Fig. 17-CO, p. 473

Fig. 17-1, p. 475

Fig. 17-2, p. 476

Fig. 17-2, p. 476

250History Projections

Oil200 Coal

Natural GasRenewablesNuclear

150

100

Qu

adri

llio

n B

tu

50

01970 1980 1900 2001 2010 2025

Year

Fig. 17-3a, p. 476

Fig. 17-3a, p. 476

Salt

Fig. 17-3b, p. 476

Fig. 17-3b, p. 476

Well

Seafloor

Seal

Gas

Reservoir rock containing oil and dissolved gas

Fig. 17-4a, p. 477

Fig. 17-4b, p. 477

Fig. 17-5, p. 478

Fig. 17-6, p. 479

Fig. 17-7, p. 479

Fig. 17-8, p. 481

Fig. 17-9, p. 482

Fig. 17-10a, p. 483

Fig. 17-10b, p. 483

Fig. 17-10b, p. 483

Power modules

“Pelamis” wave energy converter

The Pelamis machine, 492 feet long with an 11.5-foot diameter, is composed of three power conversion modules connected by weighted tubes.

How it works Heave Side view

Power module

Hydraulic ram

The motion caused by a wave swell is resisted

by hydraulic rams

Heaving and swaying Sway

Top view

Hydraulic ram

Power module

Power conversion module

Sway Heave

Joints on the opposite side of the power module allow for a perpendicular sway motion

Hydraulic rams

MotorGen-erator

Collection chamber

Hydraulic rams pump high-pressure fluid into chambers that feed the fluid to a motor. The motor drives a generator to create electricity.

Converting the Motion

Fig. 17-11, p. 484

Fig. 17-12a, p. 485

Fig. 17-12a, p. 485

Heat exchanger (ammonia evaporator)

Warm, shallow seawater

Pressurized ammonia vapor

Pump Turbine generator

Electric powerLiquid ammonia

Heat exchanger (ammonia condenser)

Cold, deep seawater

Pressurized ammonia vapor

Liquid ammonia

Electric power

Fig. 17-12a, p. 485

Pump Turbine generator

Heat exchanger (ammonia condenser)

Stepped Art

Heat exchanger (ammonia evaporator)

Warm, shallow seawater

Cold, deep seawater

Fig. 17-12b, p. 485

Fig. 17-13a, p. 486

Fig. 17-13a, p. 486

Arctic OceanRussia

North AmericaAsia Northwest Pacific North

Pacific Ocean

United States

EuropeAsia

Northeast Atlantic

Russia

China North Atlantic Ocean Africa

Japan

Western Central Pacific Peru Indian

OceanFishing area boundarySoutheast

PacificAustralia South Pacific Ocean

South America

South Atlantic Ocean

Antarctica

Top five harvesters, 2004 (Live catch of fishes, crustaceans, and mollusks, in millions of metric tons)

Top fishing areas, 2004 (live catch, in millions of metric tons)

21.616.9

15.5

9.6 11.0 10.05.0 4.9 4.8

China

Peru

United States

Chile

Indonesia

Northwest Pacific

Western Central Pacific

Northeast Atlantic

Southeast Pacific

Fig. 17-13b, p. 486

Fig. 17-13b, p. 486

140

120 China

100

80

60

Mil

lio

n m

etri

c to

ns

40

20

0

Year

World excluding China

5450 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 98 02

b

Table 17-1, p. 486

Fig. 17-14, p. 487

Fig. 17-15, p. 487

Fig. 17-16, p. 487

Fig. 17-17a, p. 488

Fig. 17-17a, p. 488

Mid-water trawl net

a

Fig. 17-17b, p. 488

Fig. 17-18, p. 488

Fig. 17-18, p. 488

20 44.1A

verage p

er capita catch

(lb)

15 33.075

10 22.05

5 11.025

Ave

rag

e p

er c

apit

a ca

tch

(kg

)

0 0

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Fig. 17-19, p. 489

Fig. 17-19a, p. 489

Tons of fish per km2

10+

8–9

6–7

4–5

3–4

0–2

1900

Fig. 17-19b, p. 489

Tons of fish per km2

10+

8–9

6–7

4–5

3–4

0–2

1950

Fig. 17-19c, p. 489

Tons of fish per km2

10+

8–9

6–7

4–5

3–4

0–2

1999

Fig. 17-20, p. 490

Fig. 17-21, p. 490

Fig. 17-22, p. 491

Fig. 17-23, p. 491

Fig. 17-24, p. 491

Fig. 17-25, p. 492

Fig. 17-25, p. 492

30

25

20 Fin whale

Sperm whale15

Th

ou

san

ds

of

wh

ales

cau

gh

t

Sei whale10

Blue whale5 Humpback

whale

01945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Year

Fig. 17-26, p. 493

Fig. 17-27, p. 494

Fig. 17-28, p. 495

Fig. 17-29, p. 495

Fig. 17-30, p. 496

Fig. 17-31, p. 497

Fig. 17-32, p. 497

Box 17-1a, p. 498

Box 17-1b, p. 499

Box 17-1c, p. 499

Box 17-1d, p. 499

Fig. 17-33, p. 501

Fig. 17-34, p. 502

Fig. 17-34a, p. 502

Fig. 17-34b, p. 502

Fig. 17-34c, p. 502

Fig. 17-34d, p. 502