. Scientific name

Persicaria odorata

3. Local name Kesum


i. Antibacterial and AntifungalPersicaria odorata oil has a strong antibacterial activity against both of gram positive and gram negative bacteria (Sasongko et al., 2011). A study conducted by Ridzuan et al., (2013) showed that Persicaria odorata leaves have some properties to acts as antibacterial and antifungal against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.


Warm up the body, facilitate smooth digestion, promote good blood circulation, prevent body odour, get rid of dandruff and cure rashes.

6

DELIMA MERAH

Punica granatum L

PICTURES


DESCRIPTION:1. Family Lythraceae

2. Scientific name

Punica granatum L

3. Local name Delima merah


Punica granatum L is used in several systems of medicine for a variety of ailments. It acts as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory. According to Julie (2008), Punica granatum L is used on treatment and prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dental conditions, erectile dysfunction, bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance, as well as ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage. Other potential applications include infant brain ischemia, male infertility, Alzheimer’s disease, arthritis, and obesity.


Relieve itchy throat, good for the heart and intestine, prevent skin cancer and helps to clean the mouth and teeth. Its juice is good to relieve cough, food poisoning and slimming. Its skin can be used to cure diarrhea, hemorrhoids, inflammation of the lung, uterine ulcers and diabetes.

7

ARA SONGSANG

Asystacia coromendeliana

PICTURES

Whole plant Leaf and stem Flower

DESCRIPTION:1. Family Acanthaceae

2. Scientific name

Asystacia coromendeliana

3. Local name Ara Songsang


Pierre and Ismaila (2013) found that Asystacia coromendeliana is used to treat hypertension, rheumatism, asthma, diabetes mellitus, and as an anthelmintic in South Africa, India, Cameroun, Nigeria, and Kenya respectively. It has also been reported to inhibit the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) in-vitro and it helps to reduce blood pressure and heart rate.


For good urination, helps to cure wounds and swelling, relieve coughs, treat muscle spasms and treat blurred vision.

8

LIMAU LEMON

Citrus limon Burm

PICTURES

Whole plant Stem Leaves

DESCRIPTION:1. Family Rutaceae

2. Scientific name

Citrus limon Burm

3. Local name Limau lemon


According to Shahnaz et al., (2008), Citrus limon Burm does not influence the human immune system, but may enhance mood and the low pH of juice makes it antibacterial, regulates skin moisture, softens hard and rough skin, and has a cleaning effect on the oily skin.


Treat liver and gallbladder disorders, help to reduce digestive system problems, cure hiccup, nausea, heartburn pain, constipation and remove worms. It helps to fight infections, relieve fever, sore throat, tonsils and tired. It also important to dissolve gallstones, relieve arthritis, rheumatism and headaches. It treats gums bleeding and sunburns.

9

KUCING GALAK

Acalypha Indica

PICTURES

Whole plant stem Leaf

1. Family Euphorbiacea

2. Scientific name

Acalypha Indica

3. Local name Kucing Galak


this herbs used in curing asthma, bronchitis, coughing, /coughing blood,bleeding, curved cuts, and good for inner energy. According to Sankaranarayanan et al. (2010), Acalypha Indica shoots and roots was used as paste, to cure external injury.

5. Traditional believe and uses

The root is prescribed as a tonic, astringent, febrifuge and strong purgative (Khare, 2007).

The leaves extract reduced mutagenecity in E. coli (Gupta et al., 2010).

Extract of the root bark with alcohol can be used for backwart fever. The leaves are laxative and used externally as emollient, a poultice is used for chilblains, in insect bites, swelling, rheumatism and facial paralysis (Kirtikar et al., 2006).

Leaves posses anti periodic and laxative properties, the leaves are used in jaundice, piles, rheumatism ulcers and also externally skin eruptions, ring worms, eczema.

The leaves extract are applied to pustules, insect bites (Nadkarni, 2009).

The roots are used in chest pain, joint pain, and migraine and blood dysentery. The extract of the root lowered the blood sugar level up to 30 % (Chopra et al., 2006).

TEH PAGAR

10

Carmona Retusa

PICTURES


DESCRIPTION:1. Family

Boraginaceae

2. Scientific name

Carmona Retusa

3. Local name Teh pagar


Treat syphilis, cure for plant poison, treat fatigue, frai and cure for mother after giving birth; root decoction use for coughing, bloody diarrhea, stomachache, high fever and stimulate sweating . Paste of whole plant work as a best antidote for Russel viper bite (Binorkar & Jani, 2012)


Seeds promote the strength and sexual vigour used by the rural people in a Sacred Grove of Karaikal District (Sambandan & Dhatchanamoorthy, 2012)

SETAWAR SEDINGIN

Costus speciosus

11

PICTURES


1. Family Costaceae

2. Scientific name

Costus speciosus

3. Local name Setawar sedingin, Crepe Ginger, Canereed, Crape Ginger, Malay Ginger


Worm problem, skin disease, fever, asthma, constipation, burning wound, rid of nausea, dizziness, vomit, and increase sexual energy for men (Hossan et al., 2010). According to Das, (2011) This plant can be use in curing blood in urine, kidney stones, Sexual disorders (low density semen, erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation).


Leucorrhoea, clearing of urine. Other uses: Small pox, anthelmintic, leprosy, baldness,

syphilis, malaria, bronchitis, gout, to control another person, debility, contraceptive, dysentery, eczema, paralysis.

Apart from that, according to Hossan et. al. (2010), this plant also used for Alopecia, opthalmia, dysentery, syphilis (Java), oral cancer (Europe), cough, fever, leprosy, purgative, small pox (Malaysia).

KANCING BAJU

Tridax procumbens

12

PICTURES


1. Family Compositae

2. Scientific name

Tridax procumbens

3. Local name Kancing baju


According to Ankita and Jain (2012), this weed is well known medicine for liver disorder. It possess significant medicinal properties against blood pressure, bronchial catarrh, malaria, dysentery, diarrhea, stomach ache, headache, wound healing, it also prevents hair fall and check hemorrhage from cuts and bruises. Apart from that Its flowers and leaves possess antiseptic, insecticidal and parasiticidal properties. The plant also shows various pharmacological activities like Immunomodulatory, Antidiabetic, Anti hepatotoxic & Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and marked depressant action on respiration.


Finely pounded and put on skin with parasites and swollen. Apart from that, boil and drink the extract can treat asthma, coughing, disentri, nose and throat disease, sinus, flu, and get rid of mucus and phlegm.

BUNGA 10 PAGI

Turnera subulata J.E Smith

13

PICTURES


DESCRIPTION:1. Family Turneraceae

2. Scientific name

Turnera subulata J.E Smith

3. Local name Bunga 10 Pagi


The plants taste bitter, spicy and warm character. This plant is good for nutritious tonic, blood flow and arthritic joints. According to Prabhahar (2005), the beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically result from the combinations of secondary products present in the plant. The plants are used in folk therapy in the treatment of skin and respiratory problem. The seeds of the plant used in the treatment of diabetic patients. The plant has been carried out on different microbes for antibacterial study which contains other chemical constituents of plants. It is also for its antifungal activity against fungal pathogens.


The leaves and roots are used to overcome digestive disorders, such as abdominal bloating and no appetite.

It also suitable for weak after recovering from severe illness.

BUNGA TAHI AYAM

Lantana camara

14

Flower

PICTURES


DESCRIPTION:1. Family Verbenaceae

2. Scientific name

Lantana camara

3. Local name Bunga Tahi Ayam


Based on the research by Claude (2009), the plants have been a source of effective chemotherapeutic agents for various infectious diseases and there is a growing interest in the development of drugs of plant origin. Chemical compounds isolated from extracts of leaves of Lantana camara mainly used for microbicides, fungicides, nematicides and insecticides.


The uses of lantana extracts in folk medicine for the treatment of cancers, chicken pox, measles, asthma, ulcers, swellings, eczema, tumors, high blood pressure, bilious fevers, tetanus, rheumatism and malaria.

In South-western Uganda, The traditional uses of the leaves of the plant for the treatment of cough.

PUDING PERADA

AGraptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff

15

Flower

PICTURES

Whole plant Leaf

DESCRIPTION:1. Family Acanthacaae

2. Scientific name

AGraptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff

3. Local name Puding Perada


The study by Novita (2012) revealed the medical properties of the plant are for anti-inflammatory activity. Apart from that, it is also for analgesic activity. Analgesic is a technical drug that can be used to reduce pain.


The traditional uses of the plant for menstruation problem. It also helps to reduce swellings.

LIMAU PURUT

Citrus hystrix

16

Stem

PICTURES

Whole plant Leaf

DESCRIPTION:1. Family Rutuceae

2. Scientific name

Citrus hystrix

3. Local name Limau Purut


According to study done by Vimol (2012), many essential oils have antibacterial activity with a potential use in medicine. The components in the plant which are citronellal, terpineol and terpinene-4-ol may be alternative natural source medicine to prevent and treat many bacterial diseases. The plant also has effective against all the pathogens with minimal inhibitory concentration


The leaves can be rubbed on to gums and teeth for dental health. The oil of the plants also can be used for hair and scalp cleanser,

deodorants and body. The oil is also used in tonics which aid in digestion and purify the

blood.

SAKAT/SEMUN

Asplenium nidus

17

Stem

PICTURES

Whole plant Leaf

DESCRIPTION:1. Family Polypodiaceae

2. Scientific name

Asplenium nidus

3. Local name Sakat/Semun


The study done by Bulk et al (n.d.) has listed several uses of the plant in medical. The young leaves are used medicinally to treat indigestion (Salsedo et al, 1987). It also uses to treat general diarrhea and bloody diarrhea. Other than that, it also helps to deliver a baby easily. The pregnant mother also benefits the uses of the plant when has severe abdominal pain arising from movement of the womb caused by excessive exercise. Then, it treats severe abdominal or uterine pain in both men and women, including symptoms of dizziness, a feeling of spinning and closing of eyes. The plant also treats painful urination in women. The result from the painful can cause the urine be red or brown.


An aboriginal tribe in Malaysia uses the infusion of leaves to ease labor pains.

Other than that, the Malays also use the leaves to obtain a lotion to treat fever.

PALAS REWANG

Licuala triphylla

18

PICTURES

Whole plant

Leaf

DESCRIPTION:1. Family Palmae

2. Scientific name

Licuala triphylla

3. Local name Palas Rewang, Palas Tikus


i. Antimicrobial According to Oskay et al. (2005), the ethanolic of extraxt of the leaves of Licuala triphylla showed varrying degress of microbial activity against nine pathogenic bacteria and four yeast.


Use as ornamental plants Fruits used to treat stomachache and nausea Others: relieve sore throat and headache, cleaning the yellowish nails

19

Stem

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Documents

Final Agnment Cherakah