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FILM HISTORY
The Beginnings
Photography
The first photographTaken in 1826
By Joseph Niepce
Eadweard Muybridge
• Photographer hired in 1877 to prove a bet– A galloping horse has all
four hooves off the ground during stride
– Set up 24 cameras along a race track
– Experimented with motion sequences and set them up in viewing machines commonly called “Zoetropes.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYKZif9ooxs
Photography to Film
• Multiple cameras producing multiple still photos to
• One camera producing multiple photos– Glass plate to paper to flexible light sensitive
material – Ability to produce multiple photos in the
thousands
The Eye
• Persistence of Vision/Phi Phenomena– Motion is an optical illusion– The retina retains an image for a fraction of a
second– Early silent film was standardized at 16 frames per
second
George Eastman
• 1889 Perfected a process of nitro cellulose base on rolls that were transparent, thin, strong and standard in quality and began to manufacture them
THOMAS EDISON
• Laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey
• Invited Muybridge to his lab to demonstrate the Zoetrope device
• Interested in a visual accompaniment to his phonograph
Black Maria Studio (1893)-Kinetographic Theater
Early Edison Films
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQk5RftSdF8
W.K.L. Dickson
• invented the motion picture camera Kinetograph (motion writer) and Kinetoscope (motion viewer).
• Produced short bits of motion for single viewers and charged a nickel
• Fred Ott’s Sneeze and the Rice-Irwin Kiss
Edison’s Kinetoscope
The Black Maria
• Edison’s studio in West Orange
• All black and rotated to stay with the sun
Technical Inventions
– American Perforation• Allowed film to run smoothly in cameras and
projection (Dickson)
– Latham Loop, patented by Thomas Armet (worked for Edison)
• Intermittent Movement: Allowed film to stop momentarily at the gate
Lumiere vs. Dickson
Latham Loop and Intermittent Movement
Lumiere
• Simple shots– Train leaving station– Workers leaving the
factory– Steady camera
observing action
– Realism
The Lumiere Brothers
• France 1895: Short Documentaries
George Melies
Melies
Scorsese’s Hugo (2011)
A Trip to the Moon
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FrdVdKlxUk
Early Filmmakers
The Great Train Robbery 1903
Porter•First Narrative Film
•Worked for Edison
•1903
•One Reel ten minutes long
•First film with a storyline
•First film shot out of sequence/editing
•First Western
•First Smash Hit
Major Companies
• Edison• Biograph• Vitagraph• Essanay• Lubin
• Selig• Kalem• Melies• Pathe
Motion Picture Patents Company
• Nine major film companies
• Monopoly on Film• Exclusive contract
with Eastman Kodak• The General Film
Company for distribution
Birth of Cinema Short
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0jm6j3s_uE