Fighting for the Four Fighting for the Four Freedoms: World Freedoms: World

War IIWar II

1941-19451941-1945

Chapter 22Chapter 22

No control of major conflicts.No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament.No progress in disarmament. No effective military force.No effective military force.

LEAGUE OF NATIONSLEAGUE OF NATIONS

I. Fighting WWIII. Fighting WWII A. U.S. foreign policyA. U.S. foreign policy

2. 2. Good Neighbor PolicyGood Neighbor Policy: right to interfere militarily : right to interfere militarily in the in the international affairs of Latin America international affairs of Latin America

- repeal of Platt amendment- repeal of Platt amendment- removal of troops- removal of troops

B. Aggression abroadB. Aggression abroad2. Hilter’s Germany2. Hilter’s Germany

a. Nazisma. Nazismb. Rearmamentb. Rearmamentc. “Race & Space”, Anschlussc. “Race & Space”, Anschlusse. e. Appeasement:Appeasement: giving in to an agressor’s giving in to an agressor’s

demands demands to keep the peace to keep the peaceii. ii. Munich ConferenceMunich Conference: allowed Hitler to : allowed Hitler to

take the take the Sudetenland Sudetenland3. Mussolini & Fascism3. Mussolini & Fascism4. Franco, Fascism, & the Spanish Civil War4. Franco, Fascism, & the Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

Anschluss, Anschluss, 19361936

The “Problem” of theSudetenland

The “Problem” of theSudetenland

Now we have Now we have “peace in our time!”“peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.business with.

Now we have Now we have “peace in our time!”“peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.business with.

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939the Third Reich: 1939

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939the Third Reich: 1939

C. American isolationism C. American isolationism 1. Sources 1. Sources a. Pro-Nazi sentiment: fascism is better than a. Pro-Nazi sentiment: fascism is better than

communismcommunism b. Business with Japan: trucks, aircraft, oil b. Business with Japan: trucks, aircraft, oil d. Pacifismd. Pacifism2. Manifestations2. Manifestations a. a. Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts: banned travel on warring : banned travel on warring

ships, no ships, no sale of arms to countries at war, sale of arms to countries at war, nonmilitary goods sold nonmilitary goods sold to warring nations must to warring nations must be paid for in cashbe paid for in cash

D. Outbreak of WWIID. Outbreak of WWII1. Nazi-Soviet Pact1. Nazi-Soviet Pact2. Sept. 1, 19392. Sept. 1, 19394. Nazi control of Poland, Scandinavia, Belgium, 4. Nazi control of Poland, Scandinavia, Belgium,

Netherlands, Netherlands, June 14, 1940 June 14, 1940 France France6. London 6. London BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg, 1940-1941, 1940-1941

Timeline of Events Prior to the U.S. Entry into the War ► Sept. 1, 1939 – GB, FR declare war► April 1940 – Hitler attacks Denmark, Norway► May 1940 – Hitler’s “Blitz” on Belgium► Late May 1940 – Evacuation at Dunkirk ► June 1940 – Hitler marches into Paris► June 1940 – Dec. 1940 – Battle of Britain or the London

“Blitz”► Dec. – August 1941 – Hitler’s Russian offensive begins► Dec. 7, 1941 – Attack on Pearl Harbor

U. S. Neutrality Acts:U. S. Neutrality Acts:1934, 1935, 1937, 19391934, 1935, 1937, 1939U. S. Neutrality Acts:U. S. Neutrality Acts:1934, 1935, 1937, 19391934, 1935, 1937, 1939

The Nazi-SovietThe Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939Non-Aggression Pact, 1939

The Nazi-SovietThe Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939Non-Aggression Pact, 1939

German Troops March into German Troops March into WarsawWarsaw

German Troops March into German Troops March into WarsawWarsaw

Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

Allied Powers or “Allies”: Great Britain, France, Russia, United States (in 1941).

European Theatre

France SurrendersJune, 1940

France SurrendersJune, 1940

The Battle of BritainThe Battle of Britain

The BlitzThe Blitz

The RAF

E. America’s shifting responseE. America’s shifting response

2. Steps toward involvement2. Steps toward involvement

a. “cash and carry” arms to Britaina. “cash and carry” arms to Britain

b. Rearmament industry b. Rearmament industry America First America First Committee – Committee – noninterventionist group, 800,000 noninterventionist group, 800,000 membersmembers

3. Reelection of FDR3. Reelection of FDR

a. Dangerous international and domestic problemsa. Dangerous international and domestic problems

4. Toward intervention4. Toward intervention

b. b. Lend Lease ActLend Lease Act: authorized military aid to any : authorized military aid to any country country who’s defense was vital to who’s defense was vital to American security so long as American security so long as countries countries promised to return it all after war promised to return it all after war

America First Committee

U.S. Lend Lease ActU.S. Lend Lease Act

Great Britain............................$31 billionSoviet Union............................$11 billionFrance.....................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.......................$500 millionSouth America.........................$400 million

The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

Great Britain............................$31 billionSoviet Union............................$11 billionFrance.....................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.......................$500 millionSouth America.........................$400 million

The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

Secret Atlantic Charter: FDR, Churchill meet off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada in Aug. 1941. Agreed on

creating safety for all nations.

F. December 7, 1941F. December 7, 1941

- U.S. suspended sale of resources (oil) to Japan- U.S. suspended sale of resources (oil) to Japan

- Oct. 1941 General Tojo became prime minister (was - Oct. 1941 General Tojo became prime minister (was pro-war)pro-war)

- Nov. 1941 – U.S. intel learns Japanese fleet is moving - Nov. 1941 – U.S. intel learns Japanese fleet is moving to SE Asiato SE Asia

- To conquer Asia the U.S. Pacific fleet could not exist- To conquer Asia the U.S. Pacific fleet could not exist

- 7:00 AM radar officer spots planes. By 9:45 it was - 7:00 AM radar officer spots planes. By 9:45 it was over.over.

- 2,000 American dead, 187 aircraft, 18 vessels, 8 - 2,000 American dead, 187 aircraft, 18 vessels, 8 battleships battleships

- shattered the belief that oceans were a buffer zone- shattered the belief that oceans were a buffer zone

G. Pacific Theatre 1. Early setbacks a. Early 1942: Burma, Siam, Indonesia, Guam, Philippines b. Bataan: 78,000 Americans, Filipinos surrender, “death

march”2. Turning of the tide a. Coral Sea, May ‘42 - both lost more than half their aircraft Midway, June ’42 – damaged 4 carriers sunk, more

offenses Guadalcanal, Fall ‘42 – 1st major offensive on Japanese territory

Solomon Islands, Winter ‘42 – protect communication/supply lines

H. War in Europe

1. Allied advancesa. North Africa – May 1943, Morocco landing, pushed

Eastb. The Atlantic – convoys and “wolf packs”c. July 1943 – Operation Avalanche (invasion of Italy)d. June 6, 1944: 200,000 Allied forces, NW France

- 2 months later, liberation of Paris

Bataan Death March

April 1942

Midway: June 4-7, 1942Midway: June 4-7, 1942

Operation Avalanche & Operation Torch

Battle of Iwo Jima: Nov. 1944, tiny island 700mi from Japan- very rocky terrain, with caves. - 74 days of heavy bombing (7,000 tons). - Took 3 days to advance 70 yards, 1 month to take the island - 25,000 casualties

D-Day

► 12:00 am Airborne forces begin to land. Anti-aircraft fire causes them to miss their drop zones.

► 2:00 am first Allied bombers head for German targets on the beach, inland

► 3:09 am German radar spots Allied fleet► 5:20 am first allied bombs are dropped► 6:20 am Allied landing craft hit the beach► 6:45 am Rangers take on Point du Hoc cliff, tank battalions

land at Utah► 8:00 am Canadian Division lands at Juno► 1:00 pm Utah and Omaha beaches are secured► 4:00 pm Hitler orders Panzer tank divisions released

2. Eastern Front2. Eastern Front

a. 3 million German soldiers invade Sovietsa. 3 million German soldiers invade Soviets

b. Stalingrad: 5 month battle, Soviets surrounded, b. Stalingrad: 5 month battle, Soviets surrounded, 800,000 800,000 Germans, 1.2M Russians died, Jan. Germans, 1.2M Russians died, Jan. 1943 German surrender1943 German surrender

d. 10M Germans, 20M Russians died on Eastern Front d. 10M Germans, 20M Russians died on Eastern Front

3. The Holocaust 3. The Holocaust

- 1941, “The final solution”- 1941, “The final solution”

- 1945, 6 million Jewish people dead - 1945, 6 million Jewish people dead

II. Home FrontII. Home FrontA. MobilizationA. Mobilization

1. 1. War Production Board:War Production Board: organized the conversion organized the conversion of of peacetime industry to war good – stopped peacetime industry to war good – stopped production of production of consumer goods War consumer goods War

- regulate shipping, manufacturing, labor, wages, - regulate shipping, manufacturing, labor, wages, prices, rentsprices, rents

- 4 million federal workers- 4 million federal workers - only 2% unemployment- only 2% unemployment - 1944, ship every day, plane every 5 minutes- 1944, ship every day, plane every 5 minutes - $123B increase in GNP- $123B increase in GNP

B. Business in wartimeB. Business in wartime2. Achievements of wartime manufacturing2. Achievements of wartime manufacturing - low-interest loans, tax concessions, contracts- low-interest loans, tax concessions, contracts - 100,000 vehicles, 2.5M trucks- 100,000 vehicles, 2.5M trucks - research, radar, jet power, computers- research, radar, jet power, computers i. West: shipbuilding, steel plantsi. West: shipbuilding, steel plants ii. South: some industry, still rural – mining, lumber, ii. South: some industry, still rural – mining, lumber,

oil, cotton oil, cotton

C. Organized labor in wartimeC. Organized labor in wartime

ii. Spread of union recognition – forced by fed govt, keep ii. Spread of union recognition – forced by fed govt, keep production going production going

iii. Union leaders agreed not to strikeiii. Union leaders agreed not to strike

wildcat strikes:wildcat strikes: not endorsed by unions not endorsed by unions

2. New Deal Cut Backs: kept Soc Security, stopped CCC, WPA2. New Deal Cut Backs: kept Soc Security, stopped CCC, WPA

D. Four FreedomsD. Four Freedoms

3. Controversy3. Controversy

a. Freedom from want: protect the future “standard of a. Freedom from want: protect the future “standard of living” for living” for workers/farmers workers/farmers

b. b. Office of War InfoOffice of War Info: mobilize public opinion: mobilize public opinion

- a “people’s war” for freedom- a “people’s war” for freedom

- worked with radio stations, ad agencies, film, press- worked with radio stations, ad agencies, film, press

- right to fair pay, adequate food, clothing, shelter, - right to fair pay, adequate food, clothing, shelter, health care health care

FDR’s Four Freedoms

E. Women in wartime laborE. Women in wartime labor

2. “Rosie the Riveter” – self reliant image 2. “Rosie the Riveter” – self reliant image

- 1/3 of labor force, 350,000 in military auxiliary- 1/3 of labor force, 350,000 in military auxiliary

- forced unions for equal pay, maternity leave, - forced unions for equal pay, maternity leave, childcarechildcare

- temporary necessity - temporary necessity

Rationing: “meatless Tuesday”Rationing: “meatless Tuesday”

“victory gardens”

HollywoodHollywood

III. Visions of Postwar FreedomA. Alternative outlooks 1. Luce – U.S. must embrace role of superpower,

imperialize 2. Wallace – international cooperation B. Liberal Economics 1. National Resource Planning Board (NRPB): based on

full employment, expanded welfare, shared standard of living

2. Economic Bill of Rights: expand govt involvement to secure NRPB terms

3. GI Bill: pensions, college, home mortgages

C. Economic ConservatismC. Economic Conservatisma. No person has enough knowledge to direct econ. Activitya. No person has enough knowledge to direct econ. Activityc. Called for mini wage, max work hours, antitrust c. Called for mini wage, max work hours, antitrust

enforcement,enforcement, guarantee of food, shelter, clothingguarantee of food, shelter, clothing

IV. Race and EthnicityIV. Race and Ethnicity A. Americanism is toleration of diversity & equality for all A. Americanism is toleration of diversity & equality for all B. Broad assimilation of ethnic outsidersB. Broad assimilation of ethnic outsiders

2. Patriotic assimilation: pluralism, harmony, brotherhood, 2. Patriotic assimilation: pluralism, harmony, brotherhood, counterpoint to Nazismcounterpoint to Nazism

D. Anti-semitism & racism: failure to accept Jewish refugees, D. Anti-semitism & racism: failure to accept Jewish refugees, failurefailure

to bomb concentration camps, Harlem race riotto bomb concentration camps, Harlem race riot E. Mexican-AmericansE. Mexican-Americans

1. 1. Bracero programBracero program: 4.5M contract laborers entered the : 4.5M contract laborers entered the U.S. for domestic/agricultural jobs; provided U.S. for domestic/agricultural jobs; provided

transportation, transportation, food, medical care, shelter – no food, medical care, shelter – no unionsunions

4. Intolerance and discrimination 4. Intolerance and discrimination

a. a. Zoot Suit RiotsZoot Suit Riots: 1943, sailors, : 1943, sailors,

policemen clubbed Mexican-policemen clubbed Mexican-

American youths in LAAmerican youths in LA

5. Response 5. Response

b. Workplace discrimination – FEPC complaint about b. Workplace discrimination – FEPC complaint about lowest lowest wages in SW wages in SW

Texas: Caucasian Race – Equal Privileges resolution: Texas: Caucasian Race – Equal Privileges resolution: equal equal treatment in public places treatment in public places

F. American IndiansF. American Indians

1. Military: 25,000 in army, Navajo code-talkers, 1. Military: 25,000 in army, Navajo code-talkers, Iroquois Iroquois declared war against Hitler, many did declared war against Hitler, many did not return to reservationsnot return to reservations

H. Japanese-AmericansH. Japanese-Americans2. Internment policy – 2. Internment policy – Executive Order 9066Executive Order 9066 – Feb – Feb

19421942- 100,000 – 2/3 were citizens- 100,000 – 2/3 were citizens- militaristic treatment, roll call, mess hall, - militaristic treatment, roll call, mess hall,

armed guardsarmed guards- no court hearings, no due process or habeas - no court hearings, no due process or habeas

corpuscorpus- supported by media- supported by media

e. e. Korematsu v. U.S.Korematsu v. U.S. – – denied appeal to Fred denied appeal to Fred Korematsu Korematsu who was arrested for resisting who was arrested for resisting internmentinternment

- 1988 Congress voted to pay $20,000 to each - 1988 Congress voted to pay $20,000 to each remaining remaining survivors survivors

Citizens were denied the fifth amendment: no imprisonment without DUE PROCESS of the law (full legal protections granted

by law)

I. African-AmericansI. African-Americans

- red cross would not mix blood- red cross would not mix blood

- 700,000 migrated to North & West- 700,000 migrated to North & West

- Detroit, 1943 – 32 people died in city park after a mass - Detroit, 1943 – 32 people died in city park after a mass riotriot

2. In the military – 1 million, segregated units2. In the military – 1 million, segregated units

- navy – only waiters, cooks- navy – only waiters, cooks

- army – construction, transport, noncombat- army – construction, transport, noncombat

- forced to give up seats for Nazi prisoners - forced to give up seats for Nazi prisoners

3. Birth of Civil Rights Mvt3. Birth of Civil Rights Mvt

iii. Exec Order 8802 - banned discrim. in defense jobs, iii. Exec Order 8802 - banned discrim. in defense jobs,

est. est. Fair Employment Practices CommissionFair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) (FEPC) to regulateto regulate

c. Growth of NAACPc. Growth of NAACP

- increased by 450,000- increased by 450,000

- Congress of Racial Equality held sit-ins- Congress of Racial Equality held sit-ins

J. Broadening opposition to racial inequalityJ. Broadening opposition to racial inequality 2. Organized Labor – CIO2. Organized Labor – CIO

- worked to organize black workers and get skilled - worked to organize black workers and get skilled workwork

- most racial integrated union- most racial integrated union

V. Toward Victory & BeyondV. Toward Victory & Beyond

C. Atomic BombC. Atomic Bomb1. Development, July 16, 1945 tested – 1. Development, July 16, 1945 tested – Manhattan Manhattan

Project:Project: project to create a bomb by splitting project to create a bomb by splitting an atom in a controlled an atom in a controlled chain reaction. chain reaction.

2. Use on Hiroshima/Nagasaki2. Use on Hiroshima/Nagasaki- 70,000 died immediately- 70,000 died immediately- 70,000 more from radiation- 70,000 more from radiation- 2x’s the American deaths in the Pacific- 2x’s the American deaths in the Pacific

““One must sympathize with any movement designed to reduce or eliminate human One must sympathize with any movement designed to reduce or eliminate human slaughter. Nuclear warfare is indeed inhuman and ought to be banned. By the slaughter. Nuclear warfare is indeed inhuman and ought to be banned. By the same token, other forms of warfare, such as the dropping of fire bombs and the same token, other forms of warfare, such as the dropping of fire bombs and the shooting of soldiers with cannon and rifles, are likewise uncivilized and should be shooting of soldiers with cannon and rifles, are likewise uncivilized and should be outlawed…The complaint that so many were killed is answered by those who outlawed…The complaint that so many were killed is answered by those who contend that the use of this terrible weapon actually saved a million or more lives contend that the use of this terrible weapon actually saved a million or more lives by shortening the war…Many Japanese lives would have been lost if it had been by shortening the war…Many Japanese lives would have been lost if it had been necessary to invade the Japanese home islands. The people of Hiroshima and necessary to invade the Japanese home islands. The people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki would not have been spared because, had these cities not been reserved Nagasaki would not have been spared because, had these cities not been reserved for A-bombings, they certainly would have been destroyed by conventional for A-bombings, they certainly would have been destroyed by conventional explosives or incendiaries…”explosives or incendiaries…”

““In the more than 40 years since Hiroshima, I have received many letters from In the more than 40 years since Hiroshima, I have received many letters from people all over the world. Some have condemned me as a war criminal, but others people all over the world. Some have condemned me as a war criminal, but others have expressed thanks that my crew dropped the bomb that ended the war. Many have expressed thanks that my crew dropped the bomb that ended the war. Many expressed their gratitude in personal terms, acknowledging that they might not be expressed their gratitude in personal terms, acknowledging that they might not be alive today had it been necessary to carry out plans for an invasion…”alive today had it been necessary to carry out plans for an invasion…”

““Today, it is clear that the existence of atomic weapons has been a war deterrent. Today, it is clear that the existence of atomic weapons has been a war deterrent. Certainly they are an equalizer in Europe against the Soviet Union. Nuclear Certainly they are an equalizer in Europe against the Soviet Union. Nuclear disarmament on both sides would leave the NATO Allies vulnerable if not helpless. disarmament on both sides would leave the NATO Allies vulnerable if not helpless. It is widely hoped that future war on a worldwide scale can be prevented by It is widely hoped that future war on a worldwide scale can be prevented by maintaining a balance of terror between the potential adversaries. Yet the very maintaining a balance of terror between the potential adversaries. Yet the very existence of enormous stockpiles of these weapons is enough to make the world existence of enormous stockpiles of these weapons is enough to make the world uneasy. However unthinkable the prospect, one can never be sure that someone uneasy. However unthinkable the prospect, one can never be sure that someone may not, in a suicidal moment, someday push the button. This is why a way must may not, in a suicidal moment, someday push the button. This is why a way must be found to eliminate war as a means of settling quarrels between nations.”be found to eliminate war as a means of settling quarrels between nations.”

Tibbets, Paul. “The Return of the Enola Gay.” New Hope, PA: Paul Tibbets, 1998. Tibbets, Paul. “The Return of the Enola Gay.” New Hope, PA: Paul Tibbets, 1998.

D. Postwar planningD. Postwar planning

1. Summit Meetings1. Summit Meetings

- Casablanca (1943) “unconditional surrender”- Casablanca (1943) “unconditional surrender”

- Tehran (1943) first meeting with Stalin- Tehran (1943) first meeting with Stalin

- Yalta (1945) outline division of postwar Germany, agree - Yalta (1945) outline division of postwar Germany, agree to to

war crimes trialwar crimes trial

- est. regulation of Germany & Nuremberg Trials- est. regulation of Germany & Nuremberg Trials

- distrust and resentment- distrust and resentment

E. Bretton Woods – July 1944, New HampshireE. Bretton Woods – July 1944, New Hampshire

- 45 nations- 45 nations

- dollar as main international currency- dollar as main international currency

- World Bank – loans to developing countries- World Bank – loans to developing countries

- IMF – help govt economies, improve trade- IMF – help govt economies, improve trade

- set U.S. as global econ leader- set U.S. as global econ leader

Nuremberg Trials: Nov. 1945 – Oct. 1946, military tribunals to charge political, military, and economic Nazi leaders with “crimes against humanity”

Herman Goring, head of Luftwaffe and once head of Gestapo. Committed suicide the night before his

execution.

Adolf Eichmann, SS officer charged with formulating a plan for mass execution of Jews in camps. Escaped to Argentina after the war under a false Red Cross identity and hunted and captured by the Mossad (Israeli CIA) in 1961. Brought to trial Jerusalem and executed in 1962.

“I was just following orders”

F. The U.N.F. The U.N.

- 1944 near D.C.- 1944 near D.C.

- General Assembly – all nations, equal input- General Assembly – all nations, equal input

- Security Council – maintain peace, five permanent - Security Council – maintain peace, five permanent (GB, CH, FR, (GB, CH, FR, SU, US), six rotating SU, US), six rotating

- 51 sign charter that outlawed force to settle disputes - 51 sign charter that outlawed force to settle disputes

Casualties of World War II

Country Military Dead Wounded Civilian Dead

Britain 373,000 475,000 93,000

France 213,000 400,000 108,000

Soviets 11,000,000 14,102,000 7,000,000

U.S. 292,000 671,000 *

Germany 3,500,000 5,000,000 780,000

Italy 242,000 66,000 153,000

Japan 1,300,000 4,000,000 672,000