File 1 Kaushik

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Contents

Chapter No: 1

Introduction....01

1.1 Alcohol fuels..04

1.2 Blending of Fuels..05

1.2.1 Ethanol in gasoline for spark ignition.05

1.2.2 Kerosene with Gasoline07

1.3 Internal combustion Engine08

1.3.1 Suction stroke09

1.3.2 Compression stroke ..09

1.3.3 Combustio n stroke/Power expansion stroke..09

1.3.4 Exhaust stroke...09

1.4 Experimental study on kerose ne, gasoline and ethanol blends10

Chapter No: 2

Literature Review..12

2.1 Experimental study of kerosene and ethanol blend.....14

2.2 Experimental study of blen ding of gasoline with kerosene..16

Chapter No: 3

Present Investigation on Project...20

3.1 Ethanol..21

3.2 Gasoline or petrol.23

3.3 Kerosene27

3.4 Engine- generator.31


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3.5 Internal combustion engine.37

3.5.1 Combustion38

Chapter No: 4

Experimental study on project..40

Results .....55

Future Aspects....57

Concl usion.......63

References.......64


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List of Tables

Table No:1 Readings at No Load Condition44

Table No:2 Readings at Load Condition..46


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List of Figures

Figure No 1: Carbon dioxide emission in the environment ...04

Figure no 2: Internal combustion engine.10

Figure No:3 Blend Ratio (%by vol.) Vs Thermal Efficiency(%)......16

Figure No: 4 Generator (internal combustion engine)...36

Figure No: 5 Pro portion Vs CO emission graph.48

Figure No:6 Proportion Vs carbon di oxide(CO2) emission ..50

Figure No: 7 Proportions Vs Noise Emission graph......51

Figure No: 8 Proportions Vs oxygen Emission graph....................52

Figure No: 9 Proportion Vs Rotation per minute (rpm) graph53

Figure No: 10 Proportion Vs time graph....54

Figure No: 11 Interaction between environmental and business requireme nts..59


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Chapter No.1

Introduction

There are many alternative fuel used by automobile sector at different stations. Automobilesector is much concerning about the fuel used by the internal combustion engine. Thereluctancy of automobile sector towards the alternative fuel is increased as many issues comeinto existence with the use conventional fuels e.g. gasoline, diesel, etc.

Alternative fuels vehicle is a vehicle which runs on a fuel other than traditional fuel likegasoline, diesel. It is useful to powering the engine. There are many industries which run onalternative fuel to get proper power with less toxic emission. Hybrid electric vehicle such asToyata prius are not actually alternative fuel vehicle but by the use of advanced technologythey use petroleum fuel.

We use non-conventional and advanced fuel such as ethanol and blends with conventionalfuel such as petrol, kerosene and discuss the result

Some well known alternative fuels are:

1. Biodiesel2. Bioalcohol Methanol, Butanol, Ethanol.3. Chemical batteries4. Hydrogen5. Natural gas, etc.

As industries groomed their minds towards the effects of traditional fuel In our atmosphere.

The reason to use the alternative fuel is that the conventional fuel is limited and when they burn give toxic emission, which is hazardous to the atmosphere.

These reasons enlighten the automobile sectors towards the alternative fuel and weighed thestatement of blending of fuel hence justified.

By blending the fuels we can reduce the toxic emission which is very harmful for our surroundings, these toxic gases are emitted when fuel burns inside the combustion engine.

The toxic gases emitted by internal combustion engine during combustion are:


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1. Carbon monoxide (CO): Carbon monoxide is a odourless, non- irritating, tasteless andcolorless gas and which is slightly lighter than air. It is very dangerous to human being and animals when it is evaporated in the atmosphere with higher concentrations.It consist of one oxygen atom and one carbon atom that forms a triple bond and whichis consisting two covalent bonds and one dative bond also.The major source of carbon monoxide in nature in the world is due to petrochemicalreactions in our atmosphere that generates around 50*1011 kilograms per annum.Theother main sources of the carbon monoxide, including forest fires, volcanic eruptionsand other forms of combustion.

2. Nitrogen Oxide (NOX) : These gases are emitted from high temperature combustionespecially Nitrogen oxide i.e.NO2 and they can also be produced by naturally duringthunderstorms. It is reddish-brown in colour and it very dangerous to cities locatednear to it. Nitrogen oxides with a chemical formula NO2 is one of the polluted gaswhich is responsible for the health effect of the people which is having a sharpcharacteristics biting odor.

3. Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbon in the environment is a very big problem either it comesfrom gasoline or any other toxic organic substances. The effect on the environment

due to hydrocarbons is a major concern because hydrocarbons are dangerous to allkinds of life. Hydrocarbons are released in the environment due to unburned fuel.

4. Carbon-dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that can be emitted by thehuman activities. Carbon dioxide is present in the environment as being part of thehuman life cycle that can be present in the form of soil, plants, earth and oceans. Thehuman activity by adding more CO2 in the environment disturbing the carbon cycle.

The human activity made to emit CO2 in the environment is the combustion of fossilfuels i.e. coal, petroleum and natural gas. Industrial process also an another source of increasing CO2 emission in the atmosphere. The major sources of CO2 emission in theatmosphere are:

Electricity Transportation

Industries


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These toxic gases affect the atmosphere very badly and in automobile sector the very firstconcern of engines is to reduce the emission by blending the fuels we can reduce theemission. It blend in proper composition and get a better result which will be justifiedtheoretically and practically as well.

The emission from these gases is harmful for human health and also arise a threat to theatmosphere. Today the main concern of the automobile industry is to reduce the emission of the greenhouse gases that are emitted from the internal combustion engine. The hydrocarbonsthat are emitted during the combustion of fuel inside the internal combustion engine are veryharmful. As the emission is increased every day because the dependence of human iscompletely on automobiles and due to which the emission is increase. The reason to produce

alternative fuel is that the traditional fuel is limited and also the cost associated with it is alsovery high, so the main concern is to reduce the emission and increase the dependency onalternative fuels. By the help of blends we can get better results and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases which is very harmful for our environment.

The graph shows the emission of carbon di oxide at different stations due to different reasons.As we know it is a greenhouse gas and very harmful for our green environment.


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Figure No 1: Carbon dioxide emission in the environment

1.1 Alcohol fuels Ethanol and methanol fuels are the primary source of energy and they are convenient sourcesand transporting of energy. Ethanol is widely used by many industries and blend with manytraditional fuel and give better results with less emission.

Butanol is another alcohol fuel and has many advantage, it is only alcohol fuel which istransported readily by existing petroleum product by pipeline network, rather than usingtrucks and cars.

40%

31%

14%

10%

14%

Carbon dioxide emissions

Electricity

Transportation

industry

Resedential and Commercial

Other Non-Fossil fuels


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1.2 Blending of Fuels

Fuel blending is the blending of fuel with any other fuel (weather it is fuel or any other substances). Blending of fuel is adopted by many industries, automobile sector, aviation

sectors etc. By blending the fuels we can get reduced emissions at gases and get more power through engine.

This help automobile sector to enhance the performance of the internal combustion engineand give a justified glimpse to the reduced amount of traditional fuel. Different type of fuel blend with different substance to get a better results.

Different type of blending is done which is at follows:

1.2.1 Ethanol in gasoline for spark ignition

Blending ethanol with gasoline gives advantageous results. Emission of carbon dioxideswhich is a greenhouse gas been reduced by using this mixture. Ethanol which is produced bya bio-ethanol via renewable source.

Many countries using this type of blending mostly in Europe and Sweden to reduce theemission of carbon dioxide sold 5% of ethanol mixed with gasoline.

Many studies has been followed different results, main concern of these studies is to reducethe emission of greenhouse gases and give better results.

During the blending of fuels many parameters should be checked. Many issues arrives mainlyin the machine used blend fuels.

Vehicle performance

Problem associated with cold start and driving Fuel impact Lubricating oils impact Maintenance and service impact Wear and tear and compatibility Vapour lock impact Emission impact (regulated and unregulated)

Emission perspective to life cycle


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Blending ethanol with gasoline is less costly and easy way to introduce an alternative such as bio-ethanol without costly changes. Ethanol can be blended with gasoline by many methods.The significant results as shown by study is that 15% of ethanol mixed with a gasoline gives positive results and there is no wear and tear and compatibility impacts on vehicle performance.

Many results also comes in the context of emission of other gases, which is quiet bright for the results. When ethanol with gasoline blends gives positive results regarding co2 emissions.

Emission of other hydrocarbons like benzene, toluene, xylene also reduced. While when itcomes to aldehydes there is an increment, especially of acetaldehyde and formaldehydeemissions. During the study of literature there is no evidence of serious engine wear and / or other material There are no problems when you had used a mixture of 10% ethanol ingasoline. It has also been noted that this level of ethanol in gasoline has been used in the U.S.since the end of the 1970s. A mixture of 10% ethanol in gasoline has been allowed in theU.S. by automakers without any serious restrictions on guarantees of their vehicles.Therefore, substantial Experience in the use of ethanol blended gasoline that has beencollected for a long time. However, the limit for the ethanol content in gasoline has been setat 10% under the warranty. Various tests and studies in Australia have found that using a

mixture of ethanol and gasoline mixed with 20% ethanol increased wear and other damage tothe fuel system for vehicles, mileages accumulated especially high.Its not been possible toverify whether this is linked the fact that the sulfur content of gasoline in Australia isrelatively high, since this possibility was not considered in the reports of Australia. InSweden, the sulfur content gas is reduced to a maximum of 10 ppm. A high level of sulfur inethanol mixed fuel can affect the engine's fuel system since there is a small amount of aceticacid in Pure ethanol (up to 0.0025% by weight, according to AMSE 1114). In light of the

findings on engine wear and other problems associated observed using 20% ethanol ingasoline, the Australian government has decided to limit the amount of ethanol in gasoline to10%. Representatives of the oil and car owners also favored the 10% limit. In contrast to theexperience in Australia, a study conducted in Minnesota (USA), in which two We examinedethanol blends in gasoline (with 10% and the other with 30% ethanol), found that ethanolcaused serious problems of wear. The project includes two laboratories tests and field trials.Unfortunately, however, no emissions data are available from these tests. In the 1970s and

1980s, a fairly comprehensive program was undertaken in Sweden to study the effects of using alcohol blends in gasoline in cars. No such program has been established to and


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experience collecting data on the use of ethanol blended gasoline since. Therefore Swedes arevery little data available.

1.2.2 Kerosene with Gasoline

The study with the nephrotoxic effect related to gasoline and kerosene vapours exposure.There are many studies carried out in the context of kerosene doped with gasoline on four-stroke engine. Kerosene blend with gasoline gives results as increase in kerosene amountincreased the emission. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide amount is much increased .Amount of hydrocarbon emission is also increased when kerosene doped with gasoline for allload conditions. Spark ignition engine, a four-stroke ignition is used for experiment the blendof kerosene with gasoline. Tests were conducted according to the load conditions andsometimes gradually increase the load and decreases suddenly. These are used to determinethe results for the experiment. The variation in carbon monoxide emissions with different proportion of kerosene with gasoline. Variation of emission of carbon monoxide revealsresults at different load. When different products are comparable grades different prices or consumers have no effective tools for distinguish the different qualities similar products,unscrupulous operators will always try to exploit the situation of illegal gains. Illegal practices in retail business is a global phenomenon and fuel adulteration one of the most

important along with lower abuse dispensing products to customers, incorrect labeling octanenumber gasoline, leaded gasoline labeling unleaded forging customs declarations or smuggling fuel to avoid or reduce payments of excise duties (NNPC, 2007). These practiceslead to losses in several areas, including damaging engines and worsening air qualityEvading fuel taxes reduce government revenues. Sub-dispensing supplying consumersconsumption lead to losses. Doping gasoline solvents and other chemicals can leave harmfulIn Nigeria, the adulteration of gasoline is normally Primary pleased because of the significant

price difference between products. Adulteration is defined as the introduction of foreignsubstances in gasoline or illegally Unauthorized with the result that the product is not meetthe requirements and specifications of the product (NNPC, 2007). Foreign substances are alsoadulterants called when introduced and modified degrading the quality of fuel for transporting base. Gasoline is an important transportation fuel in Nigeria. The fueladulteration at the point of sale and transport has become a serious problem in the country(Igbafe and Ogbe, 2005). Transport fuels (gasoline and diesel) are often adulterated with

other cheaper products or by-products or losing the flow of hydrocarbons for monetary gains.To example, gasoline is widely adulterated with kerosene. Adulterants large number of


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commercially available, both indigenous and imported, the magnitude of the problem of fueladulteration has become alarmingly proportions in recent years.

When the concentration of kerosene increased with gasoline, the amount of carbon monoxide

increase when the amount of kerosene increased and it is due to unburned hydrocarbon whichare not completely burn due to poor volatile property and higher viscosity and density.

Many experimental study show many results with different concentration of fuel. Whenkerosene mixed with gasoline, it gives results both positive and negative. Amount of carbonmonoxide increased if the amount of kerosene is more than 10% per volume. The mainreason for this poor volatility and higher density.

When gasoline mixed with ethanol reduction of carbon dioxide is comes out with a greater effect

1.3 Internal combustion Engine

Internal combustion engine as the name implies the fuel burned inside the engine. In car gasoline is burns inside the engine and release energy by igniting the fuel and that givemotion to the car to move. Internal combustion engine are very efficient because it require

very less space to ignite the fuels. Internal combustion engine are also fuel efficient ascompared to other old steam engines.

Spark ignition engine refers to internal combustion engine. In spark ignition engine the fuelwhich is air-fuel mixture is burned and give power through flywheel. It consist of basic four strokes:

(1) Suction stroke(2) Compression stroke(3) Combustion or power stroke(4) Expansion stroke

Engine based on four stroke have one power stroke after every four strokes. During thecombustion which is occurred very rapidly volume effects, it varies little constant volume.


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1.3.1 Suction stroke

The suction stroke starts when piston is at top dead centre. When it goes downward it createssuction and draws the air fuel mixture into the cylinder. At this time the intake valve is open

and the exhaust valve is closed. After some time the piston reaches the bottom dead centreand then the intake valve is closed and the exhaust valve is opened. This will take place at1800 of crank shaft rotation.

1.3.2 Compression stroke

Compression stroke is the second stroke in four stroke ignition engine. During the stroke the piston start tends to move upward. In these stroke the intake valve and the exhaust valve both

are closed. The pressure and the temperature is increased rapidly. Compression stroke is akey stroke and fuel is compressed by the piston which is made up of aluminium. Thetemperature inside the cylinder is very high, due to high temperature and pressure highfriction evolved and combustion occurs during next stroke.

1.3.3 Combustion stroke/Power expansion stroke

Combustion stroke is the third stroke and in this stroke combustion takes place. Combustion

of fuel gives power to the engine. By the help of spark the fuel is burnt and the piston ismoved upward. Because of the high pressure of the gases that are burnt piston moves towards bottom dead centre. At this time both the intake and exhaust valve are closed.

1.3.4 Exhaust stroke

This is the last stroke of internal combustion engine. In this stroke the burnt gases are goingoutside and exhaust takes place.

At the time when piston is at the bottom dead centre, the exhaust valve is opened. As theatmospheric pressure falls down, the piston goes from top dead centre to bottom dead centreand at nearly atmospheric pressure the discharge of products sweeps. During the exhauststroke the exhaust valve is closed. The gases are not fully go outside from the exhaust assome of the gases are present in the clearance volume.


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Figure no 2: Internal combustion engine

1.4 Experimental study on kerosene, gasoline and ethanol blends

There is recent study on these three fuels which are renewable. Study relucted with many results saying about emission of different gases at different

load conditions. Internal combustion engine is used for the experimental purpose which is gasoline

start and working on kerosene.
http://www.answers.com/topic/internal-combustion-engine


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Internal combustion engine is connected directly with the loads by the help of circuitin which load is connected in series.

Blending is done with the help of different laboratory equipments such as straight

stopcock burette and funnel, flask, etc. Results are come in the context of emission of different gases such as carbonmonoxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons.

Experimental study showing noise comes out from the machine with the help of noiserecorder.

There is another glimpse of effect which arises during the experiment, that is rotation per minute(RPM). RPM is measured by using tachometer. By the help of tachometer we can see the behaviour under load and no load conditions.

Results shows when different concentration is used, results are differ but not verumuch significantly. High concentration of kerosene produced more carbon dioxideand hydrocarbons such as Benzene, Xylene, Toluene.

Ethanol when mixed with gasoline gives good results towards the reduction of co2. When kerosene, gasoline and ethanol mixed with a proper proportions, as a results

that the amount of carbon monoxide increases, at very less amount of kerosene carbon

monoxide reduces. At different concentration of ethanol the amount of carbon dioxide increases anddecreased . Upto 15% ethanol gives positive result and give very less amount of carbon dioxide.

Hydrocarbon emission also varies according to the concentration of kerosene, ethanoland gasoline. According to results, gasoline gives best result if it will mix with proper composition with ethanol and very little amount of kerosene.

Pollution control van is used to measure the emission of the exhaust gases which aremainly:1. Carbon monoxide(CO)2. Carbon dioxide(CO2)3. Hydrocarbons(HC)4. Nitrogen oxide(NOx).


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Chapter 2

Literature Review

Many studies are going on throughout the world concerning emission of greenhouse gasesfrom internal combustion engine and how to reduce their toxic emission? Blending of different fuels with different concentration has been taken for effective results. Inintroduction we discuss about the experimental studies and have many answers during theexperiments. The possible results when blend ethanol with gasoline, kerosene with gasolinecomes out. Emission of carbon mono oxide is reduced upto a extent when ethanol blend withgasoline, similarly the results with kerosene when blend with gasoline emission of

greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide is increased.The blending method is widely adopted by many industries weather it is automobileindustries or aviations. Most of the countries in Europe has been working on this issue and

adopted this method completely. One study which is about the blend of ethanol with gasolineis done by Sweden, their study is dominated towards the reduction of greenhouse gasesmainly carbon dioxide. According to their study when ethanol mixed with gasoline upto 5%of the total volume the results shows the reduction of carbon dioxide upto 20%. This is one of

the great achievement towards the study of blended fuels. In Europe and Sweden 5% of theethanol is mixed with total sold gasoline. One more interesting fact is revealed out by thehelp of study is that the specific fuel consumption (SFC) rate is also reduced when ethanol ismixed with gasoline in a proper concentration. This study gives a better results towards theera in which the traditional fuels are limited and they are about to lost their presence fromearth crust.

Air pollution which is becoming the biggest threat for every individual healths and for our atmosphere is scrolled down upto some extent by using these type of methods such as blending of fuels, using bio-fuels , bio-ethanol fuels. The main emission which is coming outfrom an internal combustion engine are:

(1) Carbon mono oxide(CO)(2) Nitrogen oxide(NOx)(3) Hydrocarbons (HC)


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Carbon mono oxide is one of the toxic gas which is emitted by the internal combustionengine during the combustion of fuel. It is odourless, colourless, tasteless gas which is somuch harmful if get inside the human lung for more than 3 hour will damage the lung andchoke the breath. It is also produced by the burning of wood and charcoal. carbon monooxide is produced in internal combustion engine due to the unburnt fuel which is very muchresponsible for this poisonous gas.

Nitrogen oxide is another harmful gas which is responsible for many brutal effect onhistorical monuments such as tajmahal due to acid rain which is produced by the reaction of nitrogen oxide with water and gives sulphuric acid in result. Many experiments been taken toreduce the emission of nitrogen oxide from internal combustion engine. Some good result

shows that when ethanol mixed with gasoline with required concentration give result as thereduction of nitrogen oxide.

Hydrocarbons are emitted by internal combustion engine affect the atmosphere and alsoaffect the human health as we know hydrocarbons as non-degradable. Amount of hydrocarbons emission is increased as the amount of kerosene is increased in kerosene gasoline blend due to the poor volatile property of kerosene and the density is also higher than gasoline. Many member of hydrocarbon family such as benzene, toluene also increased

due to kerosene. Hydrocarbon emission is reduced by using proper blended fuel and with proper concentration of blended fuel. When kerosene is blend with gasoline more than 4% of the total volume negative results shown their presence such as the amount of specific fuelconsumption also increased and the emission of the toxic gases such as carbon mono oxide,nitrogen oxide also increased. So all the study and experiment rests their conclusion showingthe aspects of blend of fuels and justified the statement that if proper blending of fuel is donewith proper concentration of blends the results will be positive and reduce the emission and

also reduce the fuel consumption rate and yes the power is increased or do not create anyissue.

Many fuels are blended with traditional fuels weather they are renewable or non-renewableand take bright side of the result. Now day bio-alcohol fuels are widely used by automobilesectors and aviation sectors just because of their unique qualities and their good performance.Bio-alcohol fuels are produced by natural methods and they are renewable in nature and will present on earth forever so they do not harm any individuals or the surroundings. Bio-alcoholfuels are very much demanding these days because of their qualities such as:


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(1) Renewable in nature.(2) Produced by natural way without harming the nature.(3) Less costly than traditional fuel.(4) Easily available in the nature.(5) Production cost is less costly.(6) Emission using bio-alcohol is much less than traditional fuel.

Bio-alcohol fuel such as ethanol, methanol, butanol having vast advantages if they will usedas combustion fuel in internal combustion engine, these fuel must be blended with anytraditional fuel to enhance the properties of the fuel. Ethanol has its own properties when blended with gasoline such as reduction of carbon di oxide, butanol have a very special

property of transporting itself by using gasoline pipeline networks instead of using trucks,cars, or any other transporting medium. Study shows many results toward the emission of greenhouse gases and the main concern of all these experiment is towards the reduction of emission of toxic gases.

In order to reduce the energy crisis many steps are going to be taken. Alternative fuels arevery much famous in this era, the alternative fuel should be renewable and available easilywith less cost. In our country kerosene is widely used for many purposes for domestic as well

as industrial purpose. Kerosene has many impurities such as sulphur, aromatic andhydrocarbons that are very harmful and doing atmosphere degredation.

2.1 Experimental study of kerosene and ethanol blend.

In one of the experimental investigation of kerosene and ethanol used as alternative fuels in astove. Different concentration are used for the experiment such as 5%, 10%, 15% ethanol inkerosene, the experiment is done or in other words the aim of the experiment is to find out the

thermal efficiency and the fuel consumption rate.

The value of thermal efficiency found out comparable with the kerosene, similarly with thefuel consumption rate found comparable with the kerosene. Maximum thermal efficiencyobtained when the ethanol is 5% by volume in the fuel. The fuel consumption rate is foundmaximum when ethanol is 10% with kerosene. Some of the fuel which are used for many purposes are vegetable oil, bio-diesel, solid fuel like wood and charcoal. Use of solid fuel ismuch more preferred than liquid fuel because of its high energy content and greater affinitytowards transportability. Ethanol has low calorific value than kerosene and it is used as a


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good fuel. Ethanol gives clean combustion and it is produced by natural methods likesugarcane, grains and by the help of many waste materials. Ethanol has many advantages asan alternative fuel as it is sold by many countries mixed with gasoline to reduce the emissionof greenhouse gases.

The main objective of doing this experiment is to study the different blend of kerosene andethanol and check the fuel consumption rate and thermal efficiency when working withalternative fuel. The experiment is been tested on different concentrations and according tothe thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption rate. The value of the fuel consumptionrate and the thermal efficiency is comparable with the reference fuel which shows a brighter side of the results. The maximum value of the fuel consumption rate is obtained when ethanol

mixed is 10% with the kerosene and maximum value of thermal efficiency is obtained whenethanol blend is 5%.

The results of the experiment are according to thermal efficiency and the fuel consumptionrate and the graph which is shown below give the experimental value which is comparable tokerosene which is a reference fuel itself. Fuel consumption rate also increased as amount of ethanol increased in the blend, blend ratio(%by vol.) and thermal efficiency graph is showingall the blends which are used during the experiments. This shows the bright side of the

alternative fuel and can give a good future to the kerosene and ethanol blends. Many more blending of fuels can be done to get good results in the context of fuel consumption andthermal efficiency.


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Figure No:3 Blend Ratio (%by vol.) Vs Thermal Efficiency (%)

(1) Graph showing different values at different concentration of ethanol in the total fuel.(2) As the amount of ethanol increase in the fuel thermal efficiency also increased which

is comparable to the reference fuel which is kerosene.

(3) One more statement is also justified by the graph is that as the amount of ethanol isincreased upto an extent if more than the results differs entirely.

(4) The result is wholly according to the experimental values of ethanol blend withkerosene.

2.2 Experimental study of blending of gasoline with kerosene.

Many experimental studies are going on the blending of gasoline and kerosene, four stroke

engine is used as machine on which this experiment is done. Many results are come intoexistence concerning the emission of toxic gases and emission of unburned hydrocarbons.

Experiment show that when kerosene is mixed with gasoline less than 5% by volume theemission of toxic gases and hydrocarbon is less also the fuel is burn with a greater extent.More than 5% of kerosene used with gasoline give entirely opposite result such that thecombustion of fuel is not done completely due to the poor volatility and much more densitythan gasoline. Also the emission of carbon mono oxide and other greenhouse gases also

increases.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%70%

80%

90%

100%

ThermalEfficiency(%)

Blend ratio (%by vol)

Column13

Column12

Column1

Column2

Blend ratio(% by volume)


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When kerosene is mixed with kerosene one another major problem associated with theautomobiles arrived which is knocking. When the fuel is burn completely unburned fuel isremains inside the combustion chamber and give spark to the engine before the originalcombustion takes place. This is due to the knocking. Knocking effect also shows their presence when used kerosene as an alternative fuel with gasoline. As we know kerosenehaving low flesh point and gasoline having high flesh point. So it is not linear to mix a lowflesh point fuel with high flesh point fuel. Gasoline and kerosene both are consistinghydrocarbons so it will be used as an alternative fuel to get better results. The experimentshows that the emission out of the engine increased as the amount of kerosene blendincreased. According to the experimental results the amount of carbon mono oxide emissionis increase when amount of kerosene is increased in the blend. The amount of co is increasefrom 21% to 52%, which is double of itself also the fuel consumption rate also increasedwhen the amount of kerosene is increased in the blend which is 34-36%.

Experimental study also show that the amount of emission of hydrocarbon also increased because of poor properties of kerosene such as poor volatility and flash point also notmatching with each other as the flesh point of one is higher than the fleshing point of others.Experiment is taken on the basis of the power of the engine during load and no-load condition

on engine is suddenly increased and take the readings during that period and also the readingstaken during no-load conditions. The speed and the load of the engine is controlled by aninstrument named dynamometer which is used to measures the load on engine. Fuel rate isalso measured by using the displacement meter. During the experiment the atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature is normal.

The study shows the variation in the amount of carbon mono oxide and hydrocarbons,amount of hydrocarbons is increased during the blend with kerosene it is due to the

quenching effect and poor volatility of kerosene when compared to gasoline. Kerosenehaving low volatility and high molecular weight hydrocarbon (C12H22 to C16H34) thangasoline (C5H12 to C9H34) incomplete combustion of fuel leads to many consequences suchas increased absorption of hydrocarbons which escapes the proper combustion of the fuel.Heavier hydrocarbon component stays in liquid form and escapes combustion.

According to the experimental study of kerosene and gasoline blend one issue also come intoexistence is that as the amount of kerosene increased in the mixture the amount of particulate(pm) also increased as kerosene contains the nepthalene contents so the particulate matter


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associated with nepthalene also increased. The octane rating also reduced due to the use of kerosene for blending, as the volatility is very poor the octane rating which is highly dependon volatility also decreased. When the concentration of kerosene is higher than other problems also associated with the knocking also the engine will not work properly and wouldnot start very effectively. As we know kerosene having less volatility then gasoline the problem of knocking is occurred and also hydrocarbon also collected on the piston head andat the top of the spark plug and make difficulty to the working of engine. Specific fuelconsumption rate also increased as the amount of kerosene concentration increased and it is because of the low heating point of the kerosene as compared to gasoline.

The specific fuel consumption also increased due to the concentration of kerosene but there is

no much more difference in fuel consumption rate when kerosene is mixed with little amountin gasoline. The experiment shows that the blending kerosene with gasoline drasticallyincrease the knocking tendency of the engine which is due to the heavy accumulation of hydrocarbons in the engine. So these results show the effect of kerosene blend with gasolineand also show the effect on the power of the engine. Both the fuels are hydrocarbons buthaving different properties as gasoline is considered as the best fuel ever, kerosene have some property resembling to gasoline but not efficient to make himself as a good alternative fuel

due to its low volatility and heavier hydrocarbon particulates, these particulates areresponsible for many problem arising issues such as knocking, problem during the start of theengine.

We are studying about the blending of three fuels in which two fuels are traditional fuels andone is bio-alcohol fuel which is produced naturally by some renewable process such as fromsugarcane, from grains. When these three fuels are mixed in different composition at differentload condition results comes out are noticeable and give a brighter reference towards the era

of blending of fuels. The internal combustion engine is used as different readings will betaken by different equipments. Four stroke engine is used for this experiment and give positive prompt. We took kerosene with small concentration as it will produce much worseeffect if use high concentration, emission of gases from internal combustion engine is donesuch as carbon mono oxide and hydrocarbons. As ethanol or spirit with this blend theconcentration of ethanol also effects the readings, ethanol when mixed with gasoline gives positive results such as the reduction of green house gases and also reduce the emission of

nitrogen oxide.


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When gasoline, kerosene and ethanol blend with each other as the amount of gasoline alwaystaken higher than the kerosene and ethanol, comparable results are come into existence suchas the emission of carbon mono oxide is reduced as the amount of kerosene is reduced, also atload condition the results are comparable with the reference fuel. The emission of oxygenwhich is measured by the pollution testing machine is not much affected it remains very lessaffected and seems very less deflection the normal gasoline fuel. The engine which is usedfor the experimental studies is four stroke engine or we can say generator which is capable of producing 0.25 kv when working with the fuels. The generator is gasoline start and further running on kerosene. The power of the generator is checked as it is connected to the power load which are lightening bulb connected in series, different readings are taken at differentload and different concentration of the fuel.

When working with alternative fuels many new properties of alternative fuels are come intoexistence as we consider ethanol as a better alternative fuels as it has better qualities butkerosene is not considered as good as gasoline, the reason is directly associated with its poor properties and heavier hydrocarbon absorption. The study of these three fuels gives reason toexperimenting them more so that we can get better results, kerosene is very efficient whenworking with two stroke engine . the only problem associated with two stroke engine is

proper cleaning of spark plug and exhaust valve because due to incomplete combustionhydrocarbons and unburned particulates will make a huge heap at the sparkplug and raise problem to start the engine. So the study of different experiments and taking the differentresults into consideration we should conclude that the future of the alternative fuels is notdark and both the emission of toxic gases and power of the engine reduced and increasedsimultaneously.


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Chapter 3

Present investigation on project

There are many points which are taken into consideration when investigate about the project,in this project many equipment been used for different purposes that would prompt ustowards the investigation of this project. We have different fuels which are used for thisexperiment one fuel which is bio-ethanol fuel and produced by nature and a renewable fuelthe two fuels are hydrocarbon chain which is having affinity towards each other due to their hydrogen bonds with them.

During the investigation of the project the very first question arose is that why do we need to

work on this experiment? This question is answered by many brief reasons as we all knowabout the emission of toxic gases from automobiles and also want to give the notion of thefresh atmosphere to our next generation. The use of traditional fuel is increased day by dayand also the emission is increased by these automobiles many countries many steps to reducethe emission of these toxic gases, so it is a threat for the automobile as well as aviation sector to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases as these gases become the reason to degrade our atmosphere and affects the health of many individuals.

In this survey, we investigated the fuel used in this experiment and also investigate about theequipment used for this experiment such as generator which is a generator-engine actually,tachometer which is used to measure the rotation per minute during load and no-loadconditions, sound recorder which is working on the basis of the frequencies emitted by thegenerator set also the pollution control machine is used which is computerised and measurethe amount of emission of gases that polluted the air.

In this project we basically used three fuels which are as follows:(1) Ethanol (C2H5OH)(2) Kerosene(3) Gasoline

in this project we use these three fuels because of their different qualities and also work as analternative fuels, ethanol have its own properties and give reduction in the amount of carbondi oxide also the kerosene if used in proper concentration increase the power and it is muchless costly than gasoline and used at the place of gasoline because of its properties someway


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similar to gasoline but nit much as we all know gasoline is the best fuel ever known for automobile and aviation sectors. Gasoline have many properties such as high flash point, poor volatility, lighter density and many other properties which are very important for the runof any automobile. In literature review we discussed about the blending of kerosene andgasoline and many interesting facts arises similarly when gasoline mixed with ethanol. Themain concern of this experiment is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases in such a wayso that there will be no or very less effect on the performance of the engine and the fuelconsumption rate is also not much affected.

3.1 Ethanol

Ethanol also called ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol. Produced by natural processes and it is arenewable fuel and having properties like volatility, flammable and it is best known fuek which is produced naturally and renewable. Alcohol and most widely used in alcohol beverages also produce intoxication if consumed. Ethanol is a very good solvent and easilymixed with many fuels. It is also mixed with water easily due to the presence of hydroxyl bond. The solution of alcohol and water in which the amount of alcohol present is 40% byvolume catches fire easily if heated upto 26 degree centigrade. This is called the flash pointas we know the flash point of ethanol is 16 degree centigrade.

Ethanol is also used for household purposes as 94% of the denatured ethanol is sold for household purposes, most commonly known as spirit and used for many household purposes.

Ethanol is produced by fermentation process and yeast is used to reduce the oxygen and to produce oxygen the process is carried out between 35-40 degree centigrade. There are manyways to produce ethanol such as:

(1) Extraction of alcohol from aqueous solution(2) By grain mesh supercritical carbon di oxide.(3) Extraction by pressure swing.

ethanol is one of the important fuel which is widely used as an alternative fuel by manyautomobile sectors and also from the aviation sector. Ethanol is having some specific properties as it will results in the reduction of carbon di oxide which is greenhouse gas. Asethanol is a natural molecule and the Ph value of the ethanol is 7. Ethanol is not used in the

industry which are need to produce ethyl halides but it can produce ethyl halides if react with


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hydrogen halides. The largest use of ethanol is taken by Brazil more than 25% of the ethanolis sold every day with gasoline also the united states also sole 5% of anhydrous ethanolmixed with gasoline.

One of the biggest advantage of ethanol is collected in aviation sector. Ethanol is used as arocket fuel for lighter weight . when using ethanol it is recommended for older cars that thespark plug head should be changed. It is also said that when ethanol is used as a rocket fueland also as a fuel in automobiles would give many harmful emissions such as hydrocarbons,nitrogen oxide and also the particulate matters which are harmful for the atmosphere and for the human health. Ethanol combustion in internal combustion engine gives much unburnedfuel and also produced aldehyde in the internal combustion engine. It is also revealed out

from a report that rests their result after the test says that the combustion of the ethanol gives2.15 times more emission than the gasoline. Ethanol can be easily oxidised and formacetaldehyde when using proper oxidising agent.

The total production of ethanol in the world in 2006 is 51 giga litres in which the productionof the 61% ethanol is from brazil, also the 20% production of the ethanol is from unitedstates. Brazil is the only country in the world where the automobile use ethanol as a fuel andmost of the automobile engine are use ethanol as a fuel. Flex-fuel engines are used to work on

ethanol in united states of America flex-fuel engines used 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline as afuel. There is very vast production of ethanol in the words due to its brighter side towards theinternal combustion engine used by automobiles. In united states of America new refinery aresetup for the production of ethanol and all the production of the ethanol is based upon thegrain used for this purpose. The major problem associated with the ethanol is that it has veryhigh affinity towards water or it is highly miscible with water due to which ethanol is noteasily transported from one place to other by using the pipeline network. Many cases also

noted when use ethanol as a fuel says the carburettor is very badly damaged and which is dueto the miscibility with water.

In 2001 united states of America the congress mentioned that most of the automobile used inAmerica use the car which are using ethanol as a fuel. Also suggested the automobile must beusing ethanol, methanol and gasoline as a fuel for automobiles. The alcohol contain the chainof carbon atom surrounded by the hydrogen atom except one which is at bonding site, andwhen the carbon atom is bonded with oxygen they form a hydroxyl group.


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Ethanol as a member of the alcohol family has two carbon atom that are associated withautomative and aviation field applications. The start of the industrial revolution in automotivesector is from steam engine, the engines are called external combustion engine as they produce heat outside of the engine and this heat produced is used to convert into mechanicalenergy. Ethanol is the only fuel on which most of the automobile runs but then gasoline comeinto existence abd became one of the best competitor of ethanol after sometimes the production of the ethanol is banned and it was only produced for the beverages as limitedtargets. After sometimes the likeness of ethanol is increased as the gasoline is limited and became much more costly also the emission associated with it are very threatful for atmosphere as well as for the human life. Now a days In united states and in brazil most of the vehicle based on ethanol and accepted ethanol as a very good fuel for automobiles.

During the usage of alcohol as a fuel for internal combustion engine many problem also comeinto existence such as ethanol is much more corrosive than gasoline and give some of thedisadvantageous results. Ethanol is a very good solvent and highly miscible with water so if any amount of water present in the internal combustion engine creates problem. Ethanol isone of the best solvent and when engine is running on gasoline for a long time there is acollection of impurities attached to the internal combustion engine, by using the ethanol we

can remove the impurities that are collected on the parts of the internal combustion engine byusing ethanol as an alternative fuel so we can say that ethanol has many more advantageswhen come to automobile sector and used in very vast way.

Ethanol is used as an automotive fuel since ages because of its unique properties as it is avery good solvent and easily attached with the impurities. Many automobile are running onthe roads having flex fuel engine. Flex fuel engines are widely used by united states of America to reduce the usage of gasoline which is not concerned as a environment friendly

fuel. Also the ethanol is produced by some renewable methods and available with less costthan gasoline. Usage of ethanol must be increased to reduce the usage of gasoline as fuel ininternal combustion engine.

3.2 Gasoline or petrol

Gasoline is one of the most widely used fuel for internal combustion engine as it has manyunique property. Gasoline is considered as the best fuel for internal combustion engine, also

called petrol worldwide. It mainly consists of the organic compound which are obtained by


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the fractional distillation. Gasoline is obtained by fractional distillation process. Most of theautomobile use gasoline in internal combustion engine as it has high octane rating as well.Gasoline is much more volatile than any other fuel such as kerosene or diesel and it is because of additives present in the composition. The volatility of the gasoline is controlled inmany ways, one way is to adding butane or blended with butane which boils at -0.5 degreecentigrade.

The property of the volatility is depend upon the abient temperature of the atmosphere ashigh temperature do not give proper combustion because the fuel is vaporised in the fuel lineand it become hard to burn the fuel. Many of the automobile using internal combustionengine face the problem associated with internal combustion engine such as vapour lock

which is due to excessive hot weather. All the spark ignition engines are designed to give proper combustion to the fuel as if the fuel is not burn completely produce knocking which isdue to the presence of the unburned fuel some of the particulate which are not burncompletely give uneven combustion which can even damage the internal combustion engine.

Octane rating given to the gasoline is according to its properties, octane rating of gasolinealso differs in countries. Gasoline is a very stable fuel if placed properly in a air tightcontainer so that the volatile matter cannot be able to escape.

The storage of the gasoline is according to the vapour pressure, when gasoline is not placed properly many problem arises such as gums and solid may created which may corrode thewhole structure.

When gasoline mixed with ethanol proper placing is required otherwise it will subjected tothe atmospheric moisture then form solid and gums and also separated itself into two phases.The addition of fuel stabilizer in gasoline will increase the life of the fuel that is gasoline

which cannot be placed properly. Some of the stabilizer ti enhance the life of the gasoline arespirit, isopropyl alcohol etc.

Energy is obtained by the gasoline on combustion and give carbon di oxide and water withhigh amount of energy. Gasoline blends differs and hence the energy given by the gasolinealso differs according to its blending concentrations. A high octane number fuel such aslpg(liquid petroleum gas) has lower power for an internal combustion engine havingcompression ratio of 8:1. Therefore using the high octane rating fuel the compression ratio of the cylinder must be higher or it is according to the octane rating of the fuel. Gasoline has


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higher specific gravity (0.71-0.77 kg/l). also the density of gasoline is also high as it is easilyfloat over the surface of water. Gasoline is produced in oil refineries by the help of distillation process. Gasoline consists of hydrocarbons in which 12 atom of carbon per molecule. There are some method to produce gasoline from crude oil:

(1) Straight run gasoline is distilled directly from crude oil. As crude oil having lowaromatics and some additives must be added to it. 20% ot the gasoline obtained usingthis way.

(2) Iso-merate are obtained by isomerizing the low octane which is gasoline into iso- parafins.

(3) Alkylate are produced by using alkylation unit by the help of adding isobutene to

alkene.

Overall statement proves that the gasoline contains napthenes, paraffins and alkenes.Gasoline also consists of some organic ethers but they are removed during the refining process. Gasoline when use in internal combustion engine have a tendency to auto ignitewhich cause brutal damage to engine and also give knocking to the combustion engine. Themain concern is using gasoline is associated with the environment. When gasoline burn inside

the internal combustion engine it produce high amount of carbon di oxide which is a green -house gas. The particulates matter that are emitted from the internal combustion engineduring the combustion engine when they react with sunlight give photochemical smog whichis a severe problem. Also the gasoline transportation is very big issue therefore most of thegasoline in the world is transported by using underground pipelines.

Gasoline contains many toxic hydrocarbons such as benzene, naphthalene and toluene theseare very hazardous for the atmosphere and also for the human health.

Like any other alkanes, gasoline burn within a measured range of its vapour phase and,coupled with its volatility, this can makes the leaks which are present highly dangerous whensources of ignition are present. The explosion limit of the Gasoline is 1.4% by volume and anupper explosion limit of 7.6%. If the concentration is below 1.4% the air-gasoline mixture istoo lean then it is not able to ignite properly and If the concentration is above 7.6% themixture is too rich and also will not ignite. However, the rapid mixing of gasoline vapors

airborne so unconstrained gasoline quickly flammable. Many accidents has been heard as


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gasoline being used to get bonfires going; the gasoline readily vaporizes after being pouredand blended with the surrounding air.

The very first automotive combustion engines, also called otto engine, were developed during

the 19th century in Germany. The fuel was a having great volatility hydrocarbons obtainedfrom the gas produced by coal, With a boiling point near 85 C . The development of a "spraynozzle" carburettors make the use of volatile fuel easier, further improvements are done byincreasing the compression ratio, but recent attempts were blocked by knocking (prematureexplosion of fuel). In the 1920s, antiknock compounds were introduced. This innovation givea revolution to the cycle of improvements in fuel efficiency that coincided with the very big-scale development of oil refining to provide much more products in the boiling range of

petrol or gasoline.

Gasoline used very widely throughout world as it has many advantages associated with italso it has many disadvantages such as emission of greenhouse gases also the emission of particulates which are very harmful for the atmosphere and also for the human health. Use of gasoline in automobile sector and aviation is widely distributed because of gasoline typical properties associated with it. Also world has seen to give rest to this fuel as we all aresearching for alternative fuel which will become a good competitor to the gasoline. The

increasing emission of the toxic gases give a data to stop the use of gasoline, as alternativefuels are available now to justify the statement concerning the usage of gasoline for theautomobile sectors.

When gasoline mixed with gasoline the reduction of ethanol is comes out as a result also theconcentration of ethanol is very considering during the blend of both the chemically stronghydrocarbons. The emission from the internal combustion engine when using gasoline arecarbon mono oxide, nitrogen oxide, particulate matters and also the hydrocarbons which arechemically very strong and making the air polluted. The emission of greenhouse gases fromthe internal combustion engine effects the environment a lot also it will cause many diseasessuch as skin cancer which is due to the ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun because thedepletion of ozone layer is happened due to the emission of these greenhouse gases. Theemission of internal combustion engine is very toxic also the chemical which are coming outfrom the internal combustion engine when exposing to sun give very harmful photochemicalsmog which is same harmful as carbon mono oxide for lungs.


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There are many negative aspects of using gasoline which includes health impacts,environmental impacts and impacts on crops, all the aspects regarding gasoline having somenegative aspects as well. The major components of gasoline are isooctane, butane, 3-ethyltoluene etc.

From the overlook and the study of the gasoline we concluded that gasoline is one of themajor automobile fuel which is widely used throughout the world and it also have somenegative aspects mainly concerning its emission, another also came into existence such as itstransportation is very costly as it it transported by using the underground pipelines and itmust be placed in a proper container sealed very nicely with considerable pressure. Also theambient temperature at which the gasoline is operated must be considerable because at high

temperature there is some chances of vaporisation of the fuel.

Gasoline used in internal combustion engine is mixed with some of the additives whichmanipulated many properties of the gasoline. Gasoline is obtained from fractional distillation process. We use gasoline in our project as a key fuel which is blended with other fuels suchas ethanol and kerosene, the results are came out with some specific reasons and completelydefines the properties of the fuels which are used in the internal combustion engine during theexperiment. Different blending at different concentration give many results considering many

parameters such as fuel consumption rate, sound of the generator, rotation per minute (rpm).These parameters have their readings which are according to the different concentration of the fuels which are used in internal combustion engine. There are some more fuels which areused during the experiment such as kerosene we discussed about kerosene in brief in thischapter.

3.3 Kerosene

Kerosene is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid. The name comes from the Greek (KEROS)means wax. Abraham Gesner "kerosene" is registered as a trademark in 1854, the past fewyears, only the North American Gas Light Company and Donald (which Gesner right togrant), you can call them oil lamp kerosene "in the United States. It eventually became ageneric trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosene in the scientific and industrial purposes."Kerosene" in most of Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. which may bereferred to colloquially known as the "cheese". Often referred to as the paraffin to kerosene in

the United Kingdom, Southeast Asia, and South Africa. A of the more viscous the paraffin oil


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of is used to to the used as a laxative. Derived from petroleum, a waxy solid paraffin.Kerosene is widely used in power jet engine aircraft (jet fuel) and rocket engines, but alsocommonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel and fire toys such as poi. In Asia, part of the price of kerosene subsidies, its fuel on a small fishing boat outboard motor.

Kerosene lamps are widely used in lighting distribution is not available or too costly widelyused in rural areas of Asia and Africa. Kerosene lamps consume an estimated 7.7 billion litersa year is equivalent to 130 million barrels of oil per day. Kerosene in some jurisdictions, suchas the United States law, will be stored in a blue container to avoid it is more flammablegasoline, which is usually stored in a red container confusion. In other jurisdictions, such asEurope, there are no specific requirements for storage other than kerosene container has beenclosed, and marked its contents.

Kerosene is thin colorless liquid which is obtained by the distillation or fractional distillationof the gasoline which results in the formation of carbon chain having carbon atoms 6 to 16.Head evolve from the combustion of the kerosene is equal to the heat evolve from diesel onheating that is 43.1 Mj/kg to 46 Mj/kg. the flash point of the kerosene also between 37 to 65degree centigrade. Crude oil / oil refined into kerosene, and other hydrocarbons, the first

written in the 9th century Persian scholar Lacy (or Rhazes). In his Kitab Asrar (Book of Secrets), doctors and chemists Lacy describes two methods for the production of kerosene,called NAFT abyad, ("white naphtha"), the device is called a distiller. A method comprisingthe use of clay as an absorbent, while another method involves the use of ammoniumchloride, (Saarland ammonia).

Distillation process should be repeated until the final product is completely clear, "lit", i.e.,most of the volatile hydrocarbon fraction has been removed. Kerosene extraction of oil from

oil shale and tar heating rocks also produced in the same period, and then distilled.

Everywhere in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, kerosene space heaters are often builtinto the kitchen range, many farm and fishing families warm and dry and to maintainthroughout the winter. At the same time, the citrus growers smudge pot kerosene as fuel in aneffort to create a cloud of thick black smoke in a small woods, to prevent freezingtemperatures damaged crops. "Salamander" is used in building materials and warm dry outworkers at construction sites kerosene space heaters. A few days ago, lighted barricades, road


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construction zone mark in night launch kerosene, the potbellied torch. Create thick black smoke, because these use kerosene-burning low-temperature.

Many industrial liquid petroleum products miscible, kerosene, petroleum products can be

used as a solvent, delete, etc., such as chain grease as a lubricant than petrol, burning withless risk. It can also be used as a cooling agent in the production and processing of metalsunder anaerobic conditions. In oil industries, often using kerosene as a synthetic hydrocarboncorrosion test, simulated crude oil under field conditions. Kerosene has many propertiesresembles to gasoline both are hydrocarbon compounds and both are widely used inautomobile sector. Gasoline has good octane rating then kerosene. When the combustion of kerosene takes place a large number of particulates emitted which are harmful for human

health and for our environment. Kerosene having poor volatility and density is also not muchhigh and it contains large number of impurities which on burning gives many toxic emissionssuch as carbon mono oxide, carbon di oxide, nitrogen oxide.

Kerosene is widely used in automobile sector but not very famous fuel because of itsimpurities associated with it and its poor volatile properties. During the combustion of kerosene in an internal combustion engine the impurities emits which are harmful for theenvironment and also the burning of fuel is not done completely due to this the problem of

knock also come into existence. It is proved that when an internal combustion engine runningon kerosene there is regular treatment of the engine is very necessary otherwise the enginemay damage due to improper combustion of the fuel inside the cylinder. When kerosene usedas a fuel the problem mainly arise is related to knocking and abnormal combustion.

The knocking is most important is not the normal combustion phenomenon. Knock on thedoor is automatic ignition Portion of the fuel, air, and the remaining gas mixture in advanceforward flame. When the flame Unburned mixed gas flame propagation across thecombustion chamber, referred to as end gas Be compressed, resulting in an increase in pressure, temperature and density. Gas at the end of the fuel-air This may result in a freshmixture was suffering from a normal pre-combustion chemical reaction,Auto igniting: i.e., spontaneously and quickly release a large number of part or all of itsenergy that is chemical . When this Case, the end of the gas combustion very quickly, itsenergy release rate than the normal 5 to 25 times Combustion [9] which will lead to high-frequency pressure oscillations generated within the cylinder The sharp metal noise calledknock on the door. If the flame gas consumption before the end of the year, it will not knock


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These reaction time, to make the fuel - air mixture auto-ignition. Another important phenomenon of abnormal combustion surface ignition. The ignition of the fuel - theoverheated air valve or charge for a spark plug, through a combustion chamber of the lightemitting Deposits, or by any other hot spots in the combustion chamber of the engine. Anyother sources of ignition Than the normal spark ignition. It may occur before the spark plugto ignite the charge (pre-ignition) or after Normal ignition (ignition). Uncontrolledcombustion is most obvious, the most severely affected When it leads Pre ignition. However,even when the surface is triggered by the ignition spark plug after (Ignition), the spark discharge no longer have full control of the combustion processes which are taken place inengine. Surface Ignition may cause detonation. Knock normal ignition occurring after referred to as spark knock.

It agreed that the engine knock is due to the rapid combustion in the engine cylinder local.Widely The engine knock accepted theory, by an automatic ignition advance before the endof the gas flame Cannot explain a variety of engine knock engine operating conditions in theentire range, Especially high-speed knock on the door. proposed mechanism will give moreattractive Interpreting the types Knock. High-speed operation must take high-power smallEngines. Compression of the time spent in the high-speed conditions, and the mixture was

heated Shorter, fluid motion and in charge turmoil intensified. In the high engine Accelerateknock to start these physical characteristics will have great potential, referred to as High-Speed knock mechanism knock entrained in the shear layer. Mix the pre -mixture flamewithin a portion of the reaction of unburned gas flame zone may be a trigger. Thethermochemical ignition. These gas response and rapid thermal pneumatic after a short timein a similar way auto-sensing flame and pressure vibration, and then follow Ignition.

SI engines are then jet engines much less tolerant of fuel, therefore, the use of kerosene (Jet

A-1) as an internal combustion engine fuel could be problematic. In fact, heavy fuels such askerosene have higher viscosity and surface tension as compared to gasoline, thus replacingkerosene Fuel injection gasoline standard equipment results in poorer fuel atomization andcombustion reducing efficiency. Additional energy is required to achieve acceptable for kerosene spray. Growing the fuel system pressure, preheating of fuel or air assistance areseveral methods to achieve that requirement. A combination of these methods is also possible. Kerosene is also a fuel having a lower cetane number than diesel fuel, thus giving a

longer ignition delay. This makes it feasible to reduce emissions from the long ignition delay


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means more time for Fuel is mixed with the gas in the cylinder before the onset of combustion.

At the Country Club: such as India and Nigeria, the main fuel of kerosene for cooking,

especially the poor, kerosene stove to replace traditional kitchen appliances with wood.Therefore, the increase in the price of kerosene can have a major political and environmentalconsequences. India's government to subsidize fuel prices remain very low, from February2007, around 15 cents per liter lower forest hinder removal of fuel for cooking attempt toeliminate subsidies Nigeria fuel government. Includes kerosene met with strong oppositionfrom residents of Nigeria. Using kerosene as fuel portable heaters, especially in the inventionPrimus stove 1892. Portable kerosene stoves earn a reputation for reliable and durable stove

in everyday use, especially in adverse conditions. In outdoor activities and hiking, kerosene pressure stove gas stove cartridge decisive advantage, especially its high thermal efficiencyand capacity, at very low temperatures in winter or at high altitudes. Kerosene has its manyadvantages and disadvantages associated with it and usage of kerosene in an internalcombustion engine justified the statement.

3.4 Engine- generator

The engine-generator or generator is used to convert mechanical energy into electricalenergy, by using the internal combustion engine in which the fuel gives heat energy which isconverted into electrical energy. The generator set used in this experiment is start by using petrol and run on kerosene. Engine generator is combination of electrical generator andengine which are placed together and becoming a single machine, sometimes it is refers asgen-set.

There are many components associated with engine generator such as:

(1) Fuel supply.(2) Constant engine speed regulator(governor)(3) Generator voltage regulator (4) Cooling system(5) Exhaust system(6) Lubrication system(7) Transfer switch.


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Many components are associated with internal combustion engine generator and eachcomponent has its own advantages. Fuel supply system is used to supply the fuel inside thefuel tank, we supplied blended fuel by using this fuel supply system, by the help of straightstopcock burette we supply the fuel into it having different concentration of each of the fuelused during the experiment. The constant engine speed regulator is one of the very important part of the generator and it is one of the key component of the automobiles in other words itis also known governor. The main function of governor is to maintain the speed during theload and no-load conditions, during the load conditions the governor using the rich mixture of fuel and the fuel consumption rate is increased and when the condition is no load thegovernor is normally working. The main function as we say of governor is to control thespeed during the load and no-load conditions.

Another component of the generator is generator voltage regulator. The generator voltageregulator can regulate or maintain the voltage that is generated from the generator during thecombustion of the fuel.

Cooling system and the exhaust system are very important parts of the generator as we knowwhen the generator is running from so long the temperature inside the cylinder is very high itmay damage the engine if proper cooling is not provided to it also the exhaust system is to

give exit to all the emission from the generator. Another important components of thegenerator are lubrication system and transfer switches, the lubrication system is veryimportant because without proper lubrication it is impossible that the engine is working fineso lubrication system is used to provide the proper lubrication to the running parts of theengine and also to the fuel. Transfer switches are used to transfer the voltage that is generated by the generator, transfer switches are used outside of the generator and receive the power and then transfer it to the required place.

The engine generator provides a wide range of rated power. These include small, handheld portable units can provide a few hundred watts of power, hand car mounted units, as shown below, can provide a few kilowatts and stationary or trailer units, can provide more than onemillion watts. Regardless of the size, the generator may be run on gasoline, diesel, naturalgas, propane, bio-diesel, water, sewage gas or hydrogen. Most of the small units are built touse gasoline as a fuel (gasoline), a large variety of types of fuel, including diesel, natural gasand propane (liquid or gas). Some engines also diesel and natural gas (dual fuel).Many engine generator using a reciprocating engine with the fuel. This can be a steam


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engine, fossil fuels such as coal-powered power plants. Some engine generator as the turbineengine use, such as peak power plants and hybrid electric bus micro turbine industrial gasturbine. The rating of the generator voltage (volts), frequency (Hz) and power (watts) isselected to accommodate the load to be connected. Promoting natural gas-fueled engine-driven generator, tend to form small-scale (less than 1000 kW) cogeneration installation of heart.Only a few portable three-phase generator model in the United States. Most of the availabilityof the portable device is a single phase power supply, and the manufacture of a three-phasegenerator is a large industrial generators. The three-phase power is more common families inother countries, portable generators from a few kilowatts and above.Portable engine generator may need an external power regulator, the safe operation of sometypes of electronic equipment. Small portable generator, an inverter can be used. Inverter model can be run at a slower speed, in order to generate the required power, thereby reducingthe noise of the engine, and to make it more fuel efficient. The generator of the inverter is the best power-sensitive electronic equipment such as computers and lighting ballast.

The generator on which we performed the experiment is internal combustion generator wetook the blend of different fuel such as gasoline, ethanol and kerosene and let the generator

run on these fuels many results are come into existence showing different results, someshows the emission id increased at different concentration and some says the emission isdecreased, means at different concentration there is different results which are comparable tothe reference fuel.

The engine generator to provide electricity utility (central station) power is not available, or only temporary power where it is needed. On construction sites, sometimes use a smallgenerator-powered tools. Trailer generator power, temporary lighting devices, public address

systems, recreational facilities and so on. Trailer generator or mobile generators, dieselgenerators can also be used in an emergency or backup redundant system or generator site. Inorder to make the network faster, more secure, often tie near the building of the switch on the panel, including connectors, such as the cam locks. Tie panel may also contain a phaserotation indicator (for 3-phase systems) and circuit breakers. Cam locking connectors arerated at 400 amps 480 volt system with 4/0 W cable connected to the generator. With paneldesign is common between 200-3000 amplifier applications. permanently installed standby

generator and maintain the preparation utility power is temporarily interrupted during thecritical load. Hospitals, communications equipment, data processing centers, sewage


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pumping station, and many other important facilities are equipped with backup generators.Some standby generator can automatically detect and grid losses, start the motor running fuelfrom natural gas pipelines to detect when the grid power is restored, and then turn itself off,without human intervention. The privately-owned generating units is particularly popular local grid power is unreliable or unavailable. Trailer-mounted generators can be towed to thedisaster area local grid power has been temporarily interrupted. Portable generators must beoperated in a well-ventilated place to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.

In this project we use E1000 Honda generator which is primarily start by gasoline and run onkerosene. This generator is directly connected with loads if needed, the concentration of blended fuels is applied on it by varying the concentration of the fuel we can get different

readings. Many equipment are used to calculate the readings. The exhaust of the internalcombustion generator is connected with pollution control machine which give the amount of emission at each concentration. Also the tachometer is attached to the shaft which is rotatingdue to the mechanical energy given by the internal combustion engine, and calculate thenumber of rotation per minute, tachometer is attached manually to the shaft and give rotationat load and no-load conditions.

This is the basic way to perform the experiment by using all the necessary equipment and get

the better solutions, engine or generator that we are using also give the specific fuelconsumption rate, and it is calculated by using a straight stopcock burette, by using this burette we can calculate the amount of fuel supplied to the engine and the timings are noted by using the stopwatch. By this way we can calculate the fuel consumption rate of theinternal combustion engine. The generator is directly connected to the loads, during the loadconditions these load will be connected to the generator and when we want to take readings atno-load condition these load will be removed by disconnecting the circuit, in this project we

use lightening bulbs as load, these bulbs consist of 200 watt and 100 watt bulbs. Theselightening bulbs shows the power generated by the generator during the combustion of thefuel.

Medium-sized stationary engine generator depicted here is a 100 kVA set of about 110 A. Itis from 6.7-liter turbocharged Perkins only Phaser1000 series engine consumes about 27liters of fuel hour produces 415 V, 400 liter tank. The diesel engine can be run in the UnitedKingdom in red diesel, swiveling and in 1500 or 3000. This will generate 50 Hz, which is thefrequency of the power used in Europe. In which the frequency is 60 Hz (USA) area, the


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generator rotation speed of 1,800 rpm or other divisor 3600. Diesel engine generator operating at its peak efficiency between points 3 and 4 can be generated kilowatt hours of energy per liter of diesel fuel consumption and low efficiency in the partial load.

There are many areas in the world map which are working on the usage of the blending fuels.The main reason to languish towards this topic is that the traditional fuels are limited and weneed an alternative fuel or some blended fuel to fulfill the demand and to reduce the emissionGenerator high conversion efficiency and low exhaust Emissions will undoubtedly advanced power hybrid automobiles and stationary power generation systems. Fuel Cells are generallyconsidered to be the ideal device, in these applications, a hydrogen atom or The methane isused as a fuel. However, the extensive development of the IC engine, Exist with the the

piston engine repair and maintenance industry provides a strong Incentives to keep thistechnology, until the fuel cell is shown to be reliable and cost competitiveness. In addition,enjoy a higher public relations appeal in a fuel cell, but it seems likely, it may Not providesignificant efficiency advantages relative to optimize the combustion system. In light Thesefactors, the ability of the internal combustion engine were examined. Otto cycle thermalefficiency, in theory, represents the best choice For IC Engine circulation. This is due to thefact that the fuel energy conversion into heat Volume is constant, the working fluid is at

maximum compression. Such combustion conditions Resulting in the highest possible peak temperature, therefore, possible for a high thermal Efficiency. Edson (1964) analysis of theefficiency potential ideal Otto cycle Up to 300:1 compression ratio (CR), the chemicaldissociation of the working fluid Thermodynamic properties, the concentration of thechemical species are included. He found that Even in the compression ratio increased to300:1, the thermal efficiency is still increasing for all available Fuels. In such extremeoperating conditions, for example, the cycle efficiency Iso-octane fuel stoichiometric ratio of more than 80%. In fact, it does not seem fundamentally limits exist in order to achieve highefficiency, from the IC engine Cycle. However, involving many engineering challenges closeto the ideal Otto cycle In the actual performance of the system, especially in the use of highcompression ratio.

Some of the important safety should be taken while using the generator or it may lead todangerous results such as explosion or carbon mono oxide poisoning:

(1) Gasoline is very hazardous may cause severe explosion, it is vapor explosive.


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(2) Refuel the engine carefully, remove all the load when refueling and while refuelingstop the engine.

(3) Do not spill fuel near the generator because it may ignite and cause hazardousexplosions.

(4) Keep all covered and all the shield in place and make sure they are tightly sealed.(5) Do not wear wet shoes or wet clothing while working with generator.(6) Store fuel in very well vented areas and make sure the area is free from sparks and

any ignited substance.(7) Keep children and animal away from the generator while it is working or it is hot.(8) Do not use generator when flammable vapors are present they may cause explosion.(9) Never let anyone operate the generator if he/she is not known about the generator.

These steps must be taken when working with generator to avoid the injuries, and to keep our safety.

Figure No: 4 Generator (internal combustion engine)


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Above generator is used for the experiment which is a engine generator that is generator withinternal combustion engine. The generator is EBK 1000 with an internal combustion engine

which is used to convert chemical energy of fuel into mechanical energy and then themechanical energy is further converted into electrical energy by the help of generator.

3.5 Internal combustion engine

Said internal combustion engine, in which fuel combustion occurs (usually fossil fuel) withan oxidizing agent (usually air) in the combustion chamber is an integral part of the workingfluid flow circuit. Engine some of the components of the direct force is applied to the

expansion of the high temperature and high pressure gas generated by the combustion of theinternal combustion engine (ICE). The force is usually applied to the piston, vane or nozzle.Distance above this power, the mobile component, the chemical can be converted into usefulmechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine is byEtienne.An internal combustion engine, the term usually refers to the engine, combustion isintermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engine, with them

variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine, a Wankel rotary engine. The second type of internal combustion engine using a continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines androcket engines, wherein each of the internal combustion engine is the same principle asdescribed earlier. ICE is quite different external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engine, the energy is transmitted to the not including the working fluid, mixed, or the products of combustion pollution. The working fluid may be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, in a heating boiler. An internal combustion engine typically uses a

high energy density fuel, such as petrol or diesel, from liquid fossil fuels. Although there aremany fixed application, most of the internal combustion engine is used in mobileapplications, is the dominant power used in automobiles, aircraft and vessels.

Types of internal combustion engine:

(1) Two stroke engine (2) Four stroke engine (3) Six stroke engine (4) Atkinson cycle


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(5) Miller cycle (6) Diesel engine

In an internal combustion engine the fuel is burn inside the cylinder and give energy in the

form of energy this energy that is mechanical energy is further converted into electricalenergy or any other way according to requirement.

3.5.1 Combustion

All internal combustion engines depend on the combustion of a chemical fuel, usually withoxygen in the air (although it is possible to inject nitrous oxide, do the same thing and get the power boost). In the combustion process typically results in a large amount of heat

production as well as the production of steam and carbon dioxide and other chemicals at veryhigh temperature; the temperature reached by the chemical composition of the fuel andoxidant (see stoichiometric ratio), as well as by compression, and other factors. The mostcommon modern fuel hydrocarbons and are derived mostly from fossil fuels (oil). Fossilfuels, including diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), propane rare use. Innermostfuel delivery components, is designed to use gasoline internal combustion engine can run onnatural gas or liquefied petroleum gas, without big changes. Large diesel engines can run gas

mixed with air and pilot diesel fuel ignition injection. Liquid and gaseous fuels, such asethanol and bio-diesel (a form of diesel fuel, is generated from the crop triglycerides such assoybean oil), can also be used. With appropriate modifications, the engine can also run onhydrogen gas, wood gas, or charcoal gas, as well as other convenient biomass from theoccurrence of the so-called producer gas. Recently, experiments have been using a powderysolid fuel, such as magnesium injection cycle.

Internal combustion (IC) engine used in a variety of fixed range of applications

Inert gas from power generation to production. Two spark-ignition and compression-ignitionThe engine can be found. According to the type of application, the fixed internal combustionengine size range from Relatively small (about 50 horsepower) for agricultural irrigation purposes thousands of horsepower Electricity. Usually used for power generation, severallarge engine will be used to Parallel to meet the load requirements. Can be used for a varietyof internal combustion engine, including Diesel and petrol. The actual use of the fuel dependson the owner/operators Preferences, but can rely on the application. The result of the

operation of the internal combustion engine, hydrocarbons (NMHC or VOC) emissions,Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). Actual These


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criteria pollutants different concentrations of the different modes of operation of the engine,Closely related to the type of fuel used. Various emission control technologies exist canafford a large number of internal combustion engine All four criteria listed above pollutantsreduced. However, according to whether or not the engine Running rich, lean meat, or stoichiometric and use of

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