6
FIGURES OF SPEECH allegory A narrative in which abstract ideas figure as circumstances or persons, usually to enforce a moral truth Latin: Fama in Aeneid 4.173197 English: Animal Farm by George Orwell is probably the most famous modern allegory. The animals on the farm overthrow the humans and take over running the place. This represents events leading up to the Stalinera in Russia. So the farm politics represent real politics. alliteration Repetition of the same sound, usually initial, in two or more words. This term normally applies to consonants and accented initial vowel Latin: magno cum murmure montis, Aeneid 1.55 English: “Touch each object you want to touch as if tomorrow your tactile sense would fail.” Helen Keller anaphora Repetition of a word, usually at the beginning of successive clauses or phrases, for emphasis or for pathetic effect. This figure is often accompanied by asyndeton and ellipsis Latin: hic illius arma, hic currus fuit; hoc regnum…, Aeneid 1.1617; ubi...ubi...ubi, Aeneid 1.99100 English: “We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.” Winston Churchill, speech before the House of Commons (June 4, 1940) anastrophe An inversion of the usual order of words, usually preposition and object Latin: Italiam contra, Aeneid 1.13 English: I’m going to finish mowing the lawn. What with? The lawnmower is out of gas. aposiopesis An abrupt failure to complete a sentence, for rhetorical effect Latin: Quos ego—, Aeneid 1.135 English: If you do that one more time, I’ll…; Why, I oughta… apostrophe Address of an absent person or an abstraction, usually for pathetic effect Latin: o terque quaterque beati, Aeneid 1.94 English: “O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done.” Walt Whitman assonance The close recurrence of similar sounds, usually used of vowel sounds Latin: amissos longo socios sermone requirunt, Aeneid 1.217 English: “And so, all the nighttide, I lie down by the side / Of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride.” Edgar Allan Poe, “Annabel Lee” asyndeton Omission of conjunctions in a closely related series (see anaphora). Latin: Veni, vidi, vici (quoted in Plutarch’s Life of Caesar)

Figures of Speech - stjohns-chs.org · English:“…and"thatgovernmentof"the"people,"by"the"people,"for"the" peopleshall"notperish"from"the"earth.”">Abraham"Lincoln,"Gettysburg"

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    4

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Figures of Speech - stjohns-chs.org · English:“…and"thatgovernmentof"the"people,"by"the"people,"for"the" peopleshall"notperish"from"the"earth.”">Abraham"Lincoln,"Gettysburg"

FIGURES  OF  SPEECH  

 allegory   A  narrative  in  which  abstract  ideas  figure  as  circumstances  or  persons,  

usually  to  enforce  a  moral  truth      Latin:  Fama  in  Aeneid  4.173-­‐197  English:  Animal  Farm  by  George  Orwell  is  probably  the  most  famous  modern  allegory.  The  animals  on  the  farm  overthrow  the  humans  and  take  over  running  the  place.  This  represents  events  leading  up  to  the  Stalin-­‐era  in  Russia.  So  the  farm  politics  represent  real  politics.  

 alliteration   Repetition  of  the  same  sound,  usually  initial,  in  two  or  more  words.    This  

term  normally  applies  to  consonants  and  accented  initial  vowel    Latin:  magno  cum  murmure  montis,  Aeneid  1.55  English:  “Touch  each  object  you  want  to  touch  as  if  tomorrow  your  tactile  sense  would  fail.”  -­‐Helen  Keller  

 anaphora   Repetition  of  a  word,  usually  at  the  beginning  of  successive  clauses  or  

phrases,  for  emphasis  or  for  pathetic  effect.  This  figure  is  often  accompanied  by  asyndeton  and  ellipsis    Latin:  hic  illius  arma,  hic  currus  fuit;  hoc  regnum…,  Aeneid  1.16-­‐17;  ubi...ubi...ubi,  Aeneid  1.99-­‐100  English:  “We  shall  not  flag  or  fail.  We  shall  go  on  to  the  end.  We  shall  fight  in  France,  we  shall  fight  on  the  seas  and  oceans,  we  shall  fight  with  growing  confidence  and  growing  strength  in  the  air,  we  shall  defend  our  island,  whatever  the  cost  may  be,  we  shall  fight  on  the  beaches,  we  shall  fight  on  the  landing  grounds,  we  shall  fight  in  the  fields  and  in  the  streets,  we  shall  fight  in  the  hills.  We  shall  never  surrender.”  -­‐Winston  Churchill,  speech  before  the  House  of  Commons  (June  4,  1940)  

 anastrophe   An  inversion  of  the  usual  order  of  words,  usually  preposition  and  object    

Latin:  Italiam  contra,  Aeneid  1.13  English:  I’m  going  to  finish  mowing  the  lawn.    What  with?    The  lawnmower  is  out  of  gas.  

 aposiopesis   An  abrupt  failure  to  complete  a  sentence,  for  rhetorical  effect    

Latin:  Quos  ego—,  Aeneid  1.135  English:  If  you  do  that  one  more  time,  I’ll…;  Why,  I  oughta…  

 apostrophe   Address  of  an  absent  person  or  an  abstraction,  usually  for  pathetic  effect  

Latin:  o  terque  quaterque  beati,  Aeneid  1.94  English:  “O  Captain!  my  Captain!  our  fearful  trip  is  done.”  -­‐Walt  Whitman  

 assonance   The  close  recurrence  of  similar  sounds,  usually  used  of  vowel  sounds    

Latin:  amissos  longo  socios  sermone  requirunt,  Aeneid  1.217  English:  “And  so,  all  the  night-­‐tide,  I  lie  down  by  the  side  /  Of  my  darling,  my  darling,  my  life  and  my  bride.”  -­‐Edgar  Allan  Poe,  “Annabel  Lee”  

asyndeton   Omission  of  conjunctions  in  a  closely  related  series  (see  anaphora).  Latin:  Veni,  vidi,  vici  (quoted  in  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Caesar)    

Page 2: Figures of Speech - stjohns-chs.org · English:“…and"thatgovernmentof"the"people,"by"the"people,"for"the" peopleshall"notperish"from"the"earth.”">Abraham"Lincoln,"Gettysburg"

English:  “…and  that  government  of  the  people,  by  the  people,  for  the  people  shall  not  perish  from  the  earth.”  -­‐Abraham  Lincoln,  Gettysburg  Address  

 chiasmus   Arrangement  of  pairs  of  words  in  opposite  order,  for  example,  (adj.  chiastic)   noun  A,  adjective  B,  adjective  B,  noun  A.    This  figure  often  emphasizes  a  

contrast    Latin:  navem  in  conspectu  nullam,  tres  litore  cervos  prospicit,  Aeneid  1.184-­‐85  English:  Quitters  never  win  and  winners  never  quit.  

 ecphrasis   An  apparent  digression  describing  a  place  (est  locus...),  connected  at  the  

end  of  the  description  to  the  main  narrative  by  hic  or  huc.  This  device  is  used  in  epic  for  a  transition  to  a  new  scene  and  provides  a  detailed/vivid  description  of  a  place  or  work  of  art.  Latin:  Aeneid  1.159-­‐70  describes  what  Aeneas  sees  engraved  on  the  doors  of  Carthage’s  temple  of  Juno  English:  “About  suffering  they  were  never  wrong,  /  The  Old  Masters:  how  well  they  understood  /  Its  human  position;  how  it  takes  place  /  While  someone  else  is  eating  or  opening  a  window  or  just  walking  dully  along…In  Brueghel’s  Icarus,  for  instance:  how  everything  turns  away  /  Quite  leisurely  from  the  disaster;  the  plowman  may  /  Have  heard  the  splash,  the  forsaken  cry,  /  But  for  him  it  was  not  an  important  failure;  the  sun  shone  /  As  it  had  to  on  the  white  legs  disappearing  into  the  green  /  Water;  and  the  expensive  delicate  ship  that  must  have  seen  /  Something  amazing,  a  boy  falling  out  of  the  sky,  /  Had  somewhere  to  get  to  and  sailed  calmly  on.”  -­‐  W.  H.  Auden,  “Musée  des  Beaux  Arts”    

                                     

Page 3: Figures of Speech - stjohns-chs.org · English:“…and"thatgovernmentof"the"people,"by"the"people,"for"the" peopleshall"notperish"from"the"earth.”">Abraham"Lincoln,"Gettysburg"

ellipsis   Omission  of  one  or  more  words  necessary  to  the  sense    

Latin:  Haec  secum  (dixit),  Aeneid  1.37).  English:  Where  are  you  going?  To  the  store.  

 enjambment   The  running  over  of  a  sentence  from  one  verse  or  couplet  into  another  so  

that  closely  related  words  fall  in  different  lines  (ac  veluti  magno  in  populo  cum  saepe  coorta  est  seditio,  Aeneid  1.148-­‐49).  English:  “I  think  that  I  shall  never  see  /  A  poem  as  lovely  as  a  tree.”  -­‐Joyce  Kilmer,  Trees  

 hendiadys   Use  of  two  nouns  connected  by  a  conjunction  with  the  meaning  of  one  

modified  noun    Latin:  molem  et  montes,  Aeneid  1.61  English:  There  were  joy  and  celebrations  when  the  baby  was  born.  

 hyperbaton   A  figure  of  syntactic  dislocation  where  phrase  or  words  that  belong  together  

are  separated.  (Greek  for  “stepping  over”)    Latin:  dux  et  Troianus,  Aeneid  1.124,  165  English:  “Always  two  there  are,  no  more,  no  less:  a  master  and  an  apprentice.”  -­‐Yoda,  Phantom  Menace  

 hyperbole   Exaggeration  for  effect    

Latin:  terram  inter  fluctus  aperit,  Aeneid  1.107  English:  That  bag  weighs  a  ton.  

 hysteron  proteron   Reversal  of  chronological  order  in  order  to  put  the  more  important  idea  first  

(moriamur  et  in  media  arma  ruamus,  Aeneid  2.353).  English:  “I  want  to  hold  you  till  I  die,  till  we  both  break  down  and  cry.”  -­‐Dan  Hill,  “Sometimes  When  We  Touch”  

 interlocked  order     (synchysis)  Arrangement  of  pairs  of  words  so  that  one  word  of  each  pair  is  

between  the  words  of  the  other    (A,B,A,B).    This  arrangement  normally  emphasizes  the  close  association  of  the  pairs    Latin:  saevae  memorem  Iunonis  ob  iram,  Aeneid  1.4  English:  “Clowns  to  the  left  of  me,  jokers  to  my  right”  -­‐Stealers  Wheel,  “Stuck  in  the  Middle  With  You”  

 irony   The  use,  clearly  intentional  or  apparently  unintentional  (dramatic  irony),  of  

words  with  a  meaning  contrary  to  the  situation.    In  other  words,  a  contrast  between  the  apparent,  stated  situation  and  the  actual  reality  Latin:  Iunone  secunda,  Aeneid  4.45,  unintentional;  scilicet  is  superis  labor  est,  Aeneid  4.379,  intentional  Dramatic  Irony:  In  Oedipus  Rex,  the  audience  becomes  increasingly  aware  that  Oedipus  is  rushing  blindly  to  his  doom,  but  still  Oedipus  insists  on  pursuing  his  investigation  into  the  death  of  King  Laius  (Oedipus  pursues  this  quest  in  the  hope  that  justice  will  be  served,  but  eventually  realizes  that  it  was  he  himself  who  killed  the  old  man)        

Page 4: Figures of Speech - stjohns-chs.org · English:“…and"thatgovernmentof"the"people,"by"the"people,"for"the" peopleshall"notperish"from"the"earth.”">Abraham"Lincoln,"Gettysburg"

English:  Some  find  it  ironic  that  Jesse  Jackson  counseled  President  Clinton  on  the  issue  of  marital  infidelity.    (N.B.,  Nothing  that  Alanis  Morisette  says  in  that  song  is  ironic,  so  it  is  ironic  that  “Ironic”  is  not  ironic.)  

 litotes   An  understatement  for  emphasis,  usually  an  assertion  of  something  by  

denying  the  opposite    Latin:  neque  enim  ignari  sumus,  Aeneid  1.198  English:  “It’s  not  unusual  to  be  loved  by  anyone.”  -­‐Tom  Jones  

 metaphor   An  implied  comparison,  that  is,  the  use  of  a  word  or  words  suggesting  a  

likeness  between  what  is  actually  being  described  and  something  else.    Latin:  remigo  alarum,  Aeneid  1.301  English:  “All  the  world’s  a  stage  and  men  and  women  merely  players”                        -­‐Shakespeare,  As  You  Like  It  

 metonymy   Use  of  one  noun  in  place  of  another  closely  related  noun  to  avoid  common  

or  prosaic  words.  Latin:  Cererem  corruptam  undis,  Aeneid  1.177  English:  The  White  House  announced  today  that  unemployment  rates  in  the  first  quarter  were  higher  than  expected.  

 onomatopoeia  (adj.,  onomatopoeic  or  onomatopoetic)   Use  of  words  whose  sound  suggests  

the  sense    Latin:  magno  cum  murmure  montis,  Aeneid  1.55  English:  “After  a  time  he  began  to  wander  about,  going  lippity-­‐lippity—not  very  fast,  and  looking  all  around.”  -­‐Beatrix  Potter,  The  Tale  of  Peter  Rabbit  

 oxymoron     The  use  of  apparently  contradictory  in  the  same  phrase  (paradox).  This  

figure  is  particularly  Horatian. Here  is  much  to  do  with  hate,  but  more  with  love.    Latin:  insaniens  sapientia,  Horace,  Odes  1.34.2  English:  “Why  then,  O  bawling  love!  O  bawling  hate!  /  O  anything!  Of  nothing  first  create!  /  O  heavy  lightness!  Serious  vanity!  /  Mis-­‐shapen  chaos  and  well  seeming  forms.”  -­‐Shakespeare,  Romeo  and  Juliet  

 personification   Treatment  of  inanimate  objects  as  human    

Latin:  suadentque  cadentia  sidera  somnos,  Aeneid  2.9  English:  “The wind stood up and gave a shout. He whistled on his two fingers.” -James Stephens, “The Wind”  

 pleonasm  (adj.,  pleonastic)  Use  of  unnecessary  words    

Latin:  mortales  visus...reliquit  et  procul  in  tenuem  ex  oculis  evanuit  auram,  Aeneid  4.277-­‐78)  English:  I  saw  it  with  my  very  own  eyes.  

   

Page 5: Figures of Speech - stjohns-chs.org · English:“…and"thatgovernmentof"the"people,"by"the"people,"for"the" peopleshall"notperish"from"the"earth.”">Abraham"Lincoln,"Gettysburg"

polysyndeton   Use  of  unnecessary  conjunctions    

Latin:  Eurusque  Notusque  ruunt  creberque...Africus,  Aeneid  1.85-­‐86  English:  “I  said,  ‘Who  killed  him?’  and  he  said,  ‘I  don’t  know  who  killed  him  but  he'’  dead  all  right,’  and  it  was  dark  and  there  was  water  standing  in  the  street  and  no  lights  and  windows  broke  and  boats  all  up  in  the  town  and  trees  blown  down  and  everything  all  blown  and  I  got  a  skiff  and  went  out  and  found  my  boat  where  I  had  her  inside  Mango  Key  and  she  was  all  right  only  she  was  full  of  water.”  -­‐Ernest  Hemingway,  “After  the  Storm”  

 polyptoton   one  word  is  repeated  in  different  grammatical  or  syntactical  (inflected)  

forms.  A  special  case  of  polyptoton  is  the  figura  etymologica  which  repeats  two  or  more  words  of  the  same  stem.  (litora  litoribus  contraria,  fluctibus  undas  inprecor,  arma  armis,  pugnent  ipsique  nepotesque,  Aeneid  4.628)  

  English:  “There  hath  he  lain  for  ages,  and  will  lie.”  Tennyson,  The  Kraken;  “[…]  love  is  not  love  /  Which  alters  when  it  alteration  finds,  /  Or  bends  with  the  remover  to  remove.”  Shakespeare,  Sonnet  116  (figura  etymologica)  

 praeteritio     Claiming  to  not  mention  or  “pass  over”  something  that  one  plans  to  say.     Greek:  “That  part  of  our  history  which  tells  of  the  military  achievements  

which  gave  us  our  several  possessions,  or  of  the  ready  valour  with  which  either  we  or  our  fathers  stemmed  the  tide  of  Hellenic  or  foreign  aggression,  is  a  theme  too  familiar  to  my  hearers  for  me  to  dilate  on,  and  I  shall  therefore  pass  it  by.”  (Pericles’  Funeral  Oration  in  Thucydides’  Histories  2.36)  Latin:  “What?  when  lately  by  the  death  of  your  former  wife  you  had  made  your  house  empty  and  ready  for  a  new  bridal,  did  you  not  even  add  another  incredible  wickedness  to  this  wickedness?  But  I  pass  that  over  (quod  ego  praetermitto),  and  willingly  allow  it  to  be  buried  in  silence,  that  so  horrible  a  crime  may  not  be  seen  to  have  existed  in  this  city,  and  not  to  have  been  chastised.”  -­‐Cicero,  First  Catilinarian  Oration,  1.14  English:  Not  to  mention  your  salary,  but  I  do  think  you  can  afford  this.  

 prolepsis  (adj.,  proleptic)  Use  of  a  word  before  it  is  appropriate  in  the  context.    A  proleptic  

adjective  does  not  apply  to  its  noun  until  after  the  action  of  the  verb,  and  is  often  best  translated  with  a  clause  or  phrase  to  bring  out  the  emphasis  on  the  adjective    Latin:  Submersasque  obrue  puppes,  “so  that  they  sink,”  Aeneid  1.68  English:  The  following  lines  proleptically  anticipate  the  assassination  of  a  living  character:  “So  the  two  brothers  and  their  murdered  man  /  Rode  past  fair  Florence.”  -­‐John  Keats,  “Isabella”  

 prosopopeia     The  assumption  of  another’s  persona  for  rhetorical  or  dramatic  effect    

Latin:  Aeneas  narrates  his  long  trials  to  the  court  of  Dido  in  Carthage.  Inside  this  narrative  are  the  embedded  narratives  of  ghosts,  spirits,  and  monsters,  Aeneid  3  English:  In  the  “Cooper  Union  Address,”  Abraham  Lincoln  creates  a  mock  debate  between  Republicans  and  the  South,  a  debate  in  which  he  becomes  spokesman  for  the  party.  

Page 6: Figures of Speech - stjohns-chs.org · English:“…and"thatgovernmentof"the"people,"by"the"people,"for"the" peopleshall"notperish"from"the"earth.”">Abraham"Lincoln,"Gettysburg"

rhetorical  question     A  question  posed  for  its  rhetorical  effect  and  not  requiring  a  reply  or  

intended  to  induce  a  reply    Latin:  et  quisquam  numen  Iunonis  adorat/  praeterea  aut  supplex  aris  imponet  honorem?  Aeneid  1.48-­‐49  English:  “Hath  not  a  Jew  eyes?  hath  not  a  Jew  hands,  organs,  dimensions,  senses,  affections,  passions?...If  you  prick  us,  do  we  not  bleed?  If  you  tickle  us,  do  we  not  laugh?  If  you  poison  us,  do  we  not  die?  And  if  you  wrong  us,  shall  we  not  revenge?”  -­‐Shakespeare,  Merchant  of  Venice  

 simile   An  expressed  comparison,  introduced  by  a  word  such  as  similis,  qualis,  or  

velut(i).  Epic  similes  tend  to  be  long,  to  relate  to  nature,  and  to  digress  from  the  point(s)  of  comparison  (compare  Aeneid  1.430-­‐36).  Latin:  velut  agmine  facto,  Aeneid  1.82  English:  The  late  afternoon  sky  bloomed  in  the  window  for  a  moment  like  the  blue  honey  of  the  Mediterranean.”  -­‐F.  Scott  Fitzgerald,  The  Great  Gatsby    

 synecdoche   Use  of  the  part  for  the  whole  to  avoid  common  words  or  to  focus  attention  

on  a  particular  part.  Latin:    puppes  for  naves,  Aeneid  1.68  English:  I  need  a  ride.  Do  you  have  wheels?  John,  get  your  butt  out  of  that  chair  and  get  to  work.  (N.B.,  The  relationship  between  metonymy  and  synecdoche  is  as  follows:  All  synecdoche  is  metonymy,  but  not  all  metonymy  is  synecdoche.)  

 tmesis   Separation  of  the  parts  of  a  compound  word,  usually  for  metrical  

convenience    Latin:  circum  dea  fudit,  Aeneid  1.412  English:    “A-­‐whole-­‐nother,”  in  which  another  (an+other)  is  reanalyzed  as  a+nother;  “Fan-­‐bloody-­‐tastic;”  or  “Ri-­‐gosh-­‐darn-­‐diculous.”  

 transferred  epithet   A  device  of  emphasis  in  which  the  poet  attributes  some  characteristic  of  a  

thing  to  another  thing  closely  associated  with  it    Latin:  templumque  vetustum  desertae  Cereris,  Aeneid  2.713-­‐14  English:  On  cold  mornings  there’s  nothing  like  a  hot  cup  of  coffee.  

 tricolon  crescens     A  three  part  increase  of  emphasis  or  enlargement  of  meaning  (auxiliumque  

viae  veteres  tellure  recludit/  thesauros,  ignotum  argenti  pondus  et  auri,  Aeneid  1.358-­‐359).  English:  Down,  down,  down  into  the  darkness  of  the  grave  /  Gently  they  go,  the  beautiful,  the  tender,  the  kind;  /  Quietly  they  go,  the  intelligent,  the  witty,  the  brave.  /  I  know.  But  I  do  not  approve.  And  I  am  not  resigned.”                -­‐Edna  St.  Vincent  Millay,  Dirge  without  Music    

 zeugma   Use  of  a  verb  or  adjective  with  two  words,  to  only  one  of  which  it  literally  

applies    Latin:  crudeles  aras  traiectaque  pectora  ferro  nudavit,  Aeneid  1.355-­‐56).  English:    I  can  spend  hours  and  my  paycheck  at  the  bookstore.