Figure 52.0 Monarch butterflies

Figure 52.0x Monarch butterfly migration

Figure 52.1 Aerial census for African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Serengeti of East Africa

Figure 52.2 Patterns of dispersion within a population’s geographic range

Figure 52.2ax2 Clumped dispersion: buffalo, swans, fish, lupine

Table 52.1 Life Table for Belding Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beldini) at Tioga Pass, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

Table 52.2 Reproductive Table for Belding Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) at Tioga Pass, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

Figure 52.3 Idealized survivorship curves

Figure 52.4 An example of big-bang reproduction: Agave (century plant)

Figure 52.5 Cost of reproduction in female red deer on the island of Rhum, in Scotland

Figure 52.6 Probability of survival over the following year for European kestrels after raising a modified brood

Figure 52.7 Variation in seed crop size in plants: Dandelion and coconut palm

Figure 52.8 Population growth predicted by the exponential model

Figure 52.9 Example of exponential population growth in nature

Figure 52.10 Reduction of population growth rate with increasing population size (N)

Table 52.3 A Hypothetical Example of Logistic Population Growth, Where K=1,000 and rmax=0.05 per Individual per Year

Figure 52.11 Population growth predicted by the logistic model

Figure 52.12 How well do these populations fit the logistic population growth model?

Figure 52.13 Graphic model showing how equilibrium may be determined for population density

Figure 52.14 Decreased fecundity at high population densities

Figure 52.15 Decreased survivorship at high population densities

Figure 52.16 Decline in the breeding population of the northern pintail (Anas actua) from 1955 to 1998

Figure 52.17 Long-term study of the moose (Alces alces) population of Isle Royale, Michigan

Figure 52.18 Extreme population fluctuations

Figure 52.19 Population cycles in the snowshoe hare and lynx

Figure 52.20 Human population growth

Figure 52.21 Demographic transition in Sweden and Mexico, 1750-1997

Figure 52.22 Age-structure pyramids for the human population of Kenya (growing at 2.1% per year), the United States (growing at 0.6% per year), and Italy (zero growth) for 1995

Figure 52.23 Ecological footprint in relation to available ecological capacity