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Fiji: Distributed Generation and Energy Storage
Makereta Sauturaga Director, Fiji Department of Energy
Luis A. Vega, Ph.D.PICHTR
2
Table of Contents• Fiji Background• Energy Consumption• Electricity & Energy Storage
National Grid (c/o Fiji Electricity Authority)Distributed: Rural Sector (c/o Department of
Energy)
• Future: Grid Connected Renewable Energy SystemsH2 Fuel Cells
Wind/PV Hybrid and Solar Home Systems (SHSs)Energy Service Companies for SHSs
3
Fiji Background
4
5
Fiji
• Population (‘02): 826,300
• GDP/Capita (‘02): F$ 4,200Power-Purchase-Parity: F$ 9,900
• Annual Inflation (‘00-’03): 1.5 to 3 %
• National Tariff (F$/kWh): 0.206 [1 F$ 0.5 US$]
6
Energy Consumption
Pacific Islands annual per capita energy consumption (‘90)
Fiji 1,030 kgoe (43 MJ)
Fiji Percentage Energy Consumption by Source (’90-’00): Biomass, Petroleum, Hydro
Biomass Sources
7
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
$0 $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 $9,000 $10,000
PPP
kgo
e/p
erso
n-y
ear
Palau
Fiji
Cook Is.
Solomon Is.
PNG
Samoa
Tonga
FSM
Marshall Is.
Vanuatu
Kiribati
Tuvalu
8
Percentage Energy Consumption by Source
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Fossil Fuels
Biomass
Hydro Equivalent
9
Biomass Energy (2001)
• Bagasse 42%
• Household Fuelwood 39%
• Agro/Industrial Fuelwood 9%
• Coconut Husks 10%
10
Electricity & Energy Storage
• Fiji Electricity Authority (FEA) National Grid– Hydropower; Diesel; Bagasse.
• Fiji Department of Energy (FDoE) Distributed: Rural Sector– Diesel; Microhydro; Wind/PV Hybrid;
PV-lighting (Solar Home Systems).
11
FEA National Grid
• Five separate grids: 675 GWh/year- Viti Levu Interconnected System (VLIS)& Rakiraki: 93%- Ovalau: 1.5%- Labasa (Vanua Levu): 4.5%- Savusavu (Vanau Levu): 1%
• Storage: Monasavu Dam/ Wailoa Hydropower (80 MW)
12
Monasavu Dam Storage
• Nadrau Plateau 900 m ASL
• Nominal Depth 80 m (x 670 Ha)
• Catchment Area 110 km2
• 11 kV 132 kV 140 km transmission to Suva
13
14
National Grid Electricity Production
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
GW
h/ye
ar
15
National Grid Electricity Production
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
HydroDiesel FEAIPP FSC
16
Business-as-Usual Growth Scenarios
0 GWh
200 GWh
400 GWh
600 GWh
800 GWh
1000 GWh
1200 GWh
1400 GWh
1600 GWh
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
FEA High Growth
2003 Growth
Hydro & FSC
17
Distributed Generation (FDoE)
• 470 microgrid Diesel ( 15 kW): 4 hrs/day, 50 houses/village, 5 people/house 3.4 GWh/year ( 0.5 % FEA)
• 5 Provincial Centers minigrid diesel: 12 to 24 hrs/day 1 GWh/year
• 5 run-of-river Microhydro (< 100 kW) 4 hrs/day 0.4 GWh/day
18
Distributed Generation (FDoE)
• Nabouwalu Wind/PV Hybrid 0.15 GWh/year
• 490 Solar Home System (SHS) Units
0.04 GWh/year
[SHS Potential: 1 GWh/year]
• Storage: Chemical (lead acid batteries)
19
Cost of Delivered Electricity
0.00 US$/kWh
0.25 US$/kWh
0.50 US$/kWh
0.75 US$/kWh
1.00 US$/kWh
1.25 US$/kWh
1.50 US$/kWh
1.75 US$/kWh
2.00 US$/kWh
Grid Tariff Suva (FEA) Ovalau
(FEA)
Vanua Levu
(FEA)
Provincial
Center
Diesel
Scheme
SHS- 1 SHS- 2
20
Future
• Grid Connected Renewable Energy Systems
• H2 Fuel Cells
• Wind/PV Hybrid and Solar Home Systems (SHSs)
• Energy Service Companies for SHSs
21
Feasibility of Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Systems
• Estimate cost-of-electricity (COE) production with different technologies (excluding transmission)
National Tariff: 10 US-cents/kWhAvoided Cost: 6.5 US-cents/kWh
[1 F$ 0.5 US$]
22
Cost of Electricity Production
COE ($/kWh) = CC + OMR&R + Fuel + Profit - Environmental Credit
CC = Capital Cost AmortizationOMR&R = Operations + Maintenance
+ Repair + Replacement
Tariff = COE - Subsidy
23
Grid Technologies
• Well-Established: Wind Farms, PV Arrays, Biomass as fuel in Thermal Plant, Hydroelectric, Geothermal
• Future: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and Wave Power
• CC Installed Capital Cost
24
COE with 5 to 20 MW Wind Farms
• CC: US$1140/kW• Annual-Average-Wind-Speed of
9 m/s corresponds to Capacity Factor (CF) of 43%
• Annual-Average-Wind-Speed of 7 m/s corresponds to CF of 25%
25
TECHNOLOGY COE N (years)/I (%) CF (%) Wind 4.4 15/10 43
3.6 30/10 “ 3.3 15/5 “ 2.4 30/5 “ 7.6 15/10 25 6.3 30/10 “ 5.7 15/5 “ 4.2 30/5 “
26
COE with 1 MW PV Array
• CC: US$6500/kW [PV panels with Inverter]
• Use Annual-Average-Daily-Insolation around Nadi Airport corresponding to Capacity Factor (CF) of 21%
27
TECHNOLOGY COE N (years)/I (%) CF (%) PV Arrays 46.5 15/10 21
37.5 30/10 “ 34.0 15/5 “ 23.0 30/5 “
28
COE with 50 MW Thermal Plant using Biomass as Fuel
• CC: US$2000/kW using biomass with heat value of 12,000 Btu/kWh at 2 US$/MBtu
• Seasonal operation results in 50 % capacity factor.
29
TECHNOLOGY COE N (years)/I (%) CF (%) Biomass for Thermal Plant 8.9 15/10 50
7.7 30/10 “ 7.3 15/5 “ 5.9 30/5 “
30
COE with 100 MW Grid-Connected
Hydroelectric Plant • CC : US$2000/kW. A
conservative capacity factor of 45 % is assumed with operation and maintenance cost at 0.5 cents/kWh
• The COE is highly dependent on site characteristics
• Land Issue a tremendous challenge
31
TECHNOLOGY COE N (years)/I (%) CF (%) Hydroelectric 5.9 30/10 45
3.8 30/5 “
32
COE with 5 to 50 MW Geothermal Plants
• To produce electricity the geothermal resource must be about 250 C
• Presently in California and Hawaii COE: 4 to 8 US-cents/kWh
33
COE with 100 MW OTEC Plant
• Extrapolation from small experimental plant operations in Hawaii by PICHTR
• CC: US$4500/kW; CC is highly dependent on plant size, do not use this value for smaller plants
• Temperature difference 22 C and plantship moored 10 km offshore
34
TECHNOLOGY COE N (years)/I (%) CF (%) OTEC 8.8 15/10 85
7.3 30/10 “ 6.7 15/5 “ 4.8 30/5 “
35
COE with 1 MW Wave Power Plant
• Projected estimates from Norwegian land-based experimental plants
• CC: US$4000/kW
• Average incident wave power of 35 kW/m at shoreline and relatively high capacity factor of 60%
36
TECHNOLOGY COE N (years)/I (%) CF (%) Land-Based Wave Power 11.1 15/10 60
9.2 30/10 “ 8.4 15/5 “ 6.1 30/5 “
H2 : Fiji Perspective
• Available from hydrocarbons and water
• H2 is energy carrier not energy source
• Energy transport by electrons much more efficient that H2 energy transport
• Future viability as energy storage alternative to batteries (village power)?
38
H2 from hydrocarbons
39
40
H2 from Water
41
42
Hydrogen from Electrolysis
• 75% of Electrical Energy lost through Electrolyzer/Fuel Cell
• Would need 4 WTGs to meet electrical load instead of 1 WTG
• Energy Storage (electrical chemical electrical)
Lead Acid Battery 75%Electrolyzer/Fuel Cell 25%
43
Fuel Cells Conclusions
• What is your source of H2?
• Why use fossil-fuel to produce H2 to generate electricity?
• Why use electricity to generate H2 (electrolysis) to produce electricity?
44
FEA Future• Develop Wind-Farms, Hydroelectric,
Biomass or Geothermal Systems if appropriate resource available
• PV Cost must decrease by > 50% before grid-connected systems are cost competitive
• OTEC and Wave Power systems are promising
45
FEA Challenge: Conservation and Renewables
• Demand side management conservation measures (FEA and FDoE)
• FEA in process of identifying a site for a 10 MW Wind Farm (grid-connected)
• Resolution of Hydroelectric-Dam Land Issues
46
Distributed Generation & Energy Storage Future
c/o FDoE (with PICHTR as advisor)
• Implementation of 1000’s of stand alone SHSs and 100’s PV-Hybrids for non-FEA areas
47
FDoE Funding Challenge
US$ 17 Million required for the installation of 12,000 SHSs:
where can the Fijian Government obtain this amount and in the form of concessionary loans with terms that result in monthly service fees of about F$20 (~ US$10)?
48
Renewable-Energy-Based-Rural-Electrification (RERE)
• Locations where FEA grid extension not cost effective– Remote villages using benzene
lamps, dry-cell batteries ($5 to $20/month) … [PV Lights?]
– Provincial centers with genset mini-grid (COE > 0.5 $/kWh)…[ Hybrids?]
49
FDoE RERE Goals
• Implement Commercially Viable Energy Services for Sustainable Development
• Commercial viability service is provided for a fee that covers all life-cycle costs; and, fee is collectable
50
Demonstration Projects with PICHTR
• Nabouwalu (Fiji) 720 kWh/day Wind/PV Hybrid Power System
• Vanua Levu(Fiji) 250 Solar Home Systems
• Technical Training: Energy Specialists; PV and Wind Technicians
51
Nabouwalu Hybrid System
• 720 kWh/day Wind/PV Hybrid System at Provincial Center (24/7)
– 60% from renewable energy (1998) down to 15% by 2002 (human infrastructure issue)
– Tariff ~ 1/5 C.O.E. disregards RE Policy
52
40 kW PV
1 of 8 WTGs
Transformer
Power House
Nabouwalu, Fiji
53
Step-up Transformer
Gensets
BatteryControl
s
PV
Nabouwalu, Fiji
54
Nabouwalu Post Office: Pre-payment Cards
55
Solar Home Systems (SHSs)
• Entry level in Fiji:– 200 Wh/day (evening hours):
100 Wp of PV panels 100 Ah, 12 V deep cycle battery
charge controllerpre-payment meter
Vunivau, Fiji Rice Farmers
Nabouwalu, 1-hr Labasa, 2-hrs
Vunivau, Fiji
Renewable Energy Service Companies for Solar Home
Systems
59
SHS Conclusions
• Actual field experience operating 250 SHSs in Vanua Levu were used to establish requirements {systems are maintained by a private company operating as a RESCO under contract to determine the true cost of system operation as well as appropriate staffing requirements}
60
SHS Conclusions (continuation)
• SHS Commercial viability service provided for a fee that covers all life-cycle costs associated with providing that service and fee is collectable
61
SHS Conclusions: Financial Feasibility
Financing of SHSs feasible at least under two scenarios:
(1)Concessionary loan (e.g., Government of Japan) with tariff covering all costs
(2)Fiji Government: 90% capital subsidy; balance through commercial loan and recurring cost covered by tariff
{2nd scenario allows about 300 installations yearly but 12,000 potential users}
62
Village Surveys
• 38% of the households F$20/month in fuels used for lights and dry cell batteries for radios
• Extrapolation to all Rural-Electrification applicants indicates that 4500 households could afford F$20/month. And 7500 more could use SHS for lower fee
________ F$20 = US$10
63
Monthly Expenditures ($F): Kerosene and Benzine for Lights and Radio Batteries
[432 Households in 47 Villages (Viti Levu and Vanua Levu)]
0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%
10%11%12%13%14%15%16%17%18%19%20%
3.7 7.5 12.5 17.3 22.1 27.4 32.0 37.1 42.3 46.5 52.6 57.7 62.9 69.0
Average Expenditures in $5 Range Increments
% O
ccur
renc
e
Average: $F 18.6 Maximum: $F 69.6 Minimum: $F 1.2 38% Expenditures > $F 20
64
Funding Challenge
US$ 17 Million required for the installation of 12,000 SHSs:
where can the Fijian Government obtain this amount and in the form of concessionary loans with terms that result in monthly service fees of about F$20 (~ US$10)?
65
APEC Economies: Opportunities
• Minimal rural infrastructure in Fiji opportunities for new renewable/storage energy technologies
• Fiji Department of Energy and PICHTR provide a working partnership