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Atmospheric pressure (millibars)0 200 400 600 800 1,000120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0(SeaLevel)

–80 –40 0 40 80 120Pressure = 1,000millibars atground levelTemperature (˚C)

Alti

tude

(kilo

met

ers)

Alti

tude

(mile

s)

75

65

55

45

35

25

15

5

Thermosphere

Heating via ozone

Mesosphere

Stratosphere

Ozone “layer”Heating from the earth

Troposphere

TemperaturePressure

Mesopause

Stratopause

Tropopause

Figure 17-2Page 419

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Alti

tude

(kilo

met

ers)

Ozone concentration (ppm)

Alti

tude

(mile

s)Stratospheric ozone

Stratosphere

Troposphere

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

00 5 10 15 200

5

10

15

20

25

Photochemical ozoneFigure 17-3Page 420

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Primary Pollutants

Secondary Pollutants

SourcesNaturalStationary

CO CO2

SO2 NO NO2

Most hydrocarbons

Most suspendedparticles

SO3

HNO3 H2SO4

H2O2 O3 PANs

Most and saltsNO3–

Mobile

SO42–

Figure 17-4Page 421

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Figure 17-5Page 421

March 10, 2000 March 12, 2000

March 13, 2000 March 15, 2000

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Solarradiation

Ultraviolet radiation

NONitric oxide

Photochemical smog

H2OWater

NO2

Nitrogendioxide

Hydrocarbons

O2

Molecularoxygen

HNO3

Nitric acid

PANsPeroxyacyl

nitratesAldehydes

(e.g., formaldehyde)O3

Ozone

OAtomicoxygen

Figure 17-6Page 424

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Click to view animation.

Animation

Formation of photochemical smog.

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Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Ozone40

30

20

10

06 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8A.M. Noon P.M.

Time

Part

s pe

r mill

ion

Figure 17-7 (1)Page 425

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Figure 17-7 (2)Page 425

Smoggy day

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Figure 17-7 (3)Page 425

Clear day

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Ultra FineParticles

FineParticles

LargeParticles

Sea salt nuclei

Carbon blackPollens

Cement dust

Oil smoke

Combustion nuclei

Metallurgical dust and fumes

Photochemical smog

Insecticide dusts

Coal dust

Average particle diameter (micrometers or microns)0.001 0.01 2.5 10.0 100.0

Tobacco smoke

Paint pigments

Fly ash

Milled flour

Figure 17-8Page 426

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Warmer air

Inversion layer

Cool layer

MountainMountain

Valley

Decreasing temperature

Incr

easi

ng a

ltitu

de

Figure 17-9 (1)Page 427

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Inversion layer

Mountainrange

Sea breeze

Descending warm air mass

Decreasing temperature

Incr

easi

ng a

ltitu

de

Figure 17-9 (2)Page 427

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Wind

Transformation tosulfuric acid (H2SO4)and nitric acid (HNO3)

Nitric oxide (NO)

Acid fog

Ocean

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)and NO

Windborne ammonia gasand particles of cultivated soilpartially neutralize acids andform dry sulfate and nitrate salts

Dry aciddeposition(sulfur dioxidegas and particlesof sulfate andnitrate salts)

Farm

Lakes indeep soilhigh in limestoneare buffered

Lakes in shallowsoil low inlimestonebecomeacidic

Wet acid deposition(droplets of H2SO4 andHNO3 dissolved in rainand snow)

Figure 17-10Page 428

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Click to view animation.

Animation

Acid deposition animation.

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Figure 17-11Page 429

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Potential problem areasbecause of sensitive soils

Potential problem areas because of air pollution: emissions leading to acid deposition

Current problem areas(including lakes and rivers)

Figure 17-12Page 429

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Iran

SaudiArabia

Pakistan

India

China

Myanmar

Thailand

Bay of Bengal

Arabian Sea

Ethiopia

EquatorIndian Ocean

Percentage of direct sunlight interceptedVery heavy 35%–45%Heavy 20%–35%Medium 10%–20%

0 Miles 1,000

0 Kilometers 1,600Figure 17-13 (1)

Page 430

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Cool, dry winds

Monsoons

Winter

India

Himalayas

Warm, moist winds

Monsoons

India

Summer Himalayas

Figure 17-13 (2)Page 430

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Waterboatman

Whirligig

Yellow perch

Lake trout

Brown trout

Salamander(embryonic)

Mayfly

Smallmouthbass

Mussel

6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5pH

Figure 17-14Page 431

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Figure 17-15Page 432

Emission

Aciddeposition

SO2

H2O2

PANs

NOX

O3

Others

Direct damageto leavesand bark

Reducedphotosynthesis

and growth

IncreasedSusceptibilityto drought,

extreme cold,insects, mosses,

and diseaseorganisms

Soil acidification

Leaching ofsoil

nutrientsAcid

Release oftoxic

metal icons

Rootdamage

Reducednutrient

andwater

uptake

Tree death

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Click to view animation.

Animation

Effect of air pollution in forests animation.

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Prevention Cleanup

Reduce air pollutionby improving energyefficiency

Reduce coal use

Increase natural gasuse

Increase use of renewable resources

Burn low-sulfur coal

Remove SO2 particulates, and NOx

from smokestack gases

Remove Nox frommotor vehicular exhaust

Tax emissions of SO2

Add lime to neutralizeacidified lakes

Add phosphatefertilizer to neutralizeacidified lakes

Figure 17-16Page 433

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ChloroformPara-dichlorobenzene Tetrachloroethylene

Formaldehyde

Benzo--pyrene

Styrene

Radon-222Methylene Chloride

Tobacco Smoke

Carbon Monoxide

Asbestos

Nitrogen Oxides

1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane

Figure 17-17Page 434

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Outlet vents for furnaces and dryers

Slab jointsWood stove

Cracks in floorClothes dryerFurnace

Radon-222 gas

Slab

Radium-222

Soil

Uranium-238

Sumppump

Cracks in wallCracks in wall

Open windowOpen windowOpeningsaroundpipes

Openingsaroundpipes

Figure 17-18Page 436

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Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

Pharynx (throat)

Trachea (windpipe)

Bronchus

Right lungBronchioles

(see figure 17.18b)

(see figure 17.18c)

Figure 17-19 (1)Page 437

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Epithelial cell

Cilia

Mucus

Figure 17-19 (2)Page 437

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Bronchiole

Alveolar duct

Alveoli

Alveolar sac(sectioned)

Figure 17-19 (3)Page 437

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Indoor Exposure

Developingcountries(rural) 67%

Developing countries(urban) 23%

Developed countries(rural) 1%

Total deaths 2.8 million

Developed countries(urban) 9%

Outdoor Exposure

Developing countries(urban) 93% Developed

countries(urban) 7%

Total deaths 0.2 million

Figure 17-21Page 438

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Prevention Dispersionor Cleanup

Burn low-sulfurcoal

Remove sulfurfrom coal

Convert coalto a liquid orgaseous fuel

Shift to lesspolluting fuels

Disperseemissions abovethermal inversionlayer with tallsmokestacks

Removepollutants aftercombustion

Tax each unitof pollutionproduced

Figure 17-22Page 441

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Dust discharge

ElectrodesCleaned gas

Figure 17-23 (1)Page 442

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Cleaned gas

Dirty gas

Baghouse Filter Dust discharge

Bags

Figure 17-23 (2)Page 442

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Dirty gas

Dust discharge

Cleaned gas

Figure 17-23 (3)Page 442

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Dirty gas

Dirty water

Cleanwater

Wet Scrubber

Wetgas

Cleaned gas

Figure 17-23 (4)Page 442

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Prevention Cleanup

Mass transit

Bicycles and walking

Less polluting engines

Less polluting fuels

Improve fuel efficiency

Get older, pollutingcars off the road

Give buyers tax write-offs for buying low-polluting, energy-efficient vehicles

Restrict driving inpolluted areas

Emission controldevices

Car exhaustInspectionstwice a year

Stricter emissionstandards

Figure 17-24Page 443

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Prevention Cleanup orDilutionCover ceiling

tiles and liningof AC ducts toprevent releaseof mineral fibers

Ban smoking orlimit it to well-ventilated areas

Set stricterformaldehydeemissionsstandards forcarpet,furniture,and buildingmaterials

Prevent radoninfiltration

Use officemachines inwell-ventilatedareas

Use lesspollutingsubstitutes forharmfulcleaningagents, paints, and other products

Use adjustablefresh air ventsfor work spaces

Increase intakeof outside air

Change airmore frequently

Circulate building’s airthrough rooftopgreenhouses

Use exhausthoods for stoves andappliances burning naturalgas

Install efficientchimneys forwood-burningstoves

Figure 17-25Page 443