Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Water Chemistry
Algae Sp.
Chlorophyll
ProteinConsumption
efficiency
Algal Ingredient
Growth Conditions
Reactor Design & Culture
CO2
biofixation
Biodiesel
Algae growth (Biomass)
BiodieselProduction
Trans-
esterification
2nd Semester
1st Semester
4th Semester
6th Semester
7th Semester
Fresh water Algae
CSTR , Plug flowHigh rate Pond
Mixed culture
Pure culture
Chemistry
pH, DO
Fresh wateralgae
Protein
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Oil
efficiency
Uptake rate
Results
Literature
COD, TN, TP
TSS, FSS,VSS
3rd Semester
4th Semester
5th Semester
05/21/2010 1Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
TodayToday
Instructors :
Dr. Su-Chin Chen Dr. Jack Jie-Dar Cheng
Carbon dioxide mitigation by microalgae
on natural water medium
Dr. Su-Chin Chen Dr. Jack Jie-Dar Cheng
Dr. Paris Honglay Chen Dr. Der-Guey LIN
Speaker : Ramaraj Rameshprabu
Course 9114::::4th Year Seminar
Advisor : Prof. Paris Honglay Chen, PhD MPH PE
Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research Group
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. MATERIALS & METHODS
4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSION
05/21/2010 3Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
1.IntroductionClimatic changes - global warming - emission
increase of greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the key gas
Niche of algae in ecosystem
Ecological approach - the most effective way -Ecological approach - the most effective way -
obliging to life-support systems
Research Purpose:
Natural water resource as a medium to reduce
and to utilize the atmospheric CO2
05/21/2010 4Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
2. Literature review
CO2 is the prime gas - increasing industrial &
energy production sectors(Worrell et al., 2001)
CO2 Fixation techniques
Physicochemical methods Physicochemical methods
Biological fixations
Advantage of algal biofixation
Algal CO2 sequestration
05/21/2010 5Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
Mixed microalgae culture – SRSE LAB
(Sustainable Resources and Sustainable
Engineering lab)
3. Materials and methods
3.1.Experimental setup
Engineering lab)
Department of Soil and Water Conservation,
National Chung Hsing University, Taichung.
Study period : 16 July 2007 until now.
05/21/2010 6Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
4L flask – 3 Photo bio reactors
Light source – white fluorescent lamps
3. Materials and methods
3.1.Experimental setup
(Avg.30.12 [µmol-1m-2])
Autotrophic condition
CSTR : algal/bacterial system
05/21/2010 7Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
continuously stirred tank reactor
“residence time distribution function”
Water collection at Fu-Te Dao temple - Green
river, Taichung, Taiwan.
3. Materials and methods
3.1.Experimental setup
Filtered by 0.45 µm filter paper to be medium.
Batch-fed & Detention time – 10 days
Conditions
05/21/2010 8Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research
group
3.2. Methods
Mass balance of carbon.
This calculation method was used (Green et
3. Materials and methods
CO2 mass/algae biomass ratio
Unit: CO g / algae g = %al., 1995; Sawyer et al., 2003).
CO2 Indexes:
CO2 consumption efficiency
CO2 uptake rate05/21/2010
9Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
2
Unit: CO2 g / algae g = %
(Kurano et al., 1995)CO2 mass/reactor volume/time
Unit: mg/L/day
(Cheng et al., 2006, Hirata et al., 1996)
Biomass is very important - carbon mass
balance calculation.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 CO2 consumption efficiency
There are two indexes, TSS and VSS available
currently. (2nd SCI submitted)
05/21/2010 10Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
Biomass of algae growth on natural water medium;
Plant Biosystems, Manuscript ID: TPLB-2010-0021
Under review
4. Results and discussion
consumption efficiency
based on TSS
consumption efficiency
based on VSS
11
Fig. 1 biomass production and CO2 consumption efficiency
based on TSS
Mean = 315%
Range = 307 - 335%
based on VSS
Mean = 323%
Range = 307 - 370%
TSS & VSS basis - not much different through the
whole growth period
4. Results and discussion
there is no any algae paper available -natural
medium
4.1 CO2 consumption efficiency
calculated - from literature on artificial
medium.
Results : 10 to 200%
05/21/2010 Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group 12
Culture/
systemSpecies Medium
Medium / Reactor
volume
CO2
source
Biomass
growth rate
CO2 con-
sumption
efficiency
Reference
pure
Batch
Chloro-
coccum
littorale
ESM
medium
Small reactor
(10ml)
Addition
of CO2
14400 mg/L/d
Dry Weight28%*
Kurano et
al.
(1995)
Medium reactor
(4L)
addition
of CO2
4900 mg/L/d
Dry Weight13.3%*
Large reactor
(20L)
Addition
of CO2
4300 mg/L/d
Dry Weight19.8%*
pure
Batch
Synecho-
coccus
BG11
mediumflat flasks
5% of
CO2
cell mass
6864 mg/L/d8.7%* Kajiwara et
al. (1997)
16.1 mg dry
Table 2 : Comparison of algae CO2 consumption efficiencies
13
pure
Batch
Chlorella sp.
(UK001)
C -
medium Plexiglas
Addition
of CO2
16.1 mg dry
cells /L/d197.5%*
Hirata et al.
(1996)
368 mg dry
cells /L/d197.8%*
437 mg dry
cells /L197.9%*
pure
Batch
C. vulgaris
(UTEX 259)
N-S
medium0.12 L
Addition
of CO2
2.82 mg/L/d
(maximum)185.84%* Yun et al
(1997)
mixed
Batch -
feed
fresh water
mixed algae
filtered
natural
water
medium
photobioreactor
(4L)from air
80 mg/L/d323%
(by VSS)This study
140 mg/L/d315%
(by TSS)This study
2 times to 36 times higher
CO2 consumption efficiency-
enormously high
It’s related to the carbon sources
Artificial medium
4. Results and discussion
gaseous phase
4.1 CO2 consumption efficiency
05/21/2010 14Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
It could encourage algae to achieve more
biomass growth
Nutrient balance which was inorganic and
available for algae use immediately,
It possibly hindered the usage of gaseous
CO2 from air.
gaseous phaseaqueous phaseincluding feeding
System - carbon limitations - natural water
medium
Photosynthesis - the driving force of air CO
4. Results and discussion
4.1 CO2 consumption efficiency
Photosynthesis - the driving force of air CO2
withdrawal, to dissolve CO2 & to compensate
the carbon shortage.
Carbon limitation - best explanation of the
massive consumption efficiency of the results.
05/21/2010 15Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
Biomass - carbon mass balance calculation
TSS and VSS basis
4. Results and discussion
4.2 CO2 uptake rate
TSS and VSS basis
Mass/reactor volume/time (Cheng et al.,
2006, Hirata et al., 1996) which was
specified as CO2 uptake rate by author.
05/21/2010 16Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
4. Results and discussion
Uptake rate by TSS Uptake rate by VSS
17
Fig. 2 biomass production and CO2 uptake rate
Uptake rate by TSS
Mean = 421 mg/L/day
Range = 286-645
Uptake rate by VSS
Mean = 239 mg/L/day
Range = 143-372
Based on TSS & VSS uptake rate - have much
differences
Culture /
System / SpMedium
Medium /
Reactor
volume
Mixing CO2 sourceBiomass
growth rate
CO2 uptake
rateReference
Pure-Batch
Chloro-
coccum
littorale
ESM
medium
Small vessel
reactor(10ml)aeration
addition of
CO2
14400
mg/L/d(DW)4000 mg/L/d
Kurano
et al.
(1995)
Medium
reactor (4L)aeration
addition of
CO2
4900
mg/L/d(DW)650 mg/L/d
Large reactor
(20L)aeration
addition of
CO2
4300
mg/L/d(DW)850 mg/L/d
Pure-Batch
Chlorella sp
Mineral
medium
Photo-
bioreactoraeration
addition of
CO2
2.0 ×××× 10 7
cells ml− 1 6240 mg/L/dCheng et al.,
(2006)
Pure-Batch
S.coccus
BG11
mediumflat flasks
CO2 gas
sparger5% of CO2
6864 mg/L/ d
cell (con)
600 mg/L/d
(maximum)
Kajiwara et
al. 1997)
Table 3 : Comparison of algae CO2 uptake rates
most of the uptake rates
- much lower than
biomass produced except
Hirata et al. (1996) & Yun
et al. (1997).
>>>
All literature - CO2
uptake rate high
>
18
S.coccus medium sparger 2 cell (con) (maximum) al. 1997)
Pure-Batch
Chlorella sp.
UK001,
C
medium
rotary shaker gaseous
mixture
addition of
CO2
16.1 mg dry
cells/ L/d31.8 mg/L/d
Hirata et al.
1996)Plexiglas
368 mg dry
cells /L/d728 mg/L/d
Pure-Batch A.
M . N¨̈̈̈ageli
BGN
mediumthick glass
air
diffuser15% CO2
0.04 h− 1/L
(maximum)2621 mg/L/d
E. Lopes,
(2008)
Pure-Batch
C. vulgaris
(UTEX 259)
N-S
medium0.12 L
air
bubbling
addition of
CO2
2820 mg/L/d (maximum)
3360 mg/L/dYun et
al.(1997)
mixed
Batch- feed
natural
water
medium
Photo-
Bioreactor
(4L)
magnetic
mixer
absorption
from air
80 mg/L/d239 mg/L/d
(by VSS)This study
140 mg/L/d421 mg/L/d
(by TSS)This study
Our result was uptake
rate was higher than
biomass
et al. (1997).
<<
<<
<
Further explain the
confusing CO2 uptake
rate data in mass
balanced discussion
>
The major reason - all the literature tried to create
an optimized conditions for algae growth
artificial medium with the single species
4. Results and discussion4.2 CO2 uptake rate
artificial medium could successfully
promote algae growth with available
balanced nutrition supplements
CO2 gas addition etc.
Theoretically promote the biomass production.
CO2 uptake rate?05/21/2010 19Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
promote algae growth with available
carbon source in medium
lessen the CO2 absorption from air
4.3.1. Regression of consumption efficiency
4. Results and discussion
4.3 Statistical analyses of system change
4.3.1. Regression of consumption efficiency
with time
4.3.1. Regression of uptake rate with time
05/21/2010Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
20
4. Results and discussion4.3.1. Regression of consumption efficiency
with time
consumption efficiency - stable over 300% all consumption consumption statistically accepted by F-testsstatistically accepted by F-tests
Consumption efficiency
= CO2 mass/ biomass
=(biomass + ∆COD)/ biomass
= 1+ (∆ COD/ biomass)
Fig. 3 Regression of CO2 consumption efficiency with time
Index Regression coefficient F test p-valueTSS -0.0003 16.514 0.0004VSS -0.0001 14.167 0.0009
consumption efficiency - stable over 300% all
the time of study
consumption
efficiency based on
VSS
Mean = 323%
Range = 307 - 370%
consumption
efficiency based on
TSS
Mean = 315%
Range = 307 - 335%
clear trends with time existed and the slightly
negative trend might possible come from
(1) the increasing biomass of systematical
maturation.
(2) reactor effect of CSTR
4. Results and discussion4.3.2. Regression of uptake rate with time
Fig. 3 biomass production and CO2 uptake rate
Fig. 4 Regression of CO2 uptake rate with time
indexRegression coefficient
F test p-value
TSS 0.25 32.686 5.12x10-6
VSS 0.15 25.197 3.19x10-5
the uptake rate was increasing along with the
systematical change.
statistically accepted by F-tests
clear positive trends with time existed
Uptake rate by TSS
Mean = 421 mg/L/day
Range = 286-645
Uptake rate by VSS
Mean = 239 mg/L/day
Range = 143-372
4.4 Comparison between algae and
terrestrial plants
Algae is the best candidate -
atmospheric CO utilization
4. Results and discussion
atmospheric CO2 utilization
High consumption efficiency
05/21/2010Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
23
land use/ reactor uptake
rate
(mg/m2/d)
terrestrial plant
/ algae uptake
rate ratio
Consumption
efficiency as C
(w/w)
reference
Algae (CSTR) 63191 105.2% 103% This study
Algae (HRP 1) 60044 100.0% 100% Tsai 2010a (our group)
Algae (HRP 2) 35612 59.3% 101% Tsai 2010a (our group)
Algae (HRP) 732 a 1.2% 5% a Hase et al., 2000
Algae (HRP) 9533 a 15.9% 34% a Green et al., 1995
Algae (HRP) 42167 a 70.2% 113% a Weissman & Tillett, 1992
Grasslands 0 0.0% -
Rice 0 0.0% -
Abaca/banana 0 0.0% -
Table 4: Comparison between algae and terrestrial plants
Lasco et al., 2002
Abaca/banana 0 0.0% -
Shrubs/brushlands 4310 a 7.2% -
Coconut 4802 a 8.0% -
Natural forests 924a 1.5% -
A. mangium
plantation
18856 a 31.4% -
Forests 7173 a 11.9% 157% a
Vesterdal et al., 2007Forests 2371 a 3.9% 197% a
Forests 1959 a 3.3% 117% a Hamburg, 1984
Forests 5264 a 8.8% 123% a Richter et al., 1999
Forests 1216 a 2.0% 126% a Johnston et al., 1996
-CSTR application-
-algae CO2 Consumption efficiency & uptake rate
- best
Calculation difference , addition of CO2 (Weissman)
Only members of Prof. Oswald group- best results
All estimations were based on carbon mass balance calculation.
4. Results and discussion
4.5 Carbon mass balance calculation
Two major processes of the calculation:
(1) closed reactor
(2) open reactor
05/21/2010 Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group 25
CO2(gas) as C + COD as C + bicarbonate as C = COD as C + algae as C + bi-carbonate as C
(input ) (output)
5. Conclusion
Natural water medium - ecological prudence
Carbon limited medium is good practice to utilize
the atmospheric COthe atmospheric CO2
The linear model could successfully describe the
maturation process of our system.
05/21/2010 26Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
5. Conclusion
The almost constant of consumption efficiency
The positive trend of uptake rate are exhibited
The best CO2 consumption efficiency is The best CO2 consumption efficiency is
demonstrated
Natural water medium - potential alternative of
greenhouse gas reduction.
05/21/2010 27Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
Journal submission
Journal
The ISME Journal (nature ecology)
28
The ISME Journal (nature ecology)
Process
Going to Submit – 24 May 2010
ReferenceAbe K., Hattori H. and Hirano M., (2007). “Accumulation and antioxidant activity of secondary carotenoids in the aerial microalga Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata,” Food chemistry,100: 656– 661.
APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 1985. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 16th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington DC, USA.
Lihua Cheng, Lin Zhang, Huanlin Chen, Congjie Gao (2006) Carbon dioxide removal from air by microalgae cultured in a membrane-photobioreactor Separation and Purification Technology 50 324–329
Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Lucy Mara Cacia Ferreira Lacerda, Telma Teixeira Franco(2008) Biomass production and carbon dioxide fixation by Aphanothece microscopica N¨ageli in a bubble column photobioreactor, Biochemical Engineering Journal 40 27–34
F.B.Green, T.J.Lundquist and W.J.Oswald, (1995) Energetic of advanced integrated wastewater pond systems, Wat.Sci.Tech. Vol.31,No.12,pp.9-20
H. Sugimoto, T. Kimura and S. Inoue, Photoresponsive molecular switch to control chemical fixation of CO2, J. Am.
05/21/201029Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
H. Sugimoto, T. Kimura and S. Inoue, Photoresponsive molecular switch to control chemical fixation of CO2, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999), pp. 2325–2326.
Hirata, S., Hayashitani, M., Taya, M., Tone, S., 1996. Carbon dioxide fixation in batch culture of Chlorella sp. using a photobioreactor with a sunlight-collection device. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 81, 470–472.
Jacob-Lopes, E., Scoparo, C.H.G., Franco, T.T., 2008. Rates of CO2 removal by Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli in tubular photobioreactors. Chem. Eng. Process. 47, 1365–1373.
Jeong, M.J., Gillis, J.M., Hwang, J.-Y., 2003. Carbon dioxide mitigation by microalgal photosynthesis. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 24 (12), 1763–1766.
Kajiwara, S., Yamada, H., Narumasa, O., 1997. Design of the bioreactor for carbon dioxide fixation by Synechococcus PCC7942. Energy Convers. Manage. 38, 529– 532.
KURANO, N., IKEMOTO, H., MIYASHITA, H, HASEGAWA, T. HATA, H., and MIYACHI, S. (1995) Fixation and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide by Microalgal Photosynthesis Energy, Convers. Mgmt Vol. 36, No. 6-9,689-692
Lin, C.C., Liu, W.T., Tan, C.S., 2003. Removal of carbon dioxide by absorption in a rotating packed bed. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42, 2381–2386.
ReferenceMurakami and Ikenouchi, (1997) Marukami, M., Ikenouochi, M., 1997. The biological CO2 fixation and utilization project by RITE (2) – screening and breeding of microalgae with high capability in fixing CO2. Energy Convers. Mange. 38, 493–497.
Otto and Wolfgang, (2004). Otto Pulz and Wolfgang Gross 2004 Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , 65: 635–648
Rishiram Ramanan, Krishnamurthi Kannan, Ashok Deshkar, Raju Yadav, Tapan Chakrabarti(2010) Enhanced algal CO 2 sequestration through calcite deposition by Chlorella sp. and Spirulina platensis in a mini-raceway pond, Bioresource Technology 101 2616–2622
Sawayama, S., S. Inoue, Y. Dote and S.Y. Yokoyama., (1995). “CO2 fixation and oil production through microalga,” Energy Conversion and Management, 36:729-731.
Sawyer Clair N. et al., (2003) Clair N Sawyer, Perry L McCarty and Gene F Parkin. (2003) Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company. Inc, New York, pp.557.
Sydney et al. (2010) Sydney, E.B., et al. Potential carbon dioxide fixation by industrially important microalgae. Bioresour. Technol. (2010),doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.088
Usui, N., Ikenouchi, M., 1997. The biological CO 2 fixation and utilization project by RITE(1) – highly-effective photobioreactor system. Energy Convers. Manage. 38, S487–S492.
V. Schimming, C.G. Hoelger, G. Buntkowsky, I. Sack, J.H. Fuhrhop, S. Rocchetti and H.H. Limbach, Evidence by 15N CPMAS and 15N–13C REDOR NMR for fixation of atmospheric CO2 by amino groups of biopolymers in the solid state, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999), pp. 4892–4893.
Wang, B., Li, Y., Wu, N., Lan, C.Q., 2008. CO2 mitigation using microalgae. Appl.Microbiol. Biotechnol. 79, 707–718.
Yeoung-Sang Yun’. Jong Moon Park, and Ji-Won Yang’ (1996) enhancement of co, tolerance of chlorella vulgar/s by gradual increase of co, concentration biotechnology techniques volume 10 no. 9 september pp.713-716
Yun, Y.S., Lee, S.B., Park, J.M., Lee, C.I., Yang, J.W., 1997. Carbon dioxide fixation by algal cultivation using wastewater nutrients. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 69, 451–455.
05/21/201030Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
Thanks Thanks Thanks Thanks forforforfor your attentionyour attentionyour attentionyour attentionThanks Thanks Thanks Thanks forforforfor your attentionyour attentionyour attentionyour attention
Widely employed
CO2 was up-taken by separation,
purifications with different processes (Schimming et al.,1999; Sugimoto et al.,1999).
Physicochemical methods
(Schimming et al.,1999; Sugimoto et al.,1999).
Chemical based CO2 mitigation approaches
Energy consuming (Lin et al., 2003)
Expensive (Wang et al., 2008)
CO2 biological fixations have been developed
(Mikkelsen et al., 2010) & reduce CO2 in the
atmosphere efficiently
Alternative to associate with both
Biological fixations
Alternative to associate with both
environmental and economical interests
(Sydney et al., 2010).
Microalgae has attracted a great deal of
attention (Gleick et al., 2010)
Advantage of algal biofixation
the best growth rate among the plants (Minowa et
al., 1995; Demirbas, 2009)
low impacts on world’s food supply (Schenk et al.,
2008)
high value of algae biomass including of nutrition,
pharmaceutical material, fertilizer, aquaculture, pharmaceutical material, fertilizer, aquaculture,
biofuel, etc. (Tsai and Chen, 2009a)
specificity for CO2 sequestration without gas
separation to save over 70% of total cost (Lee and
Lee, 2003)
excellent treatment for combustion gas exhausted
with NOx and SOx (DOE, 2006)
Algal CO2 sequestration
Microalgae was used to sequestrate the quantity of
CO2 in the air with artificial medium (Ramanan etal.,
2010; Jeong et al., 2003; Apt & Behrens, 1999;
no any algae literature available to study on
natural medium2010; Jeong et al., 2003; Apt & Behrens, 1999;
Sawayama et al., 1995; Eduardo J. Lopes, 2008; Cheng
et al., 2006; Mijeong Lee Jeong et al.,2003; Kajiwara et
al.,1997) .
natural medium
biofixation of microalgae to utilize the
atmospheric CO2 directly to imitate the
natural ecosystem.
Table 1. Algae Culture conditionsParameter Conditions
Growth environmental parameter
Temperature Avg. 27.5 °°°°CpH Avg. 10.36
DO Avg.0 7.59 (mg/L)
COD Avg. 14.88 (mg/L)
NO3- -N Avg.0 0.24 (mg N/L)
NO2--N Avg.0 0.08 (mg N/L)
TKN Avg.0 2.00 (mg N/L)TKN Avg.0 2.00 (mg N/L)
TN Avg.0 2.33 (mg N/L)
TP Avg.0 0.14 (mg/L)
Algae biomass
TSS Avg. 130 (mg/L)
FSS Avg. 60 (mg/L)
VSS Avg. 50 (mg/L)
Chl-a Avg. 1.63 (mg/L)
Chl-b Avg. 0.59 (mg/L)
Chl(a+b) Avg. 1.05 (mg/L)
Ref: Standard Methods, 1985
Parameter Analysis Method
pH SUNTEX Digital pH Meter, Model: SP-7
DO TOA-DKK DO Sensor, Model: WQC-24
COD Method 508B
NH4+-N Method 417B for final ammonia
TKN Method 420A for final ammonia
Standard Methods (APHA, AWWA & WPCF, 1985)
TKN Method 420A for final ammonia
NO3--N Method 418A
NO2--N Method 419
TN = [TKN] + [NO2--N] + [NO3
--N]
TP Method 424E following sulfuric acid-nitric acid digestion of Method
TSS Method 209C with Whatman GF/C filter paper
FSS & VSS Method 209D
The most of researchers estimate the carbon
source - injected into the reactor continuously,
and calculated from the constant CO2
concentration by volume to calculate CO2 uptake
Closed reactor
concentration by volume to calculate CO2 uptake
rate (Hase et al., 2000; Ramanan et al., 2010).
Some researchers measured the carbon content
of algae which present the CO2 consumption
directly (Chae et al., 2006).
38
Culture /
System / SpMedium
Medium /
Reactor
volume
MixingCO2
source
Biomass
growth rate
CO2 uptake
rateReference
Pure-Batch
Chloro-
coccum
littorale
ESM
medium
Small vessel
reactor(10ml)aeration
addition
of CO2
14400
mg/L/d(DW)4000 mg/l/d
Kurano
et al.
(1995)
Medium
reactor (4L):aeration
addition
of CO2
4900
mg/L/d(DW)650 mg/l/d
Large reactor
(20L):aeration
addition
of CO2
4300
mg/L/d(DW)850 mg/l/d
Pure-Batch
Chlorella sp
Mineral
medium
Photo-
bioreactoraeration
addition
of CO2
2.0 ×××× 10 7
cells ml− 1 6240 mg/ l/dCheng et al.,
(2006)
Pure-Batch
S.coccus
BG11
mediumflat flasks
CO2 gas
sparger5% of CO2
6864 mg/L/ d
cell (con)
600 mg/l/d
(maximum)
Kajiwara et
al. 1997)
Table 3 : Comparison of CO2 uptake rates
most of the uptake rates
- much lower than
biomass produced except
Hirata et al. (1996) & Yun
et al. (1997).
>>>
39
S.coccus medium sparger 2 cell (con) (maximum) al. 1997)
Pure-Batch
Chlorella sp.
UK001,
C
medium
rotary shaker gaseous
mixture
addition
of CO2
16.1 mg dry
cells/ l/d31.8 mg/l/d
Hirata et al.
1996)Plexiglas
368 mg dry
cells /l/d728 mg/l/d
Pure-Batch A.
M . N¨̈̈̈ageli
BGN
mediumthick glass
air
diffuser15% CO2,
0.04 h− 1/l
(maximum)2621 mg/l/d
E. Lopes,
(2008)
Pure-Batch
C. vulgaris
(UTEX 259)
N-S
medium0.12 L
air
bubbling
addition
of CO2
2.82 g/l /d (maximum)
3360 mg/l/d
(20% of CO2
Yun et
al.(1997)
mixed
Batch- feed
natural
water
medium
Photo-
Bioreactor
(4L)
magneti
c mixer
absorptio
n from air
80 mg/L/d239 mg/L/d
(by VSS)This study
140 mg/L/d421 mg/L/d
(by TSS)This study
<<
<<
<
Explaination the
confusing CO2 uptake
rate data
Exception literature:
Hirata et al. (1996) & Yun et al. (1997).
Calculation process problems:
Closed reactor
it is difficult to differentiate the exact CO2
in closed reactor: they didn’t remove the (1) Didn’t count liquid phase carbon source
(2) Estimate CO2 uptake from gaseous phase
directly
40
in closed reactor: they didn’t remove the
carbonate/bicarbonae dissolved in water phase
and the source from the artificial medium.
all the researchers used carbon mass balance to
eliminate all the possible carbon sources except
Open reactor
our study - the open reactor process on natural water medium with mass balance calculation to eliminate all the possible carbon sources except
the CO2 from air and to calculate the CO2 amount
utilized by algae.
05/21/2010 Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group 41
water medium with mass balance calculation to eliminate all other possible sources and to make sure the atmospheric CO2 is the only carbon source in system