Reproduction

Figure 46.10a

(Rectum)CervixVagina

Major vestibular(Bartholin’s) gland

Vaginal opening

Oviduct

OvaryUterus

(Urinary bladder)

(Pubic bone)

Urethra

BodyGlansPrepuce

Clitoris

Labia minoraLabia majora

Figure 46.10b

Ovaries Oviduct

Follicles

Corpus luteumUterine wallEndometrium

Vagina

Uterus

Cervix

Figure 46.12bb

2n

2n

nn

n

n

Primordial germ cellMitotic divisions

Mitotic divisions

Oogonium

In embryo

Primary oocyte(present at birth), arrestedin prophase of meiosis I

Completion of meiosis Iand onset of meiosis II

Secondary oocyte,arrested at metaphase ofmeiosis II

Firstpolarbody

Ovulation, sperm entry

Completion of meiosis IISecondpolarbody

Fertilized egg

Figure 46.13 Control by hypothalamus(a)

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Anterior pituitary

FSH LH

Inhibited by combination ofestradiol and progesterone

Stimulated by high levelsof estradiol

Inhibited by low levels ofestradiol

109

87

65

4

3

2

1

(b) Pituitary gonadotropinsin blood

LH

FSH

FSH and LH stimulatefollicle to grow

6

LH surge triggers ovulation

Ovarian cycle

Growing follicle Maturing follicle

Corpusluteum

Degeneratingcorpus luteum

Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase

Estradiol secretedby growing follicle inincreasing amounts

(c)

Progesterone andestradiol secretedby corpus luteum

(d) Ovarian hormonesin blood

Estradiol

Peak causes LH surge(see )

Progesterone

Progesterone and estra-diol promote thickeningof endometrium

Estradiol levelvery low

(e) Uterine (menstrual) cycle

Endometrium

Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase

Day

s

28252015141050

Figure 46.13a

Control by hypothalamus(a)

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Anterior pituitary

FSH LH

Inhibited by combination ofestradiol and progesteroneStimulated by high levelsof estradiol

Inhibited by low levels ofestradiol

2

1

Figure 46.13b

(b) Pituitary gonadotropinsin blood

LH

FSH

FSH and LH stimulatefollicle to grow

LH surge triggers ovulation

Ovarian cycle

Growing follicle Maturing follicle

Corpusluteum

Degeneratingcorpus luteum

Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase

(c)

28252015141050Day

s

3

6

7 8

Estradiol secretedby growing follicle inincreasing amounts

Progesterone andestradiol secretedby corpus luteum

(d) Ovarian hormonesin blood

Estradiol

Peak causes LH surge(see )

Progesterone

Progesterone and estra-diol promote thickeningof endometrium

Estradiol levelvery low

(e)

Uterine (menstrual) cycle

Endometrium

Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase

Da

ys

28252015141050

4

5 6

910

(e)

Figure 46.13c

Figure 46.11b

Seminal vesicle

(Rectum)Vas deferens

Ejaculatory ductProstate glandBulbourethral gland Vas deferens

EpididymisTestisScrotum

(Urinary bladder)

(Urinary duct)

(Pubic bone)

Erectiletissue

Urethra

Glans

Prepuce

Penis

Epididymis Seminiferous tubule

Testis

Cross section ofseminiferous tubule

Spermato-gonium

Primary spermatocyte

Spermatids (two stages)

Secondary spermatocyte

Sperm cell

Sertoli cellnucleus

Lumen ofseminiferous tubule

Figure 46.12aa

Primordial germ cell in embryoMitotic divisions

Spermatogonial stem cell

Spermatogonium

Mitotic divisions

Mitotic divisions

Primary spermatocyte

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Secondary spermatocyte

Earlyspermatid

Sperm cell

Differentiation(Sertoli cellsprovide nutrients)

2n

2n

2n

n n

n n n n

n n n n

Figure 46.12ab

Figure 46.12ac

Plasmamembrane

Tail

Neck

Midpiece Head

Mitochondria

NucleusAcrosome

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Anterior pituitary

FSH LH

Sertoli cells Leydig cells

Inhibin Spermatogenesis Testosterone

Testis

Neg

ativ

e fe

edb

ack

Neg

ativ

e fe

edb

ack

Figure 46.14

Figure 46.11a

Seminalvesicle(behindbladder)

Urethra

Scrotum

(Urinary bladder)

Prostate gland

Bulbourethral gland

Erectile tissue of penis

Vas deferensEpididymisTestis

5

4

1

2

3 Cleavage

Fertilization

Ovary

Ovulation

Uterus

Cleavage continues

Implantation

Endometrium(a) From ovulation to implantation

(b) Implantation of blastocyst

Endometrium

Cavity

Inner cellmass

Blastocyst Trophoblast

Figure 46.15

Figure 47.3-1

Basal body(centriole)

Spermhead

Acrosome

Jelly coat

Sperm-bindingreceptors

Vitelline layer

Egg plasma membrane

Figure 47.3-2

Basal body(centriole)

Spermhead

Acrosome

Jelly coat

Sperm-bindingreceptors

Hydrolytic enzymesVitelline layer

Egg plasma membrane

Figure 47.3-3

Basal body(centriole)

Spermnucleus

Spermhead

Acrosome

Jelly coat

Sperm-bindingreceptors

Hydrolytic enzymesVitelline layer

Egg plasma membrane

Actinfilament

Acrosomalprocess

Figure 47.3-4

Basal body(centriole)

Spermplasmamembrane

Spermnucleus

Spermhead

Acrosome

Jelly coat

Sperm-bindingreceptors

Fusedplasmamembranes

Hydrolytic enzymesVitelline layer

Egg plasma membrane

Actinfilament

Acrosomalprocess

Figure 47.3-5

Basal body(centriole)

Spermplasmamembrane

Spermnucleus

Spermhead

Acrosome

Jelly coat

Sperm-bindingreceptors

Fertilizationenvelope

Corticalgranule

Fusedplasmamembranes

Hydrolytic enzymesVitelline layer

Egg plasma membrane

Perivitellinespace

EGG CYTOPLASM

Actinfilament

Acrosomalprocess

5

4

1

2

3 Cleavage

Fertilization

Ovary

Ovulation

Uterus

Cleavage continues

Implantation

Endometrium(a) From ovulation to implantation

(b) Implantation of blastocyst

Endometrium

Cavity

Inner cellmass

Blastocyst Trophoblast

Figure 46.15

Figure 47.6

(a) Fertilized egg (b) Four-cell stage (c) Early blastula (d) Later blastula

50 m

Figure 46.18

Estradiol

from ovaries

Activates oxytocinreceptors on uterus

Oxytocin

from fetusand mother’s posterior pituitary

Prostaglandins

Po

siti

ve f

eed

bac

k

Stimulates uterusto contract

Stimulatesplacenta to make

Stimulate morecontractions

of uterus